Argument:
The crown of the creation of the famous Russian writer AS Griboyedov is the play "Woe from Wit". It is in this work that the author touches on such important topics as the harm of honor and bureaucracy, the inhumanity of serfdom, issues of education and enlightenment, honest service to the fatherland and duty, the originality of the national Russian culture. Also, the writer denounces the vices of people, which to this day are in each of us.
Using the example of the central characters of the play, Griboyedov makes us think: is it always worth doing according to the will of the heart, or is cold calculation still better? Alexey Stepanovich Molchalin is the personification of commercialism, sycophancy and lies. This character is not harmless at all. With his obsequiousness, he successfully makes his way into high society. His "talents" - "moderation and accuracy" - provide him with a pass to "high society."
Molchalin is a convinced conservative who depends on the opinions of others and indulges “all people without exception.” It would seem that this is the right choice, a cold mind and tough calculation are better than vague feelings of the heart, but the author makes fun of Alexei Stepanovich, showing the reader the insignificance of his existence. in the world of hypocrisy and lies, Molchalin lost all his bright and sincere feelings, which led to the complete collapse of his sinister plans.Therefore, we can say with confidence that the great Russian writer wanted to convey to the hearts of readers that the most important thing is to remain yourself, to act conscientiously and listen to your heart.
Possible theses:
1. Mercantile spirit leads to spiritual degradation
2. A person who does not follow his heart risks his own happiness
"At the Bottom" - a play by M. Gorky
Argument:
The plot of the play is the life of the inhabitants of the flophouse, people who have nothing: no money, no status, no social status, no simple bread. They do not see the meaning of their existence. But even in seemingly unbearable conditions such topics as the question of truth and lies are raised.
Reflecting on this topic, the author compares the central characters of the play. Satin and the wanderer Luke are antipode heroes. When the old man Luka appears in the shelter, he tries to inspire each of the residents. With all the sincerity of his feelings, he tries to inspire the unfortunate, not let them wither away. According to Luke, they could not be helped by telling the truth that nothing would change in their lives. Therefore, he lied to them, thinking that this would bring salvation for them, change their attitude to what was happening, and give them hope. The hero from the bottom of his heart wanted to help the unfortunate, to make their life a little brighter. He did not think that sweet lies are worse than bitter truths. Therefore, I am more impressed by the realist hero.
Satin was harsh, he relied only on his thoughts and took a sober view of the situation. Luka's "Fairy Tales" made him angry, because he was a realist and was not used to "fictitious happiness." This hero called people not to blind hope, but to fight for their rights.
Gorky posed the question to his readers - which of them is more right?
I think that it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question, because it was not for nothing that the author left it open. Everyone must decide and choose one path for themselves.
(229 words)
Possible theses:
1. Does common sense always guide us on the right path?
2. What to listen to: mind or heart?
An example of an essay in 1 direction "Sense and Sensibility"
For many years, people have been arguing about what there is a mind without feelings or a feeling without a mind? Some believe that you can drop feelings and rely on reason, while others, on the contrary, give preference to feelings, not reason. There are still others who say that the mind and feelings should live in harmony. I am rather one of those. “Reason and feelings are two forces, equally in need of each other, they are dead and insignificant one without the other,” said V.G. Belinsky. And I agree with him, because you must agree that without feelings, guided only by logic, we will cease to understand other people, and life will lose all colors. We will drag out a miserable existence, unable to even express love, affection, joy, compassion, sadness, anger, jealousy, despair and many other feelings. But, on the other hand, one cannot live only by feelings. After all, no matter how beautifully poets of all times paint them, it is because of feelings that humanity makes most of the mistakes. And if the feelings are not limited by reason, then irreparable things can happen. One has only to imagine what will happen if every person in the world acts on a pure outburst of feelings, forgetting about any logic and sanity. Therefore, feelings and reason should be in harmony within a person, because they are exactly what makes us human. I will give several examples to prove my words.
My first example will be the book "We", the author of which is Evgeny Zamyatin. It tells about a future where each person is guided only by reason. And society gets rid of those who propagandize feelings. Main characterD - 503 is no exception, guided only by reason, he obeys all the rules. But once he meets a girl, he feels something that he has never experienced. He begins to change, not immediately, gradually he is overwhelmed by feelings. He rushes between sanity and the feeling that has firmly settled in his heart. A citizen of the One State, according to the author, fell ill: his soul was formed. And, as is often the case in many works, feeling wins over reason, and the main character is ready for anything for the sake of his beloved. This book is a vivid example of a cold mind and hot feelings making their way through the thickness of inhibitions in the hero's painful struggle with himself. To the sun, to the light, to the grass, to the animals - to life, to love. Saving a child is the peak of the victory of feelings over prudence.
My second example will be a series of books "The Legendary Moonlight Sculptor". The author of this series is Hesung Nam. These works tell the story of a hero whose reason prevails over feelings. The main character is prudent, smart and knows how to turn any situation in his favor. His name is Weed, which means "weed". He was born into a bankrupt family. His parents died, leaving behind only debts, a little sister and a sick grandmother. But thanks to his luck and his prudence, Weed makes money and pay off debts. Although he is always guided only by reason, impulses of feelings are often visible in his actions. This is especially evident when Seoyoon's girlfriend appears in his life. Although Weed is stingy, he gives her chicken, but ... the most unnecessary. After meeting with Soyungeroy, this work does not change as much as the previous character, which I discussed earlier. But in him the predominance of feelings over reason is clearly beginning to be traced. I also consider this episode a good example of how one person has both a calculating mind and impetuous feelings.
Summing up, I affirm that in every person there should be harmony of feelings and reason. After all, only in their harmony lies the road to the prosperity of the human soul.
Babiak Mikhail
Final essay is an exam format that allows you to assess several aspects of a student's knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, the ability to express your point of view in writing. In short, this format makes it possible to assess the general knowledge of the student in both language and subject knowledge.
1. The final essay is given 3 hours 55 minutes, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. The date of the final essay is 2016-2017. In the 2015-2016 academic year, it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, May 4, 2016. In 2016-2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay (presentation) is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday in February and the first working Wednesday in May.
The purpose of the essay is to reason, competently and clearly built the student's point of view using examples from literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis, it is of a supra-subject nature.
Themes of the final essay on literature 2016-2017
Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first is known in advance, reflects approximate general themes, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the essay - these are more specific topics.
Open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. "Sense and Sense",
2. "Honor and dishonor",
3. "Victory and Defeat",
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".
The topics are presented in a problematic way, the names of the topics are antonyms.
An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay (2016-2017):
1. A.M. Bitter "Old woman Izergil",
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych",
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "Station Keeper"
4. B.L. Vasiliev "Not on the lists"
5.V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains",
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
8. Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
9. Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",
10. Jack London "White Fang",
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12. I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday",
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons",
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace",
15. M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don",
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
19. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".
Argumenyou're on the topic "Sense and Sensibility"
The point of view must be reasoned, in order to formulate it correctly, one should involve literary material corresponding to the topic. The argument is the main component of the essay, is included in the evaluation criteria. The following requirements are imposed on it:
1. Be relevant to the topic
2. Include literary material
3. It is logical to be inscribed in the text, in accordance with the general composition
4. Be presented with quality written language
5. Be competently designed.
For the topic "Reason and Feeling" you can take arguments from the works of I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa", Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility".
Examples of final essays
There are a number of final essay templates. They are scored on five criteria, here is an example of an essay that scored the highest score:
An example of an essay on the topic: "Should the mind prevail over feelings?"
What to listen to, to reason or feelings - every person asks such a question. It is especially acute when the mind dictates one thing, and feelings contradict it. What is the voice of reason, when it is necessary to listen more precisely to its advice, a person decides for himself, the same with feelings. Without a doubt, the choice in one favor or another depends on the specific situation. For example, even a child knows that in a stressful situation it is impossible to panic, it is better to listen to reason. It is important not only to listen to both reason and feelings, but also to truly learn to distinguish between situations when it is necessary to listen to the first or to the second to a greater extent.
Since the question has always been relevant, it has found wide circulation in both Russian and foreign literature. Jane Austen in the novel Sense and Sensibility, using the example of two sisters, reflected this eternal contradiction. Elinor, the eldest of the sisters, is distinguished by discretion, but she is not devoid of feelings, she just knows how to control them. Mariana is in no way inferior to her older sister, but prudence is not inherent in her in anything. The author showed how their characters affected in the test of love. In the case of her older sister, her prudence almost played a cruel joke with her, thanks to her restrained nature, she did not immediately make it clear to her lover what she was feeling. Mariana, on the other hand, became a victim of feelings, so she was deceived by a young man who took advantage of her gullibility and married a wealthy lady. As a result, the older sister was ready to come to terms with loneliness, but the man of her heart, Edward Ferras, makes a choice in her favor, refusing not only the inheritance, but also from his word: an engagement to an unloved woman. Marianne, after a serious illness and endured deception, grows up and agrees to an engagement with a 37-year-old captain, to whom she has no romantic feelings, but deeply respects.
A similar choice is made by the characters in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "On Love". However, Alekhin and Anna Luganovich, succumbing to the call of reason, abandon their happiness, which makes their act right in the eyes of society, but in the depths of their souls, both heroes are unhappy.
So what is reason: logic, common sense, or simply boring reason? Can feelings interfere with a person's life or, conversely, provide an invaluable service? There is no unequivocal answer in this dispute, who to listen to: mind or feeling. Both are equally important for a person, so you just need to learn how to use them correctly.
Still have questions? Ask them in our VK group:
1. "A word about Igor's regiment":
Reason gave way to feeling, and Igor, instead of a reasonable decision to save the army and his life, after all the omens, decides to perish, but not to shame his honor.
2. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin "Minor":
Reason is completely absent in the actions of Prostakova and Skotinin, they do not even understand the need to take care of their serfs, since they contain all the welfare of these "masters of life." Mitrofan shows complete controllability of feelings: when a mother is needed, he sucks up, says that he loves her, and as soon as the mother has lost all power, he announces:
Get off, mother!
He has no sense of responsibility, love, devotion.
3. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov "Woe from Wit":
The main character - Chatsky - at first glance, is a model of reason. He is educated, understands his place well, determines the political situation, is literate in matters of law in general and serfdom in particular. However, the mind refuses him in the everyday situation, he does not know how to behave in a relationship with Sophia, when she says that he is not the hero of her novel. In relations with Molchalin, with Famusov and the whole secular society, he was bold and daring and, as a result, ended up at a broken trough. A feeling of frustration and loneliness squeezes his chest:
My soul here is squeezed by some kind of grief.
But he is not used to obeying feelings and does not take seriously the discord with society, but in vain.
4. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin":
From his youth, Onegin was accustomed to subordinating feelings to reason: “the science of tender passion” is already proof of this. Having met Tatiana, he “didn’t give way to his sweet habit”, did not take this feeling seriously, deciding that he could cope with the feeling, as always, when he knew how to “flash an obedient tear”. The reverse side is Tatiana. In her youth, she obeyed only feelings. Onegin read her a sermon in which he recommended: "Learn to rule yourself." The girl took note of these words and took up self-development. By the time of the next meeting with Onegin, she already masterfully masters her feelings, and on her face Eugene could not see a single gram of emotions. But happiness is no longer possible ...
5. Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time":
The main character, Pechorin, is a man consisting of reason and feeling. When he is alone with nature, with a diary or with a person with whom one does not need to pretend - it is a bare nerve, an emotion. A vivid example in the episode, when he drove a horse along the road in pursuit of Vera. He is crying with grief. This state lasts a moment. But a moment passes, and another Pechorin rises above the "crying child" sobbing on the grass and soberly and sternly evaluates his behavior. The triumph of reason does not give happiness to this person.
“In my comedy there are 25 fools for one sane person,” wrote A.S. Griboyedov Katenin. In this statement of the author, the main problem of "Woe from Wit" is clearly indicated - the problem of mind and stupidity. It is also included in the title of the play, which should also be paid close attention. This problem is much deeper than it might seem at first glance, and therefore it requires a detailed analysis.
The comedy "Woe from Wit" was a cutting edge for its time. She was of a denunciatory nature, like all classic comedies. But the problems of the work "Woe from Wit", the problems of the noble society of that time are presented in a wider spectrum. This became possible due to the use of several artistic methods by the author: classicism, realism and romanticism.
It is known that initially Griboyedov called his work "Woe to the mind", but soon replaced this title with "Woe from Wit". Why did this change take place? The fact is that the first name contained a moralizing note emphasizing that in the noble society of the 19th century, any intelligent person would endure persecution. This did not quite correspond to the artistic intention of the playwright. Griboyedov wanted to show that an extraordinary mind, progressive ideas of a particular person may turn out to be untimely and harm their owner. The second name was able to fully realize this task.
The main conflict of the play is the confrontation between the "present century" and the "past century", old and new. In the disputes between Chatsky and representatives of the old Moscow nobility, a system of views of one and the other side on education, culture, in particular on the problem of language (a mixture of "French and Nizhny Novgorod"), family values, questions of honor and conscience emerges. It turns out that Famusov, as a representative of the "past century", believes that the most valuable thing in a person is his money and position in society. Most of all, he admires the ability to "serve" for the sake of acquiring material benefits or respect for the world. A lot has been done by Famusov and people like him to create a good reputation among the nobles. Because Famusov worries only about what they will say about him in the world.
Such is Molchalin, although he is a representative of the younger generation. He blindly follows the outdated ideals of the feudal landlords. Having your own opinion and defending it is an impermissible luxury. After all, you can lose respect in society. "You should not dare to have your own judgment in mine" - this is the life credo of this hero. He is a worthy student of Famusov. And with his daughter Sophia, he plays a love game just to curry favor with the girl's influential father.
Absolutely all the heroes of "Woe from Wit", with the exception of Chatsky, have the same ailments: dependence on someone else's opinion, passion for ranks and money. And these ideals are alien and disgusting to the protagonist of the comedy. He prefers to serve "the cause, not the persons." When Chatsky appears in Famusov's house and begins to angrily denounce the foundations of the noble society with his speeches, the Famusian society declares the accuser insane, thereby disarming him. Chatsky expresses progressive ideas, pointing out to the aristocrats the need to change their views. They see in Chatsky's words a threat to their comfortable existence, to their habits. The hero named insane is no longer dangerous. Fortunately, he is alone, and therefore simply expelled from society, where he is not pleasing. It turns out that Chatsky, finding himself in the wrong place at the wrong time, throws the seeds of reason into the soil, which is not ready to accept and grow them. The hero's mind, his thoughts and moral principles turn against him.
Here the question arises: did Chatsky lose in the fight for justice? It can be assumed that this is a lost battle, but not a lost war. Very soon, Chatsky's ideas will be supported by the progressive youth of that time, and "the vilest traits of the past life" will be overthrown.
Reading closely into Famusov's monologues, observing the intrigues that Molchalin neatly weaves, one cannot at all say that these characters are stupid. But their mind is qualitatively different from that of Chatsky. Representatives of Famus society are used to dodging, adapting, currying favor. It is a practical, everyday mind. And Chatsky has a completely new mindset, forcing him to defend his ideals, sacrifice his personal well-being, and certainly does not allow him to gain any benefit through useful connections, as the nobles of that time were used to doing.
Among the criticism that fell upon the comedy "Woe from Wit" after its writing, there were opinions that Chatsky could not be called an intelligent person either. For example, Katenin believed that Chatsky "speaks a lot, scolds everything and preaches inappropriately." Pushkin, having read the list of the play brought to him in Mikhailovskoye, responded about the main character as follows: "The first sign of an intelligent person is to know at a glance who you are dealing with, and not to throw beads in front of the Repetilovs ..."
Indeed, Chatsky is presented as very hot-tempered and somewhat tactless. He appears in a society where he was not invited, and begins to expose and lecture everyone, without hesitation in expressions. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that “his speech is seething with wit,” as I.A. Goncharov.
Such a variety of opinions, up to the presence of diametrically opposed ones, is explained by the complexity and multifaceted problems of Griboyedov's Woe from Wit. You should also pay attention to the fact that Chatsky is the spokesman for the ideas of the Decembrists, he is a true citizen of his country, opposing serfdom, low worship, the dominance of everything foreign. It is known that the Decembrists faced the task of directly expressing their ideas wherever they were. Therefore, Chatsky acts in accordance with the principles of an advanced man of his time.
It turns out that there are no outright fools in comedy. It's just that two opposing sides are defending their understanding of the mind. However, the mind can be opposed not only with stupidity. The opposite of mind can be madness. Why does society declare Chatsky insane?
The assessment of critics and readers can be anything, but the author himself shares the position of Chatsky. This is important to consider when trying to understand the artistic intent of the play. Chatsky's worldview is the views of Griboyedov himself. Therefore, a society that rejects the ideas of enlightenment, individual freedom, service to the cause, and not currying favor, is a society of fools. Fearing an intelligent person, calling him crazy, the nobility characterizes itself, demonstrating their fear of the new.
The problem of the mind, deduced by Griboyedov in the title of the play, is key. All the clashes that occur between the outdated foundations of life and the progressive ideas of Chatsky should be viewed from the point of view of contrasting mind and stupidity, mind and madness.
Thus, Chatsky is not at all insane, and the society in which he finds himself is not so stupid. It's just that the time of people like Chatsky, the exponents of new views on life, has not yet come. They are in the minority, therefore they are forced to suffer defeat.
Product test
Feelings are very strong in a person and can easily take over not only his soul, but also consciousness. Of course, the mind should be stronger, but we should not completely abandon our inner desires. We must learn to live, being aware of our actions, and at the same time remain empathetic, kind, able to give warmth to people.
I propose to consider how they coped with this difficult task in the works of the classics.
Chatsky is the protagonist of the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov. A man who has a sense of his own dignity, proud and honest: "I would be glad to serve, it would be sickening to serve." If the hero surrendered to his feelings, he probably lost himself as a person. Deception is meanness, which cannot be expected from a loved one, Sophia slandered Chatsky in his madness, although she might not want to put him down in the eyes of society. Andrei Andreevich did not forgive her for this trick, despite his love for her: "A blind man! I was looking for a reward for all my labors in someone! ... Why did they not tell me directly that you had turned everything past into laughter?" Reason helped the lover to survive the breakup easier , because betrayal is really difficult to forgive, and the grief from the loss is very burdensome.
And here is an example of how the influence of feelings can destroy a person. Liza is a simple peasant woman who perceives the world through emotions. The heroine of N.M. Karamzin's story "Poor Liza", guided by a feeling of sincere, pure love for Erast, who betrayed her, committed Deception led to the collapse of hopes, the loss of the meaning of life for the girl, which led to a tragedy - her suicide.
If Lisa were educated and wise, she would have survived the grief of separation, despite the hardships. Unfortunately, her naivety ruined her ...
Updated: 2017-09-25
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