School essay
In the late 1820-1830s. AS Pushkin turns to the study of Russian history. He is interested not only in great personalities, but also in the role in the formation of the state, as well as the question of who or what drives history: the masses or the individual.
The historical novel "The Captain's Daughter" occupies a special place in the work of Alexander Pushkin. He talks about the peasant uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev. The story is told on behalf of the protagonist, who was a witness and direct participant in the events described.
The main problem of the novel is the problem of honor and duty, as evidenced by the epigraph to the work - the Russian proverb: "Take care of honor from your youth." All heroes display these qualities in different ways. So, Peter Grinev, in spite of everything, does not violate the oath given to the empress, defends Marya Ivanovna Mironova, who later became his wife. Shvabrin, on the contrary, at the first opportunity goes over to the side of Pugachev, not sharing the views of the leader of the uprising and not wanting to delve into the problems of the people, into the reasons that prompted him to take extreme measures. He hates rebellion and despises the people. Serf servant Savelich is completely devoted to his young master and remembers the order of the old man Grinev to watch his son, without taking his eyes off. Captain Mironov, father of Marya Ivanovna, commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, fights with Pugachev to the end and honestly fulfills his duty. Grinev senior considers it necessary for his son to serve where you can "smell gunpowder", and therefore sends him not to Petersburg, but to a remote province.
One of the main characters in the novel is Petrusha Grinev, in the novel he appears as an honest and noble person. Despite all the difficulties and mistakes, he fulfills his father's behest: he preserves honor from his youth. Although Grinev more than once finds himself in the hands of Pugachev and accepts his mercy, even finds help and patronage, he never breaks the military oath, even in cases when it could threaten his life.
Wherever Pyotr Grinev appears, he is always followed by his uncle Savelich, the serf of the Grinevs, assigned to serve for the "master's child". For him to look after and follow the young master everywhere is a duty and obligation. He, no matter what happens, everywhere accompanies his master, protecting him from various misfortunes. Upon learning that Grinev lost a hundred rubles to Zurin, he is sincerely worried, worried that the old man Grinev can blame him for his inattention to his son. No matter what he does, his sincere devotion to his master is constantly felt.
Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, Masha Mironova's father, dies at the hands of Pugachev, while showing a high understanding of honor and duty. Until the last minute he remains faithful to the oath he had given and even to the question, the answer to which decides his fate, he, exhausted from the wound, gathered his last strength and answered in a firm voice: "You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, hey, you! " Ivan Ignatovich does the same, repeating the words of the commandant of the fortress, which cannot be said about the police officer Maksimych, who goes over to the side of Pugachev.
Plan
Introduction
Honor and duty are important concepts for a person entering life.
Main part
Grinev does not immediately understand the concept of "duty and honor".
Love taught the hero to defend the honor of his girlfriend.
The Pugachev uprising taught Grinev to understand what military duty is.
Grinev's moral choice between love and military duty:
a) Grinev violates the duty of an officer;
b) the honor of the beloved girl and the honor of the officer above
debt;
c) Shvabrin's false accusations do not frighten Grinev;
d) Grinev's nobility complicates his position.
Conclusion
Grinev remains a man of duty under any circumstances.
Honor and duty are concepts of equal importance to a young person entering life.
In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" one of the main characters is Pyotr Grinev, an ignoramus who entered the path of military service. After a careless childhood
the only son of loving parents does not immediately understand what the duty of an officer and the honor of a nobleman are. The father's behest to serve faithfully, to whom you swear, to protect honor from a young age, Grinev does not immediately realize.
The first thing he does when he is “free” is to learn to play billiards and drink in the company of officer Zurin, who assures him that this is “necessary” for his future service.
Love taught Grinev to defend the honor of his girlfriend when she was slandered by Shvabrin.
The events of the Pugachev riot taught him to realize what military duty and loyalty to the oath are. Therefore, he is ready to prefer “the most cruel execution to such a dastardly humiliation”, but not to kiss the hand of the impostor. "To recognize a tramp as a sovereign" seemed to Grinev "unforgivable cowardice." In response to the promises of Pugachev to make him a prince, Grinev “answered with firmness”: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you. " Such sincerity and directness, even Pugachev, commands respect.
Grinev serves, as before, being in a state of siege in Orenburg. And suddenly he received a letter from Marya Ivanovna, where she asks for help. Grinev's moral choice between love and duty is decided by him in favor of love, because the general refuses Grinev permission to recapture the Belogorsk fortress from the rebels. Yes, Grinev is violating his duty as an officer, leaving Orenburg - his place of service without permission. But he can be understood, because leaving Masha to the mercy of Shvabrin, he will forever tarnish his honor with shame. The honor of a beloved girl and the honor of a nobleman in this situation for Grinev is above duty. And as soon as circumstances allowed, Grinev returned to the service: "I felt that the duty of honor demanded my presence in the army of the empress." The false accusations raised by Shvabrin do not frighten the hero: “my conscience was clear; I was not afraid of the court. " The hero cannot justify himself, since the thought of entangling Marya
Ivanovna "between the vile rumors of villains" seems to him terrifying. His nobility only complicates his position, but the honor of his beloved girl obliges Grinev to accept non-existent guilt.
Grinev, under any circumstances, remains a man of honor and duty, noble and sincere, and receives a worthy reward in the novel's finale: full justification and love of the one for which he risked his life.
Municipal educational institution
“Secondary school № 85 named after Hero of the Russian Federation G.P. Lyachina
Dzerzhinsky district of Volgograd "
Methodical development of a literature lesson in grade 8
Theme:
"The problem of honor, dignity and moral choice in the story
A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter". Grinev and Shvabrin "
Developed by:
Russian language and literature teacher
Stretelnikova Svetlana Gennadievna
Goal: trace through the text the path of Grinev's spiritual development; to awaken students' thoughts on such issues of morality and behavior as loyalty to a given word, disinterestedness in love and friendship, nobility, a sense of honor and self-worth,
develop the skills of text analysis, expressive reading and retelling.
Equipment: textbooks, notebooks for students, notes on the board, presentation, computer, multimedia projector, screen.
Methodological techniques: word of the teacher, work with the text: concise retelling, analytical conversation, comparative description, expressive reading of episodes.
During the classes:
1. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
2. Lesson epigraphs: Take care of honor from a young age.
Russian proverb.
Honor is an outer conscience, and
conscience is an inner honor.
A. Schopenhauer
Honor is conscience, but conscience is painful
empathetic. This is respect for oneself and for
the dignity of one's own life, brought
to the extreme degree of purity and to the greatest
passion.
A. Vigny
1. Introduction by the teacher.
In his story "The Captain's Daughter" the author reflects on the powerlessness of the enslaved peasantry, on the uprising that threatens the noble state, on the fate of Russia, on its present and future.
But the writer's thoughts concerned not only the historical past and present of the country, but also complex moral issues. Questions of freedom and independence, honor, moral duty. And today we will talk about this with you. Write the topic of the lesson in a notebook. Let's read the epigraphs of our lesson and think about their meaning. At the end of the lesson, we will try to draw up a code of honor for the main character of the work.
So, Pushkin leads his heroes through trials and difficulties. Let's turn to the main character of the story, Pyotr Grinev, and recall some episodes of his life. Pay attention to the illustrations while showing the presentation for our lesson. They will help you see the era in which the heroes lived. Look at the uniform that was worn in the 18th century, this is what an officer of the royal army looked like.
Take a look at young Petrusha Grinev. A slide is projected onto the screen.
Tell us about Petrusha's life in the parental home.
Who had a big influence on Petrusha? Find in the text the judgment of Petrusha's father that his son should serve.
Conclusion: Indeed, the main lessons of life Grinev received not from the Frenchman and not even from Savelich, but from his father Andrei Petrovich. Truth for the old man - Grinev - is, first of all, honest service to his Fatherland, loyalty to the empress, to the one "to whom you swear". While instructing his son, he warns him against greed and careerism.
What can we say about Grinev's mother? (student answer)
Conclusion: Indeed, little has been said about her, but her influence will affect later, when the character of Peter begins to be revealed. The kindness of the mother and the whole life of the Grinev family developed gentleness and conscientiousness in Petrusha.
And after all, a kind attitude towards a serf is the result of upbringing received at home.
It cannot be said that Petrusha at first fully assimilated his father's view of military service, there was incredible confusion in his head.
How was military service presented to young Petrusha?
The second stage of Grinev's formation begins from the moment he leaves his home. We remember that the first blow to dreams is struck by the father, deciding to send Petrusha to the Army and not to Petersburg, but to Orenburg. The dream of a fun and carefree military life disappears after a feast with Zurin.
What happened?
How does this story end?
What lesson did Zurin teach him?
What disappointment awaits Grinev in the Belogorsk fortress?
How does the Russian Mironov family appear before us?
Conclusion: Remember the lines from the story where the author writes: "There was no other society in the fortress, but I did not want another." The way of life of the Mironovs was very close to the Grinev family.
How did Petrusha show himself in a quarrel with Shvabrin? Why did he agree to a duel even though duels were prohibited?
How do both opponents behave during the fight? How was Grinev injured?
Conclusion: Shvabrin took advantage of the fact that Grinev was distracted by Savelich's call, and struck him a sneaky blow. It could cost Petrusha his life. But the hero still knows little about people. He thought that Shvabrin would behave according to the rules of the duel, as honestly as Grinev himself. Perhaps this is also a lesson - not to be too gullible.
What did Grinev defend in the duel? What are his qualities manifested in the story of the duel?
Conclusion: He defended his honor and dignity and his beloved. He showed nobility by not mentioning Masha's name. Vasilisa Yegorovna Grinev, without naming the true reasons, explained that he and Shvabrin had quarreled "for a song." Grinev acted bravely and courageously, because Shvabrin was older and more experienced than him, including in the ability to fight with swords.
Why did Grinev make peace with Shvabrin?
From the text: "I was too happy to keep a feeling of hostility in my heart." Grinev decided that Shvabrin sincerely repented, believed that he slandered out of a feeling of "offended pride and rejected love," and "generously" forgave his "unfortunate rival."
Why did Grinev's father refuse his son a blessing to marry Masha Mironova?
How did Grinev-father find out about his son's adventures?
Work on the chapter "Attack":
What feelings do the heroes experience and how do they behave before the battle with the Pugachevites: Grinev, captain Mironov, Vasilisa Yegorovna, Masha?
What character traits of Captain Mironov does the scene of his death reveal?
(Selflessness, honesty, loyalty to the oath, to the empress-empress. He lived honestly, modestly, and met his death just as worthily. The last words of the captain: "You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, do you hear!")
How is Shvabrin described in the execution scene? What is the role of this description?
(Shvabrin is described in several precise strokes: he managed not only to go over to Pugachev's side, but also to cut his hair "in a circle" and put on a Cossack caftan. In addition, he managed to whisper something to Pugachev, after which Grinev was dragged to the gallows.)
What is the reason for Grinev's miraculous salvation?
What events especially strongly influenced the formation of the hero's spiritual world?
What does honor mean for Masha Mironova? What character traits are manifested in Masha in the story of her love for Grinev?
Conclusion: Much in her actions is explained by the fact that she is the daughter of the Mironovs.
And what does honor mean for the Mironov family?
Conclusion: Indeed, Ivan Kuzmich lived modestly and honestly. And he met his death with dignity. And Vasilisa Yegorovna was next to her husband until the last moment.
What are the last words that Vasilisa Yegorovna utters before her death? Find these lines in the text.
How did it happen that Grinev was captured by the rebels? What qualities did Grinev show in this situation?
Conclusion: Grinev loves Savelich like his own father. Although they stand at different social levels, their relationship is closer to family: the master and the servant quarrel, reconcile, the uncle grumbles, he does not give money to the master. Grinevskoe "my Sevelich" least of all means my serf.
Does Shvabrin have any idea of \u200b\u200bhonor?
What is important for the formation of a person's personality?
Conclusion: We all come from childhood. And therefore it is very important in which family a person was brought up. In many ways, parents are an example for their children. Who were his teachers, friends?
For Pushkin, the correct path in the story is not to move from one camp of modernity to another, but to rise above the "cruel age", while maintaining human dignity and respect for the lives of other people.
Let's try to draw up a code of honor for Peter Grinev.
The guys take turns listing the qualities of the protagonist. In support of their words, in addition to what was said, a slide is projected onto the screen
P. Grinev's code of honor:
Ingenuousness, honesty and sincerity
Innocence
Humane attitude towards the serf Savelich
Generosity
Selflessness in friendship and love
Nobility and kindness
Willingness to defend the honor of a loved one, up to and including self-sacrifice
Courage
Loyalty to the military oath and duty
Fidelity to the given word
Self-esteem
V. And Dal in his dictionary defines the word "honor" as follows (we write in a notebook:
"Honor" - the inner moral dignity of a person, valor, honesty, nobility of soul and a clear conscience).
Do you think "honor" is a purely noble or universal quality? Prove it.
Conclusion: In our modern world, in which we live, unfortunately, these concepts have lost their value, for some reason have become outdated. But if you don't dissemble, did you boys want to have such a reliable friend as Pyotr Grinev, reliable and honest?
And girls, I am sure, dream of having such a husband and father for their children in the future.
Who can you call an honest, noble person today?
Conclusion: Today in the lesson we have proved with you that "honor" is not only a purely noble quality, but also a universal quality.
Homework: 1. Reread chapters 8 - 12.
2. Find in the work all the episodes in which Pugachev appears.
Compare his portraits in the chapters "Leader", "Attack",
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the founder of realism and the Russian literary language, was interested all his life at turning points in the history of Russia, as well as outstanding personalities who influenced the course of the country's historical development. The images of Peter I, Boris Godunov, Emelyan Pugachev pass through all his work. Of particular interest to Pushkin was the peasant revolt raised by Pugachev in 1772 / 73-1775. The author traveled a lot to the places of the uprising, collected material, wrote several works about the peasant war, but only one thing acquired an artistic form - the story "The Captain's Daughter". This work was written in the years 1833-1836. It was, as it were, the result of the author's historical quests, embodying his thoughts, feelings, doubts.
One of the main problems raised in the work is the problem of honor and duty, which is realistically shown by the author in all its manifestations: from honor and duty of a simple peasant or a fugitive Cossack to the empress herself.
The main character of the story is also a memoirist-storyteller - Peter Grinev. This quite ordinary person, by the will of fate, is drawn into the whirlpool of historical events, in which the traits of his character are revealed. Petrusha is a young nobleman, an uyezd ignoramus, who received a typical provincial education from a Frenchman who “was not an enemy of the bottle” and “liked to take too much.” His father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, an old guard officer, considered the concepts of honor and duty only from the standpoint of an officer of government troops, believed that an officer was obliged to carry out all orders of his superiors, “serve faithfully to whom you swear”. Grinev the son, without giving up such an understanding of honor and duty, expands it to universal and civil significance. He, making mistakes, all the time tries to follow the instructions of his father: "Take care of honor from a young age." He never once changed the oath given to the empress. Choosing between death and treason to oath, he preferred the former. Nevertheless, he was able to see the positive qualities in the leader of the anti-noble uprising: honesty, nobility, courage, intelligence. When his beloved Masha Mironova was in trouble, he, without betraying his oath, asks for help from Pugachev.
Opposed to Grinev is Alexei Ivanovich Shvabrin. He is a metropolitan nobleman, an officer of the guard, a secularly brilliant, but superficially educated person. In it, the reading of sentimental novels and works of French enlighteners brought up only lack of principle and ostentatious patriotism. Exiled, obviously, for a duel, having no chance of returning to St. Petersburg, he adheres to the uprising, seeing in it only the possibility of change and promotion, and most importantly, the preservation of life. Shvabrin despises the people, hates and fears Pugachev. All his thoughts and actions are only about himself; he is an egoist. When everyone defends the fortress and, having yielded in battle, refuse to recognize the emperor in Pugachev, he "readily goes over to his side. His meanness and baseness are also manifested in relations with Masha Mironova. Shvabrin could not win her heart and, having become commandant, tried to force make her marry him.
Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov understands honor and duty as a true officer who has sworn allegiance to the empress. He fearlessly defends the Belogorsk fortress, even without having good weapons. After the surrender of the fortress, he refuses to recognize the emperor as a “fugitive Cossack”, for which he deprives him of his life (“Neither Prussian bayonets nor Turkish bullets touched you; you did not lay your belly in a fair fight, but disappeared from a fugitive convict”).
The problem of honor and duty is also connected with the image of Pugachev. From the point of view of the officers of the guard, he is a “fugitive Cossack”, the leader of an anti-noble uprising, a criminal, a robber, but in fact he also has positive features. The concepts of honor and duty are not alien to him. Remembering the hare's sheepskin coat and a glass of wine, once given to him by Grinev, he leaves him life, gives him a horse, a sheepskin coat, gives money, which, however, was stolen by the police officer. Pugachev lives by the principle: "Debt by payment is beautiful." He does not allow the orphan to be mocked and tortured and is ready to punish the offender himself. It is he who helps Grinev save Masha from Shvabrin.
Savelich understands honor and duty quite differently. He is not a military man, not a nobleman, not a fugitive convict, but a simple, conscientious and good-natured courtyard, a serf peasant. He selflessly loves Grinev and tries to do everything for the sake of the “master's child”. Even his stinginess is a manifestation of care for the master. Savelich is ready to sacrifice everything, even his life, for the sake of Grinev: he throws himself at Pugachev's feet, begging him not to hang Petrusha, but to hang him for order. This is his duty: to look after and preserve the master's child.
We also see the concepts of honor and duty in the example of the sergeant, the “generals” Pugachev and the whole people. All of them, without hesitation, go over to the side of the strongest. There is no honor or duty for them. The sergeant sometimes serves as the commandant, then Pugachev, then helps Masha and Grinev. "Yenerals", according to Pugachev, "at the first failure ... they will redeem their neck with my head." The people, as soon as the rebels occupied the Belogorsk fortress, swears allegiance to Pugachev, collects the money that he throws them, and expresses complete submission.
Summing up, we can say that in his work A.S. Pushkin realistically showed various strata of Russian society: from fugitive and serfs to serving nobles, from an impostor to an empress. Using their example, the author truthfully revealed the positive and negative qualities of the Russian people, but the main problem of the story is the problem of honor and duty.
The theme of the nobility, its fate and role in the development of Russia will be the main theme in Russian literature of the 19th century. The destinies of the nobility are also shown in the historical story "The Captain's Daughter" by Alexander Pushkin. But the main problem of the work is the problem of honor and duty, in relation to which the images of the heroes of this story are revealed.
The honor and duty of an officer were not empty words for the nobility of the 18th century, especially for the patriarchal nobility, shown in the person of Grinev Sr. and the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, Captain Mironov. The captain prefers to die rather than swear allegiance to an impostor, and Grinev Sr. considers it an officer's duty to “sniff gunpowder,” so he sends his son to serve not in St. Petersburg, but in a remote province. The image of Petrusha Grinev is shown by the author in development. First, it is a “little guy”, “chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys,” and then, by the will of fate, he is plunged into the abyss of historical events.
Arriving at the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev falls under the command of Captain Mironov. He immediately notes that the commandant was an “uneducated” person, “simple, but the most honest and kind”. In the Mironov family, he was accepted as his own, because he did not notice any fundamental differences from his own family with its patriarchal way of life, honey jam and the Court calendar. He explains his initial prejudice against Marya Ivanovna by the slander of his friend. Shvabrin slandered the Mironov family, which did nothing wrong to him. He avenged his offended ambition. Shvabrin is a person of a completely different environment than Grinev and the family of Captain Mironov. Having arrived from St. Petersburg, where he saw luxury and a different life with different principles and values, he cannot fit into the garrison society in any way, meets a tacit but stubborn rejection. Marya Ivanovna, a simple poor girl who has no plans for marriage in this godforsaken fortress, suddenly refuses him. Shvabrin's pride is wounded.
He is trying to get revenge. To lie, betray, and slander a person for him is absolutely no difficulty. Shvabrin's vindictiveness is also manifested at the trial, just as during the capture of the fortress by Pugachev.
Being a naturally intelligent person, Pugachev immediately sees the difference between Shvabrin and Grinev. He cannot but respect the latter, who, even in the face of death, continues to behave with dignity, speaks the truth and remains faithful to the once given oath. He cannot but understand that Grinev personally does not conceal evil against him, and if he fights, then only obeying the order, that this young nobleman poses no more danger than, say, Shvabrin, Khlopusha or White-bearded, who, according to to the expression of Pugachev himself, "at the first failure ... they will redeem their neck with my head."
Grinev correctly believes the truth to be “the simplest, and at the same time the most reliable” way of justification. He hadn't seen much in his life. Almost the only examples he could observe were his father and captain Mironov. And although Grinev in life and, in particular, in St. Petersburg "suspected miracles" and even tried to get drunk, lose and marry, he still did not disgrace the name of his ancestors and the honor of his family, but, in principle, repeated their example. But it cannot be said that Grinev was no different from the representatives of the previous generation. Although there was no obvious enemy in front of him - a Turk or a Swede - in front of him was his Russian people, split into two halves, it was a tangled tangle of relationships in which Grinev himself was a participant. Grinev's debt was not just a duty to the Fatherland, an obligation to act and act in the interests of the authorities, but a duty to a person, the need to make the only fair decision. For this it was necessary to possess many moral qualities.
The concept of duty is also inherent in the female characters of the story, which develops into the concept of loyalty. Masha Mironova remained faithful to her heartfelt affection despite fear. She is the true daughter of her father. Mironov in life was a gentle and good-natured person, but in an extreme situation he showed a determination worthy of a Russian officer. His daughter fainted from a cannon shot, but when it came to her honor, she was ready, like her father, to die rather than do anything contrary to her conscience. Pushkin leads us to the conclusion that honor and dignity are the necessary qualities of an integral and organic personality. Each of the heroes of the story understands these concepts differently and acts as his conscience tells him to.
In the late twenties and early thirties, A.S. Pushkin turned to the study of Russian history. He is interested in great personalities, their role in the formation of the state, as well as the question of who or what drives history: the masses or the individual. This is what makes the writer turn to the actual topic of peasant uprisings. The result of his labors were works - "The History of Pugachev", "The Captain's Daughter", "Dubrovsky", "The Bronze Horseman".
The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" was written by A. Pushkin in 1833-1836. The plot is based on a brutal clash of two opposing worlds: the world of the nobility and the world of the peasants, led by Yemelyan Pugachev. Against the background of these events, the story of the love of the young nobleman Pyotr Andreevich Grinev for the daughter of the commandant of the Belo-Gorsk fortress Masha Mironova is told. The central problem of the work is the problem of honor and duty, as evidenced by the epigraph: “Take care of honor from your youth,” which, as we will see later, will determine the life of the protagonist everywhere.
From childhood, Petr Andreevich lived in an atmosphere of extreme morality. Through the mouth of the old servant Savelich, the author reveals the moral foundations of the Grinev family: “It seems that neither father nor grandfather were drunkards; there is nothing to say about mother ... ”With these words the devoted servant of his young master, who was drunk for the first time and showed himself not from the best side, teaches.
The first time Grinev did his honor, returning the card debt, although Savelich discouraged him from such a step. But the innate nobility of the nobleman prevailed here too. A man of honor, Petr Andreyevich is always kind and disinterested. He can easily welcome a bunny sheepskin coat from his shoulder to some tramp of thieves' appearance. As it turns out later, this act saved his and his servant's life. Here Pushkin carries out the idea that true goodness will never go unappreciated; it is much easier for kind and honest people to exist than for evil and selfish people.
Arrival to the Belogorsk fortress was also marked by many changes in the world outlook of Peter Andreevich. Here he meets Masha Mironova, here a tender feeling flares up between them. Grinev acted like a true officer and nobleman, standing up for the honor of his beloved girl and challenging Shvabrin to a duel.
Shvabrin's image is the exact opposite of Grinev's. According to his position, he belongs to the guard officers. A brilliantly educated socialite, nevertheless, by nature, very unprincipled. We know little about his past: his career was broken as a result of “murder”, there is no hope of returning to St. Petersburg. Shvabrin joined the uprising solely for his own benefit, because otherwise he would have been waiting for the gallows. Having thus sacrificed noble honor, Shvabrin joined the ranks of the rebels, although the goals of the uprising were completely alien to him.
During the riot itself, the moral qualities of all its participants were especially clearly manifested. What is the true heroism of Captain Mironov and his wife, who chose death to serve the impostor. They have done their duty to the end. Pyotr Andreevich did the same, which aroused respect from Pugachev. Gradually revealing the image of the leader of the peasant uprising, Pushkin lets us know that the concepts of honor and duty are not alien to Pugachev. He was able to appreciate these qualities in Grinev and benefited him in everything. Exclusively through the efforts of Pugachev, Peter Andreevich and Masha found each other. Subsequently, even Grinev himself was able to see and appreciate in the rebel and impostor a man of honor, who also has a sense of duty. This is the main difference between Grinev the son and the old man Grinev, for whom the honor and duty of a noble officer were the most important. Grinev Jr. was able to expand these concepts to their universal human meaning and did not deny humanity to such a seemingly alien to him person as Pugachev.
Friendship with the leader of the peasant uprising should have had the most negative effect on the fate of the hero. Indeed, we see him being arrested on a denunciation and are already preparing to send him to the scaffold after Pugachev. However, the matter is decided by Masha Mironova, who considers it her duty to go to St. Petersburg and tell the empress how it really happened, hoping for the "mercy" of the monarch, and not for "justice." The girl's wonderful meeting with the lady, who later turned out to be the empress herself, and Grinev's pardon once again show that in a society that lives by the laws of honor and duty, it is much easier to achieve the truth.
The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" occupies a special place in the work of Alexander Pushkin. It tells about a peasant uprising led by the fugitive Cossack Emelyan Pugachev, posing as the miraculously escaped Peter III. The events described in the work span about two years: from the beginning of the winter of 1772-1773 to January 1775. The narration is conducted on behalf of the protagonist, who in his youth was a witness and direct participant in the events described.
The main problem of the story is the problem of honor and duty, as evidenced by the epigraph to the work - the Russian proverb: “Take care of honor from a young age”. All heroes exhibit these qualities in different ways. So, Peter Grinev, in spite of everything, does not violate the oath given to the empress, protects and patronizes Marya Ivanovna Mironova, who later became his wife. Shvabrin, on the contrary, at the first opportunity goes over to the side of Pugachev, not sharing the views of the leader of the uprising and not wanting to delve into the problems of the people, into the reasons that prompted him to take extreme measures - the uprising. He hates and despises the people. The serf Savelich is completely devoted to his young master and remembers the order of old man Grinev to watch his son, without taking his eyes off. Captain Mironov, father of Marya Ivanovna, commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, to the last fights with Pugachev and honestly fulfills his duty.
One of the main characters and the author of "family notes", Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, does not receive a good education in childhood, lives "an undergrowth, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the courtyard boys." However, in the story he appears before us as an honest and noble person. Grinev refers to the advanced and best people precisely for his moral qualities, and not for education. Despite all the difficulties and mistakes, he fulfills his father's behest: he preserves honor from his youth. Although Pyotr Grinev more than once finds himself in the hands of Pugachev and accepts his mercy, even finds help and patronage from a fugitive Cossack, he never breaks the military oath, even in cases where it can threaten his life, the hero never betrays himself and people that depend on it. He remains in the service even when he frees Marya Ivanovna from captivity and can go home to see his parents. And if Grinev-father speaks of honor, first of all, as the honor of a nobleman and an officer, then Grinev-son is able to expand the concept of honor to its universal and civil significance.
The complete opposition to Grinev in the work is Shvabrin, a young, secularly brilliant, but superficially educated officer, exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for "murder", where he does not see, except for Grinev, not a single "human face". No one loves him in the fortress. Masha Mironova, for whom he is wooing, refuses him. He tries to take revenge on her by telling Grinev (who, he believes, is the only one who is able to believe him) tales about the girl. As soon as Pugachev appears in his fate, he, without wasting a minute, goes over to the side of the rebels, although the goals of the uprising are alien to him. He deeply despises the people, fears and hates Pugachev. Having gone over to the side of the rebels, he is trying to change something in his fate. Shvabrin remains true to himself to the last, forcing Marya Ivanovna to marry him. When he is exposed, he does everything to prevent the happiness of Pyotr Andreevich and the poor girl, and subsequently, “repenting” to the state, betrays Grinev, giving false testimony against him in court.
Wherever Pyotr Grinev appears, he is always followed by his uncle Savelich, the serf of the Grinevs, assigned to keep an eye on the "master's child." For him to look after and follow the young master everywhere is a duty and a duty. He, no matter what happens, everywhere accompanies his master, protecting him from any misfortunes. Upon learning that Grinev lost a hundred rubles to Zurin, he is sincerely worried and worried that the old man Grinev can blame him for his inattention to his son. He considers it his duty to follow the lordly good. Savelich is angry with Pyotr Andreyevich for giving the hare's sheepskin coat to the tramp-counselor, without even taking into account the opinion of his uncle. No matter what he does, his sincere devotion to his master is constantly felt.
Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, father of Marya Ivanovna, dies at the hands of Pugachev, while also showing a high understanding of honor and duty. Until the last minute, he remains faithful to his oath, and even to the question, the answer to which decides his fate, he, “exhausted from the wound, gathered his last strength and answered in a firm voice:“ You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, hey, you ! ” Ivan Ignatyevich does the same, repeating the words of the commandant of the fortress, which cannot be said about the sergeant Maksimych, who goes over to the side of Pugachev.
So, the problem of honor and duty is central to the historical story "The Captain's Daughter". Each of the heroes acts in accordance with their own understanding of these high qualities.
The problem of moral choice in Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter
Thanks to the memoir form of narration in the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" the attention of the author (and, consequently, of the reader) is concentrated mainly on the inner world of the heroes, and not on actual events, on the personal perception of the heroes of what is happening, their assessment, reaction, style of behavior in critical situations of difficult moral choices. The actions described in the work did not have a decisive significance in history, but still one can speak of the heroes of The Captain's Daughter as truly strong or at least striking characters.
At first glance, since Grinev is the central character of the work, then the problem of choice should arise only before him. But this is a delusion. The novel is filled with very different and extraordinary characters, and each of them has to choose.
The first on the pages of the novel we see Pyotr Grinev. He is just entering adulthood, his youthful desire for an independent life, for enjoying its delights is comical, but even this is already his choice of a further path, with his inevitable mistakes. Grinev does not heed Savelich's exhortations when he scolds him for giving a sheepskin coat to a bearded tramp, or for wanting to pay a loss. We see that a young man, despite his ardor and frivolity, has qualities such as a sense of gratitude and honesty.
Grinev will be very surprised in the future that a children's sheepskin coat, presented to a night counselor, a drunkard from an inn, will later save him from the noose, and the tramp himself will turn out to be the one who will become known throughout Russia. However, this surprise could not shake his moral foundations. "I swore allegiance to the empress, I cannot swear to you", - such is the answer of the young man to Pugachev. The Belogorsk fortress is captured, and the conspirators carry out public executions, offering as an alternative to join their ranks. Grinev faces the same question as the rest of the defenders of the fortress: to die with honor, without changing the oath, or to join the gang to the "robber" Pugachev. The young man does not deviate from his principles, preferring "fierce execution" to "vile humiliation." And only Savelich's intervention saves him from this fate. But other participants in the defense did not escape reprisals. So the commandant perishes, his wife and many officers were ruthlessly killed. Some, however, solve this problem in favor of life, such as Shvabrin. He cheats on the oath, this is his choice, for which later, by the way, he will pay.
Grinev, however, came out with honor even from such a difficult situation as personal communication with Pugachev. Even then, the hero directly replies that he does not recognize him as tsar and, if he lets him go, he will again fight against the conspirators if ordered.
And what about Pugachev? Grinev expects that for such free words he will definitely be killed, just like the others. But Pugachev also has his own ideas about honor. In the scene of the execution of the defenders of the fortress, he recalls the generosity of the young man who presented him with his sheepskin coat, and responds with kindness for good; in gratitude, he keeps him alive. He acts just as nobly by releasing Grinev, despite his confession (that he will continue to fight against him). The leader of the insurgents could simply not pay attention to the young officer, execute him, as well as the others, but possessing all the same moral values, albeit unique, he does not allow himself to respond with evil for good.
Since there is a love line in the novel, the problem of moral choice certainly applies to this topic. So Grinev in Orenburg, having received a letter from Masha Mironova, must choose between a soldier's duty, forcing him to stay, and a duty of honor, calling for help from his girlfriend. Naturally, the latter wins, and Grinev goes to rescue. Here his fate is again closely intertwined with the will of Pugachev. He, as we already know, knows how to be grateful, and also does not tolerate injustice. He forgives those little lies about Masha's parents and helps free her from Shvabrin.
This strange, incomprehensible help of the rebel to the officer confuses Grinev's chiefs, and he falls under investigation. But even under the threat of a military court, he does not allow his honor to mention the name of Masha before the judges, although it would have saved him, would have justified being in the enemy camp. At that time, if someone's name sounds at a trial, then this will surely stain it in front of society. Grinev, based on his convictions, decides not to publicize his relationship with Masha Mironova. Dignity, honor, human duty - this is his guide in life. And Masha herself turns out to be worthy of respect, Shvabrin makes her choose: either she will marry him, or he will give her to the robbers (who, most likely, will kill her). It should be noted that she prefers death; it is only later that she is saved from this fate.
By the way, Pugachev himself also at a certain moment decides to die, but not lose his honor. It is an honor for him not to accept "charity." Grinev, in gratitude for the help, invites the conspirator to surrender, relying on the mercy of the empress. For Pugachev, such a proposal is ridiculous (remember, at least once he tells a young man a famous fairy tale about a raven), he is too proud and too confident in his righteousness.
And it is not for nothing that the epigraph to the novel contains a proverb: "Take care of honor from a young age." This proves once again that the moral choice of each of the heroes of the work is based on how much his honor is dear to him and, in general, on what, in his understanding, honor. And Pushkin, having shown in the novel many different opinions on this issue, nevertheless brings each of them to one or another conclusion, "rewarding" someone with happy love, and leaving someone with nothing, thereby expressing his author's opinion.
