Nicolo amati who are his sons. The secret of the three masters

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Teacher:(slide 1)

Hello guys. Today we will talk about the most mysterious and beautiful instrument - the violin. We will try to understand the historical origin of the instrument, hear musical pieces for violin, some of which you will perform yourself.

Teacher: (“Adagio” by A. Vivaldi sounds in the background, music file No. 1); (slide 2)

In time immemorial, a person realized that sounds are different: high and low, short and long, muffled and loud, clear. But only when he began to organize them in order to express his thoughts and feelings - music emerged. There is no music without musicians. It does not exist without musical instruments.

Today we will talk about one of them - the violin.

About everything that has been dear to people for centuries,
Who will sing for us more sincere and tender?
The soundboard is pressed tightly to the chin,
Like the letters S - two notches on it.
Elastic strings bow touched flexible -
And you froze, breathing your breath:
The excited and warm voice of the violin
As unique as the voice of a nightingale.

Teacher: So where did the violin come from? What instrument preceded her birth? In fact, he was, his name is viola. (slide 3)

Viola became the forerunner not only of the violin, but of all bowed ones. It was brought to Europe by the Arabs around the 14-15th centuries. During the game, the viola was either held on the shoulder or placed on the floor. (slide 4)

Viola had a gentle, soft voice, but, alas, very weak. Now musicians do not use this ancient instrument, it has given way to another - the violin. However, for a very long time, the viola did not know any equal and was loved by many musicians.

Teacher: The appearance of the violin is accompanied by many legends and mysteries. The history of its origin also remained a mystery. Neither the ancient Greeks nor the Romans knew such an instrument. Perhaps the homeland of the violin was India. The sarangi string instrument belongs to the violin family. (slide5)

I suggest listening to the sound of the sarangi. (music file no.2 sounds)

Teacher: In the Slavic countries of Europe, the violin has been known since the 9th century. The timbre of its voice was similar to the sounds made by a donkey, a rooster, and therefore it was called the instrument of commoners. (slide 6)

V. Kyrver "Merry Polka" (performed by students - a trio of violinists)

Teacher: Indeed, this simpleton sounded with her wild, rude, ugly voice at village holidays, weddings, in taverns, in market squares. It was a sign of bad taste to stop in the carriage on the square, wanting to listen to the "singing" of the violin. This continued until the 16th century. It was then that her "rebirth" took place.

Teacher: The Italian masters of the 16-17th centuries really taught the violin to sing and cry. Thanks to them, the violin finally managed to defeat the viola and prove that it is worthy to sound not only in squares and fairs, but also on stage.

Z. Fibich "Poem" (performed by students - violin duet); and also (slides 7-10)

Teacher: History has preserved the names of great Italians, masters of making violin instruments.

Violins were made in many countries, but the best violin makers lived in Italy. These are Andrea and Nicolo Amati, Andrea and Giuseppe Guarneri ...

(“Melody” from the opera “Orpheus and Eurydice” by composer K. Gluck sounds in the background - music file No. 3); (slides 11-14)

In the 17th century, in the Italian city of Cremona, as one old legend tells, in one Italian city of Cremona, a magician, passing by a small house, heard amazingly beautiful musical sounds. He went inside and saw a young man playing the violin he had just made.

Give me this violin, and I will fulfill your every wish, - said the magician.

I want to live forever, - answered the young man.

Good! But one condition: you make nine hundred and ninety-nine of the same beautiful instruments, but at the thousandth you will die.

I agree!

Now I can die. My instruments will live, and I will live with them, because I gave them my soul, my whole life.

(slide 15) The name of this master is known all over the world - Antonio Stradivari.

Teacher: More than a thousand instruments have been signed in the name of Antonio Stradivari, the most famous violin maker. It is known that the craftsmen chose materials very meticulously: they walked through the forest and among the many trees, first of all, spruce, they chose “singing”, that is, they noticed which spruce the birds sit on more often, then they listened with a doctor's pipe to assess the melodiousness. We cut down a tree in winter when it sleeps. And they did not knock down, but carefully lowered them to the ground. The secret of making instruments was kept secret and passed on from father to son, from master to student. In the orchestra, the violin is the main instrument - the queen of the most famous concert halls.

J.-B. Accolai Concerto No. 1 in A minor, I part (performed by V. Vasilieva); (slides 16-18)

Teacher: Yes, these famous Italians left us a legacy of great instruments and ... many mysteries.

Her Majesty the violin lives in a close-knit family of bows. Her closest relatives were and still are the viola, cello and double bass. (slide 19)

Now let's ask ourselves a question: how is a violin made? (slides 20-24)

It seemed a simple matter:
Bow, strings, discreet body -
Craftsman made of wood
Its rude and simple.

A simple wooden tool,
And how wonderful it sounded!
No wonder the Slavs fell in love
His soulful song.

Born in love and hope
He laughed, and he sang, and cried:
In the hut - rude, as before,
And in the castle - sparkling with varnish.

And the master worked, and the shavings
Lay on the floor in a curl
And the strings rang obediently
Under a thin graceful bow.

Simple, skillful hands
Inserted into a violin solo
Living, singing sounds -
An almost human voice.

It contains all the intonations of speech,
And tears, and sadness, and a smile ...
And the world whispers in admiration:
"Your Majesty Violin!"

S. Rachmaninov “Vocalise” (performed by the violin ensemble); (slides 25-28)

Teacher: Making a bowed instrument is hard work and great skill. The small violin contains over 40 parts. They say the violin sings. Indeed, it sounds like a quivering human voice. The violin body is very graceful: with smooth curves, a thin “waist”.

The most important part of the violin is its bow. (slide 29)

The strings for it are made of horsehair. In the East in the 8th century there was a five-stringed bowed instrument - a mole. Even then, before the performance, the musicians rubbed the bow with resin so that the sound would be smooth, and the bow itself would be more durable. Now for rubbing the bow they also use a hard resin from the sap of coniferous trees - rosin. (slide 30)

(slides 31-34)

Take your time, take your time
The violin master gets along well.
Cut through the f-holes, barely breathing, the bow will pull up, the bar will stroke,
Correct the deck, curl,
Varnish carefully.
Now he did the best he could
Now you can play the violin!
Sing, queen, laugh, cry,
Your voice and your camp are slender.
How lucky is your violinist
May he be worthy of you!
N. Manushkina "Violin"

A. Lyadov “Prelude” (performed by the violin ensemble); (slides 35-37)

Summarizing:

Teacher: Let's check how well you learned the new material. And riddles will help us with this.

It grew in the forest
I came home
Has dried on the oven
She cried without tears. (Violin)

Name without mistake
The instrument is slightly larger than a violin.
He is her closest friend
But the sound is slightly lower.
There are strings and a bow,
Not a beginner in music! (Alto)

I will draw a bow over the strings and immediately fall into a fairy tale.
A wonderful instrument will help me, it can sound differently:
Either tender, tender, light, now low, juicy, deep.
He sings with a velvet sound and immediately takes his soul,
Not a double bass or a pipe, his name is ... (Cello)

He is like an older brother to the violin,
I am glad to help her in the orchestra.
He and viola are a faithful friend,
It has a bass sound.
He is a bowed giant
Big important gentleman (Double bass)

This performer is young
I am familiar with musical notation.
He is on delicate thin strings
Leads with a small bow. (Violinist)

There are many tools in it:
The strings beckon with a bow
These are the flutes, and the neighbors are
A group of red copper pipes.
There is a group of violas in it,
Harps bust -
He is ready for the performance.
Bravo, conductor! (Orchestra)

Teacher: And now I invite you to answer a few questions.

• name the bowed instruments in order of height from smallest to largest. (Violin, viola, cello, double bass).
• name the Italian craftsmen who made the finest violins in the world. (Stradivari, Amati, Guarneri))
• why, in your opinion, is the violin called “Your Majesty”?
• what have you learned in the lesson?

13. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Vitachek E., Essays on the history of the manufacture of bowed instruments, ed. B.V.Dobrokhotova, 2nd ed., M., 1964; Yampolsky I., Russian violin art, vol. 1, M. - L., 1951, ch. 1-2. I. M. Yampolsky.

The violin is the queen of the orchestra.

(Slide 1,2) Disputes about when and where this legendary musical instrument appeared does not subside to this day. Some historians suggest that the bow appeared in India, from where it got to the Arabs and Persians, and from them it already passed to Europe. In the course of musical evolution, there have been many different versions of bowed instruments that have influenced the modern look of the violin. Among them are the Arab rebab, the German company and the Spanish fidel, which were born in the 13th-15th centuries. It was these instruments that became the progenitors of the two main bowed instruments - the viola and the violin. Viola appeared earlier, she was of different sizes, played on her standing, holding on his knees, and later on his shoulders. This kind of violin playing led to the appearance of the violin.
Some sources point to the origin of the violin from the Polish violin instrument or from the Russian creak, the appearance of which dates back to the 15th century. For a long time, the violin was considered a popular instrument and did not sound solo. It was played by itinerant musicians, and the main place of its sound was taverns and taverns.

(Slide 3.4)What characterized the classic type fidel? (German Fiedel, from Latin fides - string) is a stringed bowed instrument. It belongs to the most widespread bowed instruments in the countries of medieval Europe. Fidel of the early period had a shallow shovel-shaped body (~ 50 cm in length), made together with a short neck from one piece of wood. A round head with vertically positioned pegs, and not side pegs, like on a violin, a round resonator hole in the middle of the top deck under the strings (near the string stand), straight shoulders, five strings tuned in thirds and quarts.

(slide 5,6,7)Characteristic of rebeca features were a mandolin-shaped body, which directly merged into the neck (there was no separate neck on this instrument), and a tuner box with transverse pegs. Rebeck had three strings that tuned in fifths. In any case, Rebeck's quint system g d1 a1 was established even before the appearance of the classical violin. This was a typical tuning of folk instruments, corresponding to the tessiture of the human voice. They played the Rebeca, keeping him in a horizontal position (a braccio). ( slide 8-11)

(slide 12.13)Many facts point to the early development of folk bowed instruments in Poland and Russia. In Russia, according to the evidence of the most ancient monuments, bowed instruments were known for a very long time, but none of them developed so much as to later become an instrument of a symphony orchestra. The oldest ancient Russian bowed instrument is beep... In its purest form, it had an oval, somewhat pear-shaped wooden body, with three strings stretched over it. They played the horn with an arched bow, which had nothing to do with modern ones. The exact time when the beep originated is not known, but there is an assumption that the “beep” appeared in Russia along with the penetration of the “eastern” instruments-domra, surna and bows. This time is usually determined by the second half of the XIV and the beginning of the XV century. The first work for violin was written in 1620 by the composer Marini and was called "Romanesca per violino solo e basso".

Tracks 1,2

(slide 14)Emergence violins of the classical type, as well as the development of many genres of violin music, are usually associated with Italy. Indeed, remarkable Italian masters, great performers and composers of the past made an invaluable contribution to this process. The heyday of the Italian violin school, which began at the end of the 16th century, lasted more than two centuries and had a huge impact on European musical art.

(slide 15)In the 16th century, violins were made by Italian masters who made violas and lutes. They put the instrument in perfect shape and filled it with the best materials. Gasparo Bertolotti is considered the first craftsman to make the first modern violin.

Thus, the violin received its most perfect incarnation by the end of the 17th century. History has retained the names of the great violin transformers in its memory and linked the development of this instrument with the names of three families of violin makers. The main contribution to the transformation and production of Italian violins was made by the family Amati. (slide 16)They made the timbre of the violin sound deeper and more delicate, and the character of the sound - more multifaceted. The main task that the masters set for themselves, they performed excellently - the violin, like the voice of a person, had to accurately convey emotions and feelings through music. ( slide 17.18) A little later, in the same place in Italy, world famous masters worked on improving the sound of the violin Guarneri and Stradivari, whose instruments are currently valued at fortunes. (slide 19)And François Turt - a master of the 18th century - is revered as the creator of the modern bow. The "classic" bow, created by Turt, has remained almost unchanged.
But in the development of the violin and its implementation in real life, the situation was less successful. It is very difficult to convey in a few words the entire long and varied history of this development and improvement of violin technique. It is enough just to notice that the appearance of the violin caused many opponents. But not everyone liked everything in the violin that had already been installed by that time by the great Cremonians. Many tried to change the ratios adopted by Stradivari, and, of course, no one succeeded in this. Most curious of all, however, was the desire of some of the more backward masters to return the violin to the recent past and impose on it the outdated features of the viola. As you know, the violin had no frets. This made it possible to expand its sound volume and perfect the technique of violin playing. However, in England these qualities of the violin seemed "dubious" and the "intonation" of the instrument was not accurate enough.

(slide 20)Only thanks to the great violinists who pushed the technique of violin playing decisively forward, the violin took the place that it rightfully deserved. In the 17th century, these virtuoso violinists were Giuseppe Torelli and Arcangello Corelli. Later, for the benefit of the violin, he put a lot of work by Antonio Vivaldi ( slide 21) and, finally, a whole galaxy of wonderful violinists headed by Niccolo Paganini. (slide 22)

Track 3.4

(slide 22)The modern violin has four strings tuned in fifths. The top string is sometimes called the "fifth" and the bottom string is called the "bascom". All the strings of the violin are vein or intestinal, and only the "bass" for greater fullness and beauty of the sound is entwined with a thin silver thread or "gimp". Nowadays, all violinists use a metal string for the "quint" and exactly the same, but twisted around for softness with a thin aluminum thread, the A string, although some musicians also use a pure aluminum string A without any "gimmick". In this regard, the metal string for e and aluminum for a, caused the need to enhance the sonority of the D string, which was still veined at that time, which was done with the help of an aluminum "gimp", twisted like a "basque", and this last by the way, which served her good. Nevertheless, all these events greatly upset the true connoisseurs, because the sonority and harshness of the sound of metal strings in other cases is very noticeable and unpleasant, but there is nothing to do and you have to put up with the circumstances.

The strings of the violin, tuned according to the instrument's requirement, are called open or empty, and sound in descending order of pure fifths from E of the second octave to G minor. The order of the strings is always considered from top to bottom, and this custom has been preserved since ancient times in relation to all bowed and stringed instruments "with a handle" or "neck". Violin notes are written only in the "treble clef" or the G clef.

The notion "open" or, in orchestral usage, an empty string, means the sound of the string along its entire length from the bridge to the nut, that is, between those two points that determine its actual pitch when tuning. The same points usually determine the length of the string, since in the orchestra it is the sounding part of the string that is taken into account, and not its "absolute value" between the neck and the pegs. In notes, an open string is indicated by a small circle or zero placed above or below the note.

In some cases, when the musical fabric of the piece requires it, you can tune the string down a semitone in order to get a F-sharp of a small octave for "basque" or D-sharp of the second for "fifth".

Track 5.6

(slide 25-28)The development of the violin has not stopped today. Appeared Electronic violin - combination of acoustic violin with electronic means. Distinguish by body structure: frame body, which serves only as a frame, without affecting the sound generated. (the sound produced by a violin without an electronic part is very quiet).

with resonating body, like an acoustic violin, which gives "volume" to the sound created, but the absence of f-holes (holes in the body) prevents the instrument from sounding loudly separately from the electronic one. The electric violin is more often used in non-classical music of popular genres such as rock, metal, pop music.

Track 7

The violin is the most common bowed string instrument, which has been incredibly popular since the 16th century as a solo and accompanying instrument in an orchestra. The violin is rightfully called the “queen of the orchestra”. In the 17th century, the violin becomes a solo member of the orchestral composition. In a modern orchestra, about 30% of the total number of musicians are violinists. The range and beauty of the sound of a musical instrument are so wide that works of all genres of music are written for the violin. The great composers of the world wrote many unsurpassed masterpieces, where the violin was the main solo instrument.

Khabarovsk is now actively discussing the sale of an apartment, which rumor attributes to the ex-governor of the Khabarovsk Territory Vyacheslav Shport. The apartment is located in the city center (168 Volochaevskaya st.), 5 minutes walk from Lenin Square, where the regional government building is located. 4-room apartment with an area of \u200b\u200b116 sq. meters is sold for 27 million rubles.

The representative of the real estate agency told the journalist DVhab.ru that according to this announcement Shport does not own the apartment, but I would not rush to conclusions. We, I think, will find out the answer when it becomes clear whether Shport will leave Khabarovsk after losing the elections or not.

To begin with, by tradition, I will quote an ad:

"The designer renovation is made in a classic style from expensive branded materials: Italian wallpaper on the walls, Belgian natural wood laminate on the floor, Versace porcelain stoneware tiles, luxury plumbing in bathrooms, natural marble countertops, porcelain sink, 24 carat gold foil mirrors. The entire apartment is equipped with chic furniture of Italian production Giorgio Amati Design (Italy) made of solid wood with gilding elements.In the bedrooms and the living room there is a classic technique of combining wallpaper - companions in a stucco frame, stucco elements, moldings, cornices, corner elements. with stained glass inserts made in the real Tiffany technique.The mirror cloth in the hallway was made according to the old technology with the use of gold leaf, in all the rooms there are Spanish and Austrian lamps and chandeliers, in the living room a hand-made fresco with a bas-relief in a plaster frame became a significant accent laziness. The ceiling is decorated with handmade stucco. On the loggias, copper forging made to order. The apartment has a videophone, a clean entrance, a new elevator, the kindest neighbors, a cozy, well-groomed asphalt courtyard, its own parking space in the underground parking! The house is located in a very convenient location not far from the park, a 2-minute walk from the red line of the city, where banks, shops, all developed infrastructure are located; 5th gymnasium, lyceum of information technology, business center Felix city, shopping center home life, FC Global, Lenin square - administration of the Khabarovsk Territory. "

Let's start with the master bedroom! We immediately understand that the apartment is decorated in the popular "gypsy baroque" style - which is at least a headboard.

Pay attention to the closet. "Luxurious Italian furniture" from the ad looks like this.

The owners tried to make themselves a French balcony, but it is located inside the plastic glazing - it turned out to be as fucking and cheap as possible. But from the flower pots and decorative lizards, we can guess that a grandma lived in the family!

Granny helped in decorating not only the balcony, but also the guest bedroom. Appreciate the bedspread and lambrequins as in the best houses of the 90s.

In the hall, the eyes again run up from the chic Italian furniture. Sideboards are simply amazing!

And this painting! And this vase! And this graceful column!

You can't just take and make doors to the kitchen without stained glass windows.

The kitchen, by the way, is too simple. For my 27 million I want more! Well at least grannies lambrequins remained.

How to calculate that the governor did not live in this apartment after all? There is no golden toilet! There was only enough money for a brush stand.

Okay, more on the mirror frame and towel holders.

Another washbasin

The bathtub is also poor, there is not even a jacuzzi. Not to mention the fact that the gilding was forgotten.

And this is the meditation hall. The person just comes here, sits on the sofa, looks at the wall and relaxes.

If you haven't figured it out yet, this is "a classic stucco companion wallpaper combination."

For ordinary people, companions are cats and dogs, and the owners of this apartment have wallpaper. Because if a cat or a dog appears in the house, all these wallpapers are fucked up.

Slavic wardrobe?

Entrance to an elite house

The very elite house. Well, I don't know ... If I were the governor, I would never have settled here.


All photos:

These three masters are considered to be the creators of the first modern violins. However, it would be an exaggeration to see them as the first craftsmen who made high quality bowed instruments. They inherited the tradition of making viols (and lutes), represented by the few instruments that survive. There is documentary evidence of the existence of violins, which were used for 30 years (and maybe even earlier) before the appearance of the first instruments known to us by Andrea Amati, dating back to 1546.

On the other hand, figurative materials show that during Andrea's lifetime there was a model of the instrument that was different from the one that Amati in Cremona and his colleagues in Brescia adopted as a standard. This last type of instrument was not substantially changed a century later by the great Antonio Stradivari. Amati was the first to establish the type of violin as an instrument approaching in its expressiveness to the timbre of the human voice (soprano).

Andrea Amati made violins mostly small, with low sides and a rather high vaulted deck. The head is large, skillfully carved. For the first time he determined the selection of wood, characteristic of the Cremona school: maple (lower decks, sides, head), spruce or fir (upper decks). On cellos and double basses, the backs are sometimes pear and sycamore. Achieved a clear, silvery, gentle (but not strong enough) sound. Andrea Amati raised the importance of the profession of a violin maker. The classical type of violin he created (the outline of the model, the processing of the vaults of the decks) remained largely unchanged. All subsequent improvements made by other masters mainly concerned the power of sound. Nowadays, Andrea Amati's instruments are rare. His works are characterized by great grace and perfection of geometric lines.

Amati brought the type of violin developed by his predecessors to perfection. In some violins of an enlarged format (364-365 mm), the so-called Grand Amati, he amplified the sound while maintaining the softness and tenderness of the timbre. With a graceful form, his instruments produce a more monumental impression than the works of his predecessors. The varnish is golden yellow with a slight brown tint, sometimes red. Nicolo Amati's cellos are also excellent. Violins and cellos, created by the most famous of the Amati family masters - Nicolo, have survived very few - just over 20.

Amati violins have a pleasant, clean, gentle, though not strong, tone; these violins are small in size, beautifully finished, significantly curved at the top and bottom, as a result of which they do not have a wide and sonorous tone.

Slide 2

Violin