- V. Astafiev(morality in response to the question: why violent death? In the story "Belogrudka"The children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world around her, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge.)
The novels "Tsar-fish", "Last bow" (anxiety about the native land).
- S.A. Yesenin. Poems about nature. ("Birch", "Powder", "Dozed off golden stars. Feeling of the unity of man with the natural world, its plant animal nature)
- B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot white swans"(the protagonist Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives quietly, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, considered him not fit to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquer it. But the son grows up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of your native land.
- Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"(a man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.
* In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatiana felt like a part of nature ("She loved to warn dawn on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.
* The rebellious, conflict-minded and eternal struggle lyrical hero of M.Yu. Lermontov finds harmony only by merging with nature: “I go out alone on the road; Through the mist the flinty path gleams; The night is quiet. The desert listens to God, And the star speaks to the star.
* F.I. Tyutchev wrote:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has a language...
*Famous writer and the publicist S. Zalygin writes that “nature once sheltered a man in his house, but he decided that he was the sole owner, and created his own supernatural house in the house of nature. And now he has no choice but to shelter nature in this house of his.”
* The Russian writer Y. Bondarev wrote: “Sometimes it seems to self-satisfied mankind that, like a universal commander, it has subjugated, conquered, curbed nature ... A person forgets that in a long war, victory is deceptive, and wise nature is too patient. But in due time everything comes to an end. Nature menacingly raises a punishing sword.
* Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of man. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.
The problem of a person's attitude to the landscape, to the external appearance of his native places, to his small homeland with its natural world
* Our great-grandfathers worshiped the Sun, Rain, Wind. Each tree, each blade of grass, flower meant something special and unique. Our ancestors believed in the harmony of Mother Nature and were happy. We have lost this faith. Our generation is indebted to our children and grandchildren. V. Fedorov wrote:
To save myself and the world,
We need, without wasting years,
Forget all cults and enter
An infallible cult of nature.
* I was struck by the story told by the famous writer Y. Bondarev about a cut down birch tree, which, dying, groaned painfully from death pain, like a person.
* The well-known modern publicist V. Belov wrote that a meeting with a small homeland, with those places where childhood was spent, brings a person a feeling of joy and happiness. The author recalled his childhood, believing that it is the past in his native village that does not allow him to grow old, heals the soul with its green silence.
* The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "without thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."
* The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.
* A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."friendship
Do not take care of clothes - it will break, do not keep friendship - break off Tuvan proverb
A cowardly friend is more dangerous than an enemy, because you fear the enemy, but you hope for a friend Russian proverb
A friend in need is a friend indeed. Russian proverb
Human needs human,
To open up the soul in communication
And take in the light of your treasures.
Human needs human. N.KonoplyovaStory
By learning the old, you learn the new Japanese proverb
If you shoot at the past with a pistol, then the future will shoot at you with a cannon Eastern Proverb
2. The problem of preserving historical memory . The epigraph to this topic could be the words of the academicianD.S. Likhachev : "Memory is active. It does not leave a person indifferent, inactive. It owns the mind and heart of a person. Memory resists the destructive power of time. This is the greatest meaning of memory."The theme of those who were innocently repressed and tortured during the years of Stalinist terror sounds particularly prominent. People need to know the truth, no matter how cruel it may be. The revival of our history is painful. In the story “A golden cloud spent the night” by A. Pristavkin, the writer seeks to convey with the utmost certainty the atmosphere that prevailed in our country during the years of repression. Even the air was poisoned by general suspicion and fear, when for one careless word a person was thrown into prison, declared an "enemy of the people", his family was destroyed. He carefully examines the influence of the situation on people, their psychology, trying to find an answer to the question of what happened to us after all. Today, the education of memory is no less important for us. We all run from life, without looking back, in a hurry. And we do not notice how our personal history goes further and further. How many of us know our ancestry? Many cannot even name a grandfather. And they immediately ask a surprised question: “Why is this necessary? What are we, princes? Is it really only the princes that Russia is glorious for? After all, there were also hero soldiers, and masters - golden hands, and just honest people! From here, from this ignorance, come all the main troubles of our society.
* K. Balmont wrote:
You can leave everything cherished, you can stop loving everything without a trace,
But you can not cool down to the past But you can not forget about the past.
* In the story "Farewell to Matyora" V. Rasputin talks about a small village standing in the middle of the mighty Siberian river Angara. According to the plan, the island should be flooded. It seems to the locals that "the light has broken in half." The author painfully shows that with the loss of roots, traditions, the irreparable can happen - a spill of lack of spirituality, a shallowing of morality and a loss of humanity.
Arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov's play " The Cherry Orchard”does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Stormy Station" tells the legend of the mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who tried to wrest her son from the captivity of unconsciousness. And over the steppe sounds her desperate cry: “Remember your name!”
- Bazarov, who is dismissive of the "old men", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people. – Futurists – rejection of the past
6. The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. Loneliness problem.
V. Rasputin "Deadline". Children who came from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.
The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it’s one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another to remember your loved ones, your mother, the most holy creature in the world, not limited only to money transfers and short notes. Harmonies between caring for the "distant" and love for oneself close person Nastya could not be reached. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.
3. The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries . M. Bulgakov. (The fate of the Master and his novel), misunderstanding of creativity by contemporaries,Vysotsky's songs, not officially recognized, distributed in the form of amateur recordings, performed by the author at semi-legal concerts and just at parties, "went to the people", became known throughout the country, were disassembled into quotes, individual phrases turned into proverbs.
4., the problem of the Russian character. In the center of stories, short stories, novels, poems of many Russian writers and poets is the problem of the Russian national character. In the works of B. Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man", B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", V, Rasputin "Fire", A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin Dvor" In search of the Russian national character Solzhenitsyn looks into "the most interior Russia" and finds a person who perfectly preserves himself in the inhuman conditions of reality - Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva. According to Solzhenitsyn, independence, openness, sincerity, goodwill towards people are natural for the national character. She "couldn't refuse" anyone. At the same time, she did not feel even a hint of envy if she saw abundance in others, she was sincerely happy for people, she understood the uselessness of material wealth. She considered all this nonsense and did not approve. Fools were people who did not understand true value life and arguing over the hut of the deceased Matryona)
Work
If you want to eat kalachi, don't sit on the stove. Russian proverb
Whoever has a light in his chest, everything is burning in his hands Russian proverb
The most difficult courage is the courage of everyday, many years of work. V.A. Sukhomlinsky
Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils. Russian proverb
customs
In what people you live, keep that custom. Russian proverb
Problem of drug addiction.
Drug use (like alcohol once) has become a virtually ubiquitous problem.
Aitmatov was one of the first to raise this topic in fiction.
Indeed, Ch. Aitmatov was the first to openly say that there is drug addiction, it is gaining strength. And you and I must know the nature of this phenomenon, the ways of distribution, the possibilities of struggle.
The problem of drug addiction in Russia: statistical data
Every year, 70,000 Russians die from drugs.b) Growth dynamics
Parents of drug addicts are very hard to bear the disease of their children. For parents, this is a great grief, severe stress, shame, shame, huge expenses. Because of this, the parents of drug addicts also do not live out their lives and die prematurely from diseases.
In addition, many drug addicts contribute to the spread of drug addiction among their friends, who also become suicide bombers.
Secondly, the destruction of the population occurs without killings, without blood and violence. There is no need to waste time, money and labor on a neutron bomb and military operations. Everything will be done by drug addicts with their own hands
.
The problem of love for the motherland
V . G. Rasputin "French Lessons" (1973), "Live and Remember" (1974), "Farewell to Mother" (1976) history, in respectful preservation in memory will accept their small homeland, in a sense of responsibility for the past, present and future of their land. The writer rightly believes that a Russian person sees the highest meaning of his life in serving the Fatherland. It is very important for everyone to feel that they are not a random person on Earth, but a successor and continuation of their people. In the story “Farewell to Matyora”, a vivid embodiment of the national character is the image of Daria, who outperforms her fellow villagers with her strength of mind, firmness of character, independence, she stands out among her mother’s old women “by her strict and fair character”, primarily because she managed to keep in herself those qualities that were characteristic of her ancestors. This appeal of the heroine to the experience of the past testifies to the precious sense of kind given to her, the feeling that only "in a small fraction lives now on earth."
The son cannot look calmly
On the mother's mountain,
There will be no worthy citizen
To the fatherland cold soul. N.A. Nekrasov
While we burn with freedom
As long as hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, we will dedicate to the Fatherland
Souls are wonderful impulses. A.S. Pushkin
If every man on a piece of his land would do everything he can, how beautiful our land would be.
A.P. Chekhov
A person is first of all a son of his country, a citizen of his fatherland V. G. Belinsky
Without a sense of one's country - especially, very dear and sweet in every little thing - there is no real human character. K.G. Paustovsky
Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick:
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia. F.I. Tyutchev
Man cannot live without his homeland
The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, who was forced to leave Russia, always carried some kind of box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. It is not for nothing that they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.
Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace" reveals the "military secret" - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against the armies, then in Russia he was opposed by the whole people. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the struggle against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.
The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was love for the motherland that gave him moral strength.
7. The problem of choosing a profession
. Freedom of choice and meaningful pursuit of one's calling is one of the newest privileges of mankind, the choice is influenced by many factors (the opinion of parents and friends, social status, the state of the labor market, His Majesty the occasion), but the last word usually remains with us. Dmitry Kharatyan, for example, who did not think about an acting career, was called to a screen test by a girl friend. And of all the contenders, it was Kharatyan that director Vladimir Menshov chose for leading role in the movie "Raffle". Conclusion Career choice is also important for young man, as well as food, rest, sleep, etc. Taking a step towards a profession suitable for himself, a young man rises to a new step in his life. His whole life depends on his choice. And there is nothing wrong with the fact that a young man has chosen a profession that is not suitable for himself. You can fix anything in life if you try. But if a person from the first time chooses a profession that suits him and enters a university, and then works in his own special way, then a person’s life can be considered successful.
And most importantly, never lose heart. There is always a way out of any situation. The main thing is to believe and know that it does not depend on success at school whether you will be successful or not, but on the person himself. Therefore, if you did not study well at school, do not think that nothing good will come of you in life. If you want, you can achieve more than your classmates who studied only for fives.
Russian language
Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!
I.S. Turgenev
You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would be no exact expression in our language. K.G. Paustovsky
8. The problem of human action
. Beauty will save the world ... ”- said F. M. Dostoevsky, referring to the inner content of this quality, a kind of harmony. Hence, a beautiful deed, according to the writer, must meet God's commandments, must be kind.
Which of the characters in Dostoevsky's novel acted really beautifully?
Main character works - Rodion Raskolnikov did a lot of good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister, Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation., loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with her problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.
Heroes L.N. Tolstoy is highly characteristic of the feeling of the need to meet certain moral criteria in his life, the absence of discord between actions and his own conscience. Undoubtedly, this is the position of the author, who often deliberately leads his characters through difficult life tests so that they can become aware of their actions and develop persistent thoughts in their souls. moral principles. These convictions, gained from the heart, in the future will not allow the heroes to go contrary to what they have consciously learned from everyday difficulties. Pierre Bezukhov, one of the writer's favorite heroes, becomes a particularly significant example of the unity of thought and action. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after their duel with Dolokhov. Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.
9. The problem of moral duty, moral choice.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Tatyana's choice of a husband, following her moral duty); L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (choice of Andrei B., Pierre);
B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists." The works make you think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice- what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing resilience, helps to live and die "like a human being"?
Let us recall the main character of M. Sholokhov's work "The Fate of a Man". Despite the difficulties and trials that fell to his lot, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.
V. Vysotsky has many poems in which a person is faced with a choice and he needs courage, will to win:
Yes, you can turn around the precipice, but we choose the hard way,
Dangerous as a military trail.
V Politicians start wars, but the people lead. This is especially true of the Patriotic Wars. The idea of the popular nature of the war lies at the heart of the epic novelL. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
Recall the famous comparison of two swordsmen. The duel between them was at first conducted according to all the rules of a fencing fight, but suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded and realizing that this is a serious matter, but concerns his life, throws his sword, takes the first club he comes across and begins to “nail” it. Tolstoy's thought is clear: the course of hostilities does not depend on the rules invented by politicians and military leaders, but on some kind of inner feeling that unites people. In war it is the spirit of the army, the spirit of the people, this is what Tolstoy called "the hidden warmth of patriotism."
Fracture in the Great Patriotic war occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people, their steadfastness is the true reason for victory. In the novelY. Bondareva "Hot snow" the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier.War and Peace
Listen, people, and sound the alarm! Block the road to mortal war.
Let there be no more grief or tears Under the roar of guns and the groans of birches.
Sofia Skorokhod
My country paid such a price for the peace of the Earth,
That no insane force can be defeated. E. Lavrentieva
11. The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier
H the bearer of people's morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad » . He is barely literate, he confuses the multiplication table, he won’t really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate. A simple peasant guy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
12. The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
G the heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is an episodeV. Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad") : the dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And it is simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this... As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the divisional commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.
Literature and poetry
… Not the poet who knows how to weave rhymes And, creaking with feathers, does not spare paper: Good poetry is not so easy to write ... A.S. Pushkin
Our literature is our pride, the best that we have created as a nation. All philosophy is in it, great impulses of the spirit are imprinted in it; minds of great beauty and strength, hearts of holy purity, the minds and hearts of true artists, still burn brightly in this marvelous, fabulously quickly built temple. A.M. Gorky
To be a poet means the same, If the truth of life is not violated, To scar oneself on delicate skin, To caress other people's souls with the blood of feelings. S.A. Yesenin
The joy of working on a book is the joy of victory over time, over space. It seems to me that real writers always have a bit of something fabulous in their feeling of joy from a finished work. K.G. Paustovsky
The power, wisdom and beauty of literature is revealed in all its breadth only before an enlightened and knowledgeable person. K.P. Paustovsky - The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. L.N. Tolstoy
Mind, knowledge, book, science
The mind is a garment that you will never wear out; knowledge is a spring that you will never exhaust Kyrgyz proverb
The sun will rise - nature comes to life, you read a book - the mind is enlightened. Mongolian proverb
Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation, to sentries who take the place of A.I. Herzen
Reading good books is a conversation with the most the best people past times, and, moreover, such a conversation when they tell us only their best thoughts. R. Descartes
The role of books in human life
* According to the famous writer F. Iskander, “the main and invariable sign of good luck artwork is the desire to return to it, re-read it and repeat the pleasure.
* The well-known writer and publicist Y. Olesha wrote: “We read a wonderful book more than once in our lives and each time, as it were, anew, and this is the amazing fate of the authors of golden books ... They are out of time.”
*M. Gorky wrote: "I owe everything good in me to books."
* In Russian literature, there are many examples of the positive impact of reading on the formation of a person's personality. So, from the first part of M. Gorky's trilogy "Childhood" we learn that books helped the hero of the work overcome the "lead abominations of life" and become a man.
good and evil
You will repay good with good - well done, you will answer evil with good - you are a sage. Turkmen proverb
In a house where the stove smokes, you can live, but where anger flares, you won’t live. Japanese proverb
In "White Clothes" V. Dudintsev tried to answer the question: how to recognize good and evil, how to distinguish white clothes of good from camouflage thrown over evil.
Good Speech
Good speech is good to listen to. Russian proverb
Speech is the image of the soul. Latin proverb
The spoken language is fading away
Conversational beauty;
Retreating into the unknown
Speeches of Russian miracles.
Hundreds of words native and well-aimed,
locked up
Like birds in cages
Dozing in thick dictionaries.
You let them out of there
Return to everyday life,
So that speech - a human miracle -
Not missing these days. V.Shefner
The development of the language follows the development folk life N.G. Chernyshevsky
The vagueness of a word is an invariable sign of the vagueness of thought. L.N. Tolstoy
A wound inflicted by a sword will heal, but a wound by the tongue will not.
Armenian proverb
We can't predict
How our word will respond, -
And sympathy is given to us,
How grace is given to us ... F.I. Tyutchev
conscience, morality
There is only one undoubted happiness in life - to live for another. L.N. Tolstoy
Everything should be beautiful in a person: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts. A.P. Chekhov
Gratitude is the least of the virtues, ingratitude is the worst of the vices English proverb
Life without a goal is a man without a head. Assyrian proverb
As you treat others, so will they treat you. Assyrian proverb
Judge not lest ye be judged. From Sermon on the Mount Jesus Christ
Youth, youth
Youth is the main force, the fundamental power of tomorrow's humanity. A.V. Lunacharsky
Life gives every person a huge invaluable gift - youth, full of strength, youth, full of aspirations, desires and aspirations for knowledge, for struggle, full of hopes and hopes N.A. Ostrovsky
Whoever in his youth did not bind himself with strong ties to a great and wonderful cause, or at least to simple, but honest and useful work, he can consider his youth completely lost, no matter how fun it was and no matter how many pleasant memories it left. . D.I. Pisarev
Will, freedom
Only he is worthy of life and freedom,
Who every day goes to fight for them. Goethe
The meaning of life, duty, profession
Why deep knowledge, thirst for glory,
Talent and passionate love of freedom,
When we can't use them. M.Yu.Lermontov
A person who has fulfilled his duty is a rather high concept. And the one about whom this is said should perceive this as a high and at the same time accurate assessment of his activity or his act. K.M.Simonov
All works are good - Choose to taste. V.V.Mayakovsky
Know how to live even when life becomes unbearable. Make it useful. N. Ostrovsky
The most precious thing for a person is life. It is given to him once, and it is necessary to live it in such a way that it would not be excruciatingly painful for the aimlessly lived years, so that the shame for the petty and petty past would not burn ... N. Ostrovsky
The best pleasure, the highest joy of life is to feel needed and loved by people. A.M. Gorky
Everything beautiful on earth is from the sun, and everything good is from man. M.M. Prishvin
The wise power of the builder is hidden in every person, and it must be given free rein to develop and flourish so that it enriches the earth with even greater miracles. A.M. Gorky
Great will is not only the ability to wish and achieve something, but also the ability to force oneself and give up something when necessary. Will is not just a desire and its satisfaction, but it is a desire and a stop, and a desire and a refusal. A.S. Makarenko
I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve.
Chatsky's words from A.S. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"
Person! It's great! It sounds…proud. A.M. Gorky
About mother poets have already found the words,
Equalizing it to the Fatherland...
O woman!.. O mother!.. You are the salt of the earth!
Without a mother, the field of life would have died out.
Artists you lit up the world,
Revealing their wondrous forms...
Shakespeare without Desdemona is not Shakespeare,
And heaven would become hell without Beatrice! T. Zumakulova
Woman is a great word. In her is the purity of a girl, in her is the selflessness of a friend, in her is the feat of a mother.
N.A. Nekrasov
All the pride of the world comes from mothers. Without the sun, flowers do not bloom, without love there is no happiness, without a woman there is no love, without a mother there is neither a poet nor a hero! A.M. Gorky
Heroism, deeds
Let you die! .. But in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to the light! ... A.M. Gorky
In life there is always a place for exploits. A.M. Gorky
A feat, like a talent, shortens the path to the goal. A.Leonov
Great people and heroes most fully express the appearance of their people, and their names live for centuries. J. Lafitte
A hero is a person who, at a decisive moment, does what needs to be done in the interests of human society. Yu.Fuchik
Let's not forget those heroes
What lie in the damp earth,
Giving life on the battlefield
For the people, for you and me ... S.V. Mikhalkov
In important epochs of life, sometimes at the very ordinary person a spark of heroism flares up, unknown hitherto smoldering in his chest, and then he does things that he had never even dreamed of before. M.Yu.Lermontov
Art
Art is the highest manifestation of power in man. L.N. Tolstoy
Simplicity, truth, naturalness - these are the three great principles of beauty in all works of art K. Gluck
Sports, movement
Movement is the storehouse of life. Plutarch
HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY
Today man, he alone, is responsible for everything on earth. For thousands of years he fought nature as an enemy. Now he is responsible for her as a senior ... Who is this person? It is all of us together and each separately.
D.S. Likhachev
The problem of responsibility.
* Well-known publicist D.S. Likhachev noted that "to be responsible for others means to be able to answer for oneself." The author compares our Earth with a spaceship, and us - with its team, on the well-coordinated work of which a lot depends. A person cannot transfer responsibility for the planet to anyone, since he alone is endowed with the power of reason.
A person must live in the sphere of goodness, made by him… Goodness unites, unites, unites.
D.S. Likhachev
What's in your heart? Isn't it darkness? Take some of my light. A. Reshetov
The heart will break into pieces,
If we learn to love. E. Ogonkova
The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.
At M.Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". V it tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.
In ancient Babylon, the sick were taken out to the square, and every passer-by could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person's misfortune, there is no other person's suffering.
The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an outstanding man, is caused precisely by the fact that "hard work was sickening to him." Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing - to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence "no tears, no life, no love."
It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change, and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, relentless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.
N. Gogol, the exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, entering adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama " former people who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.
False Values
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
* The well-known writer, publicist V. Soloukhin believes that technology has made the state and humanity as a whole more powerful. But he immediately asks the question: when a person is left alone without these greatest inventions, will he be more powerful than all his predecessors on planet Earth?
At everyone in the hands fate peace
A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor", based on real events. A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.
The role of personality in history
1) "Hunter's Notes" AND. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, after reading the bright, vivid stories about the peasants, realized that it was immoral
own people like cattle. A broad movement began in the country for the abolition of serfdom.
2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.
The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society
) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for cuttings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food.
When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, according to eyewitnesses, gave people new forces to fight the enemy.
7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.
Interpersonal relationships
Fear in a person's life
B. Zhitkov in one of his stories portrays a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: "Aren't you afraid of the dead?""WITH I'm not afraid of you!" - the girl answered, and these words made the man gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.
The well-known revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robbery. The fate of this not ordinary person excited the writer A. Fedorov, who began to petition for a pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the Chekists. Kotovsky, risking their lives, rescued the young man from captivity.
* The well-known writer and publicist A. Solzhenitsyn wrote: “Human freedom includes voluntary self-restraint in favor of others. Our obligations must always exceed the freedom granted to us.
* The story of the moral decay of the personality of Andrei Guskov is told by V. Rasputin in the story “Live and Remember”. This man was in the war, was wounded and shell-shocked more than once. But, having been discharged from the hospital, he did not go to his unit, but thievishly made his way to the village, became a deserter.
*Ch. Aitmatov wrote about the moral decline of Oberkandalovites and anashists in "The Scaffold".
The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides over his eyes ... Doesn't this picture remind modern man? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.
2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with " dog heart"- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, there is no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?
9) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Person? Cyborg? means of production?
History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.
Man and knowledge
Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
The problem of conscience
* One of the heroines of V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora" recalls the main of the precepts of the fathers: "The main thing is to have a conscience and not to endure from conscience."
* In the "Fire" by V. Rasputin, the tribe of Arkharovtsy is described, devouring the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof a great people, already losing their idea of goodness and justice, truth and lies.
* Well-known scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that one should never allow oneself to compromise with conscience, to try to find an excuse for lying, theft, etc.
Many people tend to blame adverse conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But after all, it is the struggle, overcoming difficulties, that is the most important condition for a full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes the test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, obtains a magical item).
Science knows many cases when a child abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys was brought up: for several years away from people. Then he was caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast, lost almost all human features. Children could not learn human speech, walked on all fours, which at they lost the ability to walk upright, they barely learned to stand on two legs, their children lived about the same years as the animals that raised them live on average ...
Owhat does this example say?Othat the child needs to be brought up daily, hourly, purposefully manage his development. About what is outside of human societychildturns into an animal.
Scientists have long been talking about the so-called<<пирамиде способностей». V at an early age there are almost no untalented children, there are already significantly fewer of them at school, even fewer in universities, although they go there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three per cent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired knowledge firmly deposited in the brain, etc. begin to prevail in thinking and behavior. people, in general - to the world
The problem of spirituality
According to the well-known publicist S. Soloveichik, many confuse this concept with intelligence, good breeding, and education. Spirituality is the strength of the spirit, the desire for goodness, truth. Visiting theaters, reading books, unfortunately, is not always good for the soul of some people.
E. Bogat believes that "spiritual life is communication with people, art, the autumn forest and with oneself."
The problem of preserving the concept of "honor" in the modern world
D. Granin wrote that the concept of "honor" is given to a person once along with the name and that it can neither be compensated nor corrected, but can only be saved. This is the moral core of a person.
D. Shevarov, in one of his essays, reflected that the concept of honor, enduring and universal, includes the ability to protect one's life values, a clear conscience, honesty, dignity, and the impossibility of lying. The author does not call for the return of the duel, he only uses the example of A.S. Pushkina argues that honor must be defended.
* In the story "Powerlessness" Y. Bondarev tells about two young people who collided on the street. One hit the shoulder of the other, the second was not timid, but fear of the will of a more courageous opponent stopped him from fighting back. The author concludes that both of them, the winner and the vanquished, in a short street battle of primitive egos, appeared as miserable, insignificant males.
* Y. Bondarev in the story "Beauty" gave an assessment of the behavior of an ugly, at first glance, girl and a dandy guy who invited her to a dance in order to expose her to ridicule. The heroine accepted the challenge of handsome. The author writes that a proud look transformed her into a beauty. The writer admires a man who managed to resist meanness, meanness, without dropping his dignity.
The problem of resisting evil, aggression
The famous writer, publicist V. Soloukhin told the story of a long enmity between two neighbors. In response to aggression, each of them responded with a new evil deed. During this war, the rooster of one and the kitten of the other died. The author writes that a grain of evil gave birth to a pea of evil, a pea gave birth to a nut, a nut - an apple. And now an ocean of evil has accumulated, where all of humanity can drown. One of them made the right decision - to go in peace to a neighbor. Peace reigned in the house. Therefore, only good can resist evil.
The Christian commandment says: "If you hit one cheek, turn the other." Only then can you help heal the one who hit you.
In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Snowstorm", the main character Marya Gavrilovna, having learned to live in accordance with God's commandments, becomes happy. Her mutual love with Burmin is God's gift for both.
The main idea of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is simple and clear. She is the embodiment of God's sixth commandment - "Thou shalt not kill." The author proves the impossibility of committing a crime in good conscience using the example of the story of Rodion Raskolnikov.
The problem of Christian morality
D. Orekhov in the book "Buddha from Benares" talks about the teachings, about the transmigration of souls, about the magical world of ancient Indian spirituality.
A striking example of an arrogant attitude towards people around is the heroine of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragin. Beautiful outwardly, she was spiritually empty, hypocritical, false.
In the story "Old Woman Izergil" M. Gorky tells the legend about Lara, who was not enough to be happy pride and confidence in his superiority. And the greatest blessing - life - becomes for him a hopeless torment.
* The features of manic stinginess are presented in the image of Plyushkin, the hero of the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. Taking care of an insignificant trifle, showing penny stinginess, the landowner loses hundreds and thousands, blowing his fortune into the wind, ruining his estate.
The moral and ethical problem of a person's attitude to what is called "to have more than others", "to live for show".
The well-known publicist I. Vasiliev wrote that “the same thing happens with the category of the self-satisfied, who live for show, as with the “hiding” - closing, distance, isolation from people. Their destiny is spiritual loneliness, which is more terrible than criminal punishment.
Having a lot, according to I. Vasiliev, is becoming a fashion. The desire to "have" turns into a painful passion for hoarding. But a metamorphosis takes place with a person: acquiring more and more material things, he becomes impoverished in soul. “The place of generosity, responsiveness, cordiality, kindness, compassion is replaced by stinginess, envy, greed.”
The well-known publicist G. Smirnov wrote that "in the 21st century, mankind will face a painful rejection of the fictitious values of material life and the difficult acquisition of the values of the Spirit."
The hero of V. Astafiev's novel "The Sad Detective" refers to people who "know how to live." Fedya Lebeda has a police salary, but he bought a two-story dacha. And all because he adheres to the principle: "Don't touch us, we won't touch..."
Recall the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Jumper". The main thing that attracted Olga Ivanovna to the world of art was the desire to make acquaintances with celebrities, and by no means a spiritual need for beauty. While admiring mediocre artists and writers, she failed to see in Dr. Dymov a talented scientist whose interest in art was truly genuine.
In the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Dowry" merchant Knurov, not finding himself worthy interlocutors, travels to talk to St. Petersburg and abroad. And the “Europeanization” of Vozhevatov is expressed in the fact that in the morning he drinks champagne poured into teapots in a coffee shop.
* In L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Lucerne”, a scene is depicted when all its noble and preoccupied with global problems residents came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to a poor wandering musician playing the violin. Listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.
* The well-known scientist and thinker D.S. Likhachev draws the image of our Earth as “defenselessly flying in the colossal space of a museum.” He is convinced that the human culture created over the millennia is designed to unite all people living on the planet.
Science fiction writer A. Belyaev in the novel "Professor Dowell's Head" tells that the fruits of scientific thought in the hands of presumptuous and irresponsible people become a real disaster for the entire human race. The author at the same time convinces the reader that evil will not go unpunished.
The famous French writer D. Koveler in the documentary book "Clone Christ?" tells how yesterday's science fiction becomes today's reality.
* The protagonist of V. Shukshin's story "Cut off", Gleb Kapustin, is confident in the truth of his knowledge, obtained as a hodgepodge from various sources. He is pleased when he manages to “click on the nose” of visitors, whom he severely examines.
The problem of heredity
* The well-known publicist L. Serova discussed the problem of heredity in one of her essays. She believes that the manifestation of the genotype will vary depending on the conditions in which a person develops.
* Theodosius Dobzhansky, a geneticist of the 20th century, noted that "a person is what he is, because his genotype plus his biography made him so."
* V. Kharchenko wrote that scientific activity requires patience, perseverance, and courage. It brings pleasure and joy to the scientist and helps to survive in difficult life circumstances.
Importance of the Humanities
* Well-known publicist, scientist D.S. Likhachev argued that the humanities are very important, since it is they who teach to understand art, history, and educate morality. * The ruler of thoughts, Einstein, was inspired by the work of F.M. Dostoevsky. And the famous scientist R. Yakobson said that before writing his works he liked to examine the paintings of Larionov or Goncharova.
* Well-known publicists often turn to the problem of the truth of art. So, I. Dolgopolov, admiring the creations of Andrei Rublev, notes that the creations of true masters live for more than one century, because they are written from the heart. They can be superficially simple, but wise "with that bottomless spiritual depth that marks Pushkin's poetry, Glinka's music, Dostoevsky's prose."
* The power of the magical skill of the great painters is also shown by I. Dolgopolov in his essay on Raphael's "Sistine Madonna". According to the author, our soul, "despite all the dictates of the mind, suggesting that this is just a mirage, the artist's inventions," freezes, contemplating this miracle of painting.
*G.I. Ouspensky has repeatedly noted that a true work of art can transform a person morally. The writer in his work "Rightened" recalls the impression that the statue of Venus de Milo in the Louvre made on him, about "the life-giving mystery of this stone creature." Beauty ennobles the soul of a person, the creations of brilliant masters "fascinate the eye." Such is the wonder of painting!
* N.V. narrates about the true purpose of art. Gogol in the story "Portrait". The author talks about two artists, each of whom chose his own "type" of creativity. One began to work without much effort. Nevertheless, it brought him a decent income. Another decided to penetrate the essence of art and devoted his whole life to learning. In the finale, he creates a true masterpiece, although his path was not accompanied by universal fame.
The famous scientist, publicist A.F. Losev compared the benefits of education with the harvest on the land by a peasant who works, despite all the hardships in the summer, but then enjoys rest and material prosperity all year round.
Psychologist Landreth said: "Education is what remains when everything learned is forgotten."
The mother of the protagonist of the novel, I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" believed that education is not such an important thing, for which you need to lose weight, lose your blush and skip holidays. It is only needed for promotion.
L. Gumilyov wrote that different subjects are taught at school. Many of them do not arouse any interest, but they are necessary, because without a wide perception of the world there will be no development of the mind and feelings. If children have not learned physics, they will not understand what energy and entropy are. Without knowledge of languages and literature, connections with the surrounding world of people are lost, and without history, with the legacy of the past.
The problem of attitude to learning
*According to the famous scientist and publicist Max Planck, "science and religion in truth do not contradict each other, but for every thinking person they need to complement each other."
* A well-known publicist, scientist A. Menu believes that "science and religion - two ways of knowing reality - should not just be independent areas, but in a harmonious combination contribute to the general movement of mankind along the path to Truth."
* The brilliant scientist A. Einstein noted: “The more knowledge about the world science gives us, the more clearly I see the hand of the Almighty, ruling the Universe.”
* Newton, who discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies, as if exposing the greatest secret of the universe, was a believer and was engaged in theology.
* The great Pascal, the genius of mathematics, one of the creators of the new physics, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers in Europe.
In the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" the main character I. Shukhov, despite all the difficulties of his position, lives and enjoys life. He did not exchange his spiritual ideals for someone else's plate of food or felt boots.
In the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov, Molchalin lives according to the principle bequeathed to him by his father:
Firstly, to please all people without exception - the Master, where you happen to live,
To the chief with whom I will serve, to his servant who cleans dresses,
Doorman, janitor, to avoid evil, Dog janitor, to be affectionate.
A vivid example of the image of the mores of bureaucratic Russia in the 19th century is the comedy of N.V. Gogol's "Inspector". According to the author, sheer lawlessness, bribery, embezzlement, the widespread arbitrariness of the landowners and the inactive neglect of state institutions have become the norm. Ridiculing and criticizing bureaucracy, the writer reveals the entire inconsistency of the administrative structure of the state.
The problem of philistinism
In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" describes the life of the provincial town of Kalinov. The life of the inhabitants here is boring and monotonous. It sucks like a quagmire, and there is no way to get out of it, to change something. “It’s better in the grave,” says the main character Ekaterina Kabanova, and she finds a way out only in death.
In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" tells about the fate of Dr. Startsev, who gradually becomes a layman. He is destroyed by the desire for satiety and peace, which suppresses all previous impulses, hopes and plans.
In the play "Petty Bourgeois" M. Gorky, on the one hand, presented the world of petty bourgeoisie in the person of the foreman of the paint shop Vasily Bessemenov and his family, on the other hand, people who oppose this musty life, led by Nil.
* The well-known publicist V. Levy wrote that “people with the talent to be happy are sunny people. Near them it is always light, breathe freely.
* I.A. Bunin in the poem "Evening" wrote:
We always remember happiness.
And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it is
This autumn garden behind the barn
And clean air pouring through the window ...
The hum of the thresher is heard on the threshing floor...
I see, I hear, I am happy. Everything is in me.
* The modern well-known publicist E. Lebedeva wrote that one should try to appreciate the unpretentious moments of life in order to feel like a happy person for no reason.
* In the story “The Scream”, Y. Bondarev tells about an incident that happened to him on one of the autumn days. The author enjoyed walking along the street, strewn with rustling golden leaves, and pondered the secrets of nature. But suddenly he heard a desperate cry of a woman from the window of the house. At that moment, happiness turned to bitterness. It seemed to the writer that humanity itself was screaming from unbearable pain, having lost a sense of the joy of its unique existence.
F. Abramov, in one of his essays, spoke about his teacher Alexei Fedorovich Kalintsev, who possessed such qualities as erudition, energy, self-esteem, devotion to his work, etc. According to the author, "a teacher is a person who holds in his hands the day of the country, the future of the planet."
Giovanni Odarinni wrote: "A teacher is a candle that shines on others while burning itself."
In V. Rasputin's story "French Lessons", the teacher Lidia Mikhailovna taught her student the main lesson ... of kindness and mercy.
A. Dementiev wrote:
Don't you dare forget the teachers! May life be worthy of their efforts!
Russia is famous for its teachers. The disciples bring glory to her.
*I remember lines from one poem:
If there were no teacher, then there would probably be no
No poet, no thinker, No Shakespeare, no Copernicus...
Without his sunny smile, Without his hot fire
To the light of our eyes sunflowers Could not turn.
*We repeat with N.A. Nekrasov his lines:
Teacher, before your name
Let me humbly kneel...
* The famous poet, writer, publicist R. Rozhdestvensky believed that the irresponsibility of officials at various levels leads to tragic consequences in our lives. Disregard for one's own and other people's work breeds mismanagement. To deal with it, you need to ask each person.
* A. Platonov wrote about the problem of irresponsibility in the story “Doubting Makar”, ridiculing the dairy boss, who referred to the authorities from Moscow, and he himself was indifferent to his work.
* The problem of irresponsibility was ridiculed in the "Directive Bow" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, and at the beginning of the 20th century they asked: "When will this end?" Almost a hundred years have passed, and we are still faced with mismanagement and our own negligence in our work.
The problem of the Russian village
* A. Solzhenitsyn in the story "Matryonin Dvor" described the wretched life of the village in the early fifties. People worked for workdays. The main entertainment after work was dancing, drinking, street fights.
The problem of the heroic struggle of the people for their independence
In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" tells about the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for national liberation from the Polish magnates. For people living in the Zaporozhian Sich, there is nothing higher than the interests of the people, the freedom and independence of the Motherland.
In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, the chronicler spoke about the struggle of the Russian people against the Polovtsians.
The problem of love of freedom
In the image of Katerina Kabanova, the main character of the play "Thunderstorm" - A.N. Ostrovsky captured all the beauty and broad nature of the freedom-loving Russian soul.
“An unusual phenomenon of Russian power” was called by N.V. Gogol is the main character of his story Taras Bulba. Stern and adamant, the leader of the Cossack army leads a life full of hardships and dangers. Zaporizhzhya Sich - that's his element. And the soul is imbued with only one desire - for the freedom and independence of its people.
Mtsyri, the main character of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov, despised people who had come to terms with life in a prison-monastery. Having tasted freedom, he paid a high price for those wonderful moments that he lived in freedom - his life.
The famous poet V. Vysotsky wrote:
But is this life when in chains,
But is it a choice, if constrained.
* L.G. Protopovich in the book "Where did the Indigo come from?" talks about children for whom there are no geographical, linguistic or cultural barriers. They are born in any country. Their distinguishing feature is the bright blue color of the aura. Another distinguishing feature was their special talents and super-high level of intelligence.
In the tragedy "Boris Godunov" A.S. Pushkin raises political and moral questions. The people, which at first became a blind instrument in the hands of the criminal king, is shown by the author as an ideal of truth and conscience.
A.S. Pushkin continued to reflect on the role of the people in the history of Russia in the story "The Captain's Daughter". This work tells about the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 led by E. Pugachev. The author is trying to find ways to bring nobles and peasants closer together, but concludes that this is not yet possible.
A.N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter the Great" touched upon the eternal problem of the relationship between state power and the people. The writer resolutely denies any violence of the state over its people, no matter how it is justified.
In the review novel "The History of a City" M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin shows that the city of Foolov exists only because of the obedience and ignorance of the people. The mayors rob, tyranny, and ordinary people die of hunger, endure torture, and console themselves with false promises of power. Only sometimes they rebel, but the rebellion ends in a flogging. And again, everyone lives in fear.
V.F. Myasnikov, a member of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition that sailed along the course of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, tells in his book Journey to the Land of the White Sphinx about the courageous work of hydrographers beyond the Southern Arctic Circle.
Yuri Modin is one of the most successful Soviet spies. His memoirs about the heroic work of the famous spy group “Cambridge Fives” in the book “The Fates of Scouts. My Cambridge Friends.
In B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", Yegor Polushkin was not afraid to go against the poachers, saving the birds, because he felt his responsibility for them. Osip Dymov, the hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", perfectly aware of the danger, the risk he takes, decides to save the boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies.
The problem of selfless labor
* Osip Dymov, hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", perfectly aware of the danger, the risk he takes, decides to save the boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies. The author believes that the ability to follow one's professional duty even under dangerous circumstances is a gift without which society cannot survive.
* In the story "A Photograph Where I'm Not", V. Astafiev tells about young teachers who renovated the school, found textbooks, etc. One day one of them rushed to save the children from a snake. Probably, just such a person will become a worthy example for his students.
* The teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", in occupied Belarus, risking his life, brought up hatred for the invaders in his students. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the Nazis to support them in a tragic moment.
* We learn about the heroism of soldiers from A. Fedorov's book "Nightingales".
*The cruel truth of the war is shown in B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet".
*Looking back, we have no right to forget the countless victims. E. Yevtushenko is right when he wrote in the story "Fuku":
The one who forgets yesterday's victims,
Maybe tomorrow's victim will be.
The problem of the heroism of people of peaceful professions during the years of WWII
Breeders of besieged Leningrad, in conditions of wild famine, managed to preserve priceless varieties of breeding wheat for a future peaceful life.
E. Krieger, a well-known modern prose writer, in the story "Light" tells how, during the hostilities, the workers of the power plant decided not to evacuate with the inhabitants of the village, but to work. The “light-emitting power plant,” as its author called it, not only generated electricity, but also inspired the soldiers, helped them remember what they were fighting for.
The cycle of stories by A. Krutetsky “In the steppes of Bashkiria” shows the hard work of collective farmers living with the slogan “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”
F. Abramov's novel "Brothers and Sisters" tells about the feat of Russian women who spent the best years of their lives on the labor front during the Great Patriotic War.
Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", in occupied Belarus, risking his life, brought up hatred for the invaders in his students. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the Nazis to support them in a tragic moment.
In the poem “Ukraine”, M. Rylsky wrote: You see: the Russian is with you, the Bashkirs and the Tajik, All brothers and friends are an avalanche of formidable rati. Holy is our union, the people are infinitely great, Infinitely strong in their lion's fury.
POW problem
The story of V. Bykov "Alpine Ballad" shows the tragedy of people who were captured.
The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the tragic fate of Andrei Sokolov. The protagonist went through the trials of fascist captivity, lost his family, but managed to defend his human dignity, did not lose the will to live, a sense of compassion for people.
The problem of patriotism
Talking about the Patriotic War of 1812 in the novel "War and Peace", L.N. Tolstoy with love and respect draws people of different social class, who were united by a common love for Russia.
In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy paints pictures of military operations and various types of their participants. We see both faithful sons of the Fatherland (Denis Davydov, elder Vasilisa, etc.), and false patriots who think only about their own selfish interests.
* In the article by I. Dolgopolov "Genius" it is noted that a genius is not a light-winged angel who appears to people once a century. The only passion of a genius - the desire to create - completely rejects his other aspirations, and therefore the true creator is doomed to eternal suffering. And, nevertheless, despite all the hardships that fell on the lot of geniuses, "the light from them continues to come to us even through a string of centuries after their death."
*Famous writer and publicist V.G. Belinsky wrote in an article about Lomonosov: “Willpower is one of the main signs of a genius
The protagonist of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" is an extraordinary person. Shukhov survives in the vile camp life thanks to his extreme diligence and long-suffering. In the world of evil and violence, lack of rights and enslavement, "sixes" and "blatars" who profess the camp law "you die today, and I - tomorrow", it is not easy to save the soul and human warmth. But Ivan Denisovich had his own sure means to restore a good mood - work.
About the inhumanity, the horror of the situation that prevailed in the country during the era of Stalin's rule, Y. Bondarev told in his work "Bouquet". The fate of the heroine was typical for that time. The fault of the heroine consisted only in the fact that she was young, good-looking, naively believed in the decency of those who were in power.
The role of personality in history
The true spokesman of the national spirit was M.I. Kutuzov. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" historically accurately painted the image of the great commander.
A.N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter the Great" tells about the life of the reformer tsar. On the one hand, Peter the Great seems to love his people and believes in their creative forces, on the other hand, he brutally cracks down on the participants in the archery rebellion, and later builds a beautiful city on the bones of convicts and serfs. The main tragedy, according to the author, is that for Peter the people are only a means, an instrument for the realization of his plans.
Y. Ovsyannikov in the book “Peter the Great. The First Russian Emperor” tells how Peter determined the character of the new Russia with his activities. Under the clash of axes and the thunder of cannons, the medieval state entered the union of European countries as an equal partner. which must be reckoned with.
In M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" the history of Palestine and Jerusalem is resurrected. The author prophetically showed the inevitable tragedy of the Jewish religious authorities, claiming a monopoly in the spiritual and legal sphere.
D. Lyskov in the book “Stalin's repressions. The Great Lie of the 20th Century" tries to understand the problem of terror objectively and impartially, avoiding ideological clichés, relying not on emotions, but on facts.
A. Pristavkin's story "A Golden Cloud Spent the Night" tells about the tragic fate of the Kuzmyonysh brothers, who became unwitting participants in an interethnic conflict. Small children, whose orphanage was destroyed by the Chechens, became victims of the struggle of the state machine with small nations.
One of the founders of historical romance A. Chapygin in the novel "Stepan Razin" describes the era of the great peasant war, headed by S. Razin.
V. Rasputin's story "Live and Remember" presents the story of the deserter Andrey Guskov.
V. Bykov in the story "Sotnikov" Rybak becomes a traitor, and later the executioner of his former comrade.
The problem of motherhood
The topic of motherhood is touched upon by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Nightingales". A mother teaches her children to appreciate beauty, to love nature. She really wants her children to be happy. Expressing the dream of all mothers, she says that if there were lands for the people where they would live freely, then “peasant women would take them all in the arms of their children.”
Matryona Timofeevna, one of the heroines of the poem by N.A., brings up her children by her personal example. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Russia?" She takes upon herself the humiliating punishment intended for her son, protects his pure soul from shocks.
The well-known writer A. Fadeev in his “Word about Mother” urged readers to look back at their lives and answer the question: “Is it not our failures and our grief that make our mothers gray?” He noted with chagrin that "the hour will come when all this will turn into a painful reproach to the heart at the mother's grave."
The story of V. Astafiev tells about the cat Belogrudka, whose kittens were taken away by the guys from the village. The author writes with pain about the pain of a mother looking for her children.
The well-known writer A. Fadeev wrote in his “Word about Mother”: “Is it not because of our failures, mistakes, and is it not because of our grief that our mothers turn gray? But the hour will come when all this at the mother’s grave will turn into a painful reproach to the heart.
In the short story "Happiness", the famous writer Y. Bondarev tells about a story that happened in one ordinary family. The main character was thinking about hopelessness, about the misfortunes that haunt people throughout their lives. She was struck by the fact that her father considered himself a happy person, because everyone is alive, there is no war, the whole family is together. The woman’s heart warmed up, she realized that happiness is to feel loved by loved ones and give them her love.
In the story "White Goose", the famous children's writer E. Nosov tells about a handsome goose who, during a strong hail, covered his babies with himself. All twelve fluffy "dandelions" survived. He himself died.
* The famous talented writer I. Bunin in the story "Beauty" tells about the cruel treatment of a stepmother to her little stepson. It is also terrible that the father chose to betray his own child, exchanging it for his own well-being, peace of mind.
The life and fate of women
* The essence of the life of the main character of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" by Natalia Rostova is love.
* A.N. wrote about the female share in his works. Nekrasov.
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The closest and dearest for L.N. Tolstoy, the heroes are those who are in constant moral search, whose soul is working on the problem of choice, on the solution of the eternal question about the meaning of life. Those, of course, are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. These are people with a restless soul and a proud heart. They are in continuous internal development. Wishing to depict the formation of their personality, it was for them that the artist prepared a difficult fate.
The protagonist of the novel by V. Hugo "Les Misérables", having gone through many trials, having been in hard labor, did not become callous in soul, but was able to continue his life's journey, helping others and even compassionate enemies.
*Famous writer and publicist V.P. Astafiev wrote in one of his essays that the moral health of the nation depends on each of us. People should understand that there is no need to look for the causes of vices on the side. The fight against drunkenness, lies, etc. in society must begin with eradicating such things in oneself.
M.A. Bulgakov in the novel "The White Guard".
Heroes-intellectuals were portrayed by writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, in M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" it was the writer, weak and not adapted to life, who managed to see and reflect in his novel those eternal moral values that humanity developed and which in the 30s of the 20th century could resist social evil .
The famous Russian writer, translator, literary critic V. Nabokov wrote about the role of the intelligentsia in the modern world. The author believes that the presence of such people is a guarantee of a "better future for the whole world", because they are an example of self-denial and moral purity.
V. Dudintsev wrote about the plight of the intelligentsia in White Clothes.
The problem of lonely old age
*I.S. Turgenev in his prose poem “How good, how fresh were the roses...” contrasts the loneliness and cold of old age with the passionate feeling of youth. He bitterly regrets the lost youthful years, about everything that warmed the soul, with which life was once filled. Just as “a candle dims and goes out,” so does human life come to an end.
* The well-known publicist M. Molina wrote: “For Russian-speaking people living in Russia or dispersed all over the world, language is the only common heritage ... The first concern is not to let it die.”
*WITH. Erichev noted that "with the help of verbal mental images, we can create or destroy our genetic structure... Some words heal the body... others destroy it."
* "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy begins with a lengthy dialogue in French, and the babbling of Anatole Kuragin, who unsuccessfully tried to tell a joke in Russian, looked very pitiful.
* Well-known publicist A. Prosvirnov in the article “Why do we need imported weeds?” resents the unreasonable misuse of foreign words and jargon in our language.
* S. Kaznacheev, in one of his essays, wrote that the “blind” use of borrowings today leads to a distortion of the alphabet, the destruction of words, a disruption in the functioning of the language, and the loss of cultural traditions.
* N. Gal believes that one of the most dangerous diseases of our speech is clerical. Stamps oppress the "living core" of the language, they are dangerous both in the live speech of people and in the speech of characters in literary works.
* Publicist V. Kostomarov is sure that "the language is subject to the people who use it." It reflects the state of society. So “it’s not the language that needs to be corrected now ...”
The Problem of Inspiration
* The famous writer K. Paustovsky noted: “Inspiration enters us like a radiant summer morning that has just thrown off the mists of a quiet night, splashed with dew, with thickets of wet grass. It gently breathes its healing coolness into our faces.
* Tchaikovsky argued that inspiration is a state when a person works with all his strength, like an ox, and does not coquettishly wave his hand.
* The well-known writer, publicist S. Dovlatov, in his essay, reflected on what an inferiority complex is: a perpetual brake or a perpetual motion machine. He is sure that everything depends on us.
*According to the popular scientist and publicist M. Moltz, “inferiority and superiority are two sides of the same coin. Getting rid of them is in realizing that the medal itself is fake.”
The problem of fathers and children
*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova believes that the constant repetition of the conflict of generations is inevitable. The reason often lies in the fact that young people are trying to deny the experience accumulated by their fathers. The older generation should take a position of greater compromise due to the fact that they are able to analyze the situation better, because they have more life experience and more information about similar situations in the history of mankind.
* The problem of relationships between generations is one of the most important in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The change of generations is always a complex and painless process. "Children" receive from the "fathers" as an inheritance the entire spiritual experience of mankind. In this case, there is a certain revaluation of values. The experience is being rethought. In the novel, the rejection of the experience of the "fathers" is embodied in Bazarov's nihilism
The hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", born blind Peter, had to go through many obstacles on the way to happiness. The inability to see the light, the beauty of the world around him upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.
At different stages of history, people treated people with disabilities in different ways. For example, in Sparta, newborn children with physical disabilities were killed.
In the esoteric thriller "The Way of the Fool" S. Sekorisky writes that "naturally physically strong people are rarely smart, since their minds are replaced by fists."
The well-known Russian writer, publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space not known by man is so large that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.
The novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very intelligent man with vast life experience. But still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.
* The brilliant psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex "is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve."
* F. Iskander in his essay "Soul and Mind" writes that humanity can be divided into "wretched" and "beasts". The fate of the first in this case is to do good during a short life, since "they are doomed to perish." The second has nothing left to do but to recognize the fidelity of the life position of the "wretched" and return back to the shell of self-defense.
* N. Gumilev in the poem "Excerpt" wrote:
Christ said: blessed are the poor,
The fate of the blind, the crippled and the poor is enviable,
I'll take them to the over-stellar villages,
I will make them knights of the sky
And I will call the most glorious of the glorious ...
* A. Pristavkin talks about one of the children's colonies in his work “Kukushata, or a lamentatory song to calm the heart”. On behalf of juvenile delinquents, one of the heroes says: “We have only anger left. Yes, even brutalized against all souls: against the cops, against the village ... Yes, and against the world in general.
* L. Gabyshev wrote about the difficult fate of juvenile delinquents in his work “Orlyan, or the Air of Freedom”.
*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova, in one of her essays, wrote that the danger of a non-standard spiritual search for young people is that it can lead to spiritual and physical destruction of the individual.
*Which of us does not remember Mowgli, the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by R. Kipling? Incredible trials fell to his lot, and the only phrase: "You and I are of the same blood - you and me!" - turned wild animals into friends and helpers. A wonderful fairy tale, probably more for adults, because it teaches love for everything around, teaches you to live in complete harmony with the world.
*At L.N. Tolstoy in his diary there is an interesting entry that “a powerful means to true happiness in life is, without any laws, to let out of itself in all directions, like a spider, a whole web of love and catch everything that has got there ...” Similar foundations of worldview the hero of the story, S. Dovlatov, also preaches. Kenneth Bowers believed that the people of the world are related.
* The famous writer A. Kondratiev wrote that the mixing of languages, races, cultures has been going on for centuries. There are no higher and lower races, no "cultural" and "barbarian" languages, no "entirely independent" and "totally borrowed" cultures. For us, people of the 21st century who know their past, every person on the globe belongs to a single family - HUMANITY.
* The well-known publicist I. Rudenko wrote that “in a country that has won fascism, suffered from fascism, where the very word“ fascist ”is still a curse, lovers of the swastika will be able to lead people ... The superiority of some over others, the fall in the value of human life is a breeding ground from which fascism can grow."
* Scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that "nationalism is a manifestation of the weakness of the nation, and not its strength." In his opinion, weak peoples become infected with nationalism. A great people with its great culture and national traditions must be kind, especially if the fate of a small people is connected with it.
* L. Zhukhovitsky, in his essay, spoke about how in Moscow he was severely beaten by police sergeants Hero of Russia, aircraft and spacecraft tester Magomet Tolboev just because they wanted to more thoroughly check the face of Caucasian nationality. Thanks to journalists, this story became known to the public. They apologized to the victims. But the author asks: “What if a simple person were in Tolboev’s place?”
* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story "Treacherous Sausage" tells about the amazing, interesting world of animals. The author believes that our four-legged pets are sometimes unusually smart and able to surprise us with their behavior no less than people.
* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story "Treacherous Sausage" argued that if there is a four-legged friend in the house, the owner must be responsible for him, educate him in order to avoid unpleasant misunderstandings and tragedies.
*WITH. Exupery wrote: "We are responsible for those whom we have tamed."
* D. Granin, in an essay on the book of the English veterinarian D. Harriot "On all creatures - large and small," admires the work of this man, who heals day by day, and sometimes saves our smaller brothers.
* In M. Moskvina's story "Don't step on the beetle", seventh-grader Zhenya learns that her classmates kill dogs and give them to businessmen to make hats. The girl asks: “What do people think? How will they live?
* In N. Leonov’s story “The Vultures”, an outwardly respectable young man destroys animals, and then a person, for the sake of self-assertion…
* In the work of V. Mayakovsky there is a wonderful poem about a horse that "crashed on its croup." The poet condemns people who do not notice a fallen animal in the bustle of the city, which looks at everything upside down and understands that no one needs it. The author is very sorry for the horse, he convinces the reader that not only people can suffer, worry. For some reason they just forget about it.
* In the story “Ors”, Y. Bondarev tells how the owners killed a dog with a shovel just because it did not protect apples in the garden from thieves.
The problem of attitude to learning
* The well-known publicist S. Soloveichik believes that "there are two types of occupations in the world: teaching with torment and teaching with passion." And it is teaching with passion - "a happy life."
* An irresponsible attitude to learning is shown in D. Fonvizin's "Undergrowth".
* Well-known publicist A.A. Zinoviev writes that computers "have become the omnipotent deities of our Global human life." According to the author, they are considered the materialization of our spiritual life, our souls, a kind of "confessors" of our thoughts.
The problem of the future of the book
* The popular publicist S. Kuriyu argued in the essay "The Book and the Computer Age" about whether the book will die under the condition of the development of modern information technologies. The author argued that a book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the work.
* V. Soloukhin writes about the enormous advantage of the book over the cinema. The reader, in his opinion, "directs" his film himself, the film director does not impose on him the appearance of the characters. Thus, reading books is a more creative process than sitting in front of a “box”, when a person is more a consumer than a creator.
I. Bukin - Honored Artist of Russia, famous entertainer, author of the book "Well, burn me at the stake! ..." In his work, he tells about how he walked the ladder of success, as well as about such performers as A. Pugacheva, I. Kobzon and others, with whom he worked together.
In the book by N Nadezhdin "Freddie Mercury:" I want to become a legend ", he presented the biography of a wonderful singer, leader of the Queen group, a unique voice, the expressive manner of singing of which fans of his work will long remember.
V. Kholodkovsky in the book "House in Klin" spoke about the life and work of the great Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky.
* A modern publicist A. Varlamov believes that "there is a totalitarian offensive of yellowness." In contrast to it, it is necessary to publish literary journals that will be called upon to preserve our main wealth - language, must make life facts a fact of literature, present Russian life in all its richness from the western borders to the eastern.
* The well-known publicist V. Kutyrev believes that television is likened to the "gifts of the Danaans." This is an illusory good, fraught with a threat, depriving a person of joy and direct communication.
* V. Soloukhin wrote that the general enthusiasm for television programs forms a consumer attitude towards art and reduces the cognitive and creative activity of a person. Entertainment programs are of the greatest interest, and special programs are more likely to interest a non-specialist.
* I. Petrovsky in the essay “We Remain. Where are we to go?" writes with regret that there are few truly talented, useful, interesting programs on television. From year to year, the growing disproportion between what the viewer needs and what is beneficial to television itself cannot but disturb people who think in the slightest.
*Love...What is this feeling? Why do people deify him? Light, gentle bliss or all-consuming passion? This is a question to which we will search for an answer, perhaps for the rest of our lives. Let us recall the poetic lines of W. Shakespeare:
What is love?
Madness from fumes
Playing with fire leading to fire
ignited a sea of tears,
Thinking - thoughtlessness for the sake of,
A mixture of poison and antidote...
* The well-known publicist O. Kozhukhova wrote: “Love exalts and has mercy, but it also punishes with the objectivity of an impartial, but strict judge, rejecting the insignificant, vile, petty. The power of attraction to a beloved being is able to overcome all obstacles and difficulties.
In the cycle of poems "The Ballad of Love", V. Vysotsky argued that a great feeling unites all lovers into a single Land of Love. The following lines sound unusually reverent:
I will lay the fields for lovers -
Let them sing in a dream and in reality!...
I breathe, which means - I love! I love, and therefore - I live!
Love
Love is the greatest feeling that works miracles in general, that creates new people, creates the greatest human values. A.S. Makarenko
Pepper:
The problem of the relationship between man and nature.
The role of nature in human life
The problem of ecological catastrophe
Seeing beauty in the ordinary
friendship
Story
The problem of preserving historical memory.
Attitude to cultural heritage The role of cultural traditions in the moral development of a person Fathers and children
The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. Loneliness problem.
The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.
Work
The problem of drug addiction.
The problem of love for the motherland
The problem of choosing a profession.
Russian language
The problem of moral duty, moral choice.
The problem of the national spirit in the tragic moments of history
War and Peace
The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
Literature and poetry
Mind, knowledge, book, science
The role of books in human life
good and evil
Good Speech
conscience, morality
Youth, youth
Will, freedom
Heroism, deeds
Art
Sports, movement
HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY
The problem of responsibility.
Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor.
Human self-realization. Life is a struggle for happiness
False Values
The problem of the development of science and technology
Everyone has in their hands fate peace
The role of personality in history
The impact of art on the spiritual development of man
The educational function of art
Interpersonal relationships
Fear in a person's life
The problem of human rights and obligations
The problem of moral degradation of the individual
Man and scientific progress The role of science in modern life Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries Scientific progress and moral qualities of man
Laws of social development. Man and power
Man and knowledge.
The problem of conscience
role of example. Human education
The problem of spirituality
The problem of boorish attitude towards others (or (in) worthy behavior in society)
The problem of the influence of religion on human life
The problem of moral squeamishness
The problem of human stinginess
The problem of true and false human interest in culture
The influence of art, culture on a person
The problem of ethical aspects of human cloning
The problem of true and false education
The problem of heredity
The problem of the influence of scientific activity on human life and habits
The problem of the truth of art
The problem of timely education
The problem of attitude to learning
The problem of the relationship between science and religion
The problem of human perception of the surrounding world
The problem of hypocrisy
The problem of bribery, lawlessness of officials
The problem of philistinism
The problem of transience of human happiness
The problem of the influence of the personality of the teacher on the formation of the character of students
The problem of irresponsibility of officials
The problem of the Russian village
The problem of love of freedom
The problem of human realization of superpowers
The problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities
The problem of courage and heroism in peacetime
The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War
The problem of the heroism of people of peaceful professions during the WWII in
The problem of national unity during the war
POW problem
The problem of patriotism
The problem of true and false patriotism
The problem of opposition of geniuses to the outside world
The problem of the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state
The role of personality in history
The Problem of the Moral Lessons of History
The problem of betrayal during the war
The problem of motherhood
The Problem of the Transformative Power of Parental Love
The problem of parenthood
The problem of merciless attitude of adults to the child
The life and fate of women
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The problem of the moral health of the nation
The problem of the role of the intelligentsia in society
The problem of lonely old age
The problem of attitude to the native language
The problem of inspiration.
Psychological problem of inferiority complex
The problem of fathers and children
The problem of human limitation
The problem of juvenile delinquency
The problem of non-standard spiritual search of modern young people
The problem of the unity of peoples and cultures
The problem of crime motivated by interethnic hostility (or nationalism)
The problem of human perception of the animal world
The problem of human relations with animals
The problem of attitude to learning
Computer abuse problem
The problem of the future of the book
The problem of educating true masters of the performing arts
The role of printed publications in modern Russia
The role of television in human life
The problem of the relationship between a woman and a man
Love
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Russian literature has given us a cavalcade of both positive and negative characters. We decided to recall the second group. Beware, spoilers.
20. Alexei Molchalin (Alexander Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
Molchalin is the hero of "nothing", Famusov's secretary. He is faithful to his father's behest: "to please all people without exception - the owner, the boss, his servant, the janitor's dog."
In a conversation with Chatsky, he sets out his life principles, which are that "at my age one should not dare to have one's own judgment."
Molchalin is sure that you need to think and act as is customary in the "famus" society, otherwise they will gossip about you, and, as you know, "evil tongues are worse than pistols."
He despises Sophia, but is ready to please Famusov to sit with her all night long, playing the role of a lover.
19. Grushnitsky (Mikhail Lermontov, "A Hero of Our Time")
Grushnitsky has no name in Lermontov's story. He is the "double" of the main character - Pechorin. According to Lermontov’s description, Grushnitsky is “... one of those people who have ready-made lush phrases for all occasions, who are simply not touched by the beautiful and who importantly drape in extraordinary feelings, sublime passions and exceptional suffering. To produce an effect is their delight ... ".
Grushnitsky is very fond of pathos. There is not an ounce of sincerity in him. Grushnitsky is in love with Princess Mary, and at first she answers him with special attention, but then falls in love with Pechorin.
The case ends in a duel. Grushnitsky is so low that he conspires with friends and they do not load Pechorin's pistol. The hero cannot forgive such frank meanness. He reloads the pistol and kills Grushnitsky.
18. Afanasy Totsky (Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Idiot)
Afanasy Totsky, having taken Nastya Barashkova, the daughter of a deceased neighbor, for upbringing and dependency, eventually “became close to her”, developing a suicidal complex in the girl and indirectly becoming one of the culprits of her death.
Extremely greedy to the female, at the age of 55, Totsky decided to connect his life with the daughter of General Epanchin Alexandra, deciding to marry Nastasya to Ganya Ivolgin. However, neither of these things worked out. As a result, Totsky "was captivated by a visiting Frenchwoman, a Marquise and a Legitimist."
17. Alena Ivanovna (Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment)
The old pawnbroker is a character that has become a household name. Even those who have not read Dostoevsky's novel have heard of her. Alena Ivanovna is not so old by today's standards, she is “60 years old”, but the author describes her like this: “... a dry old woman with sharp and angry eyes with a small pointed nose ... Her blond, slightly graying hair was oiled with oil. Some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around her thin and long neck, similar to a chicken leg ... ".
The old woman pawnbroker is engaged in usury and profits from the grief of people. She takes valuable things at huge interest, treats her younger sister Lizaveta, and beats her.
16. Arkady Svidrigailov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment)
Svidrigailov - one of Raskolnikov's doubles in Dostoevsky's novel, a widower, at one time was bought out of prison by his wife, lived in the village for 7 years. A cynical and depraved person. On his conscience, the suicide of a servant, a 14-year-old girl, possibly the poisoning of his wife.
Due to Svidrigailov's harassment, Raskolnikov's sister lost her job. Upon learning that Raskolnikov is a murderer, Luzhin blackmails Dunya. The girl shoots at Svidrigailov and misses.
Svidrigailov is an ideological scoundrel, he does not experience moral torment and experiences "world boredom", eternity seems to him "a bathhouse with spiders." As a result, he commits suicide with a shot from a revolver.
15. Boar (Alexander Ostrovsky, Thunderstorm)
In the image of Kabanikh, one of the central characters in the play "Thunderstorm", Ostrovsky reflected the outgoing patriarchal, strict archaism. Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna - "a rich merchant's wife, widow", Katerina's mother-in-law, mother of Tikhon and Varvara.
The boar is very domineering and strong, she is religious, but more outwardly, because she does not believe in forgiveness or mercy. She is as practical as possible and lives by earthly interests.
Kabanikha is sure that the family way of life can only be maintained on fear and orders: “After all, out of love, parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach good.” She perceives the departure of the former order as a personal tragedy: “That’s how the old days are brought out ... What will happen, as the elders die, ... I don’t know.”
14. Lady (Ivan Turgenev, "Mumu")
We all know the sad story that Gerasim drowned Mumu, but not everyone remembers why he did it, but he did it because the despotic lady ordered him to do so.
The same landowner had previously given the washerwoman Tatyana, with whom Gerasim was in love, to the drunkard shoemaker Kapiton, which ruined both.
The lady, at her own discretion, decides the fate of her serfs, not at all considering their wishes, and sometimes even common sense.
13. Footman Yasha (Anton Chekhov, The Cherry Orchard)
Lackey Yasha in Anton Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" is an unpleasant character. He openly bows to everything foreign, while he is extremely ignorant, rude and even boorish. When his mother comes to him from the village and waits for him in the servants' room all day, Yasha dismissively declares: "It is very necessary, I could come tomorrow."
Yasha tries to behave decently in public, tries to appear educated and well-mannered, but at the same time, alone with Firs, she says to the old man: “You are tired, grandfather. If only you'd die sooner."
Yasha is very proud of the fact that he lived abroad. With a foreign gloss, he wins the heart of the maid Dunyasha, but uses her location for his own benefit. After the sale of the estate, the lackey persuades Ranevskaya to take him back to Paris with her. It is impossible for him to stay in Russia: "the country is uneducated, the people are immoral, moreover, boredom ...".
12. Pavel Smerdyakov (Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov)
Smerdyakov is a character with a speaking surname, according to rumors, the illegitimate son of Fyodor Karrmazov from the city's holy fool Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya. The surname Smerdyakov was given to him by Fyodor Pavlovich in honor of his mother.
Smerdyakov serves as a cook in Karamazov's house, and, apparently, he cooks quite well. However, this is "a man with rottenness." This is evidenced by at least Smerdyakov’s reasoning about history: “In the twelfth year there was a great invasion of Russia by Emperor Napoleon the First of France, and it would be good if these very French had conquered us then, a smart nation would have conquered a very stupid one, sir, and annexed to itself. There would even be other orders.”
Smerdyakov is the murderer of Karamazov's father.
11. Pyotr Luzhin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment)
Luzhin is another of the twins of Rodion Raskolnikov, a business man of 45 years old, "with a cautious and obnoxious physiognomy."
Having broken out "from rags to riches", Luzhin is proud of his pseudo-education, behaves arrogantly and stiffly. Having made an offer to Dunya, he anticipates that she will be grateful to him all her life for the fact that he "brought her to the people."
He also wooed Dunya by calculation, believing that she would be useful to him for his career. Luzhin hates Raskolnikov because he opposes their union with Dunya. Luzhin, on the other hand, pockets Sonya Marmeladova one hundred rubles at her father's funeral, accusing her of stealing.
10. Kirila Troyekurov (Alexander Pushkin, "Dubrovsky")
Troekurov is an example of a Russian master, spoiled by his power and environment. He spends his time in idleness, drunkenness, voluptuousness. Troekurov sincerely believes in his impunity and unlimited possibilities (“That is the strength to take away the estate without any right”).
The master loves his daughter Masha, but passes her off as an old man she does not love. Troekurov's serfs look like their master - the Troekurov kennel is insolent to Dubrovsky Sr. - and thereby quarrels old friends.
9. Sergei Talberg (Mikhail Bulgakov, White Guard)
Sergei Talberg is the husband of Elena Turbina, a traitor and opportunist. He easily changes his principles, beliefs, without much effort and remorse. Thalberg is always where it is easier to live, so he runs abroad. He leaves his family and friends. Even Talberg's eyes (which, as you know, are the "mirror of the soul") are "two-story", he is the exact opposite of the Turbins.
Talberg was the first to put on a red armband at the military school in March 1917 and, as a member of the military committee, arrested the famous General Petrov.
8. Alexey Shvabrin (Alexander Pushkin, The Captain's Daughter)
Shvabrin is the antipode of the protagonist of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" by Pyotr Grinev. He was exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for murder in a duel. Shvabrin is undoubtedly smart, but at the same time he is cunning, impudent, cynical, and mocking. Having received Masha Mironova's refusal, he spreads dirty rumors about her, wounds him in the back in a duel with Grinev, goes over to Pugachev's side, and, having been captured by government troops, spreads rumors that Grinev is a traitor. In general, a rubbish person.
7. Vasilisa Kostyleva (Maxim Gorky, "At the Bottom")
In Gorky's play "At the Bottom" everything is sad and melancholy. Such an atmosphere is diligently maintained by the owners of the rooming house where the action takes place - the Kostylevs. The husband is a nasty cowardly and greedy old man, Vasilisa's wife is a prudent, dodgy opportunist, forcing her lover Vaska Ash to steal for her sake. When she finds out that he himself is in love with her sister, she promises to give her away in exchange for killing her husband.
6. Mazepa (Alexander Pushkin, Poltava)
Mazepa is a historical character, but if in history the role of Mazepa is ambiguous, then in Pushkin's poem Mazepa is an unambiguously negative character. Mazepa appears in the poem as an absolutely immoral, dishonorable, vengeful, spiteful person, like a treacherous hypocrite for whom nothing is sacred (he “does not know the shrine”, “does not remember goodness”), a person who is accustomed to achieve his goal at any cost.
The seducer of his young goddaughter Maria, he publicly executes her father Kochubey and - already sentenced to death - subjected to severe torture in order to find out where he hid his treasures. Without equivocation, Pushkin denounces Mazepa's political activity, which is determined only by the love of power and the thirst for revenge on Peter.
5. Foma Opiskin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants")
Foma Opiskin is an extremely negative character. Livelier, hypocrite, liar. He diligently portrays piety and education, tells everyone about his supposedly ascetic experience and sparkles with quotes from books...
When he gets his hands on power, he shows his true nature. “The low soul, having come out from under oppression, oppresses itself. Thomas was oppressed - and he immediately felt the need to oppress himself; they broke down on him - and he himself began to break down on others. He was a jester and immediately felt the need to have his own jesters. He boasted to the point of absurdity, broke down to the point of impossibility, demanded bird's milk, tyrannized without measure, and it came to the point that good people, having not yet witnessed all these tricks, but listening only to stories, considered all this to be a miracle, an obsession, they were baptized and spat…”
4. Viktor Komarovsky (Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago)
Lawyer Komarovsky is a negative character in Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago. In the fates of the main characters - Zhivago and Lara, Komarovsky is an "evil genius" and a "grey eminence". He is guilty of the ruin of the Zhivago family and the death of the protagonist's father, he cohabits with Lara's mother and with Lara herself. Finally, Komarovsky deceives Zhivago and his wife apart. Komarovsky is smart, prudent, greedy, cynical. All in all, a bad person. He himself understands this, but it suits him perfectly.
3. Judas Golovlev (Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, "Gentlemen Golovlevs")
Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, nicknamed Yudushka and Krovopivushka, is "the last representative of a swindled family." He is hypocritical, greedy, cowardly, prudent. He spends his life in endless slander and litigation, drives his son to suicide, while imitating extreme religiosity, reading prayers "without the participation of the heart."
Toward the end of his dark life, Golovlev gets drunk and runs wild, goes into a March blizzard. In the morning, his stiff corpse is found.
2. Andriy (Nikolai Gogol, Taras Bulba)
Andriy is the youngest son of Taras Bulba, the hero of the story of the same name by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Andriy, as Gogol writes, from early youth began to feel the "need for love." This need brings him down. He falls in love with a panochka, betrays his homeland, and friends, and his father. Andriy admits: “Who said that my homeland is Ukraine? Who gave it to me in the homeland? The fatherland is what our soul seeks, which is sweeter for it than anything. My homeland is you! ... and everything that is, I will sell, give, destroy for such a homeland!
Andrew is a traitor. He is killed by his own father.
1. Fyodor Karamazov (Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov)
He is voluptuous, greedy, envious, stupid. By maturity, he was flabby, began to drink a lot, opened several taverns, made many countrymen his debtors ... He began to compete with his eldest son Dmitry for the heart of Grushenka Svetlova, which paved the way for the crime - Karamazov was killed by his illegitimate son Peter Smerdyakov.
We analyzed many texts for preparing for the exam and identified the problems that are most common. For each of them, we have selected relevant arguments from the literature. All of them are available for download in table format (link at the end of the article).
The effect of hypocrisy on personality
- The problem of hypocrisy is one of the main ones in the story. A. P. Chekhov "Chameleon". Even from the name it is clear that we are talking about a person who can adapt to any situation, relegating his own beliefs to the background. Once Ochumelov, the protagonist of the story and a police officer, had to deal with the case when Mr. Khryukin was bitten by a dog on the finger. As soon as Ochumelov found out that the dog belonged to General Zhigalov, the hero was not in such a hurry to blame his pet. Fearing for his career, Ochumelov began to accuse Khryukin of lying, allegedly he had opened his finger himself, and invented the dog altogether. Before the general, the hero served in every possible way and flattered him. Thus, hypocrisy is the enemy of truth and justice, which is all the more dangerous the less often people condemn it.
- The problem of hypocrisy can be seen in several Mayakovsky's poems, including in "Hunt". In this work, the image of a hypocrite or a lick named citizen Vasyutkin appears. The poet uses the grotesque, saying that the hero's tongue has grown "by thirty meters". So he emphasizes how many lies this helpful and pleasant citizen utters. Vasyutkin presents himself as a Christian, but this belief is sham. He shows nothing but indifference to those people who entrusted him with their problems, takes bribes, steals and lies. This characterizes Vasyutkin as a two-faced character. In addition, if he looks down on ordinary people, then he is constantly trying to please the highest in rank, changing roles to please them. Thus, a hypocritical position depersonalizes a person and makes him more vicious, because it helpfully covers up his shortcomings.
- In the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Luzhin is the main hypocrite and scoundrel. First, he proposes to Dunya, but not out of love for her, but so that she will be grateful and indebted to him all her life. Then Luzhin sets Sonya up by planting money on her and accusing her of theft. The naive girl thought that the hero did it from the bottom of his heart, but then she realized what a hypocrite he was. Moreover, it was understood by all the surrounding people. Having lost their loyalty and respect, Luzhin got a chance from fate to understand what such a “priceless” quality did to him? Who has he become and where is he going? However, it is unlikely that a "reasonable egoist" will use it, because of the constant pretense, his personality has lost the ability to critically evaluate himself.
Consequences of hypocrisy
- The consequences of hypocrisy can be clearly seen in the novel Jack London "Martin Eden". The author tells about a young man who decided to write, literally did not sleep at night and worked hard to win the favor of his beloved Ruth. The girl was higher in status, and her relatives did not approve of an alliance with Eden. When Ruth decided to part with the hero, his affairs suddenly went uphill. The desired vocation now began to seem repugnant to Eden, because he saw the hypocrisy of those around him. He understood that the press and friends began to show interest in him only because of his success. As a result, Eden decides to sail away on a ship and live his last days on a separate island. False and false people disappointed him. For them, the consequence of their hypocritical behavior was the disappearance of a useful member of society who could have made them better. Thus, humanity has repeatedly repelled the prophets, who found peace only in the deserts, far from the vulgarity and flattery of the unreasonable crowd.
- A great example of hypocrisy and its negative consequences is the Famus society from the comedy A. S. Griboedova "Woe from Wit". The main character arrives at Famusov's house and begins to share his progressive ideas. Chatsky did not immediately understand what kind of society he fell into. It was a deceitful high society, saturated with falsehood, where marriages were made for the sake of money, and not sparkling love, where they made friends with the highest order only for the sake of his favor. After several conflicts and insults, the hero realized that he could no longer endure such an environment. He felt that there was no point in sharing his opinion with such people, because sincerity would not be expected from them. In the finale, Chatsky utters his famous phrase “Carriage for me, carriage!” and leaves Famusov's house forever. The consequence of lies and pretense is not only the loss of a progressive and useful citizen in the person of Alexander, but also the catastrophe that erupted that evening: Sophia saw Molchalin's betrayal, and the guests found out about their romance. However, even in this trouble, the owner of the house was only worried about the opinion of Princess Marya Aleksevna. What happened did not teach them anything.
Prejudice and hypocrisy
Both prejudice and hypocrisy are condemned in society. They are akin to such traits of a person's personality as ignorance, ignorance, a tendency to lie and hypocrisy.
In this regard, the author raises the following problem. In Soviet pre-perestroika times, both prejudices and hypocrisy in people were sharply condemned, were unacceptable in the personality of a decent person. The concept of "prejudice" meant belief in something supernatural, some dark forces that dominated people and controlled their behavior. The evil inclination: prophetic dreams, messengers from the other world, black cats, bad premonitions - instilled fear in the souls of people and, as it was believed, deprived them of their will.
The word "prudence" meant pretense, insincerity, covered with arguments about honesty and ostentatious holiness. So what was condemned in hypocrites? Pretense (they said one thing, but in reality they were different) or deceit? But after all, hypocrites, if they talked about the need to help their neighbor, then in fact they helped those same neighbors. So why was it necessary to despise hypocrites?
Commenting on this problem, it should be said that both of these concepts: both hypocrisy and prejudice - today are considered in a positive perspective.
What is the position of the author? A different, new understanding of prejudices and hypocrisy is penetrating into the public consciousness, into the system of ideas about morality. The author refers to the great Pushkin, who saw the following meaning in the word “prejudice”: it is an almost unconscious, but deep sense of truth that lives in every person and helps him to distinguish bad from good, sincerity from lies, pretense from a living manifestation of human nature.
But how do we explain the concept of "prudence" today? Condemning the selfish, selfish motives of a person, covered with a mask of holiness, the bearers of Soviet morality did not take into account the fact that the so-called bigots not only spoke lofty words, but also did good deeds.
The first example confirming the correctness of the author's position can be cited from the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Wanderers visit the house of the pious merchant Kabanova. Katerina speaks about them, recalling her girlish years in her mother's house, where "it was so good." It can be argued that the piety of these people without certain occupations is ostentatious, that they show zeal in worshiping the Lord insincerely, falsely, because of a piece of bread. The commentary is: so what? Whether they pretend or not, when they offer glory to the Lord in prayers, this is not so significant. The important thing is that they experience the revitalizing power of kindness, the generosity of the human heart, and in some difficult time for themselves they live by this.
Second example. Due to the fact that Christianity in its original essence was closer to people from the people, this had its consequences. There was communication between people, and their religious world outlook was enriched. People from the people, the peasantry, representatives of the petty-bourgeois, merchant classes went to monasteries, went in procession to holy places, begging the Almighty for mercy, grace and salvation.
The path to grace was difficult, and he was rewarded with the sent health, and most often with life successes.
And it doesn't matter how the concepts are named. It is important that these concepts are kindly embodied in life.
Searched here:
- hypocrisy arguments from literature
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- the problem of duplicity and hypocrisy arguments
