The main genres of painting by Russian artists with examples of paintings. The brightest animal painters The depiction of animals in the visual arts is called

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Genre

Genre Genre (French Genre), household painting, deals with the depiction of scenes from public and private life. The ancient Greeks and Romans did not know this kind of painting, which, as an independent one, arose only in the next times to us, after the Renaissance. The Flemings and

Animalistic genre

Genre

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Genre

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The main object of this genre of fine art is animals (from Latin animal - animal).

This genre was widespread in ancient times: stylized images of animals are found in the art of the Ancient East, America, Africa, Oceania and in the folk art of other countries.
Most often, we see images of animals in painting, sculpture, graphics, decorative art, and later in photography.
The animalistic genre can be conditionally divided into two areas: natural science and art. In the first case, an accurate depiction of an animal from the point of view of its physiology is important for an animal painter, and in the second case, an artistic characteristic of the animal, including metaphoricity (transferring human traits to animals). This mainly applies to illustrators of fairy tales and fables.

Animalism in painting

Frans Snyders (1579-1657)

Van Dyck "Portrait of Snyders with his wife" (fragment of the portrait)
Flemish painter, master of still lifes and animal paintings. Initially, he was engaged in still lifes, but then he became interested in animalistic plots and hunting scenes. His works amaze with the monumentality and thoughtfulness of compositions, a virtuoso depiction of the physiology of an animal, its vitality and inner strength.

F. Snyders "Wild boar hunting" (1625-1630)

Paulus Potter (1625-1654)

Bartholomeus van der Gelst "Portrait of Paulus Potter"
The Dutch artist Potter died very young, at the age of 29, but left a whole gallery of paintings with detailed images of domestic animals in the meadows, paintings with hunting scenes.

P. Potter "Young Bull"

It was the images of animals that provided him with worldwide fame.
The most famous painting of the artist - "Young Bull", it is in the Mauritshuis Museum in The Hague.

P. Potter "Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Horses are the most popular character in animal paintings. But each artist has his own attitude towards this strong and noble animal.

George Stubbs (1724-1806)

D. Stubbs "Self-portrait"

English artist and biologist, one of the leading European animal painters. Thoroughly studied human and animal anatomy at the York Hospital. He is the author of several scientific works, including the work "Anatomy of Horses" (1766), so he could depict animals perfectly from a scientific point of view.

Whistlejacket by D. Stubbs (1762)

Franz Marc (1880-1916)

German painter of Jewish origin, representative of German Expressionism. He volunteered for the front of the First World War and was killed by a shell fragment during the Verdun operation at the age of 36, leaving his creative plans unrealized.

F. Mark "The Blue Horse" (1911)
He often depicted animals (deer, foxes, horses) in a natural setting, presenting them as superior, pure beings. This is the romantic painting "Blue Horse". Mark's works are distinguished by a bright palette combined with cubist images, sharp and harsh color transitions. The most famous was his painting "The Fate of Animals". It is currently on display at the Basel Art Museum (Switzerland).

F. Mark "The Fate of Animals" (1913)
The fauna always attracts not only professional artists, but also children. In the children's world, animals occupy no less place than humans.

Samira Sagitova (3 years 8 months) "Funny Chickens"

Jim Killen "Funny Puppies"

Animalism in sculpture

Pyotr Karlovich Klodt (1805-1867)

PC. Klodt
The family of the future sculptor came from the Baltic German aristocrats Klodt von Jurgensburg, consisted of hereditary military men. PK Klodt was born in 1805 in St. Petersburg, but his childhood and youth were spent in Omsk - his father served as chief of staff of the Separate Siberian Corps. It was there that the baron's penchant for drawing, carving and modeling was manifested. Most of all, the boy loved to portray horses, he saw a special charm in them.

Narva Triumphal Gates
After graduating from the Academy of Arts, Klodt, together with other experienced sculptors, designed the Narva Gate, the palace pier of the Admiralteiskaya Embankment.

Klodt horses in front of the Berlin castle
His work decorates both the main gate of the Royal Palace in Berlin and the Royal Palace in Naples. Copies of the sculptures are installed in gardens and palace buildings in Russia: in the vicinity of St. Petersburg (near the Oryol Palace in Strelna and Peterhof, as well as on the territory of the Golitsyn estate in Kuzminki near Moscow, the Kuzminki-Vlakhernskoye estate).

The Golitsyn estate in Kuzminkax

Evgeny Alexandrovich Lanceray (1848-1886)

Russian animal sculptor. Just like Klodt, from childhood he chose a topic that he was passionate about all his life - horses.

E. Lancere "Circassian and a woman on a horse"
Lanceray was a famous animal painter, perfectly portrayed horses, including in historical subjects. He was a master of subject plastic miniature, glorified the Russian sculptural school abroad, taking part in world exhibitions in London (1872), Paris (1873), Vienna (1873), Antwerp (1885) and other European cities. His works were cast in many leading factories and in private bronze casting workshops.

Animalism in graphics

Konstantin Konstantinovich Flerov (1904-1980)

Soviet paleontologist, doctor of biological sciences, professor. Head of the Paleontological Museum. Yu.A. Orlova. Reconstructor and animal painter, recreated the appearance of many fossil animals.

He studied at the biological department of Moscow University and at the same time studied drawing and painting. After graduating from the university, he worked for 30 years at the Zoological Institute in Leningrad. He participated in many trips and scientific expeditions.
While working at the Darwin Museum in Moscow, Flerov, based on biological collections, performed a series of paintings and sculptures. The knowledge of a professional zoologist and a professional artist allowed him to successfully recreate the appearance of animals from skeletons, create sculptural images of them and paint canvases on themes of the ancient world.

Animalism in photography

With the invention of photography, the possibilities of animalists have expanded significantly. The animal world appears in a huge variety of colors, plots and types.
We bring to your attention two wonderful photos of photoanimalists from the site www.rosphoto.com

A. Gudkov "Giraffe and Bird"
How much love for animals in this photo and a sense of humor! And also the ability to "catch the moment."

S. Gorshkov "Fox"
Sergey Gorshkov is the winner of the "Golden Turtle" competition in the "Photographer of the Year" category in 2007 and 2011. Winner of the international competition Shell Wildlife Photographer of the Year 2007, was awarded the prize "Photographer of the Year in Russia".
His photograph "Fox" amazes not only with the technique of execution, but also with its psychological depth. Look at the photo: the fox's temper, her caution, insinuatingness and cunning are captured brilliantly.

"Bumblebee". Photo by V. Akishina

). However, within the framework of this article, we will only consider object art.

Historically, all genres were divided into high and low. TO high genre or historical painting included works of a monumental nature that carry some kind of morality, a significant idea that demonstrates historical, military events associated with religion, mythology or artistic fiction.

TO low genre attributed everything that is associated with everyday life. These are still lifes, portraits, everyday painting, landscapes, animalism, images of naked people, and more.

Animalism (lat.animal - animal)

The animalistic genre originated in antiquity, when the first people painted predatory animals on the rocks. Gradually, this trend has grown into an independent genre, implying an expressive image of any animals. Animalists usually show a great interest in the animal kingdom, for example, they can be excellent riders, keep pets, or simply study their habits for a long time. As a result of the artist's intention, animals can appear realistic or in the form of artistic images.

Among Russian artists, many were well versed in horses, for example, and. So, in the famous painting by Vasnetsov "Heroes", heroic horses are depicted with the greatest skill: the suits, behavior of animals, bridles and their connection with riders are carefully thought out. Serov disliked people and considered a horse in many ways better than a man, which is why he often portrayed it in a variety of scenes. although he painted animals, he did not consider himself an animalist, so the bears in his famous painting "Morning in a Pine Forest" were created by the animalist K. Savitsky.

In tsarist times, portraits with pets, which were dear to man, became especially popular. For example, in the painting, Empress Catherine II appeared with her beloved dog. Animals were also present in portraits of other Russian artists.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the genre

Historical painting

This genre implies monumental paintings that are designed to convey to society a grandiose plan, some kind of truth, morality, or to demonstrate significant events. It includes works on historical, mythological, religious themes, folklore, as well as military scenes.

In ancient states, myths and legends have long been considered events of the past, therefore they were often depicted on frescoes or vases. Later, artists began to separate events from fiction, which was expressed primarily in the depiction of battle scenes. In ancient Rome, Egypt and Greece, scenes of heroic battles were often depicted on the shields of victorious warriors in order to demonstrate their triumph over the enemy.

In the Middle Ages, due to the dominance of church dogmas, religious themes prevailed; in the Renaissance, society turned to the past mainly with the aim of glorifying its states and rulers, and from the 18th century this genre was often turned to with the aim of educating young people. In Russia, the genre became widespread in the 19th century, when artists often tried to analyze the life of Russian society.

In the works of Russian artists, battle painting was presented, for example, and. He touched upon mythological and religious subjects in his paintings. Historical painting prevailed at, folklore - at.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the genre of historical painting

Still life (fr. Nature - nature and morte - dead)

This genre of painting is associated with the depiction of inanimate objects. They can be flowers, fruits, dishes, game, kitchen utensils and other objects, of which the artist often composes a composition according to his intention.

The first still lifes appeared in ancient countries. In Ancient Egypt, it was customary to represent offerings to the gods in the form of various foods. At the same time, the recognition of the subject was in the first place, so the ancient artists did not particularly care about chiaroscuro or the texture of still life objects. In Ancient Greece and Rome, flowers and fruits were found in paintings and in houses to decorate the interior, so they were portrayed more authentically and picturesquely. The formation and flowering of this genre falls on the 16th and 17th centuries, when still lifes began to contain hidden religious and other meanings. At the same time, their many varieties appeared, depending on the subject of the image (floral, fruit, scientist, etc.).

In Russia, still life flourished only in the 20th century, since before that it was used mainly for educational purposes. But this development was impetuous and captured, including abstractionism with all its directions. For example, he created beautiful flower compositions in, preferred, worked in and often "revived" his still lifes, giving the viewer the impression that the dishes are about to fall from the table or all objects will now begin to rotate.

The objects depicted by the artists, of course, were influenced by their theoretical views or worldview, state of mind. So, these were objects depicted according to the principle of spherical perspective discovered by him, and expressionist still lifes were striking in their drama.

Many Russian artists used still life mainly for educational purposes. So, he not only honed his artistic skills, but also conducted many experiments, laying out objects in different ways, working with light and color. experimented with the shape and color of the line, then moving away from realism to pure primitivism, then mixing both styles.

Some artists combined in still lifes what they had depicted earlier and their favorite things. For example, in the paintings you can find his favorite vase, notes and the portrait of his wife he created before, and he depicted flowers that he loved from childhood.

Many other Russian artists, for example, others, also worked in the same genre.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the genre of still life

Nu (fr.nudite - nudity, abbreviated nu)

This genre is intended to depict the beauty of the nude body and appeared before our era. In the ancient world, much attention was paid to physical development, since the survival of the entire human race depended on it. So, in ancient Greece, athletes traditionally competed naked so that boys and young men could see their well-developed bodies and strive for the same physical perfection. Around the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. nude male statues also appeared, personifying the physical strength of a man. Female figures, on the contrary, always appeared in front of the audience in robes, since it was not accepted to expose a female body.

In subsequent eras, the attitude towards naked bodies changed. So, during the Hellenistic era (from the end of the 6th century BC), endurance faded into the background, giving way to admiring the male figure. At the same time, the first female nude figures began to appear. In the Baroque era, women with magnificent forms were considered ideal, during the Rococo era, sensuality became paramount, and in the 19th and 20th centuries, paintings or sculptures with naked bodies (especially male ones) were often banned.

Russian artists have repeatedly turned to the nude genre in their works. So, these are dancers with theatrical attributes, they are posing girls or women in the center of monumental plots. It has a lot of sensual women, including in pairs, it has a whole series of paintings depicting naked women doing different things, and it has girls full of innocence. Some, for example, depicted completely naked men, although such pictures were not welcomed by the society of their time.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the nude genre

Landscape (fr.Paysage, from pays - area)

In this genre, the priority is the image of the natural or man-made environment: natural corners, views of cities, villages, monuments, etc. Depending on the chosen object, natural, industrial, sea, rural, lyrical and other landscapes are distinguished.

The first landscapes of ancient artists were discovered in rock paintings of the Neolithic era and were images of trees, rivers or lakes. Later, the natural motif was used for home decoration. In the Middle Ages, the landscape was almost completely replaced by religious themes, and in the Renaissance, on the contrary, harmonious relations between man and nature came to the fore.

In Russia, landscape painting has developed since the 18th century and was initially limited (landscapes were created in this style, for example, and), but later a whole galaxy of talented Russian artists enriched this genre with techniques from different styles and directions. created the so-called inconspicuous landscape, that is, instead of chasing spectacular views, he depicted the most intimate moments in Russian nature. and came to a lyrical landscape that amazed the audience with a subtly conveyed mood.

And this is an epic landscape, when the viewer is shown all the grandeur of the surrounding world. He endlessly turned to antiquity, E. Volkov knew how to turn any discreet landscape into a poetic picture, amazed the viewer with his marvelous light in the landscapes, and could endlessly admire the forest corners, parks, sunsets and convey this love to the viewer.

Each of the landscape painters focused on such a landscape that fascinated him especially strongly. Many artists could not pass by large-scale construction projects and painted many industrial and urban landscapes. Among them are works by other artists. carried away monuments, and

Animalistic genre

the image of animals in painting, sculpture and graphics. A. w. combines natural science and artistic principles and develops observation and love for nature. The animal painter pays the main attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, its habitat (for example, in easel painting and sculpture, in printmaking): the decorative expressiveness of the figure, silhouette, colors is especially significant in park sculpture, paintings, small plastic; often (especially in illustrations for fairy tales, fables, in allegorical and satirical images), the animal is "humanized", endowed with features inherent in people, actions and experiences. Often, the main task of the animalist is the accuracy of the image of the animal (for example, in illustrations for scientific and popular science literature). Depictions of animals and birds in primitive art testify to the keen observation of hunter-artists (see Primitive art); the stylized figures of animals in the monuments of the animal style are brightly vital (See Animal style) (including the Scythians (See Scythians)), in the art of the Ancient East, Africa, Oceania, ancient America, in the folk art of many countries. Images of animals are often found in antique sculpture, vase painting, mosaics; in the Middle Ages in Europe, allegorical and folklore, fabulous images of birds and animals were widespread. During the Renaissance, artists began to draw animals from nature (Pisanello, A. Durer), but A. (associated in many respects with landscape, still life, everyday life) and animal painters appeared in China during the Tang (Han Huang, 8th century) and Song (Mu-chi, 13th century) periods, and in Europe - in the 17th century. in the Netherlands (P. Potter, A. Kuyp) and Flanders (F. Snyders, J. Faith), in the 18th century. in France (J. B. Oudry), Russia (I. F. Groot), and others. In the 19th - early 20th centuries. along with romantic admiration for the strength and dexterity of the beast (A.L. Vary in France), the desire for an accurate study of animals is determined (J. Audubon in the USA, C. Troyon in France, sculptors P.K. Clodt, E.A. Lanceray in Russia , A. Gaul in Germany, K. Thomsen in Denmark), often in the natural setting of their lives (B. Liljefors in Sweden, A.S. Stepanov in Russia), or to their bright plastic characteristics (sculptor F. Pompon in France, V.A.Serov in Russia). The creativity of the leading Soviet animal painters (painting, sculpture, printmaking, illustrations for scientific and children's books, etc.) is marked by a subtle knowledge of the animal world (perceived in close connection with the life of nature and humans), a combination of cognitive tasks with a sharpness of characterization and decorative expressiveness of images (V. A. Vatagin, I. S. Efimov, E. I. Charushin, I. G. Frikh-Khar, D. V. Gorlov, E. M. Rachev, G. E. Nikolsky, V. I. Kurdov , A.M. Laptev, B. Ya.Vorobyov, A. Starkopf and others).

Lit .: Vatagin VA, Image of an animal, M., 1967; Piper R., Das Tier in der Kunst, Münch., 1922.

A. M. Komarov.