Personal development begins in early childhood. It is at this time that the basic moral principles are laid down, the norms of communication and cultural characteristics are assimilated, which will guide an adult all his subsequent life. The way a person's character is formed in childhood is greatly influenced by his environment. Children form ideas about the ways of communicating with other people and their attitude to their own “I”, focusing on their loved ones and copying parental behaviors.
Where happy adults grow up
Happy adults grow up happy families. Therefore, it is so important that the child feels the joy of childhood, receives enough love and attention from his relatives. The feeling of security, self-neediness, the constant care of father and mother affect the cognitive abilities of the baby, helping his personality to develop harmoniously. The problem of the role of childhood in a person's life and arguments in favor of the special influence of this period on success in adult life can be found in the works of famous psychologists: Carl Gustav Jung, Sigmund Freud,
Emotional development in early childhood is reflected in the ability to withstand stress, negative influences in the future, helps to learn how to adequately assess different people and be able to communicate with them. Based on his own and parental experience, the baby receives the concept of good and bad, forms an idea of family values. Growing up, happy children turn into successful and contented people who are able to take responsibility for their actions.
Problems of adults with difficult childhood
What happens to children who have had difficult childhoods? If the mother and father are not engaged in the upbringing and development of their child, do not pay due attention to each other and constantly quarrel, an adult who has grown up in such an environment develops distorted ideas about family values. They consider their behavior the only and natural norm. Due to the psychological phenomenon of “contagiousness of emotions”, if parents are torn between family and work, and at home they are in a constant depressed and gloomy mood, children “take over” their condition and begin to feel the same way.
Often, children who have experienced abuse from relatives, growing up, begin to “educate” their own children in the same way, not knowing a different attitude. Some psychologists believe it is caused by an unconscious desire to put oneself in the place of the aggressor, so as not to be a defenseless victim anymore.
How childhood difficulties affect character
People whose childhood was not happy often have many psychological problems that prevent them from living. full life. These problems make them perform inappropriate actions that are harmful to themselves and to others. If the parents did not take care of the child and did not instill moral guidelines, the adult will not have a clear system of values. He will not feel remorse when doing a "bad deed" and will not receive satisfaction from a good deed.
Of course, a “hard childhood” is not a sentence. Not necessarily a child, deprived of the love and attention of parents, grows up a criminal. But it is much more difficult for such people to understand their desires and motives, they often underestimate themselves and constantly feel unhappy, unworthy of a good relationship.
A book to help a child during a difficult period
Disbelief in one's own attractiveness forms such unpleasant character traits as deceit, greed, hypocrisy. Children who grew up without any care at all or with only one parent may envy the "happy children" from complete families. They do not know how to communicate and hardly make friends.
On the other hand, the ability to overcome difficulties can have a positive impact on the future life of the child. Those who are used to coping with difficulties, defending their point of view and learning to build relationships on their own often become successful in adulthood. Help children get through difficult times moral issues and the actions of other people are capable of literary works.
Discussion of the role of childhood in literature lessons
The behavior of book characters, the experiences associated with them, make it possible to feel in the place of another, to understand the motives for the actions of different people. Trying on all sorts of roles, the baby gets acquainted with a variety of moral systems, forms his own values and personality. By pronouncing the experiences and feelings associated with a particular character, the parent contributes to the emotional development of his child, teaching him to be kind, caring, attentive to the needs of other people.
To discuss the problem of the role of childhood in a person's life, arguments in favor of the influence of early years on the formation of personality, children can at school in literature lessons. This question is raised in many classical works. The topic for the essay "The role of childhood in a person's life" is found at the exam. To receive a high mark, students need to formulate their own point of view on the problem and justify it using their knowledge, personal experience and arguments from several literary works.
The role of childhood in the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
To reveal the theme of education as a way of forming a personality, one should pay attention to the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Main character- a nobleman, he has been surrounded by the culture and life of the capital since childhood. Onegin's personality is extraordinary, therefore he does not feel satisfaction from secular life, although he was brought up among the noble intelligentsia. This contradictory state is manifested in the episode of the duel with Lensky, which leads the main character to the loss of the meaning of life.
Tatyana Larina, the heroine of the novel by A. S. Pushkin, received a completely different upbringing. Her personality was influenced by Russian culture and Western novels. folk traditions she absorbed through the environment, thanks to fairy tales and legends that the nanny told little Tanya. The childhood of the heroine passed among the beauties of Russian nature and folk rituals. The influence of the West reflects Pushkin's ideal of education: combining European education with the national traditions of Russia. That is why Tatyana stands out for her strong moral principles and strong character, which distinguishes her from the rest of the heroes of the novel "Eugene Onegin".
The question of the influence of education on character in the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Schoolchildren can be recommended to take one of the works of L. N. Tolstoy as an example for writing. In the novel War and Peace, Pyotr Rostov, who inherited kindness and openness from his parents, shows best qualities in his first and only battle, right before his death. Other heroes of the epic, Helen and Anatole Kuragin, who did not know the love of their parents and were brought up in a family where money was valued above all else, grow up as selfish and immoral people.
Goncharov: the problem of the role of childhood in human life, arguments. "Oblomov"
Writer I. A. Goncharov in the novel "Oblomov" focuses on the problem of the role of childhood in human life. The protagonist of the work, Ilya Oblomov, is completely unable to take care of himself, as he grew up in "greenhouse conditions". He does not complete any of his decisions and does not even try to start doing something, but only mentally imagines how good it will be in the end. His friend, the energetic and active Stolz, was taught by his parents to be independent from childhood. This hero is disciplined, hardworking and knows what he wants.
Impressions of childhood in the work of V. Soloukhin "The Third Hunt"
At a literature lesson, the teacher may offer to analyze an excerpt from the collection of the Soviet writer V. Soloukhin "The Third Hunt" to help students understand the problem of the role of childhood in human life. Arguments based on Soloukhin's text concern not only the formation of personality, but also the influence of childhood impressions on the fate of an adult, his connection with the Motherland. He colorfully illustrates his idea with detailed metaphors related to nature, and sketches from the life of Russian poets. The author argues that the foundation of personality is laid in childhood, and the memories and impressions of youth are always reflected in the future.
Education of the nobility in the "Undergrowth" by D. I. Fonvizin
The famous comedy by D. I. Fonvizin “Undergrowth” is also devoted to the problem of the role of childhood in human life. The author's arguments and reflections show what a strong influence his family has on the child's personality. The main character - Mitrofanushka, whose name has become a household name, adopts greed, cruelty and other vices of his mother. He received slavish inclinations from a serf nanny and the qualities of a tyrant from his own parents, which is reflected in his behavior and treatment of people. The image of Mitrofan indicates the decline of the noble society, caused by improper upbringing.
The Problem of the Role of Childhood in Human Life: Arguments from the Literature of Foreign Writers
The works of Charles Dickens, where the main characters are often people with a difficult childhood, are perfect for illustrating the problem of the influence of young years on the formation of personality. In the novel "David Copperfield", largely autobiographical, the writer portrays a man who remained good, despite the constant humiliation, difficulties and injustice of life. Little David constantly comes to the aid of ordinary people, which allows him to maintain faith in their sincerity. The boy himself learns to distinguish good from evil, to adequately evaluate himself. He has the ability to see positive features in every person.
Margaret Drabble's novel "One summer season"shows that childhood is not just a period limited by a certain age, it is also associated with psychological maturity. An adult is responsible for his decisions and actions, he understands the importance of mutual assistance and has worldly wisdom.
The role of childhood: arguments from journalism
In journalism, the problem of the role of childhood in a person's life is also often considered. Arguments for an essay on this topic can be taken from the article by A. Zamostyanov "Childhood and youth in the fate of Suvorov." In his work, the author says that the commander's personality was strongly influenced by his mother's stories about the famous military leaders of the past: Alexander the Great and Alexander Nevsky. The parent accompanied her story with the comment that the strength of a person is in the head, and not in the hands. It was after such stories that this sickly boy began to develop and temper himself, because he wanted to become a military man.
The period of childhood is very important for the full and harmonious development of the individual. It is the basis for an adequate perception of oneself and one's strengths, the world around and the further happy life of a person.
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….……..2
I. Children's Literature …………………………………………………...….........2
II. The development of the theme of childhood in the works of Russian writers……………....5
II .1 "Childhood" of M. Gorky.……………………………………………….6
II .2 The theme of childhood in the work of I.S. Shmelev.…………………………...6
II .3 The theme of childhood in A.P. Platonov’s story “The Pit” ……………….7
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………..9
Bibliography …………………………… ………………………………………….1 0
Introduction
Today, the topic we have chosen is quite relevant. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, writers have always been interested in this topic, secondly, 2008 was declared the year of the family in Russia, and thirdly, due to the unfavorable social situation in our country, there are a lot of disadvantaged children. And what, if not literature, will attract attention, warn people: “Beware, children!” The theme of childhood in the literature is too voluminous to try to reveal it in one work, therefore it seems logical to make a small generalization and specify the direction that this work will be devoted to.
You can write a lot about children's literature - books created specifically for children and about children, as well as books that were written for adults, but are considered children's.
The purpose of the study in this work will be children's literature as such and the motives of childhood in "adult" literature. The tasks before us are the following:
To trace how this motif was transformed in literature.
Analyze what the writers thought about when depicting children or the childhood of a child in their works.
Research methods used by us:
The study of literary sources.
Comparative analysis of works.
Comparative analysis of the images of the heroes of the works.
The object of the study was the theme of childhood in literature, the subject - the works of M. Gorky, I. Shmelev and A. Platonov.
The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography.
I. Children's literature
Especially for children, fairy tales by G.K. Andersen, “Alice in Wonderland” by L. Carroll, “ Prisoner of the Caucasus» L.N. Tolstoy, “The Prisoner of the Caucasus” by L.N. Tolstoy, “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by M. Twain, almost all novels by Jules Verne, stories and novels by A.P. Gaidar and many other works.
"Robinson Crusoe" by D. Defoe, "Gulliver's Travels" by J. Swift, fairy tales by A. S. Pushkin, novels by V. Scott, F. Cooper, A. Dumas, "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth" by L.N. .Tolstoy, “The Adventures of Baron Munchausen” by R.E. Raspe, “Kashtanka” by A.P. Chekhov, “The Little Prince” by A. de Saint-Exupery, “The Gadfly” by E.L. Voinich, “How the Steel Was Tempered” by N. A. Ostrovsky were written not for children. But the sharpness of the plot, the richness of the plot, the nobility and moral purity heroes, their striving for excellence and the dream of the future attract the attention of both adult and young readers to them.
There are books for children that bring up a love of nature. How can one not recall M.M. Prishvin, B.S. Zhitkov, V.V. Bianchi? Their stories about nature and animals teach love and a reverent attitude towards the world around them.
And fairy tales and fantastic stories - the most popular genre - not only in Russia. They teach goodness, justice, expand the horizons of knowledge. Thanks to such literature, one can grow inquisitive scientists, fearless travelers, people who can dream and create.
Children's books were especially widespread during the Soviet Union. Even V. G. Belinsky argued that children's books are written for education, and education is a great thing: it decides the fate of a person. And the book in the USSR was put at the service of raising a child - a person - a citizen.
Modern Russian children's literature did not grow from scratch. Its deep traditions should be sought primarily in the work of those great Russian writers for whom the children's theme was a reverent and heartfelt theme, a serious and indispensable theme, whose work, in some important part of it, has firmly entered children's reading due to its concreteness, simplicity and sincerity.
So, let's try to take a look at all this fascinating world children's literature. Here we can recall N.A. Nekrasov, L.N. Tolstoy, D.N. Mamin - Sibiryak, A.I. Kuprin, V.G. Korolenko and many others. The founders of Soviet children's literature were M. Gorky, K. Chukovsky, S. Ya. Marshak. They not only wrote for the children themselves, but also found talented "experienced people" and urged them to give their knowledge and abilities to the most difficult task of creating books for children. So the shipbuilder, sailor and pilot B.S. Zhitkov, biologist V.V. Bianki became the authors of wonderful children's books. Without removing the overcoat smelling of gunpowder, straight from the fronts civil war A.P. Gaidar came to children's literature. From the school bench, the poetess A.L. Barto, pupils of the Leningrad school named after F.M. Dostoevsky, who glorified it as the “Republic of Shkid”, G. Belykh and L. Panteleev entered the children's literature. Left mathematics for the sake of work in children's literature L.A. Kassil ...
Many "adult" writers enriched children's literature with their works: "Three fat men" by Yu.K. Olesha, "The lonely sail turns white" by V.P. » V.A.Kaverin, stories by M.M.Prishvin, M.M.Zoshchenko, A.P.Platonov, stories by S.T.Grigoriev.
Image goodie located in the center of children's literature. In the books of Soviet writers, this is primarily a fighter for the people's happiness, a revolutionary. Displaying the continuity of generations, the writers talked about how, next to their fathers, they courageously fought young heroes civil and Great Patriotic Wars. The image of a young fighter, an active and conscious participant in social life, was created. The books immortalized the exploits of young partisans, made friends forever with Gaidar's Timur, with Tanya Sabaneeva from R. Fraerman's "Wild Dog Dingo", with Sima Krupitsyna from L. Kassil's "Great Confrontation", Sanya Grigoriev from V. Kaverin's "Two Captains", Antoshka from Z. Voskresenskaya's story "The Girl in the Stormy Sea", Yura and Gizi from the novel "Greetings from Werner" by Yu. Korints, Gavrik and Petya from "The Lonely Sail Turns White" by V. Kataev and Krosh A. Rybakov.
A children's book is a real treat for the reader. Contagious, vital laughter, like a sunbeam, permeates the works of N. Nosov, A. Aleksin, V. Dragunsky, Yu. Sotnik, Yu. Koval, L. Davydov. Humor, sometimes turning into irony, into caustic satirical mockery, is a characteristic property of many books by these talented writers. But humor, and an entertaining plot, and word play in the book is not an end in itself. Humor and entertainment, according to A. Aleksin, is sometimes the shortest distance between a serious problem and the reader's consciousness. They serve humane ideas, and this is the strength of children's literature. Poetry for the youngest is especially rich in humor, meeting the child as soon as he begins to master speech. Among the first books of the baby are poetic tales, funny turnaround verses, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes, lullabies. Having not yet learned to read, the guys already know by heart many poems by K. Chukovsky, S. Marshak, A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, D. Kharms, V. Berestov, B. Zakhoder.
Diverse children's prose. The children love “Old Man Hottabych” by L. Lagin, “The Adventures of Dunno” by N. Nosov, “Barankin, be a man!” V. Medvedev, "In the country of eternal holidays" by A. Aleksin, fairy tales by A. Volkov, E. Schwartz, E. Permyak. Widespread are stories, novels and novels about the family, school, peaceful labor, about the years of the Great Patriotic War, addressed to children and youth, written by A.L. Panteleev, A. Aleksin, A. Rybakov, N. Bogdanov, R. Pogodin, V. Krapivin, S. Poletaev and other writers. There are books about the modern army and sports. The fantastic works of I. Efremov, V. Obruchev, A. Kazantsev, G. Adamov, A. Belyaev, K. Bulychev, brothers A. and B. Strugatsky meet the diverse interests of the children.
Due to its humanism, thematic and artistic richness, Russian children's literature has a high reputation. She opened to the world not only a new book, but also a new type of children's writer: artist and teacher at the same time. He is not just a friend and protector of children, an exponent of their views, their attitude to reality. He is also a wise mentor, senior comrade, a skilled educator of tomorrow's citizen.
II. The development of the theme of childhood in the works of Russian writers
The formation of children's literature as an aesthetic phenomenon proceeded in line with general literary development.
In the initial stage, children's literature took into account social inequality, but presented it in an abstract way: a rich child is a poor child. Charity was the only sphere of activity of a rich child: he was good because he did not do this and that, being obedient, and if he did something, then only good. The sphere of manifestation of virtue for the poor child was wider. A poor child was often nobler and smarter than a noble child: it pulled the little nobleman out of the water, rescued him in difficult times and was capable of subtle feelings.
In the process of developing children's literature, the pair traditional for it "virtuous - vicious" ceases to be obligatory and is replaced by a different antithesis: "sensitive - cold." This new understanding of the child, rooted in sentimentalism, gained strength in the era of romanticism and formed the basis of the romantic concept of childhood. Children's literature began to develop this concept, but already in the 40s and 50s of the 19th century, "big" literature also mastered it. Childhood is presented as a time of innocence and purity. "... Children are incomparably more moral than adults. They do not lie (until they are driven to it by fear), they get closer to their peers, not asking if he is rich, if he is equal in origin ... Yes, we must learn from children, to achieve a vision of true goodness and truth. Such is the poeticization of childhood in Russian classics: "Childhood" by L. N. Tolstoy, "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson" by S. Aksakov. The family has always been a prototype in Russian literature folk life: Pushkin's Grinevs, Turgenev's Kalitins, Tolstoy's Rostovs...
The 20th century brought its own changes. The greatest social upheavals could not but affect literary works and depicting the theme of childhood in them. In these stories, novels, short stories, the social approach to the presentation of the theme is already evident. The enormous influence of the social order on the life of a child leaves its mark. Writers ask a lot of questions and try to find answers to them together with readers (however, some problems, for example, the motif of "tears of a child" were also raised by writers of the 19th century, so that even here one can see - in a sense - also a traditional approach).
II .1 "Childhood" by M. Gorky
Gorky's story "Childhood" (1914) is already strikingly different from the story "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson" by S. T. Aksakov and "Childhood" by L. N. Tolstoy.
Childhood, depicted by Gorky, is far from a wonderful period of life. This is not only the story of the soul of a child, but also Russian life in a certain era. The hero of Gorky peers into this life, into the people around him, tries to understand the origins of evil and hostility, reaches for the light.
Not in chronological order, the narrative moves consistently and calmly: the pictures drawn by the writer arise as a result of the strongest impressions left in the mind of the child from collisions with reality. Knowing the peculiarities of the child's psyche, Gorky shows the gloomy and tragic in contrast to the bright and joyful, which makes the strongest impression on the child.
So, the heavy impression from the pictures of the tragic death of the father is replaced by a feeling of happiness from closeness with an extraordinary person - grandmother; the picture of the inhuman cruelty of the grandfather during the punishment of children is adjacent to the description of the heart-to-heart conversation between the grandfather and Alyosha; The inquisitorial amusements of the uncles are contrasted with the kind and witty amusements of the Gypsy.
It is important to see the "close, stuffy circle of eerie impressions" in which Alyosha lived in the Kashirin family, how the hero's ideas about the customs of his own world expanded outside his grandfather's house. Those “beautiful souls” that he met in his grandfather’s house and in the world around him had a huge influence on Alyosha, and who inspired “hope for a revival ... to a light, human life.” We can conclude that with his work, Gorky is trying to instill love for the sincerely generous, persistent, talented Russian people.
II .2 The theme of childhood in the work of I.S. Shmelev
This thought draws memory to the novel by I.S. Shmelev “The Summer of the Lord”. The writer himself recalled: early years gave me a lot of impressions. I received them in the yard. People of every caliber and every social standing. <…>There were a lot of words in our yard - all sorts. It was the first book I read - a book of lively, lively and colorful words.<…>Here I felt love and respect for this people, who could do anything.”
The question of the price of social transformations (raised by the writers of the 19th century) arises throughout Shmelev's work. The loss of God in the souls of people is what frightens the author of the novel "The Summer of the Lord." And the theme of childhood for him is a way out of disbelief. It helps the writer to come back to faith, to God.
Everything that is told in Shmelev's autobiographical cycle (the novels "Praying Man", "Summer of the Lord" and the collection "Native"), is seen through the eyes of a seven-year-old boy Vanya, but behind him stands the writer Ivan Shmelev, who has already passed the path that his hero has yet to to be. Hence the combination of the power of the artistic image (brightness, colorfulness, “material tangibility” of reality - after all, the child is almost devoid of reflection, all his attention is directed to the world around him) with the depth of philosophical understanding of the depicted.
In the genre of autobiographical narration, Shmelev followed the tradition of Russian classical literature (“Childhood of Bagrov-grandson” by S.T. Aksakov, “Childhood”, “Boyhood”, “Youth” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Childhood of the Theme” by N.G. Garin -Mikhailovsky, "Nikita's Childhood" by A.N. Tolstoy, "The Life of Arseniev" by I.A. Bunin). About Shmelev’s innovation, which not only distinguishes the novel among the works of this genre, but also makes it unique in Russian literature, I.A. Ilyin remarkably said: with an open and sympathetic-tender childish soul. And we, the readers, see how the lyrical poem about this wonderful meeting grows, captures the entire life of an adult people and turns into an epic poem about Russia and the foundations of its spiritual existence ... [Shmelev] shows us Orthodox Russia - from the heart of a believing child.
II .3 The theme of childhood in A.P. Platonov's story "The Pit"
The story "The Foundation Pit" is in a sense an epochal work, capturing the most important areas of social transformations of the late 1920s and early 1930s. industrialization and collectivization.
The story combines a social parable, philosophical grotesque, satire and lyrics.
We will not consider all the storylines, we will take only one - related to the girl Nastya.
What did the writer want to say by introducing this heroine into the plot outline of the work? To understand this, you need, albeit briefly, but remember the plot. He is simple.
The foreman of the diggers Chiklin finds and brings to the barracks where the workers live, an orphan girl Nastya. Two work teams, at the direction of the leadership, are sent to the village - to help the local activists in carrying out collectivization. There they die at the hands of unknown fists. Arriving in the village, Chiklin and his comrades bring the "liquidation of the kulaks" to the end, rafting into the sea all wealthy peasants villages. After that, the workers return to the city, to the foundation pit. Nastya, who fell ill, dies that same night, and one of the walls of the pit becomes her grave.
The name Nastya in the context of the story is filled deep meaning. WITH Greek name Anastasia is translated as "resurrected" - the idea of the future resurrection of the dead permeates all the actions of the heroes of "The Pit". Voshchev collects in his bag "all sorts of objects of misfortune and obscurity" in order to return to them in the future that meaning of universal existence, which they were never given to know. “Utilities” for Voshchev are by no means garbage - when he explains to Nastya that the bear will also go into salvage, he means the future spiritualization of the dilapidated mother: “I am dust and save that, but here is a poor creature!”
However, it is with the death of Nastya - "resurrected" - that the story ends. Nastya really once came back to life - Chiklin finds her in the room where her mother is dying; walling up this room, Chiklin turned it into a crypt for the deceased. The tragic dissonance of Nastya's name and fate is the logical outcome of the "common cause" of the builders of the mirage. The house remains not only not built - it has become unnecessary, because after the death of Nastya, “the future happy humanity”, there is no one to live in it. “Voshchev stood in perplexity over this quiet child, he no longer knew where communism would now be in the world if it was not there at first in a childish feeling and a convinced impression?” It is no coincidence that the combination of the names of Voshchev and Nastya in the finale of the story: hopes for the resurrection of meaning (truth) and life turned out to be futile.
The theme of childhood in Platonov echoes the theme of childhood in classical literature. In Russian cultural and philosophical everyday life, the death of a child means the immorality of the world order and social order (recall Dostoevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov).
In the story "The Foundation Pit", a child also dies, for the sake of which, in fact, everything was built. And this is a verdict on the utopian world of the Pit.
Consequently, Platonov deliberately introduces the theme of childhood into the thread of the narrative. It is she who helps the writer to show all the inconsistency of the fundamental breaking of the world.
Conclusion
We examined two huge sections of Russian literature related to childhood and children, with the theme of childhood reflected both in children's literature and in literature that can be called "adult".
Children's literature is focused on the formation of the individual and the depiction of this process in the historical development of the state.
Classical Russian literature of the 20th century, like the literature of the 19th century, introduces the theme of childhood, considering it from a philosophical and social standpoint.
What conclusion can be drawn from this study?
The purest, the most sincere, the most spontaneous on Earth are children. They are the best that humanity has. For the sake of them, one must live and trust one's actions to people. In my opinion, this is exactly what the best writers of the 20th century (and not only) wanted to say with their works, referring to the theme of childhood.
Bibliography
Barakhov V.S. Literary portrait. - L .: Nauka, 1985
Gorky M. Childhood. In people. My universities. – M.: Fiction, 1970
Literary encyclopedic dictionary. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987
Platonov A.P. Favorites. M., 1989
Silhouettes: Essays on Russians and Soviet writers/ ed. A.A. Likhanova - M: Pravda, 1986
Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Literary Critic. - M .: Pedagogy, 1988
The composition of the exam in the text:"Happy, happy, irretrievable time of childhood! How not to love, not to cherish the memories of her? These memories refresh, elevate my soul ..."(according to L.N. Tolstoy).
Attention! The same text was early USE In Russian 2017.
Full text
Perhaps the most vivid impressions we have taken from childhood. What role does this period play in a person's life? It is this question that the author of the text proposed to me for analysis asks.
To answer this question, L. N. Tolstoy describes the childhood years of Nikolenka Irtenyev. The writer very colorfully and convincingly depicts the happy memories of the main character about childhood. It would seem that there is nothing unusual in them, but the way the author writes touchingly about this cannot leave us indifferent. According to Tolstoy, the most important role in the life of a child is played by his parents. For Nikolenka, the dearest person is her mother, because she gives her son "all her tenderness and love." The writer draws attention to the fact that children's dreams "are filled with pure love and hopes for bright happiness." By this he shows that the life of a child is carefree and innocent.
Throughout the course of the story, the author wants to convey the following idea to us: childhood plays a crucial role in a person’s life, since it is in childhood that character is formed, the process of personality formation takes place, and concepts of good and evil are laid.
I share the opinion of the author. Indeed, childhood is an important stage, because it is childhood impressions, memories that often underlie the actions of an adult.
In support of my thought, I want to recall the work of I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov. The protagonist Ilya Ilyich Oblomov brought back from childhood vivid tender memories of his mother. Also, the basis of the friendship between Oblomov and Stolz, so different and dissimilar, was laid in childhood. Despite the main flaw in his character, manifested in laziness, everything - all the best: kindness, responsiveness - was laid down in childhood.
My childhood also played a very important role in my life. My parents paid special attention to cultivating a sense of beauty: they took me to museums and theaters. Grandfather often told various stories and facts related to art, taught me to draw. And now, standing on the threshold of adulthood, I know that my future profession will be connected with my love for painting and sculpture, which my family brought up in me as a child.
Thanks to L.N. Tolstoy came to me the realization of what a huge influence our childhood impressions have on our qualities, goals, dreams. And I hope that the problem that our great writer raised in his work will be reflected in the fate of other people. Indeed, in the future, when many of us will be raising our child, the thought of how every word can affect inner world son or daughter, will not allow irreparable mistakes to be made.
(380 words)
- Events that occurred in childhood awaken new aspirations in a person.
- A person's adult life is largely determined by what he learned in childhood.
- Not always the love that a child is surrounded by is good for him.
- Childhood is a preparation for adulthood, because already in childhood a person begins to form moral values.
Arguments
1. LN Tolstoy "War and Peace". One of the heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", young Petya Rostov, who inherited all the best features of the "Rostov breed": kindness, openness, a desire to help a person at any moment, cannot stay at home in a time of severe trials. Despite the prohibitions and persuasions of his father and mother, Peter got his way: he was sent to the active army. And there he shows his best qualities, instilled since childhood. Petya took pity on the French captive drummer, how generously he treated his older comrades with sweets, how boldly and recklessly he raced on his horse into the thick of battle...
2. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Children from the Rostov family grew up in an atmosphere of love and care. They were not afraid to express their emotions, they learned from their parents sincerity, honesty and openness to people. A cloudless childhood made the heroes not lazy and loafers, but kind and sympathetic people with a sensitive heart. Petya Rostov, who has absorbed the best qualities of his parents, realizes his positive character traits in adulthood. He cannot remain indifferent when he learns that a war is starting. The childhood of Prince Andrei and Princess Marya cannot be called cloudless: their father was always strict, and sometimes rude to them. But the high moral values instilled by the father in childhood became decisive in the adult life of the heroes. Andrei and Marya Bolkonsky grew up to be real patriots, fair and honest people.
3. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The childhood of the protagonist Oblomov in I.A. Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" was fabulous and cloudless. Everyone loved little Ilyusha, caressed, pampered, protected from all sorts of dangers. Oblomov did nothing, his parents forbade him to show his will, and any attempts at independence were immediately stopped. Such excessive guardianship and care drowned out in Oblomov any desire to do something himself, to learn something new. In the future, we see how the hero grew up: lazy, apathetic, completely unadapted to life.
4. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Cloudless was the childhood of the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" by F. M. Dostoevsky, Rodion Raskolnikov. A kind and sympathetic boy could not tolerate injustice. We learn about this from his dream about a poor horse, which is slaughtered in front of a dozen people by a drunken Mikolka. Adults are afraid to fall under the arm of a brutalized person, and little Rodya, crying and screaming loudly, attacks the owner of the horse with his fists. This childhood memory pops up in his sick mind a few days before the murder of the old woman and, it would seem, stops him, pushes him to renounce his plan ... But, alas!
5. In the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" Little Pavlusha Chichikov remembered his father’s order for the rest of his life: be able to please superiors, communicate with people for the sake of profit and take good care of money. Power paternal covenant reflected in the adult life of Chichikov. For him, the main goal in life was connected with the world of things, and money is the only true friend. Thus, Chichikov not only became an immoral person who can step over any morality for the sake of profit, but also a loner who did not know true friendship and love.
6. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Father, sending Pyotr Grinev to the service, said a very important and correct thing: "Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age." Father's words became for young man the most important moral guide. In the most difficult conditions, threatening death, Pyotr Grinev retained his honor. It was really important for him not to betray his father and Motherland. This example is a clear confirmation that the instructions of parents help the child learn the most important moral values.
