In our difficult time, emergencies often occur. They are of different types, each of them has its own consequences, as well as the principles of dealing with it. This presentation will focus on natural disasters - hurricanes and tsunamis.
Consider what is a hurricane? A hurricane is a cyclone that occurs mainly in tropical latitudes. There is a strong wind that reaches up to 74 miles per hour.
In the memory of mankind, the most terrible hurricane that was recorded passed over the islands in the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh. This happened in 1970. Then about a million people became its victims.
The hurricane brings with it very terrible consequences, followed by great losses of both lives and property.
How to protect yourself from the threat of an impending hurricane wave? The very first thing: you need to close all windows and doors that are on the windward side of the building. And on the leeward side, you need to open windows and doors in order to at least somehow equalize the internal pressure. You need to stock up on the most necessary things that you will most likely need: a flashlight, water, food, a candle, you can also grab a camp stove, medicines. Hide in buildings with stronger walls, in basements, or in GO shelters.
The strength and power of a hurricane is calculated using the Beaufort scale. The highest level is 12 points.
Let's move on to the tsunami. What does it represent? A tsunami is a series of huge waves that appear as a result of underwater unrest.
Underwater tremors are not always capable of causing a tsunami. They must have a strength that reaches at least 7 on the Richter scale. The most frequent tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to modern technology, tsunamis can be calculated in advance, and thereby save the lives of many people with the help of seismographs and warning systems.
During tremors, large volumes of waves move very quickly, which provokes the occurrence of a tsunami. So the waves with great speed and force reach the shore and destroy it. The distance between the waves that move towards the coast can reach up to 1 hour.
The state that is affected by the tsunami every year is Hawaii. But causing a lot of damage tsunamis occur on average once every 7 years.
In risk areas, the territory is constantly under control. The warning center monitors the occurrence of a safe situation, and immediately gives warnings at the first recorded data.
The most frequent deaths from tsunamis are drownings, in the background, severe injuries that are not compatible with life.
In deep water places it is much harder to detect a moving tsunami. On average, there are about 6-7 tsunamis per century, which have great consequences.
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Topic: Technogenic emergencies and their classification. 1. Basic concepts and definitions 2. Consequences of man-made emergencies 3. Classification of emergencies by the scale of distribution and severity of consequences 4. List of man-made emergencies MBOU "Gymnasium No. 10" Baglay E.V.
1. Basic concepts and definitions Accident Hazardous man-made incident Threat to life and health of people at an object, a certain territory or water area Destruction of buildings and structures, equipment and vehicles Damage to the environment
An emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain area that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster, which may or have caused human casualties damage to human health damage to the natural environment significant material losses violation of people's living conditions.
Major accident Large number of casualties Major material damage Severe environmental consequences Industrial or transport accident
Industrial accidents and catastrophes Technogenic emergencies Hazardous event Approximate number per year Pipeline accidents 60-80 Aviation accidents 20-40 Major car accidents 120-150 Major railway accidents 15-20 Hydrodynamic accidents 4-8 Frequency of some technogenic Emergencies in Russia
Man-made emergencies are divided into:
Technogenic emergencies Transport accidents Accidents with the release of biologically hazardous substances Accidents at sewage treatment plants Fires and explosions Sudden collapse of buildings and structures Accidents with the release of chemically hazardous substances Accidents with the release of radioactive substances Accidents in energy systems Accidents in utility life support systems Hydrodynamic accidents
On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The concepts of an accident, catastrophe, man-made emergency, their classification
The main criterion in distinguishing between accidents and disasters is the severity of the consequences and the presence of human casualties, and under adverse conditions it can become a source of emergency development ....
Brief description of the main types of man-made emergencies and their consequences. The main causes of man-made accidents and disasters.
Any accident, before growing to the scale of a catastrophe or emergency, goes through several stages of maturation under the influence of unfavorable social, technical or natural...
The concept of an accident, catastrophe, man-made emergency. 8th grade
8th grade. Lesson summary, presentation for the textbook "Fundamentals of Life Safety Grade 8", edited by Yu.L. Vorobiev...
MODULE "Life safety"Topic number 3.: “Emergency situations.
United
state
system
warnings
and
liquidation
consequences
emergency
situations."
LEARNING QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of emergencypeacetime situations (definition,
classification,
the main
concepts,
damaging factors, medico-tactical
characteristic).
2. The main tasks of the RSChS.
3.
Principles
building
and
functioning of RSChS.
LEARNING QUESTIONS:
4. Organization of the Unified Statewarning and elimination systems
consequences of emergency situations RSChS.
5. Modes of operation of the RSChS.
6.
Main
Events
on
prevention and elimination of consequences
emergencies RSChS.
Emergency situation (ES) -
Emergency situation (ES) situation in a certain territory,established
v
the result
accident,
catastrophe, dangerous natural phenomenon,
epidemics,
epizootics,
application
modern means of destruction, which
may result in human
victims, damage to human health and (or)
environmental
natural
environment,
significant material loss and
violation of living conditions
people. Crash
–
dangerous
technogenic
an incident that creates at the facility,
certain territory (water area)
threat to human life and health,
leading to the destruction of buildings,
structures,
equipment,
vehicles and violation
production or transport
process, as well as damaging
human health and/or the environment
environment. Disaster - sudden, fleeting
event,
entailed
per
by myself
loss of life, damage to health
people, destruction or annihilation
objects
and
others
material
significant values, and
also causing serious damage
environment. Elemental
disasters
–
dangerous
natural phenomena or processes
geophysical,
geological,
hydrological,
atmospheric,
biospheric and other origin
on a scale that causes
disastrous
situations
characterized
sudden
violation
life activity
population, destruction and annihilation
material values, defeat
or death of people.
According to the type (nature) of the source, emergencies are divided into:
man-made(production):
radiation,
chemical, biological accidents; explosions; collapse
structures;
accidents
power systems,
on the
treatment
structures; hydrodynamic, transport accidents
funds, etc.;
natural
(natural
disasters):
earthquakes,
floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, fires, frosts, droughts,
volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows, etc.);
ecological (in the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere): dramatic climate change, intense
soil degradation, destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere,
severe shortage of drinking water, etc.;
biological and social: infectious morbidity of people,
morbidity
agricultural
animals,
damage to agricultural plants by diseases and
pests, famine, wars, terrorism, etc.
By scale, emergencies are divided into:
LocalLocal
Territorial
Regional
Federal
Cross-border (global)
natural and technogenic nature (according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 2
Classification of emergency situationsdated May 21, 2007 No. 304).
A) emergency
local situation,
as a result of which the territory on which the
emergency
situation
and
violated
conditions
life of people (hereinafter referred to as the zone of emergency
situations), does not go beyond the territory of the object,
while the number of people who died or received
damage to health (hereinafter referred to as the number of victims),
is not more than 10 people or, the amount of damage
environment and material losses
(hereinafter referred to as the amount of material damage) is not
more than 100 thousand rubles.
Classification of emergency situations
natural and man-made nature
(according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
dated May 21, 2007 No. 304).
(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 17.05.2011 N 376)
b) a municipal emergency,
as a result of which the emergency zone is not
extends beyond the territory of one settlement or
intracity territory of a federal city
values, while the number of victims is
no more than 50 people, or the amount of material damage
is not more than 5 million rubles, as well as this
emergency cannot be considered
local emergency.
Classification of emergency situations of natural and man-made nature (according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 2
Classification of emergency situationsnatural and man-made nature
(according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
dated May 21, 2007 No. 304).
(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 17.05.2011 N 376)
C) an emergency situation of an intermunicipal nature, in
as a result of which the emergency zone affects
the territory of two or more settlements, intra-city territories
cities of federal significance or inter-settlement territory, with
the number of victims is not more than 50 people, or
the amount of material damage is no more than 5 million rubles.
D) an emergency situation of a regional nature, as a result of
which the emergency zone does not extend beyond
territory of one subject of the Russian Federation, while
the number of victims is over 50 people, but no more than
500 people, or the amount of material damage is more than 5
million rubles, but not more than 500 million rubles.
Classification of emergency situations of natural and man-made nature (according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 2
Classification of emergency situationsnatural and man-made nature
(according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
dated May 21, 2007 No. 304).
(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 17.05.2011 N 376)
D) an emergency situation of an interregional nature,
as a result of which the emergency zone
affects the territory of two or more subjects
Russian
federation,
at
this
number
more than 50 people affected, but no more than
500 people
or the amount of material damage
is over 5 million rubles, but not more than 500 million.
rubles.
E) a federal emergency,
as a result of which the number of victims is
more than 500 people, or the amount of material damage
is over 500 million rubles.
Phases of development and damaging factors of emergency situations
Accumulation of risk factors. Accumulation takes place at the sourcerisk. The stage of the onset of an emergency can last days, months, years,
decades or longer periods.
Emergency initiation. This stage of emergency development is a push,
starting mechanism. At this stage, the risk factors reach such
states when, for various reasons, it is no longer possible to contain them
outward manifestations.
The process of the emergency. At this stage, the release
energy or substance risk factors, and their impact on people begins
and the environment. In the initial period of this stage, the duration
process, its consequences are difficult to predict due to the complexity of the situation
and the inability to accurately assess the situation.
Decay stage. A stage chronologically spans an overlap period
(limitation) of the source of danger, i.e. localization of damaging factors
emergency, until the complete elimination of its direct and indirect consequences. So
Thus, in the development of emergencies over time, it is possible to distinguish: pre-emergency
conditions, stages of development of emergencies and post-emergency processes.
Damaging factors of emergencies
factors of mechanical, thermal,radiation,
chemical,
biological (bacteriological),
psycho-emotional
character,
being
reasons
Emergency
and
leading to injury to people
animals, natural environment
environment, as well as objects of national
economy.
Damaging factors of emergencies
Dynamic (mechanical) factors as a resultdirect action of excess pressure in
shock front
waves,
discards
human
high-speed pressure and impacts on external objects,
actions of secondary projectiles (building structures and
structures, stones, fragments, glass, etc.) lead to
the occurrence of various wounds and closed injuries.
Thermal factors - as a result of exposure
high temperatures (light radiation, fires,
high ambient temperature, etc.)
thermal burns occur, general overheating
organism; at low temperatures, general
hypothermia and frostbite.
Damaging factors of emergencies
Radiation factors - in case of accidents at radiation hazardous facilities and the use of nuclear weapons. Vas a result of exposure to ionizing radiation
the body can develop radiation sickness (acute and
chronic) and radiation burns of the skin, and in case of contact
radioactive substances into the body through the respiratory
pathways and gastrointestinal tract - lesions
internal organs.
Chemical factors - AOHV, chemical warfare agents
substances, industrial and other poisons, affecting
people in chemical accidents, the use of chemical
weapons, cause a variety (by nature and
severity) of injury.
Damaging factors of emergencies
Biological (bacteriological) factors toxins,bacteria
and
other
biological
(bacteriological) agents, release and spread
which are possible in case of accidents at biologically hazardous
objects, and in military conditions when using
enemy, they can lead to massive
infectious diseases (epidemics) or mass
poisoning.
Psycho-emotional
impact
striking
factors on people in extreme
conditions,
maybe
manifest
decline
performance,
violation
their
mental
activities, and in some cases - more serious
disorders.
Public health consequences of the emergency
complex characteristic of an emergency, which determinesthe content, scope and organization of health care (amount and nature
sanitary losses; the need of the affected
various types of medical care; conditions
carrying out LEM in the emergency zone; sanitary and epidemiological situation; failure
or violation of the activities of health facilities, as well as
violation of life support of the population in the emergency zone
and etc.).
Loss classification
Are commonhuman
losses,
arisen
v
emergency,
subdivided into irretrievable and sanitary losses.
Irretrievable losses - people who died at the moment
occurrence of emergencies, who died before admission to the first stage
medical evacuation (to a medical facility) and
missing.
Sanitary losses - affected (survivors) and
sick in the event of an emergency or as a result of an emergency.
The structure of sanitary losses is the distribution
affected (sick) according to the severity of lesions
(diseases) - extremely severe, severe, moderate
heaviness, light; by the nature and localization of lesions (types
diseases).
Classification of losses in emergencies
ARE COMMONIrrevocable
people who died at the moment
occurrence of emergencies,
deceased before admission
to the first stage
medical evacuation (in
medical institution)
and the missing.
Sanitary
affected (remaining
alive) and sick
in the event of an emergency
or as a result of an emergency.
Unified State System for Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS)
intendedfor
warnings
emergency,
ensuring life safety
population and reduce damage to the national
economy, and in case of their occurrence - for
elimination of consequences.
unites the authorities, forces and means
federal executive authorities,
subjects
Russian
federation,
bodies
local
self-government,
organizations
v
powers that include resolving issues related to
protection of the population and territories from emergencies.
The main tasks of RSChS:
development and implementation of legal and economic norms forensuring the protection of the population and territories from emergencies;
carrying out activities aimed at preventing emergencies and
improving the sustainability of the functioning of organizations, as well as
social facilities in emergency situations;
creation and ensuring readiness for actions of management bodies,
forces and means intended and allocated for the prevention and
elimination of emergencies;
collection, processing, exchange and release of information in the field of protection
population and territories from emergencies;
preparation of the population for actions in emergency situations;
forecasting and assessing the socio-economic consequences of emergencies;
creation of reserves of financial and material resources for
elimination of emergencies;
implementation of state expertise, supervision and control in
elimination of emergencies;
implementation of measures for social protection of the population,
affected by emergency situations, carrying out humanitarian actions;
implementation of the rights and obligations of the population in the field of protection from emergencies, and
also persons directly involved in their liquidation;
international cooperation in the field of protection of the population and
Principles of RSChS:
protection from emergencies is subject to the entire population of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and persons withoutcitizenship located on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as the territory, objects
economy, material and cultural values of the Russian Federation;
organization and implementation of measures to prevent and eliminate
The emergency situation is a mandatory function of federal executive bodies
authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities
municipalities, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations independently
on their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership;
implementation of measures to protect the population and territories from emergencies
carried out taking into account the division of jurisdiction, powers and
responsibility between federal executive authorities,
executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities
self-government;
advance and differentiated planning of activities for
protection of the population and territories from emergencies and their continuous implementation, as in
both in peacetime and in wartime, taking into account the reasonable sufficiency of their volumes and
terms of implementation;
consistency and complexity of the approach to carrying out activities to
protection of the population and territories from emergencies and civil defense (GO);
compliance of the organizational structure of the RSChS with the state
structure of the RF and the tasks to be solved. Organizational
structure of the RSChS
Territorial subsystems
republican,
edge,
regional,
city,
regional, etc.
Functional subsystems (services)
disaster medicine service (Ministry of Health of Russia);
public order protection service (Ministry of Internal Affairs
Russia);
fire service (EMERCOM of Russia);
service for the protection of farm animals and
plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia);
State Rescue Service (EMERCOM of Russia);
service for supervision of sanitary and epidemiological
situation (Ministry of Health of Russia);
service
monitoring
environmental
environments
(Roshydromet);
environmental safety service (Goskomekologiya
Russia);
flood control service (Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia);
service
reserve
material
resources
(Goskomrezerv of Russia);
search and rescue service at sea (Ministry of Transport
Russia);
transport service (Ministry of Transport of Russia);
forest protection service from fires, diseases and
pests of forest vegetation (Rosleskhoz);
emergency monitoring service (EMERCOM of Russia).
RSChS levels
FederalTerritorial
Local
object
All levels of RSChS management have:
permanent organs of everydayauthorities specifically authorized to
solution of problems in the field of protection of the population and
territories from emergencies (governing bodies for
GOChS);
operational management bodies
(control points);
forces and means;
reserves of financial and material resources,
communication, warning and information systems
provision.
The permanent day-to-day management bodies of the RSChS are:
at the federal level - EMERCOM of Russia;at the territorial level, covering the territory
subject of the Russian Federation, - management bodies for
cases of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, created as part of or under the bodies
at the local level, covering the territory of the district,
city (district in the city), locality, - bodies
departments for civil defense affairs, created as part of or
at local governments;
at the object level (in organizations) - departments,
sectors (or specially appointed persons) for cases
GOChS. In order to coordinate the activities of territorial and
functional subsystems at all levels of management
RSChS creates commissions for emergency situations
(CSF),
which
are
collegiate
(advisory) bodies:
at the federal level - the Interdepartmental Commission on
prevention and elimination of emergencies and departmental
(interdepartmental) CoES in federal bodies
executive power;
on the
territorial
level
CoES
bodies
executive power of subjects of the Russian Federation;
at the local level - CoES of local authorities
self-government;
at the facility level (in organizations) - facility CES,
created depending on the volume of tasks to be solved.
Modes of operation of RSChS
routine of daily activities - with normalradiation,
chemical,
biological
(bacteriological),
seismic and hydrometeorological conditions, with
absence of epidemics, epizootics, epiphytoties and fires;
high alert mode - in case of deterioration
production and industrial,
radiation,
chemical,
biological
(bacteriological),
seismic and hydrometeorological conditions, with
obtaining a forecast of the possibility of an emergency;
emergency mode - in case of occurrence and
during the liquidation of emergency situations of natural and man-made
character.
paramilitary and non-military fire fighting,
search,
rescue,
emergency recovery, recovery and emergency technical
formation of federal executive bodies;
formation and establishment of the VSMK;
formation of the veterinary service and protection service
plants of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia;
paramilitary services for active influence on
hydrometeorological processes of the Federal Service
of Russia in hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring
environment;
formation
Civil defense of the Russian Federation territorial, local and
object levels;
Forces and means of emergency response
speciallytrained forces and means of the troops of the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation,
other troops and military formations intended
to eliminate emergencies;
emergency technical
centers of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for
nuclear energy;
search and rescue support services
civil aviation flights of the Federal Aviation
services of Russia;
recovery and fire trains of Russian Railways
Ministry of Transport of Russia;
rescue
services
and
formation
Federal Services of the Sea and River Fleets of Russia,
other federal executive bodies.
Forces and means of constant readiness of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
Crisis Management Center(Moscow).
State Central Airmobile
rescue squad ("Centrospas", Zhukovsky).
Search and Rescue Services (SRS), list
which
approved
appropriate
federal executive body.
Special Purpose Center (Moscow).
Aviation EMERCOM of Russia.
Consolidated mobile detachments of formations and
military units of the Civil Defense troops of the Russian Federation.
THE MAIN ACTIONS OF THE RSChS TO PREVENT AND LIMINATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS.
Emergency warning is provided in advanceby management bodies, forces and means
federal executive bodies, bodies
executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities
self-government and organizations in whose authority
includes addressing issues of public protection and
territories from emergencies, a complex of organizational,
engineering and special events,
aimed at minimizing as much as possible
the risk of emergencies, as well as the preservation of health
people, reducing damage to the environment
natural environment and material losses in case of their
occurrence. MAIN ACTIONS OF THE RSChS TO PREVENT AND
LIQUIDATION
CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCIES
This complex includes:
organization
monitoring,
observation
and
laboratory
control
per
condition
environment and potentially
dangerous objects;
emergency forecasting;
risk assessment of emergencies;
organization of state expertise in
areas of protection of the population and territories from emergencies;
organization and conduct of the state
supervision and control in the field of protection of the population and
territories from emergencies;
MAIN ACTIONS OF THE RSChS TO PREVENT AND LIMINATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS This complex includes:
participation in the licensing of activities in the fieldindustrial
security
and
declaring
safety of industrial facilities;
planning and implementation of a complex of preventive
measures aimed at preventing emergencies;
creation and improvement of normative legal
bases in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergencies;
economic regulation of activities to reduce
risk of emergencies;
creation and use of financial and
material
resources
for
warnings
and
elimination of emergencies;
Protection of the population can be carried out in the following main areas (in combination or separately):
localization of emergencies in order to reduce the impactdamaging factors of its source;
restriction (prohibition) of access to the emergency zone;
dispersal and (or) evacuation from the emergency zone;
shelter in protective structures;
provision of personal protective equipment;
medical (including medical
protection measures) and other types
priority life support
ensuring the functioning and development of the service
disaster medicine of the Ministry of Health of Russia, supervision services
per
sanitary and epidemiological
environment
and
keeping them in a state of readiness;
organization of the development of scientific and methodological foundations
preparation of the HCMC and its work in the liquidation of the medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies, organization of interaction
forces and means included in it, as well as training,
improvement and certification of VSMK specialists;
creation and organization of work of the federal and
regional
interdepartmental
coordinating
commissions of the VSMK;
The main tasks of the Ministry of Health of Russia are:
development, implementation and improvement of methods andmeans of medical care and treatment
affected (sick), taking into account the nature of the emergency;
organization and coordination of work to provide
medical assistance to the injured (sick) in emergency zones;
coordination of work on the evacuation of the affected (sick)
from emergency zones;
ensuring emergency supplies of medicines
to eliminate emergencies;
collection, compilation, analysis and presentation to authorities
state authorities and management bodies of the RSChS
data on the affected (sick) in emergency zones;
The main tasks of the Ministry of Health of Russia are:
participation in the organization and implementation of operationalcontrol of measurements of radioactive and chemical
pollution in emergency zones;
observation, evaluation and forecasting of sanitary and epidemiological
setting
on the
territories
Russian Federation;
prevention, detection and suppression of violations
sanitary and epidemiological safety requirements
and public health protection;
The main tasks of the Ministry of Health of Russia are:
participation in the organization and implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures inemergency zones by departmental formations
constant readiness;
creation
reserves
medical
property,
medicinal,
sanitary and hygienic
and
anti-epidemic
funds,
rational
their
placement and maintenance;
development of methodological foundations for education and training
population to provide first aid in emergencies.
slide 1
slide 2
Basic concepts Potential danger is a danger hidden, uncertain in time and space. A potential danger is realized through causes, and if the undesirable consequences are significant, then this event is classified as an emergency. An emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, natural hazard, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of people. An accident is an extreme man-made event that occurred for design, production, technological or operational reasons, or due to random external influences, and consists in damage, failure, destruction of technical devices or structures. A production or transport disaster is a major accident that entailed human casualties, significant material damage and other serious consequences. A natural disaster is a catastrophic natural phenomenon (or process) that can cause numerous casualties, significant material damage and other severe consequences. Ecological catastrophe (environmental disaster) is an extraordinary event of a particularly large scale, caused by a change (under the influence of anthropogenic factors) of the state of the land, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, accompanied by mass death of living organisms and economic damage.
slide 3
Classification of emergency situations It is advisable to initially divide the entire set of possible emergency situations into conflict and non-conflict ones. Conflict, first of all, can include military clashes, economic crises, extremist political struggle, social explosions, national and religious conflicts, terrorism, rampant criminality, large-scale corruption, etc. Conflict-free emergencies, in turn, can be classified ( systematized) according to a significant number of features that describe phenomena from various aspects of their nature and properties. All emergencies can be classified according to three main principles: by the scale of distribution by the rate of development by origin
slide 4
Classification of emergencies according to the scale of distribution Emergency level Number of victims, pers. Material damage, rub. local no more than 10 no more than 100 thousand municipal no more than 50 no more than 5 million intermunicipal no more than 50 no more than 5 million regional no more than 500 no more than 500 million interregional no more than 500 no more than 500 million federal over 500 more than 500 million
slide 5
Classification of emergencies according to the rate of development sudden (explosions, traffic accidents, earthquakes, etc.); rapid (fires, release of gaseous potent toxic substances (SDYAV), hydrodynamic accidents with the formation of breakthrough waves, mudflows, etc.), moderate (release of radioactive substances, accidents in utility systems, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.); smooth (accidents at treatment facilities, droughts, epidemics, environmental deviations, etc.). Smooth (slow) emergencies can last for many months and years, for example, the consequences of anthropogenic activities in the Aral Sea zone.
slide 6
Classification of emergencies by origin Man-caused emergencies Natural emergencies Ecological emergencies
Slide 7
Technogenic emergencies 1.1. Transport accidents (catastrophes) 1.2. Fires, explosions, explosion threat 1.3. Accidents with release (threat of release) of chemically hazardous substances (CW) 1.4. Accidents with release (threat of release) of radioactive substances 1.5. Accidents with release (threat of release) of biologically hazardous substances (BHS) 1.6. Sudden collapse of buildings, structures 1.7. Accidents on electric power systems 1.8. Accidents on communal life support systems 1.9. Accidents at treatment facilities 1.10. Hydrodynamic accidents
Slide 8
Natural emergencies 2.1. Geophysical hazards 2.2. Geological hazards (exogenous geological phenomena): 2.3. Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards 2.4. Marine hydrological hazards 2.5. Hydrological hazards 2.6. Hydrogeological hazards 2.7. Natural fires 2.8. Infectious diseases in humans 2.9. Infectious incidence of farm animals 2.10. Damage to agricultural plants by diseases and pests
Slide 9
Ecological emergencies 3.1. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of land (soil, subsoil, landscape) 3.2. Emergencies associated with changes in the composition and properties of the atmosphere (air environment) 3.3. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of the hydrosphere (aquatic environment)
Slide 10
Development of emergency situations Studies in the field of emergency situations allow us to conclude that the bulk of extreme events occur as a result of: the impact of a natural factor (natural processes due to gravity, earth's rotation, temperature difference, etc.); the impact of the natural environment on structures and equipment (corrosion, changes in technical indicators, etc.); occurrence or development through the fault of a person (for example, in case of violation of the rules of operation) of failures and defects in structures, machines, etc.; the impact of technological processes (temperatures, vibration, aggressive vapors and liquids, increased loads, etc.) on structures, machines, mechanisms, etc.; military activity, etc. Regardless of the classification, four stages are distinguished in the development of emergency situations.
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Stages of development of emergencies Origin - the emergence of conditions or prerequisites for an emergency (increased natural activity, accumulation of deformations, defects, etc.). It is difficult to establish the moment of the onset of the nucleation stage. In this case, it is possible to use the statistics of design failures and failures, analyze the data of seismic observations, meteorological estimates, etc. Initiations are the beginning of an emergency. At this stage, the human factor is important, since statistics show that up to 70% of man-made accidents and disasters occur due to human errors. More than 80% of air crashes and disasters at sea are related to the human factor. To reduce these indicators, better training of personnel is needed. Climaxes are the stage of release of energy or matter. At this stage, the greatest negative impact on humans and the environment of harmful and dangerous factors of the emergency is noted. One of the features of this stage is the explosive nature of the destructive effect, the involvement of toxic, energy-rich and other components in the process. Attenuation - the localization of an emergency and the elimination of its direct and indirect consequences. The duration of this stage is different, days, months, years and decades are possible.
