Architecture is one of the most important areas of human activity, which includes the design and construction of all kinds of structures and is the oldest occupation in organizing space.
Occupying one of the most important positions in the development of society, architecture has always been inextricably linked with painting, sculpture, decorative arts, and has developed in accordance with the style of a particular era.
In the modern world, the following main areas of architecture are distinguished:
Design of buildings and structures
Urban planning activities
· Landscape architecture
· Interior Design
The architecture of public buildings and structures is designed to satisfy the diverse aspects of human life, reflecting in an artistic and figurative form construction projectssocial processes of development of society. Meeting certain material and spiritual needs, public * buildings must, at the same time, correspond to the worldview and ideology of society. ...
At all times, the most expressive and impressive works of architecture are public buildings and structures, which embodied the highest aspirations of the human spirit and the skill of architects and builders construction projects.
Significant in their architectural and artistic image, public buildings, especially their complexes, regardless of their size, organize urban spaces, becoming an architectural dominant.
Social and scientific and technological progress, as well as the development of urban planning in our country, increase the importance of the public services sector and are associated with an increase in the scale of construction of various institutions and service enterprises to improve working conditions, life and recreation of the population.
Among other types of construction, public buildings occupy one of the leading places in terms of volume. Of the total urban planning costs for a residential area, capital investments for the construction of public buildings are on average 28-30%. An even higher proportion of the construction of public buildings in resort cities, tourist, scientific centers, in cities of all-Union and republican significance, where, as a rule, they are erected. theaters, libraries, museums, exhibition halls and pavilions, sports facilities, administrative buildings, large shopping centers, hotels, air terminals, etc.
It is known that cities and urban settlements play a crucial role in the formation of settlement systems in the country, being the main centers of industrial production, science, education, culture, transport, etc. This form of settlement is of particular importance in the conditions of Siberia with its sparsely populated territories, specific natural and climatic conditions and the traditionally established attitude of the state towards the natural and human resources of this vast region.
on the one hand, the city is a product of the development of society, created by the labor of people to satisfy their vital needs (self-preservation, survival, reproduction, development, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, etc.) On the other hand, it must be stated that a city, arising, developing and decaying, it goes through all the stages inherent in a living organism, and, like all living things, has, depending on the species, different periods of existence (from several years or tens of years to millennia).
When considering such a super-complex phenomenon in the life of society as architecture, in conditions when sometimes unfounded, harsh criticism is heard, its essential analysis, an accurate consideration of the problems facing it, is needed more than ever. One gets the impression that architecture is to blame for the mistakes of building concepts, for the administrative or financial pressures that it often resisted. Of course, it should be admitted that architecture sometimes "lowered the bar" of its social significance, which is unacceptable. Traditional, but logical consideration of the essence of architecture is carried out on the basis of consideration of the social need for it, the specifics of its activities. The emergence of a need for architecture can hardly be considered an instantaneous, rapidly emerging act. As if society and people at one fine moment suddenly realized that they were clearly missing something. And they clearly understood that this is precisely the need for architecture. It should be assumed that the process of its formation took place for a long time, was correlated with the process of development of a person, his sensory and intellectual abilities, with his creativity, activity, with the ability to cognize, which was inseparable from the process of development of society.
There is no doubt that this need was originally dissolved in many other needs: to preserve life, to ensure their health and the health of their loved ones, to keep warm, so necessary in a harsh climate. All these needs were necessarily satisfied with the use of one or another maximum or minimum of funds, which we now refer to the resources of construction and architecture. The same applied to the limitations and variety of forms used at one time or another, and which, to one degree or another, we can refer to construction and architectural. It is not in vain that we combine construction and architecture in defining this need, since we reasonably assume that it initially bore the character of the need to do, build, build something, create. But at the same time, the need cannot be simply characterized as the need for activity. The modern, activity-based approach often confuses the concepts of the need for activity, activity and its consideration as a means of satisfying this or that need.
The concept of "activity" refers to the ultimate, abstract philosophical categories, in the content of which are all the results of research and implementation of human activity, practice. The path of investigation of any problem, starting with the use of the ultimate concept, which is the concept of "activity", we must go from the study of the specifics of this or that activity, this or that doing, considered in the process of their change and development, to the definition of the essence, expressed in this or a different concept. If this possibility of expression is absent in an explicit form, then the demonstration of the way of the analysis carried out will make it possible to recreate the essential connections of the object under study. This proposal does not mean at all a refusal to put forward fruitful hypotheses about the definition of the main approaches to considering the essence of architecture as an important socially significant phenomenon. The essence of things is determined by the needs of people. This is not a real, not nominal, but a teleological entity. Teleology appears where there is a degree of freedom that exceeds the degree of connection, where there is a choice. It is not clear how things happen where there is no selection mechanism. But still, the goal is the ability to choose based on a comparison of explicit and implicit existing knowledge.
In the theory of architecture, its essence was considered on the basis of various approaches. The specificity of the historical approach within the framework of the history of architecture considers it from the side of identifying patterns of change and development, highlighting the main factors that influence them. From the side of this approach, it was possible to accumulate significant empirical material that analyzes in detail certain features of the work of outstanding architects, identifying some patterns of architecture, without giving a complete explanation of the specifics of the need for it, the specifics of its form formation, and its significance in the life of a person and society.
On the basis of a culturological approach, architecture is viewed from the standpoint of the cultural conditionality of its emergence and development, and the forms of architecture - as cultural forms of expression of the ideal wealth of society. Architecture is considered here as an organic inclusion in the system of national cultures, as well as in the system of universal human culture.
The specificity of the aesthetic approach allows us to consider architecture from the side of revealing its artistic and aesthetic significance. Formation in it is analyzed from the point of view of identifying the perfect form, the laws of beauty. Architecture is viewed as a kind of art, sometimes characterized by aphoristic enough ("architecture is frozen music"). The comparative-architectural approach allows you to analyze architecture, identifying the general and specific in its stylistic change, contrasting the features and uniting the features of creativity.
The semiotic approach examines architecture from the side of its sign-linguistic specifics. Architecture is analyzed as a specific sign system.
The informational approach, using the fruitful development of classical and nonclassical information theories, tries to analyze architecture as an information system.
It is very important to distinguish between the fruitfulness of various approaches in considering architecture (and there are simply no restrictions here: psychological, aesthetic, semiotic, informational, model, and constructive, etc.) from a fundamental clarification: how does it appear, what need or what needs does it satisfy and will satisfy? That is, the main problem is the description of the phenomenon of architecture, which in itself is interesting for research, as well as the knowledge of its essence.
In defining the essence of architecture, one should go from its analysis to concepts (terms, words, beautiful phrases, borrowings, etc.), and not vice versa. Only when the object of research is precisely defined, its differences from similar objects, when the relationship between the elements of this object is found, analyzed and fixed and the process of its formation, functioning, structure, change and development of these relationships is determined, only then can it receive an identifier, definition and concept ...
The most important problem is the definition of an architectural object in its difference from a construction object. We believe that the main difference lies in the difference between the need for architecture and the need for construction activities. These differences arise from the internal unity of these two types of activity, which is pointed out by Vitruvius' formula. Briefly, the difference between these needs can be formulated as a difference in architectural and construction objects.
In this case, by the object we mean what the activity of the subject is directed to. At the same time it is an object of both architectural and construction design. Although we will immediately make a reservation that we use the term "architectural object" with a certain degree of convention. The traditional division of these objects along the lines of "material-ideal", "subjective-objective", "definite-indefinite", "explicit-implicit", "utilitarian-nadutilitarian", "formal-informal", etc. will give us the features of the manifestations of these opposites in the specifics of the construction object. So, the specificity of this object is manifested in the dominance of one of the opposites, subordinating to the other: "ideal - material", "unstable - stable", "aesthetic - utilitarian", etc. It would be wrong, in turn, to consider the appearance of these objects without participation architect. Although very often this is also subordinate to financial or administrative influences. Architectural objects are important as the conditions of our life, our survival, the statement of our existence, its consolidation. At the same time, they are necessary as indicators of the connectivity of everything with everything: past and present, local and many, limited and infinite. Moreover, a change in an architectural object, both in relation to others and in relation to perceivers, is significant, affecting the preservation, improvement and development of the human world. Properties and relationships exist in reality. Relationships objectified by architecture are no less real than material objects created as a result of construction activities. Moreover, these relations act as a real resolution of many contradictions, as a result of which there is overcoming certainty, uniformity, limited information content, limited reality of the material substrate of the object. Overcoming, but not breaking with it.
The diversity of architecture allows a person to exist in a variety of realities, as a way out of their traditional limitation. But this “exit” is also not unlimited, since architecture organizes and directs the activities of people by influencing their world.
The organizational side of architecture is one of the essential. But what specifically organizes architecture? Space taken in a geographic sense? But the construction activity does the same. Space in architecture can be considered as a definite form, as the interaction between material and ideal processes and states, their coexistence, as an event characterized by dimension, the unification of consciousness and the objective world with the formation of stable systems into various types of reality. But architecture is sustainability. Stability is the criterion for highlighting the essential, it is the stability of connections, interactions and relationships, dynamics, variability. Hence the repeatability in architecture, the reproducibility of its forms. The dynamic stability is higher than the static one. In architecture, therefore, one can talk about measure, degree, order of stability, measure it.
The analysis of sustainability, its role and factors is one of the areas of architecture research. The pattern is based on sustainability. Static is a moment of movement, self-reflection of architecture, striving to realize the "conquered". Architecture is always directed towards eternity, always actual, realized present, modeling, improving and developing the world of man, society, humanity. Stability is ensured by architecture that creates stable directions of human interactions that do not have a random, stochastic nature. Although very often the arbitrariness of the construction of architectural objects is noted, without any apparent causality. But in any case, the construction must obey the requirement of optimization and expediency, both in general and in particular. This is always a targeted focus on the creation of a socially significant new, more perfect, since the main vector of architecture is creativity.
Architecture, as an organization of the human world, is universal, since it connects together the real and the unreal, the explicit and the implicit, the material and the ideal, the simple and complex, the utilitarian and the superutilitarian, the stable and unstable, the uniformity and multiform, the intelligible and the sensible, etc. architecture at once to many, "all", assumes that it immediately embraces the many-worlds of people, forms a community as a super-complex system of connections and interactions, their many-world nature. Reality can be reduced to a limited number of traditional forms of reality. And this is naturally predetermined by the logic of everyday life. The effectiveness of architecture in its multiformity, in its formative ability. This is also its logical proof of social effectiveness.
The diversity of architecture, as well as design, therefore acts as the realization of a most important social need. This public need is clearly unconscious. Hence the implicitness, the multivariance of the definitions of architecture, the impossibility of sometimes expressing its essence rationally conceptually. Only the visual possibility of expressing the real connections of people, real interactions in the sensual form of an object means it as a definite concept, as a definition. This explains why, both in Russian and foreign theory of architecture, empiricism prevails in research, replete with colorful epithets, phrases, neologisms, terms describing the phenomena of one's own consciousness.
Each architectural form is a new language, a new verbal system. The specificity of the language lies in its applicability by many, if not all, in conventionality. A language that is not used is a dead language. A significant exaggeration of the semiotic specifics of architecture not only does not help to improve its understanding, but, on the contrary, narrows the possibilities of using other approaches. The verbal form is a translation, service capabilities for the user, an explanation of the essence.
Architecture acts as a modeling of the world, setting a whole system of connections, interactions of people, new forms. Architecture influences the organization, modeling, improvement and development of the world of man and society, cognizing, feeling it, modeling it, doubling it, forcing at the same time to be determined by its objectivity in creating its interactions and connections. Doing in architecture is also an understanding of this world, its self-realization, its existence, its creative essence. There is no doubt that the creative idea plays an important role in architecture. The idea is multifaceted and multifaceted, it is like a scheme, like a theory, in relation to which reality is viewed as an interpretation. The idea as an essence, as a whole, united in connections, interactions, but not having a tangible, sensually perceived form of existence.
Modeling acts as an essential characteristic of architecture. Moreover, modeling is not only a means of formalization, but also of understanding. The model is both a technology of cognition, and a method of proof, and a means of understanding and explanation. Therefore, the result of making, building, creating architectural and urban planning activities is the organization, improvement, modeling and development of the human world through the impact on him of the objective environment, materially embodied and subjectively implicitly expressed in the ideality of the image. Objectivity with diverse qualities and properties, both utilitarian and nadutilitarian. Architecture is the activity of organizing, modeling, improving and developing the world of man and society through the impact on it of the object created by the architect, which has various qualities and properties: utilitarian and aesthetic, sensual and material certainty and ideal variability.
A certain difficulty arises when we analyze the general, particular and singular of such phenomena as architecture and urban planning. Architecture and urban planning should be compared within the specificity of these activities. Construction in architecture and architectural urban planning are manifested in the creation, "making", the architectural world, its organization. It is the imparting of stability to the objective world that is carried out through the construction specifics of architecture. At the same time, the architectural nature of urban planning, as an organization, modeling, improvement and development of the human world, is a constant overcoming of stability, inertia, temporary stagnation of the created objective world. Therefore, architecture exists as a constantly created and constantly resolved contradiction of the material and the ideal, stable and changeable, new and old. At the same time, this is a constant overcoming of relativism by giving architectural forms material stability that has existed for centuries, either quickly being destroyed objectively, or at someone's whim.
The dialectical nature of architecture is sometimes perceived as a manifestation of its synthetic and syncretic nature. It is understood as a resolved contradiction, where various opposites pass into each other, determining the development of architecture. Does this mean that architecture, for example, of a city, can be viewed in the extreme syncretic and synthetic nature of the "tower" and the "colorful garden"? One can agree with this interpretation if there is a certain dominant principle of architecture that is implemented at one time or another. If we consider architecture from a historical perspective, then we can distinguish other dialectical components: “arch” and “pyramid”, “square” and “ball”, “web” and “open area”, “network” and “cell of the network”, "Graph" and "edge of a graph", etc.
8th grade.
Lesson outline.
LESSON 1
- Theme: “Introduction to the Art of Architecture. Architecture and its functions in people's lives "
- Purpose:
1. To form an idea of \u200b\u200barchitecture as a special kind of fine art, which is considered only in connection with other types of fine arts.
2. Develop associative-figurative thinking, the ability to highlight the main thing, build analogies.
H. To foster moral and aesthetic responsiveness to the beautiful in life, an active life position in the awareness of the past and future.
- Equipment and materials:
posters and reproductions depicting types of architecture; presentation “Great Wonders of the World. Great works of architecture ”(overview, 2 minutes);art materials: pencil, eraser, A4 sheet.
LESSON PLAN
1. Conversation about architecture as a special kind of fine art, its types and place in human life.
2. Statement of the artistic task.
H. Practical performance of the task.
4. Summing up the results of the lesson.
Writing on the board:
- architecture.
- painting.
- graphic arts.
- sculpture.
During the classes
Presentation "Great Works of Architecture" (overview).
Architecture is the same chronicle of the world:
she speaks when songs are silent,
and legends and when there is nothing
does not speak about the lost people ...
N.V. Gogol
- Architecture (architecture) - it is a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the life and activities of people. It is the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures so that they meet their practical purpose, are comfortable, durable and beautiful.
- Vitruvius - ancient architectural theorist - namedits three main properties:
Benefit - function
Strength - Construction
Beauty is form
- Space - the language of architecture (in painting - color, in graphics - line, in sculpture - volume).
- Working with the board.
Writing on the board:
- architecture.
- painting.
- graphic arts. What is their connection
- sculpture. connection with architecture?
(students talk about interior design of various buildings, decoration of facades, streets, squares, parks, etc..)
- Types of architecture:
- Housing construction (house).
- Public buildings (palace, temple, stadium, theater).
- Industrial engineering (factory, plant, shop, station, hydroelectric power station) .
- Decorative architecture (gazebos, fountains, pavilions).
(Demonstration of types of arch-ry).
- Practical task.
Class divided into 4 groups, each of which will perform a sketchbuildings of a certain type (houses, palaces, fountains, etc.)
