Slide 2
First chapter
In the first, the leader of the novel "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin describes in detail the ordinary day of Eugene Onegin, the ordinary day of a young nobleman of the 20s of the XIX, who leads the life of a young man, free from service obligations. This day, like the other, is perceived by Onegin as a necessary secular ritual: "And again, what yesterday": balls, French restaurants, ballet and opera performances at the Mariinsky Theater, walks along the Nevsky Prospect
Slide 3
Life in Petersburg
Only a small group of noble youth of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 19th century. led a similar life. Such a life could only be afforded by young people from among the wealthy and with noble relatives, mama's sons, whose service, most often in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was purely fictitious.
Slide 4
Onegin's morning
Onegin got up late, not earlier than at 12 o'clock. This was a sign of aristocracy. The fashion for late awakening came from France: Parisian society ladies were proud of the fact that they had never seen the sun: waking up at sunset, they went to bed before sunrise. The morning toilet and a cup of coffee or tea were replaced by a walk at two or three in the afternoon.
Slide 5
Onegin Day
At one o'clock in the afternoon, Emperor Alexander I went out for a walk. His daily walk influenced the fact that the fashionable daytime stroll "along the boulevard" took place along a certain route. Walking on foot, on horseback or in a carriage took Onegin an hour or two. His favorite places for festivities were Nevsky Prospect and the English Embankment of the Neva.
Slide 6
Onegin's lifestyle
At about four o'clock in the afternoon it was lunch time. Onegin led a bachelor lifestyle, so he did not support a cook and preferred to dine in a restaurant. Only French restaurants in St. Petersburg could offer decent food. The quality of the food in the inns was poor, especially since they closed early.
Slide 7
Free time of Onegin
The French and Italian restaurants had the best value for money. Mostly foreigners dined there. The food was varied, the average cost of lunch was three rubles. Afternoon Onegin sought to "kill", filling the gap between the restaurant and the ball. Theater was one of the possibilities. The theater was not only an artistic show and a club where social meetings took place, but also a place of love affairs.
The dandies were distinguished by their pleasant style of speech and impeccable language. Many of them were highly gifted and succeeded in everything they did; the less talented, if they didn’t succeed, knew how to stop in time, without any special illusions or enthusiasm. They showed a gentlemanly skill - generosity and magnanimity. Ephemeral as youth and spirits, they still had one constant trait - loyalty to friendship, despite later rivalry.
The dandies paid much attention to their appearance. The dandies professed the principle of minimalism and the associated principle of "noticeable invisibility", which formed the basis of the modern aesthetics of men's suits. Instead of pompous, pretentious luxury, the dandy allows himself in a suit one elegant, expressive detail. The next important principle is thoughtful (made) negligence. You can spend a lot of time on the toilet, but then you need to behave as if everything in the suit turned out by itself, in the order of random improvisation. "Pedantic thoroughness" is vulgar because it does not hide the pre-stress and, therefore, betrays a novice who, sweating, comprehends the science of dressing decently. This is why the ability to tie an elegantly casual knot on a scarf became highly regarded during this era.
« Ideally, a real dandy should have a slender build." five . " Dandies were a rare cleanliness even by modern standards. A true dandy was recognized by his clean gloves - he changed them several times a day; the boots were polished to a shine"6. The dandy costume has another remarkable detail. The dandies wore monocles, glasses, lorgnets, binoculars — these were fashionable disguises.
Dandy, being the owners of impeccable taste and a role model in men's fashion, acted as ruthless critics, making short, witty, sarcastic comments about the errors in the costume or the vulgar manners of their contemporaries.
« The principle of minimalism manifested itself in the manner of speech. Aphorisms are characteristic of the dandy. The dandy's speech cannot be monotonous and tiring: he aptly omits his "bonmots" (words), which are immediately picked up and quoted everywhere. Also, a true dandy will never repeat the same thing twice."7.
Three famous dandy rules:
- Nothing to be surprised at.
- Remaining dispassionate, amaze with surprise.
- Withdraw as soon as an impression is reached.
Newcomers in a secular society tried to strictly observe the rules of etiquette, they went out of their way to look like a secular person. Hence - the tension and uncertainty, as well as the pretentiousness of manners (exaggerated facial expressions and gestures, forced expression of surprise, horror or delight). The paradox of a dandy, and indeed of a truly secular person, is that, in full observance of secular conventions, he seems as natural as possible. What is the secret of this effect? Thanks to the fidelity of taste - not in the field of beauty, but in the field of behavior - a secular person in the most unforeseen circumstances instantly catches, like a musician who is asked to play an unfamiliar piece, what feelings need to be expressed now, with the help of what movements, and unmistakably selects and applies technical receptions.
« In the culture of dandyism, a special concept has developed - flanning (from the French fleneur), or a slow walk around the city - mainly in order to show oneself. Smoothness plays a special role in the fine art of Dandy flanning, since slow movement, as it was believed at the time, is essentially majestic" eight .
Chapter 4. The novel "Eugene Onegin" - an encyclopedia of "secular" life
Onegin was born into the family of a wealthy nobleman. His father "gave three balls a year and wasted at last." Like all aristocratic youth of that time, Onegin received home education and education under the guidance of a French tutor.
He leads a typical idle life for "golden youth": balls every day, walks along Nevsky Prospect. But Onegin, by his nature, stands out from the general mass of young people. Pushkin notes in it “ dreams involuntary devotion, inimitable weirdness and a sharp chilled mind", A sense of honor, nobility of the soul. And Onegin could not help but be disappointed in social life.
A different path followed by some of the noble youth of the 20s is revealed by the example of Lensky's life.
He was educated and brought up in " Germany hazy". From there he brought “ freedom-loving dreams ... and black curls up to the shoulders". Pushkin points to the inherent Lensky “ noble aspiration and feelings and thoughts of young, tall, gentle, daring". Lensky perceives people and life as a romantic dreamer. Misunderstanding of people, enthusiastic dreaminess lead Lensky to a tragic end at the very first encounter with reality. He sees the purpose of life in love for Olga, considers her to be perfect, although she is an ordinary girl. " Always modest, always obedient”, She does not think deeply about anything, but follows the accepted rules of life. Her feelings do not differ in depth and stability. It " didn't cry for long»About Lensky and soon got married.
Olga's sister, Tatiana, was distinguished by her stability and depth of feelings. Tatyana Larina was brought up on French novels, so she was, like Lensky, romantic. But Tatiana is close to the people. Tatiana dreams of such a person who would be similar to the heroes of her favorite novels. It seems to her that she found such a person in Onegin. But he rejects Tatiana's love. Her fate is tragic, but her character has not changed.
An analysis of the characters of the main characters showed that only on the example of Onegin, his lifestyle, described at the beginning of the novel, one can consider the life of a typical nobleman, his entertainment and occupations, and also suppose what the day of a secular person could be.
4.1 Entertainment
“The day of the metropolitan nobleman had some typical features. However, the signs that mark the day of an officer or a department official are not noted in the novel, and it makes no sense to dwell on them ”9 - this is how Yu. Lotman begins his commentary on Pushkin’s novel“ Eugene Onegin ”.
Onegin leads the life of a young man free from official duties. Apart from non-employees, such a life could only be afforded by rare young people from among the rich and with noble relatives of "mama's sons, whose service, most often in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was purely fictitious."
A secular person, not burdened with service, got up very late. This was considered a sign of aristocracy: after all, only those who had to earn their daily bread with their labor - artisans, merchants, employees - had to wake up early. Russian aristocrats adopted this habit from the French. Parisian ladies of high society were proud of the fact that they never see the sun, going to bed before dawn and waking up at sunset.
After getting out of bed and having completed the morning toilet, you were supposed to have a cup of tea or coffee. At two to three o'clock in the afternoon, it was time for a walk - on foot, on horseback or in a carriage, during which it was possible to pay visits to relatives and friends, of which everyone had many.
The walk, horseback or carriage took an hour or two. Favorite places of festivities of St. Petersburg dandies in the 1810-1820s. were Nevsky Prospect and the English Embankment of the Neva.
The daily walk of Alexander I influenced the fact that the fashionable daytime walk took place along a certain route. At one o'clock in the afternoon he left the Winter Palace, followed along the Palace Embankment, at the Pracheshny Bridge he turned along the Fontanka to the Anichkovsky Bridge. Then the sovereign returned to himself on Nevsky Prospect. It was at these hours that Onegin walked along the "boulevard":
While in the morning dress,
Wearing a wide bolivar
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open,
Until the awake Breget
Dinner won't ring him.(1, xv, 9-14)
At about four o'clock in the afternoon it was lunch time. Such hours were clearly felt as late and "European": for many, the time when dinner began at twelve was still remembered.
The young man, leading a bachelor lifestyle, rarely kept a cook - a serf or a hired foreigner - and preferred to dine in a restaurant. With the exception of a few first-class restaurants on the Nevsky, dining in St. Petersburg taverns was inferior in quality than in Moscow.
The gathering place for the Petersburg dandies at that time was the Talona restaurant on Nevsky:
To Talon rushed: he is sure
That there is already waiting for him Kaverin.
<…>
Before him is a bloody roast-beef,
And truffles, the luxury of a young age,
French cuisine is the best color. (1, XVI, 5-14)
To appear in this or that restaurant meant to appear at the assembly point of single youth - "lions" and "dandies". And this obliged to a certain style of behavior and for all the time remaining until the evening.
« However, Pushkin himself, in the absence of his wife in St. Petersburg, often dined in a restaurant. In 1834, in his letters to Natalya Nikolaevna, who was at that time in Moscow, the phrase is often found: "I dine at Dumet" - this meant the famous metropolitan restaurant" eleven .
In the afternoon, the young dandy tried to "kill", filling the gap between the restaurant and the ball. Theater was one of the possibilities. For the Petersburg dandy of that time, he was not only an artistic show and a kind of club where social meetings took place, but also a place of love intrigues and accessible behind-the-scenes hobbies.
Many in secular society were known as theater goers. After all, the theater at the beginning of the nineteenth century. was not just a temple of art, but something like a permanent meeting place. Here you could chat with friends, find out the latest, far from theatrical, news, start a love affair. The gentlemen patronized the actresses, were friends with the actors, participated in theatrical intrigues, like Onegin:
The theater is an evil legislator
Fickle adorer
Charming actresses
Honorary Citizen of the wings,
Onegin flew to the theater,
Where everyone, breathing freedom,
Ready to clap enterchat,
Pound Phaedra, Cleopatra,
Call Moina (in order
Just to hear him). (1, XVII, 5-9)
4.2 Ball
Dances occupy a significant place in the novel "Eugene Onegin": the author's digressions are devoted to them, they play a large plot role.
Dancing was an important structural element of the noble life.
In the era of Pushkin, the ball opened with a polonaise, which replaced the mannered minuet of the eighteenth century. Usually it was started by the hostess of the house, paired with one of the famous guests. If the august surname was present at the ball, then the emperor himself walked in the first pair with the hostess, in the second - the owner of the house with the empress. The second dance at the ball at the beginning of the nineteenth century. became a waltz:
Monotonous and insane
Like a whirlwind of young life,
A noisy whirlwind is spinning a waltz;
The couple flickers after the couple. (5, XLI, 1-4)
It is interesting how the word “waltz” is interpreted in the “Onegin Encyclopedia”: “The waltz in“ Eugene Onegin ”is mentioned three times: twice in the scene of Tatiana’s name day and one in the seventh chapter (ball in the Noble Assembly).
In the 1820s, when the fashion for waltz spread in Russia, he was considered excessively free. “This dance, in which, as you know, persons of both sexes turn and come closer together, requires proper care<...>so that they do not dance too close to each other, which would offend decency ”(Rules for Noble Social Dances, published<...> Ludovik Petrovsky. Kharkov, 1825, p. 72.). Pushkin calls the waltz "crazy", "high-spirited" and associates it with a game of love, frivolity.
The epithet “insane” is associated with the characteristics of the dance that we gave above ”12.
Short description
Onegin leads the life of a young man free from official duties. It should be noted that quantitatively only a small group of the noble youth of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 19th century led a similar life. In addition to non-employees, such a life could only be afforded by rare young people from among the rich and with noble relatives of mama's sons, whose service, most often in the Foreign Ministry, was purely fictitious. The type of such a young man, at a later time, we find in the memoirs of M.D. Buturlin, who recalls “Prince Pyotr Alekseevich Golitsyn and his inseparable friend Sergei (forgot his patronymic) Romanov.
Attached files: 1 file
A.S. Pushkin
"Eugene Onegin"
"Day of the Secular Man"
Human consciousness, the system of life values, as you know, is largely shaped by the moral laws adopted in society. Pushkin writes in his novel about both the metropolitan and the Moscow and provincial nobility.
The author of the novel pays special attention to the Petersburg nobility, of which Eugene Onegin is a typical representative. The poet describes in all details the day of his hero, and Onegin's day is a typical day of a capital nobleman. Thus, Pushkin recreates a picture of the life of the entire St. Petersburg secular society - a fashionable daytime walk along a certain route ("Putting on a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard ..."), lunch at a restaurant, a visit to the theater. Moreover, for Onegin, the theater is not an artistic show or even a kind of club, but rather a place of love intrigues, behind-the-scenes hobbies. Pushkin gives his hero the following characteristics:
The theater is an evil legislator
Fickle adorer
Charming actresses
Honorary Citizen of the wings ...
Onegin leads the life of a young man free from official duties. It should be noted that quantitatively only a small group of the noble youth of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 19th century led a similar life. In addition to non-employees, such a life could only be afforded by rare young people from among the rich and with noble relatives of mama's sons, whose service, most often in the Foreign Ministry, was purely fictitious. The type of such a young man, at a later time, we find in the memoirs of M.D. Buturlin, who recalls “Prince Pyotr Alekseevich Golitsyn and his inseparable friend Sergei (forgot his patronymic) Romanov.
Dances take in
"Eugene Onegin"
retreats they play
great plot role.
Dancing was an important structure
tour element of the nobility
everyday life. Their role is
visibly different from both
functions of dances in folk
everyday life of that time, and from
modern. The ball turned out
an area of \u200b\u200brelaxed
communication, social recreation,
a place where the boundaries of service
new hierarchies were weakened.
With all the variety of themes touched upon in the novel, Eugene Onegin is primarily a novel about the quests of the progressive noble intelligentsia, about its dramatic fate. Pushkin embodied this problem in the images of the main characters:
Pushkin talks about Peter
burgess high society
with a fair amount of irony and
without much sympathy, for
life in the capital “mono-
different and variegated ", and" light noise
gets bored very quickly ”.
Local, provincial
nobility represented
in the novel is quite wide.
From chapter to chapter of Onegin, he walked with giant strides forward, creatively grew, the poet himself matured. At the same time, he managed to convey to his work such artistic integrity and unity that you perceive it with one creative impulse. Moreover, the original idea of \u200b\u200bPushkin was sharply distorted for reasons that did not depend on the poet (the forced removal of an entire chapter from him). But even the fact that the novel forcibly ended up "without end" the poet was able to give the deepest ideological and artistic meaning. Moreover, saturating his novel, dedicated to depicting the life of "the best representatives of the nobility" with advanced ideas, affirming in it a realistic reproduction of reality, developing the norms of the national literary language, Pushkin gave a powerful impetus to that process of democratizing fiction.
In 1830 A.S. Pushkin wrote one of the brightest works of his era - a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". In the center of the narration lies the story of the life of a young man, after whom the novel got its name.
In the first chapter, the author acquaints the reader with the main character - a typical representative of the young generation of aristocrats. Onegin was born in St. Petersburg, from infancy he was given to nannies and tutors. He was educated at home, but no science really fascinated him. The Frenchman who taught the young man was not strict with his student and tried to please him. He knew French and a little Latin, danced well and knew how to support any conversation. But the greatest pleasure he got from communicating with women.
The handsome and well-mannered young man liked the secular society, and eminent people invited him every day. His father constantly borrowed money, but despite this, he organized three balls every year. Father and son did not understand each other, each of them lived his own life.
Each new day in the hero's life was similar to the previous one. He woke up in the afternoon and spent a lot of time on his appearance. For three hours, Onegin tidied up his hair and clothes in front of the mirror. He did not forget to take care of his nails, for which he had various scissors and nail files. After that, the hero went for a walk. Then a sumptuous dinner awaited him: roast beef, truffles, wine. Everything is prepared to please the young man.
The reader sees that Onegin lacks a clear daily routine, he obeys his whims and desires. If during lunch he receives news of a theatrical performance that has begun, he immediately rushes there. But it is not love for art that drives him by impulses. Eugene greets all his acquaintances and is looking for beautiful girls among the audience. The performance itself bores Onegin. He spends the whole night at the ball, returning home only in the morning. At a time when all people go to work, our hero just goes to bed to rest before the start of a day full of social balls and evenings. Such is one day in the life of Eugene Onegin from chapter 1 of Pushkin's novel. But then everything changed ...
The hero is not happy, he is dissatisfied with his life, which only makes him bored and depressed. Having decided to change, he begins to read a lot, tries to take up writing. But soon he is overcome by apathy. At this time, Eugene's father dies, whose debts force Onegin to give all the money to creditors. But this does not frighten the young dandy, he knows about the imminent death of his uncle and expects to receive a large fortune from him. His hopes come true and, soon, he becomes the owner of lands, factories and forests.
The day of the metropolitan nobleman had some typical features. However, the signs that mark the day of an officer or a department official are not marked in the novel, and it makes no sense to dwell on them in this essay.
Onegin leads the life of a young man free from official duties. It should be noted that quantitatively only a small group of noble youth of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 19th century. led a similar life. In addition to non-employees, such a life could only be afforded by rare young people from among the rich and with noble relatives of mama's sons, whose service, most often in the Foreign Ministry, was purely fictitious. The type of such a young man, albeit at a somewhat later time, we find in the memoirs of MD Buturlin, who recalls "Prince Pyotr Alekseevich Golitsyn and his inseparable friend Sergei (forgot his patronymic) Romanov." “Both of them were civil servants, and both, it seems, then served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. I remember that Petrusha (what was his name in society) Golitsyn used to say, que servant au ministere des affaires etrangeres il etait tres etranger aux affaires (untranslatable pun: French "etrangere" means both "foreign" and "alien" foreign affairs, I am a stranger to any business. "- Yu, L.)" (Buturlin. P. 354).
Guards officer in 1819-1820 - in the midst of the Arakcheyevschina, - if he was in the lower ranks (and by the age of Onegin's peers at that time, of course, he could not count on a high rank that would give certain relief in the order of everyday military drill - viewing a number of biographies gives a fluctuation in ranks between the guards lieutenant and army lieutenant colonel), from early morning had to be in his company, squadron or team. The soldier order instituted by Paul I, in which the emperor was in bed at ten o'clock in the evening and on his feet at five in the morning, was preserved under Alexander I, who loved, flirting, to repeat that he was a "simple soldier" 1. “The crowned soldier” he was called P in the famous epigram.
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1 There is a well-known anecdote written down by P. A. Vyazemsky: “On a cold winter day, with a strong wind, Alexander Pavlovich meets Mrs. D" "walking along the English Embankment. “How is it not. Are you afraid of the cold? "- he asks her. -" And you, sir? " - "Oh, I - this is another matter: I am a soldier." - "How! Have mercy, your Majesty, how! As if you are a soldier?" "(Vyazemsky-2, pp. 165-166).
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Meanwhile, the right to get up as late as possible was a kind of sign of aristocracy, separating the non-serving nobleman not only from the common people or brothers pulling a pound strap, but also from the village landowner-owner. The fashion to get up as late as possible went back to the French aristocracy of the "old regime" and was brought to Russia by royalist emigrants. Parisian secular ladies of the pre-revolutionary time were proud of the fact that they had never seen the sun: waking up at sunset, they went to bed before sunrise. The day began in the evening and ended in the morning twilight. J. Soren in the comedy "Mores of Our Time" depicted a dialogue between a bourgeois and an aristocrat. The first one praises the delights of a sunny day and hears the answer: "Fi, monsieur, this is an ignoble pleasure: the sun is only for the rabble!" (cf .: Ivanov Ivan. The political role of the French theater in connection with the philosophy of the 18th century. // Uchen. Zap. Moscow University. Dept. Historical Philology. 1895. Issue XXII. P. 430). Waking up later than other people of the world mattered as much as coming to the ball later than others. Hence the plot of a typical anecdote about how a military campaigner finds his subordinate sybarite in the morning disability (quite natural for a secular person, but shameful for a military man) and in this form leads him around the camp or Petersburg for the amusement of the audience. Anecdotes of this kind were attached to Suvorov, and to Rumyantsev, and to Paul I, and to the Grand Duke Constantine. Their victims in these stories were aristocratic officers. In the light of what has been said, the strange quirk of Princess Avdotya Golitsyna, nicknamed "Princesse Nocturne" (nocturne in French means "nocturnal" and, as a noun, "nocturnal butterfly"), becomes clear. “The Night Princess”, who lived in a mansion on Millionnaya Street, - a beauty “charming like freedom” (Vyazemsky), the subject of I and Vyazemsky's hobbies, never appeared in daylight and never saw the sun. Gathering a sophisticated and liberal society in her mansion, she received only at night. Under Nicholas I, this caused even the alarm of the Third Section: “Princess Golitsyna, who lives in her own house, in Bolshaya Millionnaya, which, as already known, has a habit of sleeping during the day and engages in companies at night - and this use of time is highly suspect , because at this time there are special occupations of some kind of secret affairs ... ”(Modzalevsky BL Pushkin under secret supervision. L., 1925, p. 79). A secret agent was assigned to Golitsyna's house. These fears, despite the awkwardness of police exaggerations, were not entirely unfounded: in the atmosphere of Arakcheevism, under the rule of the "crowned soldier", aristocratic particularity acquired a tinge of independence, noticeable, although tolerant under Alexander I and almost into sedition under his successor.
The morning toilet and a cup of coffee or tea were replaced by a walk at two or three in the afternoon. The walk, horseback or carriage took an hour or two. Favorite places of festivities of St. Petersburg dandies in the 1810-1820s. were Nevsky Prospect and the English Embankment of the Neva. We also walked along Admiralty Boulevard, which was planted in three alleys.
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Alexander I influenced the fact that the fashionable daytime festivities took place along a certain route. “At one o'clock in the afternoon, he left the Winter Palace, followed along the Palace Embankment, at the Laundry Bridge he turned along the Fontanka to Anichkovsky Bridge<...> Then the sovereign returned to himself on Nevsky Prospect. The walk was repeated every day and was called le tour imperial [imperial circle]. Whatever the weather, the sovereign walked in one frock coat ... "(Sollogub V. A. Povesti. Memoirs. L., 1988. S. 362). The emperor, as a rule, walked without accompanying persons, examining the ladies in the lorgnette (he was short-sighted) and answering the bows of passers-by. The crowd during these hours consisted of officials, whose service was fictitious or semi-fictitious. Naturally, they could fill Nevsky Prospekt during office hours, along with walking ladies, visitors from the provinces and non-working dandies. It was at these hours that Onegin walked along "boulevard" 2.
At about four o'clock in the afternoon it was lunch time. Such hours were clearly felt as late and "European": for many it was still remembered when dinner began at twelve.
The young man, leading a bachelor lifestyle, rarely kept a cook - a serf or a hired foreigner - and preferred to dine at
________________________
1 The name of Nevsky Prospekt "boulevard" was a jargon from the language of the Petersburg dandy, since it was a transfer of the name of a fashionable place for festivities in Paris (compare: "... after lunch we will all go to Tüllery or to Boulevard ..." - Volkov D. Education // Russian theater. SPb., 1788. V. 21. P. 120; "Performances there [in Paris] everywhere and jusques on the Boulevard!" - D. Khvostov Russian Parisian // Russian theater. V. 15. P. 180 ). Wed for the Middle Ages, similar similes such as "New Jerusalem" near Moscow, or the name "Broadway" ("Brod") for Nevsky Prospekt between Liteiny and Sadovaya at a later time.
2 B. Ivanov, author of the book "The Distance of a Free Novel", made Onegin walk along the Birzhevaya Embankment between piles of goods and right on the street to eat oysters from a barrel just opened by a Dutchman, washing them down with porter (Ivanov B. Dahl free novel. M .; L., 1959.S. 106-110). This entire absurd scene is directly copied from the book by MI Pyliaev "Old Petersburg" (St. Petersburg, 1909, p. 419). However, Pylyaev, speaking about the "general gathering" and that "the arrival of the first foreign ship" constituted "an era in the life of a Petersburger", does not specify what circle and social status people were "fed up with oysters" under the open sky. Of course, it is absolutely impossible to imagine a secular man of the 1810s, a pupil of an émigré abbot, munching on the street in a society of artisans and drinking porter down his food. If anything like that was possible as a prank with friends after a wild night, then consider it a regular pastime (Ivanovsky Evgeny still brags about it in the evening in the circle of society ladies!) - approximately the same as imagining how Pierre Bezukhov woke up in the morning, he busily went to bathe the quartermaster, tying him to a bear, and in the evening he talked about it in a circle of enthusiastic ladies. Combining excerpts from different sources, B. Ivanov does not reveal, however, an understanding of the time he depicts. The superficial information he pulled is sometimes presented as “knowledge of the life of the Pushkin era” (Russian Literature in Historical and Functional Illumination. Moscow, 1979, p. 294).
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restaurant. With the exception of a few first-class restaurants on the Nevsky, dining in St. Petersburg taverns was inferior in quality than in Moscow. OA Przhetslavsky recalled: “The culinary part in public institutions was in some primitive state, at a very low level. It was almost impossible for a single person who did not have their own kitchen to dine in Russian taverns. At the same time, these establishments closed quite early in the evening. When leaving the theater, one could dine in only one restaurant, somewhere on Nevsky Prospect, under the ground; it was kept by Domenik ”(Landowners' Russia ... p. 68).
The "bachelor" atmosphere of a restaurant dinner is vividly outlined by P in his letters in the spring of 1834 to Natalya Nikolaevna, who had left through Moscow for the Polotnyany factory: “... I came to Dyume, where my appearance produced general joy: bachelor, bachelor Pushkin! They began to fill me up with champagne and punch and ask if I would go to Sofya Astafievna's? All this embarrassed me, so I no longer intend to come to Dyume's and have dinner at home today, ordering Stepan Botvinya and beaf-steaks ”(XV, 128). And later: "I dine at Dyume's at 2 o'clock, so as not to meet with a bachelor gang" (XV, 143).
A fairly complete overview of St. Petersburg restaurants in the 1820s. (true, referring to a time somewhat later than the action of the first chapter of the novel) is found in one of the diaries of his contemporaries: “June 1, 1829. I dined at the Heide Hotel, on Vasilievsky Island, in the Kadetskaya Line - there are almost no Russians here, all foreigners. The dinner is cheap, two rubles of banknotes, but no cake is served and for any money. A strange custom! They put a little oil and a lot of vinegar in the salad, June 2nd. Dined at Clay's German restaurant on Nevsky Prospect. An old and smoky place. Most of all Germans, they drink little wine, but a lot of beer. Lunch is cheap; I was given lafita worth 1 ruble; I had a stomach ache for two days after that, on June 3rd I had lunch at Dume's. In terms of quality, lunch is the cheapest and best of all dinners in St. Petersburg restaurants. Dumé has the exclusive privilege of filling the stomachs of Petersburg lions and dandies on June 4th. Lunch in Italian style at Alexander's or Signor Ales andro, along the Moika near the Police Bridge. There are no Germans here, but more Italians and French. However, in general, there are few visitors. He only accepts people he knows well, making more meals for his vacation at home. The pasta and stofato are excellent! He was served by a Russian girl Marya, renamed Marianne; self-taught, she learned to speak fluent French and Italian, on the 5th. Lunch at Legrand's, former Feulette, in Bolshaya Morskaya. Lunch is good; last year it was impossible to dine here twice in a row, because everything was the same. This year, lunch for three rubles in banknotes is wonderful and varied here. The services and all the accessories are lovely. Serve exclusively Tatars, in tailcoats, June 6th. Excellent lunch at Saint Georges, along the Moika (now Donon), almost against Ales andro. The house in the yard is wooden, simple, but tastefully decorated. Each visitor occupies a special room; garden at the house; dine on the balcony; the sets are excellent, the wine is excellent. Lunch at three and five rubles in banknotes, on the 7th
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june did not dine anywhere, because he inadvertently had breakfast and ruined his appetite. On the way to Ales andro, there is also a small Diamant shop on the Moika, where Strasbourg pies, ham and so on are served. You cannot dine here, but you can take it home. On request, the host allowed me to have breakfast. His food is excellent, Mr. Diamant is a gold master. His shop reminds me of the Parisian guinguettes (small inns), June 8th. Dined at Simon-Grand-Jean, along Bolshaya Konyushennaya. Lunch is good, but the smell from the kitchen is intolerable, June 9th. I dined at Coulomb's. Dume is better and cheaper. However, there are more dinners for those living in the hotel itself; fine wine, June 10th. Lunch at Otto's; tasty, satisfying and cheap; from cheap dinners it is hardly possible to find better in St. Petersburg "(quoted from: Pyliaev MI Old life: Essays and stories. St. Petersburg, 1892, pp. 8-9).
This passage characterizes the situation in the late 1820s. and by the beginning of the decade can be applied only with some reservations. So, the gathering place for the Petersburg dandies at that time was not the Dume restaurant, but the Talona restaurant on Nevsky. However, the general picture was the same: there were few good restaurants, each visited by a certain, stable circle of people. To appear in one or another restaurant (especially in such as Talona or later Dume) meant to appear at the assembly point of single youth - "lions" and "dandies". And this required a certain style of behavior and for all the time remaining until the evening. It is no coincidence that P had to dine early in 1834 in order to avoid meeting with the "single gang."
In the afternoon, the young dandy tried to "kill", filling the gap between the restaurant and the ball. Theater was one of the possibilities. For the St. Petersburg dandy of that time, he was not only an artistic show and a kind of club where social meetings took place, but also a place of love intrigues and accessible behind-the-scenes hobbies. “The theater school was located across the house from us, on the Catherine Canal. Every day, those in love with the pupils walked countless times along the canal embankment past the school windows. The pupils were placed on the third floor ... "(Panaeva A. Ya. Memories. M., 1972, p. 36).
During the second half of the XVIII and the first third of the XIX century. the daily routine was steadily shifting. In the 18th century. The business day began early: “The military arrived for services at six o'clock, civilian officials at eight and without delay opened the Presences, and at one o'clock in the afternoon, following the rules, ceased their judgments. Thus, they very rarely returned to their home after two o'clock, while the military were in their apartments already at twelve o'clock.<...> Private evenings generally began at seven o'clock. Whoever came to them at nine or ten o'clock, the owner immediately asked: “Why is it so late? 1792 to 1844 // Shchukin collection [Issue] 2. S. 2). V.V. Klyucharev wrote in the 1790s. IA Molchanov: "I can be with you until seven o'clock, and at seven o'clock the ball in the club will begin, then everyone knows." In 1799, a dinner party at the Commander-in-Chief in Moscow, Count I.P. Saltykov, began at three o'clock, and
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evening - at seven and “ended with a light supper at 2 o'clock after midnight, and sometimes even earlier” (Ibid. p. 4). In 1807, the Moscow commander-in-chief TI Tutolmin began to gather for his evenings and balls from nine to ten o'clock. “... The noteworthy dandies, according to the present, lions, came there at eleven, but this was sometimes noticed by him, the owner, with displeasure ...” (Ibid. P. 5). In the 1810s. the daily routine shifted even more: in 1812, “Madame Stal, being in Moscow, usually had breakfast in the Gallery on Tverskoy Boulevard, it happened at two o'clock” (Ibid. p. 8).
By the early 1820s. dinner had moved to four o'clock, evening meetings to ten, and the dandies did not come to balls until midnight. Where supper took place after the ball, it took place at two or three in the morning.
