« Captain's daughter» is a historical novel written in the form of a memoir. In this novel, the author painted a picture of a spontaneous peasant revolt. Pushkin managed to convey to us a lot interesting facts from the history of the Pugachev uprising.
Characteristics of the main characters of "The Captain's Daughter"
Description of the main characters of "The Captain's Daughter" will help to understand their nature, the reasons for their actions.
The image of Peter Grinev "The Captain's Daughter"
Petr Andreevich Grinev - main character story "The Captain's Daughter" The son of a retired military man, a simple but honest man who puts honor above all else. The serf Savelich brings up the hero, teaches - Monsieur Beaupre. Until the age of 16, Peter lived underage, chasing pigeons
His father cannot realize himself. I think this is how Pushkin leads the reader to the idea that Pyotr Andreevich could have lived the most ordinary life, if not for his father's will. Throughout the story, Peter changes, from a crazy boy he turns first into a young man asserting independence, and then a courageous and persistent adult.
At the age of 16, he sends him with Savelich to the Belogorsk fortress, more like a village, so that he would "smell gunpowder." In the fortress, Petrusha falls in love with Masha Mironova, which played an important role in shaping his character. Grinev not only fell in love, but was ready to take full responsibility for his beloved. When he is besieged by government troops, he sends Masha to live with his parents. When his beloved was left an orphan, Peter risked his life and honor, which is more important to him. He proved this during the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, when he refused the oath to Pugachev and any compromises with him, preferring death to the slightest deviation from the dictates of duty and honor. Finding himself in this critical situation, Grinev is rapidly changing, growing spiritually and morally.
After meeting with Yemelyan in the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev becomes more determined and bold. Peter is still young, therefore, out of frivolity, he does not think about how his behavior is assessed from the outside when they accept Pugachev's help in releasing Marya Petrovna. For the sake of his love, he asks the general to give him fifty soldiers and permission to release the captured fortress. Having been refused, the young man does not fall into despair, but resolutely goes to Pugachev's lair.
The image of Alexei Shvabrin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich - a nobleman, the opposite of Grinev in the story.
Shvabrin is swarthy, not good-looking, lively. He has been serving in the Belogorsk fortress for the fifth year. He was transferred here for "murder" (he stabbed a lieutenant in a duel). He is distinguished by mockery and even contempt (during the first meeting with Grinev, he very mockingly describes all the inhabitants of the fortress).
The hero is very smart. Undoubtedly, he is more educated than Grinev. Shvabrin courted Masha Mironova, but was refused. Without forgiving her this, he, taking revenge on the girl, spreads dirty rumors about her (recommends Grinev to give her not a poem, but earrings: “I know from experience her temper and custom”, speaks of Masha as the last fool, etc.) All this speaks of the spiritual dishonor of the hero. During a duel with Grinev, who defended the honor of his beloved Masha, Shvabrin. strikes in the back (when the enemy looks back at the call of the servant). Then the reader suspects Alesya of a secret denunciation to Grinev's parents about the duel. Because of this, the father forbids Grinev to marry Masha. The complete loss of notions of honor leads Shvabrin to treason. He goes over to Pugachev's side and becomes one of the commanders there. Using his power, Shvabrin is trying to persuade Masha to an alliance, holding her captive. But when Pugachev, having learned about this, wants to punish Alexei, he rolls at his feet. The meanness of the hero turns into his shame. At the end of the story, having been captured by government troops, Shvabrin informs on Grinev. He claims that he also went over to the side of Pugachev. That is, in his meanness, this hero reaches the end.
The image of Masha Mironova "The Captain's Daughter"
Masha Mironova is a young girl, the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. That is what the author had in mind when giving the title of his story.
This image personifies high morality and spiritual purity. Such a detail is interesting: there are very few conversations in the story, in general, Masha's words. This is no coincidence, since the strength of this heroine is not in words, but in the fact that her words and actions are always infallible. All this testifies to the extraordinary integrity of Masha Mironova. Masha combines simplicity with a high moral sense. She immediately correctly assessed the human qualities of Shvabrin and Grinev. And in the days of trials, which fell to her lot (the capture of the fortress by Pugachev, the death of both parents, the captivity of Shvabrin), Masha maintains unshakable stamina and presence of mind, loyalty to her principles. Finally, at the end of the story, saving her beloved Grinev, Masha, as an equal with an equal, talks with an unrecognized empress and even contradicts her. As a result, the heroine wins, rescuing Grinev from prison. Thus, the captain's daughter Masha Mironova is the bearer of the best features of the Russian national character.
The image of Pugachev "The Captain's Daughter"
Pugachev Emelyan - the leader of the anti-noble uprising, calling himself the "great sovereign" Peter III.
This image in the story is multifaceted: P. is both evil, and generous, and boastful, and wise, and disgusting, and omnipotent, and dependent on the opinions of the environment.
The image of P. is given in the story through the eyes of Grinev - a disinterested person. According to the author, this should ensure the objectivity of the presentation of the hero.
At the first meeting of Grinev with P., the appearance of the rebel is unremarkable: he is a 40-year-old man of average height, thin, broad-shouldered, with gray hair in a black beard, with shifty eyes, a pleasant but roguish expression.
The second meeting with P., in the besieged fortress, gives a different image. The impostor sits in armchairs, then prancing on horseback surrounded by Cossacks. Here he cruelly and mercilessly cracks down on the defenders of the fortress who did not swear allegiance to him. One gets the feeling that P. is playing, portraying a "real sovereign." He, from the royal hand, "executes so he executes, he has mercy so he has mercy."
And only during the third meeting with Grinev P. is fully revealed. At the Cossack feast, the ferocity of the leader disappears. P. sings his favorite song (“Don't make noise, mother green oak tree”) and tells a fairy tale about an eagle and a raven, which reflect the philosophy of the impostor. P. understands what a dangerous game he has started, and what is the price in case of loss. He does not trust anyone, not even his closest associates. But still he hopes for the best: “Isn’t there luck for the daring one?” But P.'s hopes are not justified. He is arrested and executed: “and nodded his head to him, which a minute later, dead and bloodied, was shown to the people.”
P. is inseparable from the element of the people, he leads her after him, but at the same time depends on her. It is no coincidence that for the first time in the story he appears during a snowstorm, among which he easily finds his way. But, at the same time, he can no longer turn off this path. The pacification of the rebellion is tantamount to the death of P., which happens at the end of the story.
An analysis of Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" helps to better understand and understand the famous historical novel by Alexander Pushkin. It tells about the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev. The novel was first published in 1836, it was published in the Sovremennik magazine.
The plot of the novel
To do detailed analysis"The Captain's Daughter", you need to know the plot of this work well. The work is written in the form of memoirs of the elderly landowner Pyotr Grinev about the turbulent events of his youth.
He tells how at the age of 16 his father sent him to serve in the army.
On the way to the place of service, he accidentally meets Emelyan Pugachev, who was then a fugitive Cossack, who was only thinking about a large-scale uprising. They meet during a snowstorm, Pugachev agrees to accompany Grinev together with his elderly servant to the inn so as not to die in the elements. In gratitude, Grinev gives him his sheepskin coat.
For service, the protagonist resides in the Belogorsk fortress. Almost immediately, he falls in love with the commandant's daughter Masha Mironova. His colleague Shvabrin is also not indifferent to the girl and challenges Peter to a duel. During the fight, he gets injured. His father finds out about the incident and refuses to bless this marriage.
Pugachev rebellion
The rebels also come to the Belogorsk fortress. Masha's parents are killed. Shvabrin demonstrates his essence by swearing allegiance to Pugachev, but Grinev refuses to do so. Pyotr is saved from execution by Savelyich, who reminds Pugachev that this is the same young man who once gave him a hare coat.
But Grinev still refuses to fight on the side of the rebels, he is released to the besieged Orenburg. Peter begins to fight against Pugachev. One day he receives a letter from Masha, who, due to illness, was unable to leave the Belogorsk fortress. She writes that Shvabrin is forcing her to marry him.
Grinev rushes about, choosing between feeling and duty. As a result, he arbitrarily leaves the unit, arrives in Belogorye and, with the help of Pugachev, saves Masha. Soon, on Shvabrin's denunciation, he was arrested by government troops. Grinev is awaiting sentencing in prison.
Masha is trying to do everything to prevent the death penalty of her lover. She goes to Tsarskoye Selo for an appointment with Empress Catherine II. She accidentally meets the empress on a walk. Alone and without retinue. She honestly tells the circumstances of the case, thinking that in front of her is one of the maids of honor of the Empress.
Catherine II is impressed by this story. She releases Grinev, he returns to his parents, soon plays a wedding with Masha. Takovo summary"The Captain's Daughter" by Pushkin.
History of creation
This novel is a living response of Russian literature to the historical novels of Walter Scott, which were extremely popular in Russia at that time. It is worth noting that Pushkin planned to write a historical novel back in the 1820s. This is how "Arap of Peter the Great" appeared.
The first classic Russian historical novel is Yuri Miloslavsky by Mikhail Zagoskin. Literary critics note the influence of Zagoskin on Pushkin. For example, the meeting with the counselor repeats one of the scenes of Yuri Miloslavsky.
The history of the creation of the "Captain's Daughter" is interesting. The idea of the novel came to Pushkin when he was working on the chronicle "History of the Pugachev rebellion". For the sake of documentary information, he specially traveled to the Southern Urals, met with eyewitnesses of those terrible years.
Initially, Pushkin intended to make the real officer Mikhail Shvanvich, who went over to Pugachev's side, the main character of the novel. But apparently, the plot about a nobleman who is served as a robber was realized by him in "Dubrovsky". Therefore, this time Pushkin decided to turn to the memoir form, and to make the main character an honest officer who remained faithful to the oath, despite the temptation to go over to the side of the rebels in order to save his life.
Analyzing the history of the creation of The Captain's Daughter, many note that the scene of Masha's meeting with the Empress in Tsarskoye Selo, most likely, Pushkin came up with a historical anecdote about the mercy of the German King Joseph II to the daughter of a low-ranking officer. The domestic image of Catherine herself, obviously, was inspired by Utkin's engraving.
Novel or short story?
An important question that all researchers of Pushkin's work ask is how to determine the genre of this work. "The Captain's Daughter" - a novel or a story? There is still no consensus on this issue.
Those who claim that this is a story insist that the work itself is very small in volume. This is an important formal sign that indicates belonging to the story. In addition, the events described cover a small time period, which, as a rule, is not typical for a novel. Supporters of this hypothesis also point to the mediocrity of the personality of Pyotr Grinev, as well as his entourage, arguing that such heroes cannot be characters in a real novel.
In the dispute, what is "The Captain's Daughter" - a novel or a story, there is a second point of view. Regardless of its small volume, the researchers still note that the text raises a large number of serious issues and problems, covers important, eternal themes. Therefore, according to the semantic content, it is quite possible to classify it as a novel, they believe.
There is still no unequivocal answer to the question about the genre of this work.
Petr Grinev
One of the main characters in The Captain's Daughter is Grinev. At the time of the events described, he was only 17 years old. He is an undergrowth, who, almost from birth, was enlisted in the guards of the Semenovsky regiment. At that time, this was done with young men in almost all noble families. Therefore, when they reached adulthood, they went to the army already in officer ranks.
Grinev appears before the reader in the rank of ensign. This is the main character on whose behalf the story is being told. At the same time, it is mentioned that by that time Alexander I already rules the country. The story is regularly interrupted by old-fashioned maxims.
Grinev's act in The Captain's Daughter, when he sets off from Orenburg to the fortress captured by Pugachev, is still being discussed. A Russian officer, faced with a choice - between duty and feeling, chooses the latter. He actually deserts, leaving his place of service, receives help from the leader of the rebels. All this for the love of a girl.
It is noteworthy that the original version contained information that Grinev died in 1817, but then Pushkin got rid of this fact. Belinsky characterizes Grinev's character as insensitive and insignificant. A well-known critic believes that Pushkin needed him only as an impartial witness to Pugachev's actions.
Masha Mironova
Masha Mironova in The Captain's Daughter is the main female character. Pushkin describes her as an 18-year-old girl with light brown hair, ruddy and chubby. She is the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, where Grinev comes to serve.
At first, she seems weak and spineless, but her true face is revealed when Masha goes to the capital, to the Empress, to ask for Grinev's life. Prince Vyazemsky, giving an analysis of The Captain's Daughter, notes that the image of this heroine is a kind of variation on the theme of Tatyana Larina.
But Tchaikovsky considered her not very interesting character, but at the same time an honest and kind girl. Marina Tsvetaeva expresses herself even sharper about Masha Mironova in The Captain's Daughter - "an empty place for any first love."
Alexey Shvabrin
The antagonist of Pyotr Grinev in The Captain's Daughter is a young officer Alexei Ivanovich Shvabrin. Pushkin describes him as a short and swarthy officer with a remarkably ugly face.
When Grinev finds himself in the Belogorsk fortress, the character of The Captain's Daughter, Shvabrin, has been serving there for five years. In this remote division, he ended up due to a duel. He was transferred from the guard. As we can see, the punishment did not teach this hero anything, since soon he calls another enemy to the barrier. This time Grinev himself.
In the fortress, Shvabrin from The Captain's Daughter is considered by many to be a freethinker. At the same time, he is well versed in literature, speaks fluent French. But when one of the decisive moments in his life comes, he has to choose which side to take, he changes his oath and goes over to the side of the rebels, Pugachev's troops. In the future, he uses his position for selfish purposes, forcing Masha Mironova, who was left an orphan in the fortress, to marry him.
According to many literary critics, this is a classic romantic villain.
Emelyan Pugachev
The figure of Emelyan Pugachev in The Captain's Daughter looks large and colorful. For example, Marina Tsvetaeva, a big admirer of Pushkin, saw in him the only real protagonist of the work, believing that he completely obscures the nondescript Grinev.
It is noteworthy that for a long time Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky hatched the idea of staging an opera based on this work by Pushkin. But in the end he abandoned this idea. He decided that the censorship would never miss this opera because of the image of Pugachev in The Captain's Daughter. This character is written so powerfully that the viewer will be forced to leave the hall, fascinated by the rebel. Since Pushkin, according to Tchaikovsky, in the work "The Captain's Daughter" turned out to be a surprisingly handsome villain.
Epigraph of the novel
Researchers of Pushkin's work always attach great importance epigraph in The Captain's Daughter. It becomes the famous Russian proverb "Take care of honor from a young age."
It very accurately reflects what is happening with Peter Grinev. For this hero, events develop in such a way that he is forced to make one of the most difficult choices of his life. Act like an honest person or, frightened of mortal danger and likely punishment after that, betray the closest people and his ideals, in which he believed all these years.
Remembering the heroes of "The Captain's Daughter", it is necessary to mention the father of Peter, who instructs his son before leaving for the army. He urges him to faithfully serve the one to whom he swore, to obey his superiors, not to chase approval without a reason, not to ask for service, but not to shy away from it, and also to remember the proverb "take care of the dress again, and honor - from a young age." So the father formulates the core values for Peter, pointing out what should be the most important thing in this life.
At the same time, it is worth noting that not only upbringing, but also key character traits help Grinev fulfill his father's mandate. He is always sincere and directly tells people what he thinks of them. Saves Masha Mironova from Shvabrin, rescues his servant Savelich from the hands of Pugachev's henchmen. At the same time, he remains true to the word and oath that he gave to the Empress. This adherence to principles conquers Pugachev. Because of her, he first leaves Peter life, and then helps to leave with his beloved.
The honesty and loyalty of Grinev's oath are especially pronounced against the background of Shvabrin. The latter is an educated and eloquent officer, but he only thinks and cares about himself. While remaining completely indifferent to others. For the sake of saving his life, he easily renounces the oath and goes over to the side of the enemy. Such different heroes in The Captain's Daughter.
Grinev's personality is made up of sincerity and a sense of duty. He exactly tries to follow the proverb that his father admonished and which is put in the epigraph of the novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Moreover, we can observe a completely realistic hero who is sometimes afraid, doubts the correctness of his decisions, but still does not give up his beliefs, performing truly heroic deeds for the sake of his loved ones and those close to him. For Grinev, in addition to duty and service, it is extremely important to always remain a person with a kind and loving heart who cannot tolerate injustice. And in others, he tries to see only the good. Even in Pugachev, in the first place, his mind, generosity and courage stand out, the fact that he tries to act as a defender of the poor and disadvantaged.
In the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" the image of Pyotr Grinev is given in development. Each episode of the novel gives him the opportunity to express himself from one side or another.
Analysis of "The Captain's Daughter"
Analyzing this work, the first thing to note is that it is written in the form of memoirs. According to its structure, it consists of 14 chapters, each of them has its own title and epigraph. The work is based on a real historical event - the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, which took place during the reign of Empress Catherine II from 1773 to 1775. Many of the problems of The Captain's Daughter that are raised in the work remain relevant to this day.
Let's take a closer look at composition. In the plot, Grinev briefly recalls his childhood and adolescence, about life in his parental home.
But there are two climaxes in the novel at once. In the first, Pugachev's army captures the Belogorsk fortress. Many officers are executed, including Masha's father, commandant Captain Mironov.
The second culmination of the novel is the heroic rescue of Masha by Pyotr Grinev, who remained in the fortress in the power of Shvabrin. The denouement is the news of the pardon of the protagonist, which Masha Mironova achieved from the Empress herself. The novel ends with an epilogue.
An important role in the novel is played by a vividly described picture of a spontaneous and merciless popular uprising. The author dwells in detail on the main causes of this rebellion, its participants and followers. As is often the case in Pushkin's works, the people play an important role. For the writer, he is not some faceless mass that blindly follows the leader. Each representative of the people is a separate independent person. At the same time, people unite among themselves, follow purpose. As a result, Pugachev is supported by Cossacks, Bashkirs, and peasants.
Delving into the characters' characters, it is worth noting that Pushkin pays great attention to the upbringing and characters of the characters. The author deliberately does not idealize the Grinev family. So, Grinev Sr. has an unstable character, but Peter, on the contrary, immediately arouses sympathy in the reader. Even being at the beginning of his life's journey, he sacredly remains faithful to his words and deeds. He is a brave man who is not afraid of danger, and therefore commands the respect of most readers of this novel.
It is interesting that Pushkin describes the Mironov family not without irony. The author endows Masha with a courageous and simple character, a pure heart and, most importantly, high moral principles.
Explicit hostility causes only one character - the slanderer Shvabrin. Very soon the reader will learn that he is capable of betrayal and denunciation and does not follow his oath at all. The image of the rebel leader Pugachev is majestic and tragic.
Readers are captivated by the simple and concise language in which this work is written. This makes the events described as true as possible.
in Wikisource« Captain's daughter"- one of the first and most famous works Russian historical prose, a story by A. S. Pushkin, dedicated to the events of the Peasant War of 1773-1775 led by Emelyan Pugachev.
It was first published in 1836 in the Sovremennik magazine without the author's signature. At the same time, the chapter on the peasant revolt in the village of Grinyov remained unpublished, which was explained by censorship considerations.
The plot of the story echoes Europe's first historical novel, Waverley, or Sixty Years Ago, which was published without an author's name in 1814 and was soon translated into the main languages of Europe. Separate episodes date back to the novel by M. N. Zagoskin "Yuri Miloslavsky" (1829).
The story is based on the notes of the fifty-year-old nobleman Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, written by him during the reign of Emperor Alexander and dedicated to the “Pugachevshchina”, in which the seventeen-year-old officer Pyotr Grinev, due to a “strange chain of circumstances”, took an involuntary part.
Pyotr Andreevich recalls with slight irony his childhood, the childhood of a noble undergrowth. His father Andrey Petrovich Grinev, in his youth, “served under Count Munnich and retired as prime minister in 17 ... year. Since then, he lived in his Simbirsk village, where he married the girl Avdotya Vasilyevna Yu., the daughter of a poor local nobleman. The Grinev family had nine children, but all Petrusha's brothers and sisters "died in infancy." “Mother was still my belly,” Grinev recalls, “as I was already enrolled in the Semyonovsky regiment as a sergeant.” From the age of five, Petrusha has been looked after by the stirrup Savelich, “for sober behavior” granted to him as uncles. “Under his supervision, in the twelfth year, I learned Russian literacy and could very sensibly judge the properties of a greyhound male.” Then a teacher appeared - the Frenchman Beaupré, who did not understand the "meaning of this word", since he was a hairdresser in his own country, and a soldier in Prussia. Young Grinev and the Frenchman Beaupre quickly got along, and although Beaupre was contractually obliged to teach Petrusha "in French, German and all sciences", he preferred to soon learn from his student "to chat in Russian." Grinev's upbringing ends with the expulsion of Beaupre, convicted of debauchery, drunkenness and neglect of the duties of a teacher.
Until the age of sixteen, Grinev lives "undersized, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys." In the seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to the service, but not to St. Petersburg, but to the army "to smell gunpowder" and "pull the strap." He sends him to Orenburg, instructing him to serve faithfully "to whom you swear", and to remember the proverb: "take care of the dress again, and honor from youth." All the "brilliant hopes" of the young Grinev for a cheerful life in St. Petersburg were destroyed, "boredom in the deaf and distant side" awaited ahead.
Approaching Orenburg, Grinev and Savelich fell into a snowstorm. A random person who met on the road leads a wagon lost in a snowstorm to a litter. While the wagon was “quietly moving” towards the dwelling, Pyotr Andreevich dreamed nightmare, in which the fifty-year-old Grinev sees something prophetic, connecting him with the "strange circumstances" of his later life. A man with a black beard lies in the bed of Father Grinev, and mother, calling him Andrei Petrovich and “an imprisoned father,” wants Petrusha to “kiss his hand” and ask for blessings. A man swings an ax, the room is filled with dead bodies; Grinev stumbles over them, slips in bloody puddles, but his "terrible man" "calls affectionately", saying: "Do not be afraid, come under my blessing."
In gratitude for the rescue, Grinev gives the “counselor”, dressed too lightly, his hare coat and brings a glass of wine, for which he thanks him with a low bow: “Thank you, your honor! God bless you for your goodness." The appearance of the “counselor” seemed “wonderful” to Grinev: “He was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. Gray hair showed in his black beard; living large eyes and ran. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression.
The Belogorsk fortress, where Grinev was sent to serve from Orenburg, meets the young man not with formidable bastions, towers and ramparts, but turns out to be a village surrounded by a wooden fence. Instead of a brave garrison - disabled people who do not know where the left and where the right side is, instead of deadly artillery - an old cannon clogged with garbage.
The commandant of the fortress Ivan Kuzmich Mironov is an officer "from soldiers' children", an uneducated man, but an honest and kind one. His wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, manages him completely and looks at the affairs of the service as if they were her own business. Soon Grinev becomes “native” to the Mironovs, and he himself “insensibly [...] became attached to a good family.” In the daughter of the Mironovs, Masha, Grinev "found a prudent and sensitive girl."
The service does not burden Grinev, he became interested in reading books, practicing translations and writing poetry. At first, he becomes close to Lieutenant Shvabrin, the only person in the fortress who is close to Grinev in terms of education, age and occupation. But soon they quarrel - Shvabrin mockingly criticized the love "song" written by Grinev, and also allowed himself dirty hints about the "custom and customs" of Masha Mironova, to whom this song was dedicated. Later, in a conversation with Masha, Grinev will find out the reasons for the stubborn slander with which Shvabrin pursued her: the lieutenant wooed her, but was refused. “I do not like Alexei Ivanovich. He is very disgusting to me, ”admits Masha Grinev. The quarrel is resolved by a duel and wounding Grinev.
Masha takes care of the wounded Grinev. Young people confess to each other "in a heartfelt inclination", and Grinev writes a letter to the priest, "asking for parental blessings." But Masha is a dowry. The Mironovs have “only one girl Palashka souls”, while the Grinevs have three hundred souls of peasants. The father forbids Grinev to marry and promises to transfer him from the Belogorsk fortress "somewhere far away" so that the "nonsense" will pass.
After this letter, life became unbearable for Grinev, he falls into gloomy thought, seeks solitude. "I was afraid to either go crazy or fall into debauchery." And only “unexpected incidents,” Grinev writes, “which had an important impact on my whole life, suddenly gave my soul a strong and good shock.”
At the beginning of October 1773, the commandant of the fortress received a secret message about the Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who, posing as "the late Emperor Peter III", "gathered a villainous gang, made an outrage in the Yaik villages and already took and ruined several fortresses." The commandant was asked to "take appropriate measures to repulse the aforementioned villain and impostor."
Soon everyone was talking about Pugachev. A Bashkir with "outrageous sheets" was captured in the fortress. But it was not possible to interrogate him - the Bashkir's tongue was torn out. From day to day, the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress expect an attack by Pugachev.
The rebels appear unexpectedly - the Mironovs did not even have time to send Masha to Orenburg. At the first attack, the fortress was taken. Residents greet the Pugachevites with bread and salt. The prisoners, among whom was Grinev, are taken to the square to swear allegiance to Pugachev. The first to die on the gallows is the commandant, who refused to swear allegiance to the "thief and impostor." Under the blow of a saber, Vasilisa Yegorovna falls dead. Death on the gallows awaits Grinev, but Pugachev pardons him. A little later, Grinev learns from Savelich "the reason for mercy" - the ataman of the robbers turned out to be the tramp who received from him, Grinev, a hare sheepskin coat.
In the evening, Grinev was invited to the “great sovereign”. “I pardoned you for your virtue,” Pugachev says to Grinev, “... Do you promise to serve me with zeal?” But Grinev is a “natural nobleman” and “sweared allegiance to the empress”. He cannot even promise Pugachev not to serve against him. “My head is in your power,” he says to Pugachev, “let me go - thank you, execute me - God will judge you.”
Grinev's sincerity amazes Pugachev, and he releases the officer "on all four sides." Grinev decides to go to Orenburg for help - after all, Masha remained in the fortress in a strong fever, whom the priest passed off as her niece. He is especially worried that Shvabrin, who swore allegiance to Pugachev, was appointed commandant of the fortress.
But in Orenburg, Grinev was denied help, and a few days later the rebel troops surrounded the city. Long days of siege dragged on. Soon, by chance, a letter from Masha falls into Grinev's hands, from which he learns that Shvabrin is forcing her to marry him, threatening otherwise to extradite her to the Pugachevites. Again Grinev turns to the military commandant for help, and is again refused.
Grinev and Savelich leave for the Belogorsk fortress, but they are captured by the rebels near Berdskaya Sloboda. And again, providence brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer a chance to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter on which he is going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to free the orphan and punish the offender.
I. O. Miodushevsky. "Presenting a letter to Catherine II", based on the plot of the story "The Captain's Daughter", 1861.
On the way to the fortress, a confidential conversation takes place between Pugachev and Grinev. Pugachev is clearly aware of his doom, expecting betrayal, first of all, from his comrades, he knows that he can’t wait for the “mercy of the empress”. For Pugachev, as for an eagle from Kalmyk fairy tale, which he tells Grinev with “wild inspiration”, “than eating carrion for three hundred years, it’s better to drink living blood once; and then what God will give!”. Grinev makes a fairy tale different moral conclusion, which surprises Pugacheva: “To live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at carrion.”
In the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev, with the help of Pugachev, frees Masha. And although the enraged Shvabrin reveals the deceit to Pugachev, he is full of generosity: “Execute, execute like this, favor, favor like that: this is my custom.” Grinev and Pugachev part "friendly".
Grinev sends Masha as a bride to his parents, and he himself remains in the army due to his “debt of honor”. The war "with robbers and savages" is "boring and petty." Grinev's observations are filled with bitterness: "God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless."
The end of the military campaign coincides with the arrest of Grinev. Appearing before the court, he is calm in his confidence that he can be justified, but Shvabrin slanders him, exposing Grinev as a spy sent from Pugachev to Orenburg. Grinev is convicted, shame awaits him, exile to Siberia for an eternal settlement.
Grinev is saved from shame and exile by Masha, who goes to the queen "to ask for mercy." Walking through the garden of Tsarskoye Selo, Masha met a middle-aged lady. In this lady, everything "involuntarily attracted the heart and inspired power of attorney." Having learned who Masha was, she offered her help, and Masha sincerely told the lady the whole story. The lady turned out to be the Empress, who pardoned Grinev just as Pugachev pardoned both Masha and Grinev in his time.
Screen adaptations
The story has been filmed many times, including abroad.
- The Captain's Daughter (film, 1928)
- The Captain's Daughter - a film by Vladimir Kaplunovsky (1958, USSR)
- Captain's Daughter - teleplay by Pavel Reznikov (1976, USSR)
- Volga en flames (fr.) Russian (1934, France, dir. Viktor Tourjansky)
- Captain's daughter (Italian) Russian (1947, Italy, directed by Mario Camerini)
- La Tempesta (Italian) Russian (1958, directed by Alberto Lattuada)
- The Captain's Daughter (1958, USSR, dir. Vladimir Kaplunovsky)
- The Captain's Daughter (animated film, 2005), director Ekaterina Mikhailova
Notes
Links
| Works by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin | |
|---|---|
| Novel in verse | Eugene Onegin |
| poems | |
| Poems | |
| Fairy tales | |
| Artistic prose | |
| historical prose |
History of Pugachev History of Peter |
| Other |
List of works by Pushkin Pushkin's translations from foreign languages |
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format
Introduction When we read the title of A. S. Pushkin's novel, "The Captain's Daughter", we thought that the novel describes the life of a girl whose father is a captain. After reading the novel, we wondered why it was named that way. We think that Pushkin originally wanted to write a novel dedicated only to the Pugachev movement, but the censors would hardly have let him through. Therefore, the main plot of the story is the service young nobleman Peter Grinev, thanks to his love for the daughter of the captain of the Belogorsk fortress Mironov. The author pays much attention to the reader on Pugachev, then the question is asked: why does Pushkin make the main characters of the novel not Pugachev, but Grinev and call him the captain's daughter? Maybe Pushkin called his novel "The Captain's Daughter" because it was the captain's daughter, Masha Mironova, that the protagonist's beloved met the Empress. This is how she reveals her character as the captain's daughter - a simple Russian girl, unsure of herself, uneducated, but who at the necessary moment found strength, fortitude and determination in herself in order to achieve the justification of her fiancé. We have designated
Object of study- "The Captain's Daughter" Research Base- the characters of the story "The Captain's Daughter". The relevance of research is that the story reveals the problems of duty, honor and love. Purpose of the study study additional literature and find out what were the prototypes of the heroes and their morality. We hypothesized that that the more we know about the problems of love, the more we never cease to be surprised at the problems of morality and honor.
We have set ourselves the task
Explore additional material;
Reveal the characteristics of the characters;
Reveal the prototypes of these heroes;
Find out how prototypes affect inner world heroes.
Our research work has gone through the following stages
The Captain's Daughter attracts the attention of researchers not only as one of the highest achievements of Pushkin's prose. This novel is an extremely important source for determining the socio-political position of Pushkin in last years his life. After all, it speaks of a peasant "revolt" and its leader; about a nobleman involved in the anti-feudal struggle of the peasants, that is, about those problems that worried Pushkin throughout almost his entire conscious life.
Heroes of the story
Petr Andreevich GrinevMaria Ivanovna MironovaEmelyan Pugachev Shvabrin Savelyich Arkhip SavelyevCaptain Mironov Ivan Kuzmich Captain Vasilisa Yegorovna Ivan Ignatich Zurin Ivan Ivanovich Bopre Empress Catherine II the GreatGeneral Andrey Karlovich Andrey Petrovich Grinev Mother of Peter Grinev
Characteristics of the main characters
For our research work, we chose three main characters. These are two heroes opposed to each other - Shvabrin and Grinev and their "common" love Masha Mironova.
Characteristics of Peter Grinev Petr Andreevich Grinev is a person who strives for self-improvement. He was not given a systematic education, but he received a moral education. His mother loved him, but spoiled him in moderation, entrusting the upbringing to his father. Andrei Grinev wanted to teach his son discipline and sent him to serve in the Belogorsk fortress. Savelich, a servant, was kind and devoted, helping in a difficult situation. Then Peter Grinev will become the same. Peter, breaking free, will lose at cards, will be rude to the servant, but he is conscientious, so he will ask for forgiveness and will never drink and play again. Pyotr Andreevich knew how to make friends, love, serve, keep his word, help people. He lived a decent life and can be an example. Grinev followed his father's precept all his life: take care of honor from a young age. It is no coincidence that this proverb is used as an epigraph, and then it sounds from the lips of the protagonist's father.
Characteristics of Alexei Shvabrin Shvabrin is given as a direct contrast to Grinev. He is more educated, maybe even smarter than Grinev. But there is no kindness, no nobility, no sense of honor and duty in him. His transition to the service of Pugachev was caused not by high ideological motives, but by low selfish interests. The attitude of the author of the "notes" and the writer towards him is quite clear, and in the reader he evokes a feeling of contempt and indignation. In the composition of the novel, Shvabrin plays an important role as a hero of love and social life; without him, the storyline of Grinev and Masha would be difficult to build.
Characteristics of Masha Mironova Masha Mironova is a young girl, the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. That is what the author had in mind when giving the title of his story. This is an ordinary Russian girl, "chubby, ruddy, with light blond hair." By nature, she was cowardly: she was afraid even of a rifle shot. Masha lived rather closed, lonely; there were no suitors in their village. This image personifies high morality and spiritual purity. Such a detail is interesting: there are very few conversations in the story, in general, Masha's words. This is no coincidence, since the strength of this heroine is not in words, but in the fact that her words and actions are always infallible. All this testifies to the extraordinary integrity of Masha Mironova. Masha combines simplicity with a high moral sense. She immediately correctly assessed the human qualities of Shvabrin and Grinev. And in the days of trials, which fell to her lot (the capture of the fortress by Pugachev, the death of both parents, the captivity of Shvabrin), Masha maintains unshakable stamina and presence of mind, loyalty to her principles. Finally, at the end of the story, saving her beloved Grinev, Masha, as an equal with an equal, talks with an unrecognized empress and even contradicts her. As a result, the heroine wins, rescuing Grinev from prison. Thus, the captain's daughter Masha Mironova is the bearer of the best features of the Russian national character.
What are prototypes? Studying additional literature, we learned that prototypes are usually called those really existing people, from which the writer went to create an artistic image.
We cannot fully trace the path of the artist to create a work of art. Before us as the subject of analysis is itself piece of art. We can and should know the reality that the artist depicted as a whole, but we should not try to break it down into separate moments, which seem to be geometrically exactly repeated in a work of art.
Prototypes of Grinev and Shvabrin
It was argued, for example, that the prototype of Grinev and Shvabrin is the same person - Shvanvich. Meanwhile, Grinev is not at all like Shvabrin. According to the original plan, the hero of the novel was to be a nobleman who voluntarily went over to the side of Pugachev. Its prototype was Lieutenant of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment Mikhail Shvanovich (in the plans of the novel Shvanvich), who "preferred a heinous life to an honest death." His name was mentioned in the document "On the death penalty for the traitor, rebel and impostor Pugachev and his accomplices." Later, Pushkin chose the fate of another real participant in the Pugachev events - Basharin. Basharin was taken prisoner by Pugachev, escaped from captivity and entered the service of one of the suppressors of the uprising, General Mikhelson. The name of the protagonist changed several times, until Pushkin settled on the surname Grinev. In a government report on the liquidation of the Pugachev uprising and the punishment of Pugachev and his accomplices dated January 10, 1775, Grinev's name was listed among those who were initially suspected of "communicating with villains", but "as a result of the investigation turned out to be innocent" and were released from arrest. As a result, instead of one hero-nobleman in the novel, there were two: Grinev was opposed by a nobleman-traitor, the “vile villain” Shvabrin, which could facilitate the passage of the novel through censorship barriers Prototype of Masha Mironova
A lot has been said about the prototype of Masha Mironova from The Captain's Daughter. The Russian Archive even claimed that its prototype was a young Georgian (P. A. Klopitonov), who ended up in the garden of Tsarskoye Selo and talked about statues with the empress; it was also claimed that this same Georgian was nicknamed "the captain's daughter." But it turned out that A. S. Pushkin wrote the image of Masha Mironova from the noble daughter Marya Vasilievna Borisova, whom he met and talked at the Christmas ball of 1829 in the city of Staritsa, Tver province. Pushkin was a connoisseur of women's souls and, apparently, a simple, naive and unremarkable girl nevertheless impressed him with her honesty, openness, pride and firmness of character. The poet endowed all these qualities captain's daughter Masha Mironov.
Conclusion
The results of the study of literary sources, analysis and systematization of materials showed that the hypothesis put forward by us turned out to be correct. Russian writers have always addressed the issue of honor and morality in their works. It seems to us that this problem was and is one of the central ones in Russian literature. Honor occupies the first place among moral symbols. One can go through many troubles and hardships, but, probably, not a single people on earth will reconcile themselves to the decay of morality. The loss of honor is the fall of moral principles, which is always followed by punishment. The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So, on the example of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" one can clearly see how this happens in life and what results it leads to. This work taught us that it is necessary in life to seek our truth, our life path, to remain true to their views and principles, to be a steadfast and courageous person to the end. But everyone knows it's hard. How difficult it was for Grinev, Masha Mironova, her father, Captain Mironov, that is, for all those people for whom honor is above all. And we can say with confidence that the epigraph to the story "Take care of honor from a young age" will be a guiding star for us and my peers.
Bibliography
Belousov A. F. School folklore. - M, 1998.
"The Captain's Daughter"., A.S. Pushkin., 1836.
Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.
Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1984.
Shansky N.M. Words born in October. - M., 1980.
Internet resources
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://biblioman.org/compositions
"The Captain's Daughter" is a historical novel (in some sources - a story), written by A.S. Pushkin. The author tells us about the origin and development of a great and strong feeling between a young noble officer and the daughter of the commandant of the fortress. All this happens against the backdrop of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev and creates additional barriers and threats to life for the lovers. The novel is written in the form of a memoir. Such an interweaving of historical and family chronicles gives it additional charm and charm, and also makes you believe in the reality of everything that happens.
History of creation
In the mid-1830s, translated novels were gaining popularity in Russia. Society ladies were read by Walter Scott. Domestic writers, and among them Alexander Sergeevich, could not stand aside and responded with their own works, among which were The Captain's Daughter.
Researchers of Pushkin's work claim that at first he worked on a historical chronicle, wanting to tell readers about the course of the Pugachev rebellion. Approaching the matter responsibly and wanting to be truthful, the author met with the direct participants in those events, having specially left for the South Urals.
Pushkin doubted for a long time who to make the main character of his work. First, he settled on Mikhail Shvanvich, an officer who, during the uprising, went over to the side of Pugachev. What made Alexander Sergeevich abandon such a plan is unknown, but as a result he turned to the format of memoirs, and put an officer-nobleman at the center of the novel. At the same time, the main character had every chance to go over to the side of Pugachev, but the duty to the Fatherland turned out to be higher. Shvanvich turned from a positive character into a negative Shvabrin.
For the first time, the novel appeared before the audience in the Sovremennik magazine in the last issue of 1836, and Pushkin's authorship was not mentioned there. It was said that these notes were written by the late Pyotr Grinev. However, in this novel, for reasons of censorship, an article about the peasants' revolt on the estate of Grinev himself was not published. The lack of authorship led to the absence of any printed reviews, but many noted the "overall effect" that The Captain's Daughter had on those who read the novel. A month after publication, the real author of the novel died in a duel.
Analysis
Description of the artwork
The work is written in the form of memoirs - the landowner Pyotr Grinev talks about the times of his youth, when his father ordered him to be sent to serve in the army (albeit under the supervision of Uncle Savelich). On the road, one meeting happens to them, which radically influenced their future fate and the fate of Russia - Pyotr Grinev meets Emelyan Pugachev.
Having reached his destination (and it turned out to be the Belogorsk fortress), Grinev immediately falls in love with the commandant's daughter. However, he has a rival - officer Shvabrin. A duel takes place between young people, as a result of which Grinev is wounded. His father, having learned about this, does not give his consent to marry the girl.
All this is happening against the background of the developing Pugachev rebellion. When it comes to the fortress, Pugachev's accomplices first take the life of Masha's parents, after which they offer Shvabrin and Grinev to swear allegiance to Emelyan. Shvabrin agrees, but Grinev, for reasons of honor, does not. His life is saved by Savelich, who reminds Pugachev of their chance meeting.
Grinev fights against Pugachev, but this does not prevent him from calling the latter as an ally to save Masha, who turned out to be Shvabrin's hostage. On the denunciation of a rival, Grinev ends up in prison, and now Masha is doing everything to save him. A chance meeting with the Empress helps the girl achieve the release of her lover. To the delight of all the ladies, the case ends with the wedding of the young in Grinev's parental home.
As already mentioned, the background for love story served as a great historical event - the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev.
main characters
There are several main characters in the novel. Among them:
Emelyan Pugachev
Pugachev - according to many critics, the brightest main figure in the work due to his coloring. Marina Tsvetaeva once claimed that Pugachev obscures the colorless and faded Grinev. In Pushkin, Pugachev looks like a sort of charming villain.
Peter Grinev, who at the time of the story was only 17 years old. According to the literary critic Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky, this character was needed for an impartial assessment of the behavior of another character - Emelyan Pugachev.
Aleksey Shvabrin is a young officer serving in the fortress. A freethinker, smart and educated (it is mentioned in the story that he knows French and understands literature). Literary critic Dmitry Mirsky called Shvabrin a "purely romantic scoundrel" because of his betrayal of the oath and defection to the rebels. However, since the image is written in a shallow way, it is difficult to say about the reasons that prompted him to such an act. Obviously, Pushkin's sympathies were not on Shvabrin's side.
At the time of the story, Mary was only 18 years old. A real Russian beauty, at the same time simple and sweet. Capable of an act - in order to save her beloved, she goes to the capital to meet with the Empress. According to Vyazemsky, she decorates the novel in the same way that Tatyana Larina decorated Eugene Onegin. But Tchaikovsky, who at one time wanted to stage an opera based on this work, complained that it did not have enough character, but only kindness and honesty. Marina Tsvetaeva was of the same opinion.
From the age of five he was assigned to Grinev as an uncle, the Russian analogue of a tutor. The only one who communicates with a 17-year-old officer like a small child. Pushkin calls him a "faithful serf", but Savelich allows himself to express uncomfortable thoughts to both the master and his ward.
Analysis of the work
Colleagues of Alexander Sergeevich, to whom he personally read the novel, made small remarks regarding non-compliance historical facts while generally speaking positively about the novel. Prince V.F. Odoevsky, for example, noted that the images of Savelich and Pugachev were drawn out carefully and thought out to the smallest detail, but the image of Shvabrin was not finalized, and therefore it would be difficult for readers to understand the motives for his transition.
Literary critic Nikolai Strakhov noted that such a combination of family (partially love) and historical chronicles is typical for the works of Walter Scott, the answer to the popularity of which among the Russian nobility, in fact, was Pushkin's work.
Another Russian literary critic Dmitry Mirsky highly appreciated The Captain's Daughter, emphasizing the manner of narration - concise, accurate, economical, at the same time spacious and unhurried. His opinion was that this work played one of the main roles in the development of the genre of realism in Russian literature.
A few years after the publication of the work, the Russian writer and publisher Nikolai Grech admired how the author managed to express the character and tone of the time he tells about. The story turned out to be so realistic that one could really think that the author was an eyewitness of these events. Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Gogol also periodically left rave reviews about this work.
conclusions
According to Dmitry Mirsky, The Captain's Daughter can be considered the only full-fledged novel written by Alexander Sergeevich and published during his lifetime. Let us agree with the critic - everything is present in the novel in order to be successful: a romantic line that ended in marriage is a delight for beautiful ladies; historical line that tells about such a complex and contradictory historical event, like the Pugachev uprising, - it will be more interesting for men; clearly written main characters and set guidelines regarding the place of honor and dignity in the life of an officer. All this explains the popularity of the novel in the past and compels our contemporaries to read it today.
