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Completed: student of grade 5 Razumova K. Checked: Zatonskaya S.I. Presentation on the topic: "Composers of the mighty handful"
The Mighty Handful is a creative community of Russian composers that emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s. 19th century. It is also known under the name "New Russian Music School", Balakirevsky circle.
The creative activity of the "Mighty Handful" is the most important historical stage in the development of Russian music. Relying on the traditions of Glinka and Dargomyzhsky, the "Kuchkist" composers enriched it with new achievements, especially in the operatic, symphonic and chamber vocal genres. Works such as Boris Godunov and Khovanshchina by Mussorgsky, Prince Igor by Borodin, The Snow Maiden and Sadko by Rimsky-Korsakov belong to the heights of Russian opera classics. Their common features are national character, realism of images, wide scope and important dramatic significance of popular scenes. The desire for pictorial brightness, concreteness of images is also inherent in the symphonic work of the composers of The Mighty Handful, hence the great role in it of programmatic, graphic and genre elements. Borodin and Balakirev were the creators of the Russian national-epic symphony. Rimsky-Korsakov was an unsurpassed master of orchestral flavor, his symphonic works are dominated by a picturesque and picturesque beginning. In the chamber vocal work of the "Kuchkists" subtle psychologism and poetic spirituality are combined with acute genre specificity, drama and epic breadth. Chamber instrumental genres occupy a less significant place in their work. In this area, works of outstanding artistic value were created only by Borodin, the author of two string quartets and a piano quintet. Balakirev's Islamey and Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition occupy a unique place in piano literature in terms of originality of design and coloristic originality.
Balakirev Miliy Alekseevich (1836 / 1837-1910), composer. Born on January 2, 1837 (new style) in Nizhny Novgorod. The first music teacher for Balakirev was his mother, who studied with her son from the age of four. True, Balakirev received a non-musical education, graduating in 1854 from the mathematical faculty of Kazan University. But he did not leave music, studying independently, and from the age of 15 he began performing in concerts as a pianist. At the dawn of his musical career was A.D. Ulybyshev, the first serious researcher of the work of V.A.Mozart. Together with him in 1855 Balakirev arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met MI Glinka. Soon, young talented musicians began to group around Balakirev, who was distinguished not only by his musical erudition, but also by his ability to subtly and accurately analyze works. This circle, which was finally formed in 1862, was later named "The Mighty Handful". In addition to Balakirev, the association included MP Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Ts. A. Cui and A. P. Borodin. Balakirev contributed to raising the level of musical education of his associates. "Since I am not a theorist, I could not teach Mussorgsky harmony, but I explained to him the form of the composition ... the technical warehouse of the works and he himself was occupied with the analysis of the form," Balakirev wrote in a letter to V.V. Stasov, one of the circle's ideologists. In 1862, the Free Music School, Balakirev's favorite brainchild, was opened in St. Petersburg. From 1868 he became its director. 50-60s of the XIX century. - the heyday of Balakirev's composing talent. At the opening of the monument to the Millennium of Russia in Nizhny Novgorod, he wrote the overture "1000 years" (1864; revised into the symphonic poem "Rus" in 1887). In 1869 the piano fantasy "Islamey" was completed, which became the favorite work of F. Liszt. In addition, Balakirev wrote more than 40 romances to the verses of A. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. V. Koltsov. There was even an attempt to create an opera "The Firebird", but the work remained unfinished. A severe mental crisis that followed in 1874 after the resignation of the post of director of the Free School and associated mainly with difficulties of a material nature, led to the fact that Balakirev left all musical affairs for several years. In 1881, at the request of the school council, he returned to the post of director, but never fully recovered from his emotional experiences. The only significant work of the last period is the symphonic poem "Tamara" (1882), created on the subject of Lermontov. Nevertheless, Balakirev's creative and social activities had a huge impact on the further development of Russian music. The composer died on May 29, 1910 in St. Petersburg. The "Mighty Handful" included:
Mussorgsky Modest Petrovich (1839-1881), composer. Born on March 21, 1839 in the village of Kareve, Toropetsky district, Pskov province (now in the Tver region) into a noble family. As a child, he studied music under the guidance of his mother. Educated at the Peter and Paul School in St. Petersburg (1851), Komarov's preparatory boarding school (1852) and the School of Guards ensigns and cavalry junkers (1856). In 1856 he began service in the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment. At the same time he took piano lessons from the pianist A. A. Gerke. At the same time he met AS Dargomyzhsky and MA Balakirev, with the help of whom he studied the theory of music and composition. Soon Mussorgsky became a regular participant in the meetings of the Mighty Handful musical group. In 1858 he retired with the rank of ensign to devote himself entirely to music. In 1867, the symphonic picture "Night on Bald Mountain" was written. By 1868 Mussorgsky created romances based on poems by N. A. Nekrasov and A. N. Ostrovsky, as well as to his own texts. On the advice of the literary critic V. V. Nikolsky, the composer began work on an opera based on the plot of Alexander Pushkin's poem "Boris Godunov" according to his own libretto. In 1874, the premiere of Boris Godunov took place at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg; the opera was a great success. It was a triumph for the entire "Mighty Handful", it was in this opera that Mussorgsky especially vividly embodied the main ideas of the members of the circle. The central part of Boris was a favorite in F. I. Shalyapin's repertoire. In 1872 Mussorgsky wrote his first vocal cycle "Children's", for which he himself composed a text. In 1873 he began work on the "folk musical drama" "Khovanshchina" on a plot proposed by the critic V.V. Stasov. The opera was roughly completed in the summer of 1880, but only after the death of Musorgsky was it finally completed and instrumented by N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1874 Mussorgsky wrote ten musical illustrations for the watercolor drawings of the artist V. Ye. Hartman "Pictures at an Exhibition" - virtuoso pieces for the piano. A year later, he began work on the vocal cycle "Songs and Dances of Death" (to lyrics by A. A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov), which he completed in 1877. In 1876, Mussorgsky conceived a new lyrical and comedy opera "Sorochinskaya Fair" based on the story N.V. Gogol. He worked on it until the end of his life, but did not manage to finish it (the opera was completed by Ts. A. Cui). In 1879, a difficult financial situation forced Mussorgsky to re-enter the service in the audit commission of the State Control, where he served until his death. He died on March 28, 1881 in St. Petersburg, being in complete poverty.
Borodin Alexander Porfirevich (1833-1887), composer, chemical scientist. Born November 12, 1833 in St. Petersburg. The illegitimate son of Prince LS Gedianov, he received his patronymic and surname from the prince's valet, Porfiry Borodin. Parents gave Alexander a good education at home. In 1850 he entered the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, from which he brilliantly graduated in 1856. His scientific career was developing successfully. In 1858 Borodin received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1864 became a professor, in 1874 the head of the Department of Chemistry of the Medico-Surgical Academy, in 1877 - an academician. His work in the field of chemistry has still not lost its scientific significance. At the same time, the scientist from childhood was fond of music and in this field he achieved no less success. Borodin mastered the technique of composition on his own. In the 60s. XIX century. he became a member of the Mighty Handful circle, headed by MA Balakirev. In 1867 Borodin wrote the First Symphony, which brought him fame as a composer. He is one of the founders of the Russian classical symphony. After his success, Alexander Porfirevich began working on two major works at once - the Second Symphony ("Heroic", 1876) and the opera "Prince Igor" based on the plot "The Lay of Igor's Campaign." Work on the opera dragged on for 18 years, and the work was never finished. After the death of the author, it was completed on the basis of the remaining materials by N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov and A.K. Glazunov. "Prince Igor" was staged in St. Petersburg in 1890. The music of the opera is distinguished by a vivid heroic and epic character. But subtle lyricism was not alien to Borodin's work. His romances to verses by A. Pushkin, N. A. Nekrasov, G. Heine and his own can serve as an example. The romance "For the Shores of the Dalny Motherland" is one of the best vocal incarnations of Pushkin's lyrics. Although Borodin's composer's legacy is not very great, each of his works is a true masterpiece. "A huge and original talent" - this is how F. Liszt spoke of the composer. Died February 27, 1887 in St. Petersburg
Rimsky-Korsakov Nikolai Andreevich (1844-1908), composer, conductor, teacher. Born on March 18, 1844 in Tikhvin, Novgorod province. He had a penchant for music since childhood, but at first chose the career of a naval officer. In 1856 he entered the Marine Corps in St. Petersburg. True, he did not leave music lessons. Acquaintance in 1861 with MA Balakirev and his circle was of great importance for the further development of the composer's talent. However, in 1862, after graduating from the Marine Corps, Rimsky-Korsakov set off on a three-year round-the-world voyage on the Almaz clipper. Upon his return in 1865, Nikolai Andreevich settled in St. Petersburg and, without leaving service in the navy, devoted himself entirely to musical education under the leadership of Balakirev. His first major work was the First Symphony (1865). Then there appeared the Overture on Russian Themes (1866), Serbian Fantasy (1867), the symphonic picture Sadko (1867), the Second Symphony (Antar, 1868), a number of bright poetic romances (the composer wrote 79 romances in total). The success of these compositions was so great that in 1871 Rimsky-Korsakov was invited to the St. Petersburg Conservatory as professor of instrumentation and free composition. In 1873, Nikolai Andreevich finally left the service in the navy and received the post of inspector of military bands of the navy (which he held until its liquidation in 1884), combining it with professorship at the conservatory. Opera became the main genre in the composer's work. He wrote his first opera "The Woman of Pskov" in 1872. In 1879, "May Night" appeared on the plot of N. V. Gogol. In 1881 Rimsky-Korsakov created, perhaps, his most inspired work - the opera "The Snow Maiden" based on the plot of the spring fairy tale by A. N. Ostrovsky. After the operas Mlada (1892) and The Night Before Christmas (1895), the composer again turned to epic images. This is how the opera "Sadko" (1896) was written, which immediately became widely known and popular. Rimsky-Korsakov became the founder of the fairy tale opera genre. His services as a teacher are also great. Nikolai Andreevich trained about 200 composers, including A.K. Glazunov, A. S. Arensky, I. F. Stravinsky, S. S. Prokofiev. Rimsky-Korsakov is the author of the textbook "Basics of Orchestration", two textbooks on harmony, numerous musical articles. He died on June 21, 1908 in the Lyubensk estate near Luga (now in the Leningrad region).
Cui Caesar Antonovich (1835-1918), composer, military engineer and scientist. Born January 18, 1835 in Vilno (now Vilnius, Lithuania). After graduating from the local gymnasium, he entered the Nikolaev Engineering Academy in St. Petersburg, with which most of his life is connected. In 1891 he was appointed professor here. Among his students were the emperors Alexander III and Nicholas II, the commander M.D.Skobelev and many other noble people. Cui owns a number of major works on fortification. He studied music while still in Vilna under the guidance of the Polish composer S. Moniuszko. He completed his musical education on his own. In many ways, Cui was helped by his communication with MA Balakirev and the “Mighty Handful” circle, of which he became a member. As a composer, Cui gravitated primarily towards vocal music. He created 14 operas. The first, Prisoner of the Caucasus, began writing in 1857 and finished in 1882. During this period, Cui composed the operas Son of a Mandarin (1859), William Ratcliff (1869), Angelo ( 1876). Two operas - "Feast during the Plague" (1901) and "The Captain's Daughter" (1911) - were written based on the works of Alexander Pushkin. In addition, Cui also turned to the then rare genre of children's opera: "The Snow Hero" (1906), "Little Red Riding Hood" (1911), "Puss in Boots" (1915). The composer is the author of almost 300 romances, including such masterpieces as "The Burnt Letter" and "Tsarskoye Selo Statue" on the verses of Pushkin. Cui completed the unfinished operas of his friends in The Mighty Handful: The Stone Guest by A. Dargomyzhsky and Sorochinskaya Fair by M. P. Mussorgsky. Since 1864, Cui appeared in print as a music critic, promoting the work of members of the Balakirev association. The composer's works are distinguished by grace, melody and at the same time depth and passion.
Thanks for attention!
"A mighty handful" (definition by V. Stasov) A circle of St. Petersburg
composers.
Founder - Mily Balakirev.
Composition: M.P. Mussorgsky, A.P.
Borodin, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov,
Ts.A. Cui, M. Balakirev
creation.
Followers of M. Glinka.
The embodiment of the image in music
people, its history,
moral ideals. Vladimir Vasilievich
Stasov -
Russian musical
and artistic
critic, historian
arts, archivist,
public figure.
The name "The Mighty Handful"
first encountered in article
V.St asov “Slavic concert of St.
Balakireva ":" How much poetry,
feelings, t alant and the ability to eat
a small but already mighty handful
Russian musician ". The Mighty Handful group emerged against the background
revolutionary fermentation that gripped
time the minds of the Russian intelligentsia. Peasant riots and uprisings became major
social events of that time,
who returned artists to the people's
topic. Participants of the Mighty
handfuls "recorded and
studied samples of Russian
musical folklore and
Russian church
singing. The results of their
research they embodied
in operas, among which
"The Tsar's Bride"
"Snow Maiden",
"Khovanshchina", "Boris
Godunov "," Prince Igor ".
Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev 1836-1910
composer,pianist,
conductor,
chapter of The Mighty Handful. Studied
on mathematical
Faculty of Kazan University.
1855
year - met with Glinka, he
persuaded to devote himself to music.
18
March 1862, he, together with
Gabriel Lomakin founded
"Free Music School".
FROM
1868 as director
headed the school until autumn
1874 year. From the fall of 1867 to the spring of 1869 Mili
Balakirev conducted
symphony concerts
Imperial Russian Musical
society.
In 1883 Balakirev was appointed
the emperor to be in charge of the court
singing chapel.
Lark
Bust of Miliy Balakirev in Nizhny Novgorod
Orchestral,piano,
vocal
works.
M. Balakirev. Eastern fantasy In the 70s "The Mighty Handful" as a close-knit
the group ceased to exist. Activities
"The Mighty Handful" has become an era in development
Russian and world musical art. 1. Define the "Mighty Handful"
2. When did this group start?
3. Who was the organizer and ideological inspirer?
4. List the leading ideas of this organization.
5.Which composer was the follower
musicians?
6. List the musicians who were part of
"Mighty handful". Write the names of the operas by the composers “Mighty
handfuls "and sign the name of the author of each
works.
Gold
Boris
Captain's
Pan
Prince
Mayskaya
Kashchei
daughter
Godunov
Mlada
Igor
night
Sorochinskaya
Mozart and
Tsarskaya
Caucasian
cockerel
immortal
voivode
fair
Salieri
captive
bride Check yourself:
N. Rimsky-Korsakov: Gold
cockerel, May night, Mozart and
Salieri, The Tsar's Bride, Mlada,
Kashchei the immortal, Pan voivode;
A. Borodin: Prince Igor;
M. Mussorgsky: Sorochinskaya
fair, Boris Godunov;
C. Cui: Prisoner of the Caucasus,
Captain's daughter.
Alexander Porfirevich Borodin
1833-1877from an extramarital affair of 62-year-old Prince Luke
Stepanovich
Gedevanishvili and 25-year-old Evdokia
Konstantinovna Antonova
and at birth was
recorded by the son of a serf
servants of the prince - Porfiry
Ionovich Borodin and his
Tatiana's wife
Grigorievna. Until the age of 7, the boy was a serf
his father, who before his death in
In 1840 he gave his son freedom and bought
four-story house for him and
Evdokia Konstantinovna, issued
married to military doctor Kleinecke.
Illegitimate boy
introduced as Evdokia's nephew
Konstantinovna.
Due to the origin that did not allow
go to high school, Borodin
was homeschooled in all
subjects of the gymnasium course,
studied German and French and
received an excellent education. Already in childhood I discovered a musical
giftedness, at the age of 9, writing the first
the work is the polka "Helen". Studied
playing musical instruments - at the beginning
on flute and piano, and from the age of 13 - on
cello. At the same time he created the first
serious piece of music -
concert for flute and piano.
At the age of 10, he became interested in chemistry,
which over the years has turned from a hobby into
his life's work.
In 1858 Borodin received his doctorate
medicine by conducting chemical research
and having defended a thesis on the topic "On analogy
phosphoric and arsenic acid in
chemical and toxicological relations ”. A.P. Borodin is considered
also one of
founders of classic
genres of symphony and
quartet in Russia.
He was the first to introduce into romance
images of Russian
heroic epic, and with
them - liberation
ideas from the 1860s
PRINCE IGOR Opera in four acts with a prologue
Libretto by A.P. Borodin. Characters:Igor Svyatoslavovich, Prince Seversky - baritone
Yaroslavna, his wife in his second marriage - soprano
Vladimir Igorevich, his son from his first marriage - tenor
Vladimir Yaroslavich, pr. Galitsky, brother of Prince. Yaroslavny -
high bass
Konchak, Gzak, Polovtsian khans
Konchakovna, daughter of Khan Konchak
Ovlur, baptized Polovtsian - contraltotenor
Yaroslavna's nanny
Polovtsian girl
Russian princes and princesses, boyars and boyars, elders, Russians
warriors, girls, people. Polovtsian khans, girlfriends
Konchakovna, slaves (chagi) of Khan Konchak, Russians
captives, Polovtsian sentries
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky 1839-1881
Graduated from the school of the Guardsensigns.
His music was not understood and
accepted by his contemporaries.
The most famous works of the opera "Boris Godunov"
"Khovanshchina"; piano
cycle "Pictures at an Exhibition"
Portrait by Ilya Repin http://www.museum.ru/M1951
Work portraitIlya Repin
http://www.museum.ru/M
1951
Addiction to alcohol
strongly progressed to
last decade
life acquired
destructive character
for the health of Mussorgsky,
negatively affected
intensity of his
creativity.
After failures in service and
dismissal he
was content
odd jobs and
some financial
support of friends.
Died in a military hospital
where was placed after
an attack of delirium tremens.
Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov 1844-1908
Rimsky-Korsakov wascreator of the composer
schools, among his students about
two hundred composers, conductors,
musicologists.
The main musical heritage -
operas: Snow Maiden "," Sadko ",
"The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Tsar
bride "," Golden Cockerel ", etc.
Portrait by Valentin Serov
Caesar Antonovich Cui 1835-1918
russian composer andmusical critic,
fortification professor,
general engineer.
Opera "Captain's
daughter "," A feast during
plague "," Puss in boots "and
dr.
Works for
orchestra, chamber
instrumental
ensembles.
1 slide
“Mighty handful” - five brave sailor, military man, chemist, engineer. And only one is a professional musician. Together - "The Mighty Handful". Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Cui and Balakirev. Composers, thanks to whom in the XIX century. in Russia appeared - and declared itself to the whole world - its own national music school.
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They themselves called themselves the "Balakirevsky circle". And with the light hand of the great critic Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, they went down in history as “a small but already mighty bunch of Russian musicians”, in other words, “A mighty bunch”. Five brave ones who fought for the right of Russian music to exist and won this fight: Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev, Alexander Porfirievich Borodin, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov, Caesar Antonovich Curie ...
3 slide
Miliy Balakirev The performing talent of the founder of the circle, Miliy Balakirev, manifested itself at an early age. The family, who lived in Nizhny Novgorod, decided that the boy would definitely become a pianist and musician. Soon a patron was found - the local industrialist A. Ulybyshev, who had two passions - music and collecting books. He maintained his own home orchestra, and the library occupied several rooms of his mansion. Young Balakirev spent long hours among Ulybyshev's folios. I read everything - from the classics of world literature to special books on music theory. And so he got a very good musical education. And until 1862. there was not a single musical institution in Russia! And he had his first conducting practice at the age of 18 - at an Easter concert by the Ulybyshev Orchestra.
4 slide
In the mid 50s. The 19-year-old musician decided to conquer the capital. His very first concerts in St. Petersburg attracted great public attention. His name becomes famous, the fashionable virtuoso pianist (who also performs music of his own composition) is vying with each other to be invited to social events.
5 slide
But soon Balakirev abandons a seemingly profitable career as a performer. He has a different goal! Following Glinka, he wants to develop national traditions in music, to be an educator musician. Miliy Alekseevich's hot speeches, his exceptional musical talent and love for national art affected those around him hypnotically: “... his personal charm was terribly great. Young, with wonderful, mobile, fiery eyes, with a beautiful beard, speaking resolutely, authoritatively and directly, every minute ready for a wonderful improvisation at the piano, remembering every beat, memorizing compositions instantly played to him ... ”(from the memoirs of Rimsky-Korsakov) A circle of young people quickly formed around Balakirev, from which at first the young military engineer Caesar Cui stood out.
6 slide
Caesar Cui Generally, Caesar Antonovich Cui was two years older than Balakirev. And by 1856, when the young musician was just conquering the capital, he had already graduated from a solid Engineering Academy. Cui was well versed in music, played the violin and piano and even tried to write himself. In his hometown of Vilna, the famous Polish composer Stanislav Moniuszko worked in harmony with him.
7 slide
But for the time being, engineer Cui did not attach serious importance to his hobby - music. Balakirev persuaded Cui to take music seriously and became a teacher, critic, and assistant for him. However, even having won recognition as a composer, Cui did not give up his main activity: after graduating from the academy, he remained to teach fortification there. And in 1878. was appointed professor and held departments simultaneously in three military academies: General Staff, Engineering and Artillery. Here are the titles of the most notable works of the outstanding Russian composer: "A Brief Textbook of Field Fortification", "Attack and Defense of Modern Fortresses", "The Role of Long-Term Fortification in the Defense of States." More than one generation of Russian military engineers studied using them! And as a composer, Cui was also very prolific: operas, suites, tarantella (brilliantly arranged by F. Liszt for piano), pieces for piano, violin and cello and, of course, romances (among his favorite authors are Pushkin, Nekrasov, A.K. Tolstoy). But nevertheless, Cui was most known to his contemporaries as a music critic.
8 slide
The militant nature of his articles, their literary brilliance, the same elegance of style as in music, brought Cui to the ranks of the most authoritative and dangerous writers for enemies. They listened to his opinion, they were afraid of his reviews. They believed him. Defending the creativity of his colleagues in the "Mighty Handful" Cui did not leave a stone unturned from his opponents. But what a horror the friends felt when Cui with the same power, with the same wit fell upon the brilliant, innovative work of his brother M. Mussorgsky - the opera "Boris Godunov", which was dedicated to his circle mates! This "knife in the back" Mussorgsky did not forgive Cui until the end of his days. Later, the poet Alexei Apukhtin wrote an epigram: But who is this Caesar, this Cui? He became a feuilletonist, He throws menacing articles to the delight of high school students. He, like Ratcliffe, inspires fear, Nothing to him Beethoven, And even the aged Bach was guilty before him.
9 slide
Modest Mussorgsky And everything began idyllically - Mussorgsky became the third permanent participant in Balakirev's musical evenings. It happened in 1857, when the future brilliant composer was only 17 years old. His homeland is the village of Karevo in the Pskov region. Russian wilderness, where the very "spirit of the people's life", as Modest Petrovich said, remained intact. Musorgsky's first musical experiments took place at home under the guidance of his mother. Ten years old, a descendant of an old noble family was taken to St. Petersburg, to the School of Guards ensigns.
10 slide
Education at school made such a strong impression on Modest that his very first piece of music, a polka for piano, was named "Ensign". After graduating from school, Musorgsky was enrolled in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. It seemed that the future was a foregone conclusion, but the young man was clearly burdened by the military routine. He not only played the piano brilliantly, but also improvised freely, was very well-read, knew philosophy, history very well, had a relaxed and cheerful disposition, was sociable, and was drawn to people. Acquaintance with Balakirev and Cui turned out to be fateful, he happily refused military service in the name of art. Mussorgsky is preparing to write a great musical drama. Visiting Balakirev every day, the young composer discusses plans with him, learns instrumentation and composition from him, spends a lot of time at the piano. This is how the young midshipman Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov saw the ex-warrant officer.
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Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov Rimsky-Korsakov came from an ancient noble family. Born in the old town of Tikhvin, Novgorod province. Here they loved holidays, sacredly observed customs - they saw off the winter with songs and dances, burned an effigy of Maslenitsa, greeted spring with wreaths and round dances, burned fires on the night of Ivan Kupala, and celebrated weddings after harvesting bread. All this was observed more than once by little Nika, walking with his mother or uncle in the vicinity of the city. Returning in the evening, we sat down to drink tea with jam.
12 slide
Then the mother accompanied the uncle, who loved to sing. The humorous folk "Charlatarla from the partala" was replaced by the sad "Not a dream tends my head." Soon Nika, who had perfect hearing and an excellent musical memory, was already proud that he himself could play along with his uncle ... But at the age of 12, the quiet life of Tikhvin ended. The boy was sent to Petersburg, to the Marine Corps. Nika didn't like it there. The only consolation, salvation from the gray days - Sunday trips to the opera. Most of all, he was struck by his symphony orchestra, in which each instrument seemed to have its own life, had its own voice. And intertwining, these different voices created an incredible miracle of music ... The older brother carried the grown boy into a summer voyage - the best practice for a future naval officer.
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However, this short trip almost became tragic. Nika fell into the sea, falling off the ropes of the mizzen mast. Half-dead, he was pulled out of the water. Later Rimsky-Korsakov said that it was then that he realized that naval service was not for him. For the last 2 years of his studies, he takes music lessons, tries to compose himself. And, finally, thanks to his Italian music teacher Canilla, an ardent admirer of Glinka, he finds himself in Balakirev's house ... The composer liked the pupil's pieces so much that he immediately began to convince the young man to give up everything and take up music seriously. The confused Rimsky-Korsakov spent the rest of the evening as if in a fog: “I immediately plunged into some new world unknown to me, finding myself among the real, talented musicians, about whom I had heard so much before…” Nikolay becomes a regular at Balakirev's evenings. He quickly became friends with Mussorgsky and Curie. Encouraged by his new friends, Rimsky-Korsakov began composing a symphony. But, what a shame, he does not have time to finish it before the final exams and the subsequent voyage, which is obligatory for graduates of the Marine Corps. Nick is not ready to give up everything for the sake of music. And the clipper "Almaz", which is part of Rear Admiral Lesovsky's squadron, becomes his home for the next year.
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And mentor Balakirev keeps urging him to finish the symphony, complains about the rare letters from the gallant sailor, describes the events of the musical life of the capital. The soul of a young officer in distant Petersburg, he is not at all interested in the secret political mission with which the squadron is moving to New York ... And this is not an entertainment trip: the height of the war between the South and the North is in America. Russia's sympathies are on the side of the "northerners". The combat mission of the squadron is to protect the coast from the attack of the "southerners" fleet and to intimidate the ships of France and Great Britain, sympathetic to the Confederates ... And Rimsky-Korsakov rushes to Petersburg. In one of the concerts of the Free Music School (founded by Balakirev as opposed to the official Conservatory), his finally completed symphony was performed. Its success surpassed all expectations, inspired the author and his associates! Balakirev's circle is becoming the brightest phenomenon of Russian musical life. At this time, the fifth member of the "Mighty Handful" - Alexander Borodin from St. Petersburg, joins the already established four.
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Alexander Borodin Sasha's father was the Georgian prince Luka Gedianov, and his mother was a St. Petersburg bourgeois woman Avdotya Antonovna. The boy received his surname and patronymic from one of the serfs' father. But his appearance and temperament betrayed him as the heir to the Georgian princely family. Apparently, this explains the choice of profession, because chemistry is one of the few sciences where everything boils, burns and explodes legally, for the good of the cause. Sasha turned out to be a multi-talented child - from the age of 8 he played the flute, piano and cello, and from the age of 9 he began to compose music.
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Having brilliantly graduated from the Medical and Surgical Academy, Borodin went to Heidelberg for a 3-year internship. By this time he was already the author of several romances and instrumental pieces. But science for the future academician, head of the chemical laboratory of the Medical and Surgical Academy is still unconditionally in the first place. This was the case before returning to St. Petersburg in 1862. Acquainted with Balakirev and came to his musical evening, Borodin met M. Mussorgsky there. He had known him for a long time, even from the military hospital, where he was practicing during his studies (and the 17-year-old ensign Mussorgsky was on duty there) ... The atmosphere in Balakirev's house is creative and relaxed. Borodin happily sits down at the piano, performs his compositions. Balakirev is delighted: he managed to find another extraordinary talent.
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It's a great time. The gatherings at Balakirev's house on Nevsky Prospect are getting more crowded. They, like a magnet, attract gifted youth. The glory of the circle has long crossed the boundaries of St. Petersburg, here he comes to specially listen to real music, talk about the development of Russian art, about the fate of the country. The “Mighty Five” works tirelessly: everyone is overwhelmed with creative ideas, any thought is picked up on the fly, revealed, filled with new content ... They are young, efficient and very talented. Members of the circle now meet almost every day: either on Balakirev's "Wednesdays", then on Cui's "Thursdays" (in 1858, Cui married the pupil of the composer Dargomyzhsky, pianist Maria Bamberg, and lived in his own house), then in the house of Lyudmila Ivanovna Shestakova, the youngest Glinka's sisters, then on Sundays at Stasov's house, then at musical evenings at Dargomyzhsky. The atmosphere is almost family-like: sitting at the table, guests and hosts talk, drink tea with bagels and jam. For bachelors, snacks and port are always prepared. Performers change at the piano - sketches of new works, excerpts from operas, piano pieces, romances, folk songs are played.
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At one of the evenings, Rimsky-Korsakov meets the charming pianist Nadezhda Purgold. Long romantic walks in the vicinity of her dacha in Pargolovo, joint reading and playing of musical compositions ... Nikolai Andreevich understands: this girl is his destiny, it's time to propose to her.
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But ... first the opera "Pskovityanka" must be finished. Mussorgsky actively helps him in this, while working on the second edition of Boris Godunov. A unique musical tandem has developed. In order not to run to each other several times a day, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov even decide to live together, renting an apartment on Panteleimonovskaya Street. “Our life with Mussorgsky was, I think, the only example of a joint life of two composers,” Rimsky-Korsakov later recalled. "We both worked hard, constantly exchanging thoughts and intentions." Borodin, meanwhile, does not lag behind his comrades, on the advice of Balakirev and Stasov, he conceives an opera based on the story "The Lay of Igor's Campaign." At the same time, Borodin devotes most of his time to work at the Medical-Surgical Academy, because since 1864. he is a professor. Cui is finishing his opera William Ratcliff and is going to write an opera Angelo based on a story by Victor Hugo. Like Borodin, he combines musical creativity with teaching at the Academy of Engineering. Moreover, he writes polemical articles for St. Petersburg Vedomosti. The leader of the circle, the founding father Balakirev, is becoming more and more famous as a conductor. His conducting style, according to Dargomyzhsky, is distinguished by "fiery fervor".
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And the great Richard Wagner, who was present at one of his performances, speaks enthusiastically of Balakirev, saying that he sees in the Russian conductor his future rival. In 1867. Balakirev was invited to Prague to conduct a production of Glinka's opera Ruslan and Lyudmila. Happy, he writes to St. Petersburg: "Ruslan" has finally won the Czech public. The enthusiasm with which he was received does not diminish even now, although I have already conducted it 3 times ... ”The triumphant march of Russian music predicted by him began ... Balakirev's success in Prague puts him on a par with the best Russian conductors of that time. Therefore, when Anton Rubinstein leaves to work abroad, it is Balakirev who is invited to take the vacated post of chief conductor of the Imperial Russian Musical Society. And this means that the “new Russian school” has finally won a victory in a long-term war with the conservative official direction in Russian music. For the next 2 years, the composer continues to zealously promote the best, from his point of view, works of contemporary music. He also does not forget about his favorite brainchild - the Free Music School.
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However, Balakirev's uncompromising position annoys many. And now a whole campaign is unfolding in the press against him. The “mighty handful” is again scolded and accused of all mortal sins. But most of all goes to its creator - even Stasov is unable to protect his friend Balakirev. In the spring of 1869. Miliy Alekseevich is suspended from conducting concerts of the society. Proud, proud Balakirev painfully experiences what has happened. True, there is still a free music school, there are faithful students, creativity. Only the school is funded by private donations, and funding is drastically reduced following the Musical Society scandal. Balakirev tries to invest his own funds, but then his father dies, and he has to take care of his younger sisters. Orchestras and teachers have nothing to pay their salaries with. In 1874. Balakirev resigns from the post of director of the Free School. Somehow, by themselves, the relationship between Balakirev and his pets, members of the “Mighty Handful”, also changed. They are less and less common, each has his own life, his own work, Balakirev no longer has power over their minds and feelings.
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Having formed as independent creative personalities, composers no longer need constant care. No, they have not abandoned their former ideals and they treat Balakirev with great respect, but then everyone wants to go their own way. Borodin put it this way: “while we were all in the position of eggs under the hen (meaning the last Balakirev), we were all more or less alike. As soon as a chick hatched from eggs, they were overgrown with feathers. All feathers came out ... different; and when the wings grew, each flew, wherever he is pulled ... The lack of similarity in direction, aspirations, tastes, nature of creativity ... in my opinion, is a good and by no means a sad side of the matter. " But the wounded Balakirev cannot come to terms with the loss of influence on recent students. He regards this as a betrayal. It seems to him that everything to which he devoted his life turned out to be unclaimed - in the end he was simply thrown out as an unnecessary old thing! Severe depression began, thoughts of suicide appeared. Shocked by the state of this once mentally strong, indefatigable person, his friends urged him to return to creativity, to music, to his previous vigorous activity. In response, Balakirev goes to serve as a minor official in the Store Department of the Warsaw Railway, becomes an unsociable, painfully religious person.
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He avoids his former musical acquaintances, and indeed any conversations on these topics. Balakirev returned to musical creativity only 10 years later: he again became the director of the Free Music School and even took the post of director of the Court Choir Choir. He worked hard and fruitfully, but he lived in isolation. The fate of Mussorgsky, the most talented and original, according to Stasov, of all the magnificent five composers, was tragic. Under the guise of gaiety and recklessness, a lonely, childishly vulnerable soul was hidden. He felt great among friends. But Rimsky-Korsakov got married and settled separately, Cui and Borodin are increasingly moving away and living their own lives. And the depressed Balakirev was not very suitable for the role of a nanny. After the collapse of the "mighty handful" Mussorgsky feels lonely, he definitely needs someone to take care of him. And here in the early 70s. his close friend, the artist and architect Hartmann, died ("Pictures at an Exhibition", one of Mussorgsky's best works, is a tribute to the memory of this artist). You need to make a living somehow. Moreover, the Directorate of the Imperial Theaters does not accept Boris Godunov for staging, it requires alterations ... Musorgsky also suffered from an eternal Russian disease - an excessive craving for alcohol. He managed to fight this addiction if there was a person who was nearby, watching him ...
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The meeting with the young poet Count Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov filled Mussorgsky's life with new meaning. Mussorgsky worked, and Golenishchev-Kutuzov made sure that the composer always had breakfast, lunch and dinner. And he also solved other everyday problems for him. It is no coincidence that the vocal works of the 70s were written by Mussorgsky to the words of Golenishchev-Kutuzov. But Arseny is getting married and Modest is left alone again. Well, perhaps Stasov ... He also cared about the health and state of mind of Mussorgsky, about which the composer wrote with delight: “No one warmed me hotter than you .. no one showed me the path more clearly ... No one better sees where I am delirious what kind of excavations I am doing ... Love you to me - you know that, love you and I to you - I can smell it ... ”But the trouble is that Mussorgsky needed daily attention, and even Stasov could not give this ... accepted the innovative creations of Mussorgsky, he was an "ignoramus" for her, and his music was "cacophony and ugliness." In spite of everything, Mussorgsky continued to write, albeit now slowly, with interruptions. Since 1872 And until his death in 1881. he is working on the famous musical drama Khovanshchina. He is fully supported by Stasov and old friends.
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When Mussorgsky once again lost his place and was expelled from the apartment for non-payment, they decided to “throw off” and pay him something like a pension, on the condition that he would compose music for “Khovanshchina”. Having received the money, the flabby, slovenly dressed Mussorgsky wandered around the city most of the time in search of cheap booze. Mussorgsky's "Khovanshchina" was never finished, the great work of completing the opera and putting in order all the remaining manuscripts of the deceased was undertaken by Rimsky-Korsakov ... Mussorgsky, an innovative composer, ahead of his time and influenced the formation of great composers: Debussy, Ravel, Prokofiev, Stravinsky. It so happened that over time, Rimsky-Korsakov became the informal leader of the "Mighty Handful". Back in 1871. The composer received an offer from the management of the St. Petersburg Conservatory to take the place of the head of the practical composition, instrumentation and orchestral class. After hesitating, he agreed. Fortunately, because he turned out to be an excellent teacher. His classes were easy, unconstrained, gathering more and more students every year. It is no coincidence that a little later he also took the empty seat of the director of the Free Music School. It was Nikolai Andreevich who taught the composers of the future - Glazunov, Myaskovsky, Stravinsky ...
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Among old friends, warm relations have been preserved with Borodin and Stasov ... Rimsky-Korsakov is selflessly working on unfinished works of other members of the Balakirev circle. Like Khovanshchina by Mussorgsky, Borodin's opera Prince Igor (written for 18 years) also remained unfinished. In 1887. Borodin suddenly died of a heart attack - right at the Carnival carnival. Rimsky-Korsakov was completing Prince Igor with Glazunov. The first performance of the opera took place at the Mariinsky Stage in 1890. She delighted the audience and musical critics and became one of the most famous Russian operas in the world ... Khovanshchina was also staged for the first time in the edition of Rimsky-Korsakov. He also made an adaptation of Boris Godunov, and also prepared the music of the Mighty Handful for publication. Its originality is so obvious that European music critics are enthusiastic about the emergence of a new, powerful, independent movement in world culture ... Most of them had no idea that the authors of this movement were a self-taught musician, sailor, engineer, chemist and military ...
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“In some 50-60 years Russia has done in the field of music what others did in 300 or 400 years - and overtook and surpassed everyone. And this is a marvelous and wonderful wonder ... ”Vladimir Stasov, music and art critic of the 19th century.
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The presentation was made by Lyudmila Alekseevna Korotenko, music teacher of the secondary school No. 6 in Balashov, Saratov region named after IV Krylov. "Mighty handful"Slide 2
"The Mighty Handful" In 1859 in St. Petersburg, and a year later in Moscow, the Russian Musical Society was organized, the purpose of which is to make art accessible to a wide range of music lovers. Chamber, symphonic music has gone beyond the aristocratic salons, court halls, where it previously sounded, and became the property of democratic circles of listeners.
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A particularly important role was played by the concerts of the "Free Music School" founded by the outstanding musician M.A. Balakirev. In the sixties, a group of young performers united around him.
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The community included: M.A. Balakirev, A.P. Borodin, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Ts.A. Cui
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Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov (1824-1906) was a Russian music and art critic, perhaps the most respected of his contemporaries. The famous art critic V.V. Stasov inspired them to create musical paintings worthy of great Russia. He called this group "The Mighty Handful." "How much poetry, feeling, talent and skill a small but already mighty handful of Russian musicians have ...". - Stasov wrote in his article after one of the concerts conducted by Balakirev.
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Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev (1836 -1910) - then a young, brightly talented, educated musician, an excellent pianist, an excellent composer - enjoyed great prestige with his comrades. He guided them along the path of development of national Russian music, helped them master the basics of composing technique.
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The composers of The Mighty Handful rightfully considered themselves the heirs of MI Glinka and saw their goal in the development of Russian national music. With love and care, young composers collected and studied Russian folk songs and used them in their work. Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804-1857)
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Alexander Porfirevich Borodin (1833 -1887) - Russian chemist and composer. He has created over 40 scientific papers in chemistry. Famous musical works of A.P. Borodin: opera "Prince Igor", symphony No. 2 "Heroic", instrumental works, romances.
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Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) - Russian composer, member of the "Mighty Handful". His main works are the operas Boris Godunov, Khovanshchina, and the Pictures at an Exhibition suite.
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Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky - Korsakov (1844 - 1908) Russian composer, teacher, conductor, public figure, music critic; participant of the "Mighty Handful". ON. Rimsky - Korsakov is called a composer - storyteller. Among his works are 15 operas, 3 symphonies, symphonic works, instrumental concerts, cantatas, chamber instrumental, vocal and sacred music.
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Caesar Antonovich Cui (1835 - 1918) - Russian composer and music critic, member of the "Mighty Handful", engineer-general. The composer's creative heritage is quite extensive: 14 operas, including "The Mandarin's Son" (1859), "William Ratcliffe" (after Heinrich Heine, 1869), "Angelo" (on a plot by Victor Hugo, 1875), "Saracen" (based on a plot Alexandre Dumas-father, 1898), "The Captain's Daughter" (after A. Pushkin, 1909), 4 children's operas; works for orchestra, chamber instrumental ensembles, piano, violin, cello, choirs, vocal ensembles, romances (more than 250), distinguished by lyrical expressiveness, grace, subtlety of vocal recitation. Popular among them are "The Burnt Letter", "The Tsarskoye Selo Statue" (words by A. Pushkin), "Aeolian Harps" (words by A. N. Maikov), etc.
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Most of the composers of The Mighty Handful have systematically recorded, studied and developed samples of Russian musical folklore. Composers boldly used the folk song in symphonic and operatic works, including The Tsar's Bride, The Snow Maiden (NA Rimsky-Korsakov), Khovanshchina, Boris Godunov (MP Mussorgsky). Initially, the circle included Balakirev and Stasov, keen on reading Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Chernyshevsky. They inspired the young composer Cui with their ideas, and later Mussorgsky joined them, leaving the rank of officer in the Preobrazhensky regiment to study music. In 1862 N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A. P. Borodin joined the Balakirev circle. If Rimsky-Korsakov was a very young member of the circle, whose views and musical talent were just beginning to be determined, then Borodin by this time was already a mature man, an outstanding scientist-chemist, who was friendly with such giants of Russian science as Mendeleev, Sechenov, Kovalevsky , Botkin. In the 70s of the 19th century, the "Mighty Handful" as a close-knit group ceased to exist. The activities of the "Mighty Handful" became an era in the development of Russian and world musical art.
