Need - this is a conscious psychological or physiological deficit of something, reflected in a person's perception.

Basic human needs: to have, to be to do, to love, to grow. The motivation for human activity is the desire to satisfy these needs. The ability to satisfy their needs in people depends on the following general factors: age, environment, knowledge, skills, desires, abilities of the person himself. The disease, causing a violation of the function of an organ, a particular system, interferes with the satisfaction of needs.

In 1943, an American psychologist Maslow conducted research on the incentives of human behavior and developed one of the theories of needs. He classified them according to a hierarchical system - from physiological needs (lower level) to needs for self-expression (higher). Maslow depicted the levels of needs as a pyramid (Figure 3.1). Physiological needs - the foundation of human life - the base of the pyramid.

Figure: 3.1.

For a nurse, this classification is important, since a patient may have one or more unmet needs of any level, the implementation of which should be included in the care plan. The priority of physiological needs is associated with the maintenance of human life.

Figure: 3.2.

Description of needs

Physiological needs

These needs are fundamental. When caring for and monitoring a patient, helping to meet these needs is a priority because associated with maintaining the patient's life.

• In normal breathing, in oxygen (breathe) - priority for a nurse. Breathing and life are inseparable concepts. Thanks to breathing, the blood gas composition necessary for life is maintained. The cerebral cortex is very sensitive to phenomena hypoxia - insufficient supply of oxygen to tissues and organs.
  • Manifestations of violation of the need: shortness of breath, cough, nasal breathing, pallor and cyanosis (cyanosis) of the skin and mucous membranes, chest pain.
  • Risk factors: smoking, environmental pollution.
  • Nurse help: raise the head of the bed, ventilate the room, prohibit smoking, teach coughing techniques and breathing exercises, monitor free nasal breathing.
• In food (is). Food is the main source of energy and nutrients necessary for normal life. For a child, it ensures normal growth and development, for an adult it helps to eliminate risk factors for many diseases. Adequate nutrition during illness promotes recovery.
  • Manifestations of impaired need: impaired appetite (decreased appetite, anorexia - complete lack of appetite, bulimia - increased appetite), nausea, vomiting, heartburn, abdominal pain.
  • Risk factors - violation of the diet, unbalanced diet, overeating, lack of teeth.
  • Nurse assistance: provide assistance with food intake, teach proper nutrition.
• In liquid (drink)- a person needs to consume 1.5 - 2 liters daily. To maintain a normal water balance, you need to consume more fluids than to excrete, otherwise dehydration of the body, dysfunction of organs and systems will occur.
  • Manifestations of violation of the need: thirst, dry mouth, dry skin and mucous membranes, decreased or increased urine output (amount of urine excreted), constipation.
  • Risk factors: drinking poor quality water, insufficient or excess water intake.
  • Nurse assistance: help with fluid intake and ensure adequate fluid intake.
• In the allocation of waste products (in physiological functions). Waste products of the body are excreted in urine, feces. Urination and the act of defecation are individual, intimate processes. The nurse must be delicate, confidential, and provide privacy for the patient.
  • Manifestations of violation of the need: frequent loose stools (diarrhea)stool retention (constipation), decreased urine separation, urinary incontinence, painful urination, etc.
  • Risk factors: errors in diet, sedentary lifestyle, insufficient fluid intake, hypothermia.
  • Nurse assistance: help the patient to get to the toilet, provide a vessel and urine bag.
• In sleep and rest. Rest and sleep are necessary for the normal functioning of the body, to overcome the harmful effects received. Lack of sleep leads to overwork, the appearance of psychological problems, and a deterioration in brain nutrition. This is especially important for the patient. The nurse must create an environment that supports this need.
  • Manifestations of violation of the need: interrupted sleep, insomnia, fatigue, yawning, irritability.
  • Risk factors: noise, bright light, violation of the daily routine, violation of the thermal regime, uncomfortable bed, pain, etc.
  • Help of a nurse: to provide comfortable conditions for sleep, to find out the reasons for its disturbance.
• In move - restriction leads to problems with the skin (bedsores), musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems. In addition, if this need is violated, a person is deprived of communication with the environment, the ability to serve himself. A nurse's help should be aimed at restoring mobility and improving the patient's quality of life.
  • Manifestations of violation of the need: impossibility or restriction of movement due to weakness, absence of a limb, pain, the presence of paralysis, a disorder of consciousness, psyche.
  • Risk factors: sedentary lifestyle - physical inactivity.
  • Nurse assistance: help the patient to move, provide assistive devices, teach passive and active exercises in bed.
• Maintain a normal body temperature. Normal vital activity of organs and tissues is impossible without the relative temperature constancy of the internal environment of the body. The human body, using physiological mechanisms, regulates heat production and heat transfer. Diseases increase body temperature: infections, inflammation, malignant neoplasms, cerebral hemorrhage.
  • Manifestations of a violation of the need: pallor or redness of the skin (hyperemia), dry or moist skin, chills or a feeling of heat, headache, rapid breathing and heartbeat, high or low temperature.
  • Risk factors: violation of the thermal regime in the room, clothing out of season, reduced immunity, hormonal imbalance.
  • Nurse assistance: control of body temperature, maintaining the optimal temperature in the room.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists using the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Applications

Introduction

Since the second half of the 19th century, when it was recognized that man is a product of biological evolution, the question of the main difference between humans and highly organized animals and the scientific explanation of this difference became central to the whole theory of the development of man as a living being.

Currently, it is recognized as such a distinctive feature human activity as a constantly renewed labor process aimed at transforming the environment, the result of which is the creation of artifacts, that is, a variety of cultural samples - "second nature".

Human activity has a deliberately purposeful character. Moreover, the conscious determination of the goal of activity (the function of goal-setting) is inherent only in people.

The following main elements of the structure of activity are distinguished:

- subject - one who carries out the activity;

- object - what the activity is aimed at;

- goal - the expected result of the activity; means to an end and the result itself.

goal term paper - study of the classification of human needs.

Behavioral activity of a person is based on certain motives of activity, reflecting the actualized needs of a person. There are various classifications of human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:

- primary needs (congenital) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for safety,

- secondary needs (acquired) - social, prestigious, spiritual. From Maslow's point of view, the need for a higher level can only appear if the needs that lie at the lower levels of the hierarchy are satisfied.

The types of human activity are diverse. Its largest differentiation presupposes the separation of two types - practical and spiritual activity.

Practical activity is aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society and includes material production activities (transformation of nature) and social transformation activities (transformation of society).

Spiritual activity involves changing the consciousness of people and includes: cognitive activity carried out in a scientific and artistic form; value-oriented activity aimed at forming a system of values, worldview of people; predictive activity, involving the anticipation and planning of changes in reality.

Also, human activity is divided into labor and leisure (during rest), creative and consumer, creative and destructive.

In accordance with the goal in the work, the following tasks should be solved:

- consider the theoretical aspects of the research problem and descriptions of the approaches of different authors to the problem;

- study the problem from a practical point of view;

- draw conclusions based on the research results.

1. Theoretical aspects of the classification of human needs

One of the most difficult problems of science is the classification of human needs. The biggest mistake here is to reduce the system of needs to those that are necessary for physical survival in the environment. However, humans also have needs that are important to them as social beings. For example, the need to obtain and transmit knowledge, the need for communication, security, and many others. In addition, the entire system of human needs can be divided into two types: deficient and existential needs (using the terminology of one of the greatest psychologists of the 20th century M. Maslow). The former should be understood as people's needs for what is necessary to maintain the very fact of their biological and social life. The second is the essence of the need to maintain a certain quality of life, relatively speaking its comfort, ensuring the full existence of people. This means that a person has a need not just for food, but for a certain quality of this food. Maslow also highlights the need for love and belonging (which become the spiritual basis of family and friendship), the need for self-identification, recognition, respect and self-respect, the need for self-actualization as the development of one's abilities and inclinations, the need for experiencing the beautiful, etc. It is not difficult to understand how the presence existential needs complicate the mechanics of human behavior, because it is they that underlie the "biologically inexpedient" actions of a person who is able to prefer the fact of life to preserve his honor and dignity.

Without going further into the classification of human needs, we note that it is precisely the needs that are the objective basis of behavior, disciplining human consciousness and taming the arbitrariness of human will. The logic of those socio-philosophical trends in which the needs of people are recognized as material factors of their activity, independent of human consciousness, primary in relation to it and determining it, becomes clear.

The problem of motives and motivation refers to those that are considered eternal. The complexity of the phenomena of motivation and motives, the incompleteness of their understanding, as well as a wide variety of theoretical approaches to their study in science explains the ambiguity of interpretations of the conceptual and terminological apparatus on this problem.

In psychology, the motive is understood not only as a conscious need (Kovalev A.G.) or as an object of need (Leontyev A.N.), but can also be identified with the need itself (Simonov V.P.).

Etymology of the word. Motive - from Latin moveo (movero), German motive, French motif - means to move, set in motion, push. In modern psychology, the term "motive" is used in significantly different senses. It includes: instincts, drives (drives - a term of Western psychology), needs, emotions, attitudes, ideals, etc. In this article we will focus on the problem of the relationship "motive - need". In the context of this ratio, the views of Western psychologists on the problem of classifying the needs underlying the motives of human activity (behavior) are of interest.

Special concepts of motivation, attributable only to a person, appeared in the first third of the 20th century. One of the first such concepts was the theory of motivation proposed by K. Levin. After her, the works of representatives of humanistic psychology such as A. Maslow, G. Allport, K. Rogers and others were published.

The basis of consumption is the needs of the participants in the economic system. They arise from a sense of lack and a desire to eliminate that feeling. The needs can be divided according to different criteria. The most common is Maslow's classification (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 - Maslow's pyramid of needs

Maslow's five main groups of human needs are:

- physiological needs (satisfaction of hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc.);

- the need for guarantees (guarantees of satisfaction of physiological needs, confidence in the future);

- the need for love and communication (the desire to communicate with other people);

- the need for recognition (achievement of a certain social position, prestige);

- needs for self-realization (the ability to express and implement their own ideas).

All five groups of basic human needs are in a hierarchical relationship: the needs of a higher level are satisfied after the needs of a lower level are satisfied. For example, the satisfaction of physiological needs entails the emergence of the need for guarantees, the satisfaction of the needs for guarantees - the appearance of the need for communication and recognition, etc.

Within the pyramid, needs can be arranged in different ways. For example, depending on the age of a person or his social status, certain needs may come to the fore. However, common to all needs is that a person seeks to satisfy them. One or another economic system serves to satisfy various human needs, the main link of which is enterprises - manufacturers of products, goods and services.

The American researcher of motivation G. Murray, along with a list of organic or primary, needs identical to the basic instincts identified by W. McDaugall, proposed a list of secondary (psychogenic) needs arising on the basis of instinct-like drives as a result of education and training. These are the needs to achieve success, affiliation, aggression, the needs of independence, opposition, respect, humiliation, protection, dominance, attracting attention, avoiding harmful influences, avoiding failures, patronage, order, play, rejection, understanding, sexual relations, help, mutual understanding. In addition to these two dozen needs, the author attributed to a person the following six: acquisition, rejection of accusations, cognition, creation, explanation, recognition and frugality.

In terms of considering the need-motivational sphere of a person, it is of interest to classify human needs according to hierarchically structured groups by A. Maslow, the sequence of which indicates the order of appearance of needs in the process of individual development, as well as the development of the motivational sphere in general. In a person, according to his concept, from birth, the following seven classes of needs consistently appear and accompany personal maturation:

1. Needs are physiological (organic).

2. Security needs.

3. Needs for belonging and love.

4. Needs of respect (reverence).

5. Cognitive needs.

6. Aesthetic needs.

7. Needs for self-actualization.

This hierarchical system of motives obeys the rule: "The next step of the motivational structure is important when the previous steps are realized" and is aimed at realizing the original human motivational force - self-actualization.

On the basis of the need for self-actualization, a special type of motivation is formed, which makes it possible to develop in a person a set of certain personal properties.

Of interest is also the classification of needs by J. Nutten, in which two of its levels are distinguished: "organism-environment" and "personality-world", due to the fact that statements about the variability of motivation and the possibilities of its formation are associated with targeted influences on the motivational sphere of a person ... According to his concept, the first level of motivation is innate, determined by the structure of the organism, the second is acquired, changeable, formed.

An analysis of the available literature on this issue shows that there is no generally accepted and practical classification of needs. S. B. Kaverin believes that the reason for the disagreement lies in the fact that until now it has not been possible to find a principle capable of building the entire variety of human drives into an integral and internally consistent system. He, on the basis of the principle of activity (distinguishes 4 types of activity - work, communication, cognition and recreation) and the principle of domination (subordination), proposed a classification of needs, which shows the mutual arrangement of needs in the matrix and reflects the genetic relationship and the history of the rise of human needs.

Each type of activity must correspond to its own group of needs, starting with a certain biological prototype, which is almost equally characteristic of both animals and babies, and built in a vertical hierarchical sequence in accordance with the law of raising needs: each higher level in the matrix reflects a higher level of socialization ...

In the concept of psychological attitude (VN Myasishchev), the following definition of need is also given: "A need is the attitude of a person experienced as a contradiction and acting as the driving force of behavior." This approach helps to identify its essential features:

- need is a psychological attitude of a person;

- need is a contradiction;

- need is the driving force of behavior.

The need is expressed in objects, situations, actions. Therefore, any need has its own cognitive structure. According to Yu.K. Orlov, a need can be experienced and felt only indirectly, through an image. Management of needs, he believes, is nothing more than management of the idea of \u200b\u200ba need and its images.

Needs are recognized in the form of specific motives - motives for certain objects, circumstances and activities in which they are satisfied. The famous psychologist P.V. Simonov distinguishes three main groups of initial needs that motivate human behavior:

a) biological - individual and species

human existence, quasi-need for food, clothing, housing;

b) social - the need to belong to a group and take a certain place in it, the need for recognition and love;

c) ideal - cognitive needs.

These groups of needs are inherent in humans and animals, but the difference is one need - self-identification inherent only in humans. With the formation of personality, social needs arise, biological ones acquire a social character. Human social needs are satisfied in interpersonal interaction, in the communication of people. Note that this position echoes the opinion of A. Maslow.

L.P. Grimack (1987) identifies the following indicative needs:

1) cognitive need - the desire to cognize phenomena that are incomprehensible to the individual;

2) the need for emotional contact - the regulation of their actions not only in accordance with reality, but also depending on the emotional relationships of people;

3) the need for the meaning of life - the desire to correlate the value of one's own personality with various levels of collective and universal values.

This position is held by those who believe that people are distinguished from each other not by needs, but by motivation. It should be noted that the quality of satisfying a need depends on the difference in motives:

- by direction (towards high or low objects of preference),

- according to the strength and intensity of striving,

- by the variety and richness of objects,

satisfying the need.

The needs of a person, being the source of his activity, underlie the motives of a person and are manifested in them. Motives arise, develop, are formed on the basis of needs. If a person's need is a need experienced by an individual for something, then motives are the motives of a person associated with this need.

The above approaches related to the psychology of activity and the position of some psychophysiologists are consistent with the activity approach. The activity approach to the problem of needs allows us to consider needs as an internal condition, as one of the prerequisites for activity and need as something that directs and regulates the specific activity of the subject in the objective environment. The first group of needs acts as a state of needs of the organism, the second type of needs, after its objectification, performs the function of directing the regulation of activity.

Thus, according to the position of A. N. Leontiev, need acts as a necessary prerequisite for activity and as a factor of its directed activity. Such an approach to the system of human needs gives us the key to understanding the dynamic aspect of the motive of activity, to understanding it as a perspective for future action. For the initiation of activity, it is necessary to correlate the need with an object (motive) that is capable of satisfying this need. Needs are concretized in motives and realized through them. However, this does not mean that they are equivalent, that is, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the system of needs and the system of motives. Earlier it was noted that both needs and motives have their own qualitative characteristics and they cannot be identified due to the fact that one and the same need can be realized through different motives, and the same motive can realize different needs.

Thus, a whole class of motives corresponds to a need, and a motive can enter into different need classes. When the relationship between need and motive is considered not so much in the genetic as in the functional plane, then the movement from need to motive is a movement from possibility to reality, from potential to actual, from genotypic to phenotypic.

A person's needs are the basis of his motives and are manifested in them. Motives arise, develop, are formed in activities based on needs. "The motives of behavior and activity arise at the highest level of reflection of needs - their awareness" - emphasizes VI Kovalev. The idea that motive is a conscious motivation is important for us because the process of formation of motivation involves not only the development and arousal of the learners' cognitive needs, but also their awareness. So, with all the external similarity and even kinship, need and motive are not the same. Needs are a subject-object phenomenon, they are predetermined, given to a person by social relations, while motive is a purely subjective phenomenon, "mine" and nobody else's.

Questions why and why are addressed to human activity in order to clarify the driving forces of activity, its motivational foundations. In this case, we are talking about the motivational foundations of the interaction of the individual with society.

Many generalizing theoretical works in Soviet and foreign psychology are devoted to the problem of motivating human activity. They analyze the nature of needs, goals, aspirations and other driving forces of human activity. Among other fundamental questions, the problems of classifying needs, identifying the hierarchical structure of their interconnection, identifying specifically human needs are key.

Of the numerous attempts to classify needs, the most logically developed, in our opinion, is the classification proposed by Sh.N. Chkhartishvili, which was already discussed above.

What is the advantage of the classification principle proposed by the author? The point is that a need is always a need for "something", it is always directed at a specific objective content; there is no abstract need divorced from the object of its satisfaction. However, there is an infinite number of these subject contents in the world, and there are a great many such needs for "something". Therefore, if for the classification of needs we proceed from their subject content, then we usually get rather rough divisions, such as material and spiritual, higher and lower, biological and social needs, etc. The principle of distribution of individual types of needs within each of these identified classifying units is usually unconvincing. The situation is different with the classification proposed by Sh. N. Chkhartishvili. The main thing here is the principle of determining the "locus" of the emergence, functioning and satisfaction of needs. On the basis of determining in which substructure of an integral personality (biological, psychological or social) they arise, function and are satisfied, classes of biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic needs are distinguished. Within each of these classes, the allocation of specific types of needs is taking into account the specifics of the internal structuring of each of the specified substructures.

In such a classification, the subject content of the need is taken into account, but it does not act as the basis for the classification. At the same time, regarding the way each need is directed, be it biogenic, psychogenic or sociogenic, one can ask questions: what is it directed to - to an external object or to some internal state, to the result of activity or to activity itself? Where is the source of satisfaction - outside or inside? What is the purpose of behavior - in mastery of an external object or in self-realization? We find the answer to these questions in the works of D. N. Uznadze, who distinguishes between two kinds of needs - sub-stationary and functional. The former direct the subject's activity to external objects that serve as a source of satisfaction of needs, while the source of satisfaction of the second class of needs is the activity itself, and not its result. Substantial needs underlie exterogenous, and functional - introgenic forms of human behavior. We believe that within biogenic needs, some are substantial, that is, they are aimed at mastering objects of the external environment, while others are functional, that is, the source of their satisfaction lies in the self-activity of the organism. The same applies to psychogenic and sociogenic needs: one part of them is substantial, the other is functional. Therefore, it is possible to propose a classification scheme, in which biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic needs are divided into two named subgroups.

Figure 1.2 - Diagram of human needs

Further detailing of this classification scheme and its filling with specific content are not currently included in our task. Moreover, here we intend to focus on the way the need is directed (that is, on its substance and functionality) and to some extent abstract from consideration on specific types of biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic needs.

If we use the verbs that would most fully convey the meaning of the functional tendency and substantial need, then the verbs “to be” and “to have” will turn out to be such. Accordingly, according to the motivational source of activity, one can speak of dynamic tendencies "to be" and "to have." E. Fromm, G. Marcel, J. P. Sartre write that "to be" and "to have" are two main modes of dynamic tendencies of a person. Among Soviet psychologists, this idea, within the framework of theoretical understanding of active forms of group learning and socio-psychological training, is justified by Yu.N. Emelyanov.

E. Fromm shows that in a variety of mental functions (memory, thinking, emotions, etc.) and spheres of personality activity, the indicated tendencies "to be" and "to have" are seen, which allows them to be qualified as integrative personality modes. G. Marcel and J. P. Sartre, within the framework of their existential-philosophical constructions, discuss the nature of these dynamic tendencies. At the same time, J.P. Sartre, in one of the chapters of his main philosophical work "Being and Nothing", entitled "To be, to do, to have," develops the idea that the dominant tendency of human activity is "to have," and interpersonal relationships (for example , love) are an expression of people's desire for mutual mastery. G. Marcel is more inclined to regard the tendency to "be" and "to have" as resultants.

It is noted that in different historical epochs and in different cultures, either the tendency to “be” or the desire to “have” receives social approval. Moreover, the moments of the requirement "to be" or "to have" can to a certain extent be fixed in social norms. Such social approval and demand formed certain collective personality types of different socio-economic formations. Since both tendencies are inherent in human nature, then in the conditions of certain social relations, any of them can develop and be consolidated. The capitalist lifestyle encourages the "have" tendency. W. James reduced the "I" of man to "his" and considered unshakable the desire of man to save up property.

In different periods of ontogenetic development, these tendencies are expressed in different forms of behavior. For example, children's play is a realization of a functional tendency and originates in the desire to “be”, while playing sports at school age may be in the service of satisfying the meta need to “have”. Attention is also drawn to the fact that some psychotherapists see the etiopathogenesis of various neuroses and psychogenias in the difficulty of satisfying the need to “be,” in its frustration and suppression on the part of adults (primarily parents) during upbringing. For example. A. I. Zakharov singles out as a basal task "to be yourself among others." With extreme difficulties in the implementation of this vital task, one or another neurotic deviation occurs. The specific type of neuroses is determined by which side of this basal aspiration is problematic for the subject. If the emphasis is on the difficulty of “being,” then there is a neurosis of fears, the emphasis on the difficulty of “being oneself” is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the difficulty of “being among others” lies at the heart of hysterical forms of neurotic deviations. So, two motivational sources of activity - "to be" and "to have" - \u200b\u200bare integral dynamic tendencies that "permeate" the entire motivational sphere of the individual. Each of them can have a wide variety of subject content. Both the first and the second can manifest itself in the form of biogenic, psychogenic, and sociogenic needs. However, abstracting from these subject contents, we will try here to focus attention on the "pure" manifestations of these aspirations in order to give a formal logical justification of the chosen opposition "to be - to have" with the help of the "logical square".

Figure 1.3 - Human needs

The contrast between the oppositions "to be" and "to have." (to own) is determined by the fact that the contradiction of the first ("not to be") is subordinate to the second, and the contradicting of the second ("not to have") acts as an integral part of the desire to "be". Indeed, for the implementation of the functional tendency and action based on the motivational source of "being" in its "pure" form, all impulses aimed at mastering the object should not be actualized. However, behavior that does not have the desire to "have" in its motivational basis does not encompass all activity aimed at satisfying the meta need to "be"; this latter is not reduced to a simple denial of the existence of a substantial need and the desire to master the object; it also has its own meaning, which is self-activity. On the other hand, the extreme state of "to have" in its pure manifestation as its integral part includes the state of absence of all impulses to "be", however, it is not identical to a simple negation of impulses of spontaneous self-activity, but is a certain purposeful activity to master some object.

So, as a result of such a simple logical operation, we have at our disposal one main axis expressing the opposition (a) "to be - to have", and two additional axes having poles (b) "to be" and "not to be", (c) "to have "and" not to have ". However, you can "be" yourself or like others, and you can "own" others or yourself. The same can be said about the states "not to be" and "not to have": one can strive not to be oneself or not to possess oneself.

2. Study of human needs

Let us repeat once more: it is absurd to deny that the consciousness of people acts, as Aristotle showed, as a special “target” cause of human activity. And yet the question arises: should it be considered as the root cause of human actions, or are there some deeper, imperfect causal factors behind the goals and desires of people?

Consider, as an example, the activity of a person building a house for himself. Let us ask ourselves the question: is such an activity possible, which is not caused, directed and not controlled by the consciousness of the builder? The answer is unequivocally negative. It is clear that a person can build a home for himself only if he wishes to do so and is able to realize his desire. The quality of the house and whether it will be built at all depends to a large extent on the skill of the builder (i.e., the state of his consciousness), etc. etc.

Therefore, the natural answer to the question about the reasons for what is happening sounds like this: a person builds a house, because he felt a desire to have a home, decided to realize this desire, correlating it with his capabilities, created an ideal scheme for a house, built a certain program of actions to ensure construction and made a volitional decision about its beginning.

It would seem that all the reasons for what is happening rest on human consciousness. Yet this is not the case. To be convinced of this, let us ask ourselves the simplest question: is a person's desire to build a house spontaneous? Why did he suddenly want to have a home, to spend considerable energy on its creation? Is this desire a whim of consciousness, or is there some deeper reason behind it?

A serious answer to all these questions will force us to consider that, first of all, people build houses because they are warm-blooded creatures, physically unable to survive in a cold climate without a heated dwelling. In this sense, the house is a condition for human survival, a real means of adapting to the environment of existence, which prescribes quite definite rules of behavior in it.

Guided by such logic, we can assert that the real root cause of actions is not the states of consciousness, but the needs behind them and determining their needs for existence, and which express the adaptive nature of human activity. This point of view assumes that informational programs of social behavior are not self-directed; they appear, ultimately, as a means of self-preservation - an objective imperative of human existence in the natural and sociocultural environment. Let's try to explain what this is about.

Let's start with the definition of the need, which we will understand as a property of the subject, revealed in his relation to the necessary conditions of existence, or, more specifically, the property to need certain conditions of his existence in the world. Let us emphasize that the need that is present in every human action is not a part that exists along with its other parts - the subject and the object, but rather a property of one of the parts of the activity, its subject.

In this regard, the very need of a person is distinguished and the object of this need, which can be organizationally allocated parts of activity. This means that food, clothing, medicines or housing are the objects of our need to be well-fed, clothed, healthy, sheltered from the whim of the elements, while the need itself is nothing more than a person's property to need all this, as a condition of his existence in environment.

In characterizing the need, we must emphasize that it is precisely the property of the social subject, and not its state. It is the properties of the phenomenon, as we remember, that form its essence, while its states are derived from this essence and, as it were, are indifferent to it (for example, the chemical essence of water is indifferent to its aggregate states, since water is quite capable of remaining water, i.e. . retain its essential properties, in any of its inherent aggregate states - liquid, vapor or solid).

This clarification is important in order to distinguish between the need of the subject and the need as a state of his need. Simply put, a person's need to be fed and clothed is his constant essential property, which does not pass at the moment when he is satiated or purchased clothes, but only passes from a state of acute need to a state of his satisfaction (which will then be replaced by a state of need).

This most general characteristic of needs allows us to assert that they are a necessary functional moment of any form of human activity. We can safely say that there is simply no “needless” or “non-needful” human activity: everything we do, we do for the sake of some of our many and varied needs, striving for what we need to exist in natural and social environment.

The problem of classifying human needs is one of the most difficult problems in science. At the moment we are interested in the most general properties of "need in general", considered as a necessary factor in the functioning of an equally abstract human activity.

There is no dispute, a person, like any living being, has a set of needs determined by the nature of his organism - that is, needs to drink, eat, breathe, sleep, have sexual intercourse, etc. However, such organismic needs by no means exhaust all that is necessary for people to exist as social beings. Such a necessity, for example, is for a person the acquisition and transmission of knowledge, without which his survival in the environment is impossible - it is impossible to create those objects with the help of which the same organismic needs are satisfied (food, clothing, housing, etc.). A necessary condition for the existence of people, i.e. the subject of need is interaction and mutual assistance, i.e. cooperation and coordination of joint efforts, order and security, and much, much more.

Moreover, even now we can say that the entire system of human needs is divided into two different types: deficient needs and existential needs (to use the terminology of M. Maslow). This means that the subject of human need is not only food, but also a certain quality of this food, since the norm of human behavior is the desire not only to eat anyway, but to eat tasty, to satisfy their gastronomic inclinations.

Thus, it is precisely the needs that are the objective basis of behavior, disciplining human consciousness and taming the arbitrariness of human will. Moreover, it becomes clear the logic of those socio-philosophical trends that consider the needs of people as material factors of their activities that exist outside of human consciousness, primary in relation to it, determining consciousness and not depending on it.

Indeed, the specificity of human activity, as noted above, is the fact that everything that sets people in motion must somehow pass through their head. This means that the need becomes a significant factor in real human activity only if it is realized by people (the only exception are such "organismic" needs of a person, which are satisfied reflexively, as happens, for example, with the need to breathe, absorb oxygen). On the contrary, an unconscious need and its states do not in any way affect people's behavior - for example, a person who is about to become a victim of an attempt behaves inappropriately to the situation, since a real threat to his safety, an attempt on his vital need did not pass through his consciousness.

But does the connection between needs and consciousness, as mutually mutually supportive factors of activity, mean that human needs are consciousness, are identical to it?

One can hardly agree with this statement. We all understand that real hunger as an unmet need of the body for energy sources and the feeling of hunger arising as a reflection of this need for consciousness, with all the interconnectedness of these phenomena, are by no means identical to each other. The same can be said about the relationship between real security of a person and his sense of his security, etc. etc.

It can be argued that in all cases of social activity, need and awareness of need are not identical to each other. An exception to this rule is not even those cases when the subject of need is the own internal states of human consciousness. For example, we must understand that knowledge, without which the existence of people is impossible, and the very need for knowledge are far from identical to each other. Ideal in this case is the subject of need, but not the need itself as a human property to treat knowledge as a necessary condition for existence. The same can be said about love as the intention of consciousness and the need to love, arising from the laws of the psychosocial organization of man.

We see that even spiritual needs in their subject matter are not consciousness itself, but only a real relation to consciousness, and in this capacity are deprived of the necessary properties of the ideal.

We know that in all societies without exception, people should think about their daily bread, since the need to eat and drink is present in any person, regardless of his religion, political beliefs, aesthetic addictions and other states of consciousness. Obviously, the presence of such a need is determined not by the desires of people, but by the physiological characteristics of our organism, which is an open-type system that needs constant energy supply from the environment of existence.

Of course, what a person eats, how much and how he eats, is largely determined by cultural patterns and personal inclinations of people, i.e. states of social and individual consciousness. Moreover, by an effort of will, a person can completely refuse to eat, doom himself to starvation. But all this does not mean that a person has the right to decide whether he needs food or not, that he can arbitrarily refuse it, say to himself: from tomorrow I am free from the need to eat. It is clear that consciousness can "free" us from this need only together with life, for which it (need) is a necessary internal condition.

We see that the choice in favor of life, made by a person, makes him obey certain rules, which no longer depend on consciousness, are not established at all by the will of people. It is fundamentally important that these truths apply not only to the "stomach" needs of people, but also to the entire system of needs; defining the nature of man as a socio-cultural being.

The same choice in favor of life forces people to reckon with the objective necessity of generating, assimilating and transmitting information. And this need cannot be "canceled" by consciousness - on the contrary, it steadily and constantly presses on it, forcing people, regardless of their desire and will, to resort to one or another form of orientational activity in the natural and social environment. Similarly, people cannot do anything about the needs to maintain order and ensure security arising from the way they live together, and this fact determines the objectively necessary existence of institutions of power in any society and at all times, whatever the subjective attitude of people towards this heavy burden. ...

So, we can assert that people do not choose for themselves either physiological, social or spiritual needs - they are prescribed to a person by his "generic nature", with which consciousness should be considered as an immutable given. It is these needs of the people with whom they are born or which the way of social life instills in them, are the most profound reasons for human activity. In other words, they act as the "root causes" of activity, which are prefaced by its "target reasons", i.e. stand behind the desires and aspirations of people, define them, "press" on the consciousness, orient it in the direction necessary for oneself, make them do what sometimes they would not want to do at all.

Thus, the approach we set out sees in the needs material factors of activity that significantly limit the free will of the social subject, but do not deny it at all. Obviously, the need-based determination of consciousness does not at all turn people into a kind of mechanism, all the actions of which are pre-programmed by circumstances not chosen by them.

Concluding our brief analysis of the phenomenon of needs, we note that they are not the only factor of activity that affects the ideal goals of human behavior. The completeness of his understanding requires us to characterize another functional moment of activity, which are the interests of the acting subject.

There is a different understanding of the phenomenon of interests. Often they are considered as a phenomenon of human consciousness, correlated with goals, incentives, motives of activity. Interest in this case is understood as interest, i.e. a certain vector of consciousness, its focus on something a person needs.

There is, however, another understanding of interest, considering it as a real, and not an ideal factor of activity, directly related to the needs of people.

Indeed, there is no doubt that both humans and animals have a need to eat and drink. In both cases, this need acts as a property of the organism, a satisfied need, as its state, and the objects with which it is satisfied - food and drink - are objects of need.

And yet, despite such similarities, humans and animals satisfy their common "organismic" needs in very different ways. One of these differences, associated with information differences in the behavior of humans and animals - the presence of consciousness, translating the need into a meaningful goal of activity, we have already considered above. Another difference is associated with a special type of adaptation inherent in humans, which gives rise to the phenomenon of interest.

In fact, an animal that feels thirst satisfies it with water from the nearest reservoir. A person for whom satisfaction of thirst is associated with the presence of a water tap, a drinking vessel, a coin that should be dipped into a machine with soda water, etc. acts differently. etc.

We see that access to water, without which the physical existence of a person is impossible, is mediated by a number of objects that we do not need on their own, but only as a means of mastering the object of vital need. This dialectic of the object-goal and the object-means - characteristic social life, in which people are forced to search for minerals, smelt metal, build machine-building plants, print money and create banks - all in order to obtain consumer products that the animal receives directly from the environment using the natural organs of the body.

As in the case of need, interest is the property of people to need various intermediary objects that contribute to the satisfaction of their "bodily" and social needs. As in the case of need, we should distinguish between interest as a characteristic of the subject of activity and an object of interest, which can be a variety of objects (things, symbols, connections - more on that below), different from a person and united by the property of being needed by him, i.e. e. have some positive significance or value.

Finally, as in the case of need, interest is an objective property of people, expressing the way they exist in the world, independent of the arbitrariness of human will. Take, for example, the interest in money that is so pronounced in modern man. We all understand that no person needs them by themselves and are always a means of satisfying one or another practical or spiritual (like Pushkin's The Covetous Knight) needs, i.e. subject of interest different from her. However, does it depend on the will of people living in a society with a market economy, their interest in money as the only possible means of exchange that allows them to master the object of need, which they are not able to produce themselves? It is obvious that the bulk of people (who are not able to maintain a subsistence economy or live by armed robbery) can refuse money only together with a refusal to satisfy their needs, i.e. by voluntary renunciation of life, the internal necessary condition of which money is.

As a result, we see that many properties of interest coincide with properties of need, which prompts some scientists to dispute the need for their theoretical distinction. Indeed, a person equally needs to be well fed, he needs appropriate foodstuffs, land as a means of production, agricultural implements that serve to process it, etc.

So, summarizing what has been said, we can consider human action as a systemically integral process in which the following functional subsystems can be distinguished:

1) causing, which is formed by needs and interests inherent in each subject of activity;

2) ideal-regulatory, which is formed by the information mechanisms of consciousness - goals, programs, motives and stimuli of behavior (specially studied by psychology);

3) operational, which is the activity of goal-realization, i.e. physical operations of subjects aimed at implementing their designs and desires;

4) effective, which is formed by consciously obtained or spontaneously formed results of human activity, corresponding or not corresponding to its goals, satisfying and not satisfying its needs.

The main conclusion that follows from our consideration can be formulated as follows: already at the level of its simplest manifestations - actions - human activity should not be considered as an unpredictable process, created by an absolutely free, indefinable will of people. The uniformity of needs that reveal the objective "generic nature" of a person, their disciplining influence on consciousness - this is the deepest reason that determines the lawfulness of activity, its subordination to certain "rules" that exist in the social life of people.

Appendix 1 presents a questionnaire developed by me to determine the motivation of employees in the company.

conclusion

When considering the classification of needs and their structure, it should be borne in mind that needs are historical in nature, i.e. are constantly changing with the development of society and that the complete list of human needs is still unknown and it is almost impossible to establish it.

Attention has been paid to the classification of needs since ancient times. At least since the time of Aristotle, their division into physical and spiritual has been known. At present, the classification of needs is based on the provisions of the American psychologist and economist A. Maslow. He believes that human needs are arranged in a certain hierarchical sequence depending on their importance to the individual. According to A. Maslow, there are five groups of needs: physiological, security, involvement (to the team, society), recognition and self-realization (self-expression). It is assumed that the listed needs are met sequentially in the order in which they are listed. Such a scheme is usually depicted either as a triangular pyramid or a ladder of needs.

Depending on the scale and structure of production, needs are divided into absolute (maximum), actual (subject to satisfaction), actually satisfied. Absolute (maximum) needs are needs that are focused on the maximum possibilities of production based on the latest achievements of science and technology. They set the benchmark for production and are subject to satisfaction in the long term.

Depending on the role in the reproduction of labor, needs are divided into:

- material, related to the satisfaction of the physical needs of a person for food, clothing, housing, procreation;

- spiritual - human satisfaction in education, culture, recreation, faith, creativity, etc .;

- social - a person's ability to realize their abilities, position in society, promotion, etc.

From the point of view of the level of development of society, elementary (physical) and higher (social) needs are distinguished. The highest (social) needs include those that are directly related to the well-being of people. These are consumer budgets of people, money savings, savings, property availability, working conditions and wages, employment and unemployment rate, social security, environmental safety, etc.

Depending on the social structure, the needs of society as a whole, the needs of classes, social groups, and individuals (personal) are distinguished.

The needs of society can be presented in the form of state, national, territorial, religious. More specifically, these include the needs for security, public order, legal protection, preservation of national culture and traditions, protection of monuments, restoration and protection of the environment, prevention of social conflicts, maintenance of peace, etc.

bibliographic list

1. Ananiev B.G. Cognitive needs and interests. - Scientist. Zap. Leningrad State University, 2003, no. 16. - No. 265. - 56 p.

2. Grimak L.P. Reserves human psyche: An Introduction to Activity Psychology. - M .: Politizdat, 2004 .-- 286 p.

3. Kovalev A.G. Psychology of Personality. - M .: Mysl, 2004 .-- 341 p.

4. Kovalev V.I. To the problem of motives // Psychological journal, 2006. - T. 2. - №1. - from. 18-22

5. Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. - M., 2005 .-- 304 p.

6. Leontiev A.N. Selected psychological works. In 2 volumes.Vol. II. - M .: Pedagogika, 2004 .-- 322 p.

7. Orlov Yu.K. Climbing to individuality: Book. for the teacher. - M .: Education, 2006 .-- 287 p.

8. Maslow A. Psychology of being / Otv. ed. S.N. Ivaschenko. Per. from English OO Chistyakov. - M., Kiev: Ref. - book .: Wackler, 2005 .-- 300p.

9. Myasishchev V.N. Personality structure and a person's attitude to actions. - M .: APN, 2004 .-- 184 p.

10. Nyutten J. Motivation // Experimental psychology. Texts. Issue 5. - M., 2004. - S. 15-110.

11. Simonov P.V. Human interdisciplinary concept. - M .: Knowledge, 2005 .-- 63 p.

12. Simonov PV, Ershov PM Temperament. Character. Personality. - M .: Nauka, 2006 .-- 98 p.

13. Abaev N.V. Chan Buddhism and the Culture of Mental Activity in Medieval China. - Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1983 .-- 214 p.

14. Abashidze E.K. Personalistic psychology (V. Stern). - Tbilisi; Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 2001 .-- 96 p.

15. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. Activity and personality psychology. - M., Nauka, 1980 .-- 216 p.

16. Ananiev B.G. On the problems of modern human studies. - M., Nauka, 2005 .-- 116 p.

17. Vygotsky L.S. Selected Psychological Research. - M., Publishing house of APN RSFSR, 2002 .-- 164 p.

18. Gelashvili M.A. The logic of statements with propositional attitudes and psychological theory installations D. Uznadze. Auto-ref. Cand. diss. - M., 2002 .-- 134 p.

19. Golovakha EI, Kronik AA Psychological time of personality. - Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 2005 .-- 235 p.

Similar documents

The connection between the history of the development of the human personality and the development of his needs. Personal socialization level and acceptability of means for satisfaction. Classification of needs as a source of human activity. Natural and cultural origin.

abstract, added 04/21/2009


general characteristics motivational sphere of personality. The patterns of its development. Specificity of human needs, their classification and hierarchy. Motives and motivational systems, their functions and types. Individualization of ways to meet needs.

abstract, added 04/23/2010


Brief biography of Abraham Maslow. Analysis of the hierarchy of needs A. Maslow. The need for self-actualization as the pinnacle of human needs. Ways to satisfy the need. Maslow's pyramid and the identification of patterns of development of needs.

term paper, added 11/16/2010


The ideas of the American psychologist Abraham Harold Maslow. On the concept of "pyramid of needs". The main problems in meeting human needs on the example of a person with hearing problems. Basic, cognitive needs and capabilities.

presentation added on 11/01/2014


The theory of human needs. A conscious need to have something material or spiritual. Classification of needs into spiritual, material, social, unsaturated, harmful. "Pyramid of needs" by A. Maslow. Self-actualization concept.

presentation added 01/18/2010


Scientific approaches to defining the concept of human needs. Stages of formation and functions of personality needs. Classification and types of needs. Allocation and characteristics of the most significant needs from the point of view of the practical behavior of the individual.

abstract, added 02/19/2011


Characteristics and features of human needs. The composition of affiliation as a mental phenomenon and aspiration for other people in society. Features of the need for affiliation and its impact on human life. Diagnostics of the need for affiliation.

term paper, added 04/12/2014


Features of needs and motives, their classification, functions and properties. The sequence of the emergence of needs in ontogeny, the essence of their hierarchy. The role of unmet needs and unrealized intentions, forms of neuropsychiatric disorders.

abstract, added on 08/25/2010


The study of the characteristic features and types of needs, which are understood as "need", "need", the desire to acquire what is missing. Features of the psychological aspect of identifying and measuring needs. Hierarchy of needs A. Maslow.

term paper, added 10/25/2010


The study of the concept of human needs, which, in certain objects and conditions of existence, are considered as the primary cause of human activity and behavior. Meeting human needs in the process of physical education and sports.

Page 1

The degree of satisfaction of the need for kindergartens and nurseries in the USSR is constantly growing. This means that over nine-tenths of families wishing to place their children in kindergartens or nurseries have the opportunity to do so freely. And only about 7% of families have to wait for a seat. At a number of enterprises this need is almost completely satisfied.

The degree of satisfaction of the need is expressed as a percentage.

An increase in the degree of satisfaction of needs is a quantitative characteristic of use value. The effectiveness of product quality assurance methods is determined by its contribution to meeting the needs and wishes of consumers.

The indicator of the degree of satisfaction of needs (1) is used to assess the dynamics of the potential market capacity, the balance of production and consumption, taking into account the quality of products.

The assessment characterizes the degree of satisfaction of the group's need for a given property and is of a social nature. In the process of assessment, the value of a certain product indicator is compared with the base indicator, or the indicator of the reference product.

The third component characterizes the degree of satisfaction of the demand for energy resources at the end of the period under consideration. The ratio of the components of the vectors (f characterizes the preference (from the point of view of the future conditions for the functioning of the country's fuel and energy complex) of certain reserves by type of fuel.

The quality of life is characterized by the degree of satisfaction of a person's needs, determined in relation to the corresponding norms, customs and traditions, as well as in relation to the level of personal aspirations.

In addition to the beneficial effect, the amount of labor time spent affects the degree of satisfaction of society's needs. With the reduction of labor time spent on the production of each product, society is able to expand the circle and increase the degree of satisfaction of its needs.

The standard of living is the degree of satisfaction of people's needs, corresponding to the achieved stage of development of the productive forces and production relations of a given mode of production.

With this method of assessing the degree of satisfaction of the needs of specific consumers of products, each nomenclature item is economically equivalent.

Socialism does not eliminate differences in the degree of satisfaction of needs. The application of the same measure in distribution - according to the labor contribution to social production - to people with different needs, different in abilities, skills, qualifications, marital status causes a certain difference between them in terms of the level of material security. For example, single workers and those with a family that includes disabled people, receiving equal remuneration for equal work, are not equally able to satisfy personal needs. As V. I. Lenin noted, in the first phase of communism, society is not able to immediately eliminate inequality, which consists in the distribution of consumer goods according to work, and not according to needs.

The third component of the objective function (8.48) characterizes the degree of satisfaction of the demand for energy reserves at the end of the period under consideration. The ratio of the components of the vectors Ф h to each other makes it possible to judge the preference (from the point of view of the future conditions of the EC functioning) of certain reserves by types of fuel. Choosing the appropriate scale of the coefficients of the vector p h, we set the degree of importance of accumulating stocks of certain categories in comparison with the current costs of the operation of the EC and the degree of importance of meeting the needs of certain categories of consumers in individual energy resources.

Needs as a source of personality activity. Classification of human needs. Specificity of human needs.

The source of personality activity are the needs, which represent an internal state of need, expressing their dependence on the specific conditions of existence. According to their origin, needs are divided into natural and cultural.

Need- a subjective state that meets an objective need for something that does not belong to a person. This is a separation of the concepts of need (objective) and need (subjective). It is possible that a person has a need, but there is no corresponding need as a reflected, secondary state.

The needs are characterized by the following features:

Any need has its own subject, that is, it is always an awareness of the need for something.

Every need acquires a specific content depending on the conditions and in what way it is satisfied.

Need has the ability to reproduce.

A need that has passed through a system of incentive factors and is realized by a person becomes a motive for behavior.

Need serves sourceany activity. It is present behind every activity: material and mental, although it is not a real stimulus.

The properties of needs include their lifetime dynamics, the change,development, which can be carried out in two interrelated directions.

Key features of needs:

The basic feature is that human needs are largely public,historical character.

The second feature of a person's needs, which is also a derivative of his sociality, is that a person himself produces itemssatisfying his needs.

A characteristic feature of human needs is the ability to awareness,why they become relatively stable.This leads to a relative constancy of behavior, to the liberation of the individual from the obligatory fulfillment of the requirements of urgent needs.

CLASSIFICATION OF NEEDS:

Human needs are connected in a fundamentally different way, forming a systemic subordination, or hierarchy.This is not an arrangement next to each other, according to the "rank", but mutual action, coordinated participation in the structure of the jointly realized orientation of the personality.

The most famous and widespread model of the hierarchy of human needs is the structure of the 1950s, developed by one of the founders of modern humanistic psychology, the great American psychologist A. Maslow (1908-1970). He proceeded from other interpretations of the concepts of need, personality, psyche.

Famous "pyramid"the hierarchy of needs of some "average" person is built (in an abbreviated version) of five layers of interconnected levels, arranged by the author along the conventional vertical. The lower the need is located, the more urgent it is, necessary for life, the earlier it is formed. In this sense, "lower" does not mean secondary, flawed in relation to the "higher" needs. A person's movement "up" along the vertical of satisfied needs means greater biological, physical well-being, greater individualism, selfishness, security and independence.

bottom layermake up physiological needs, which include the needs for food, housing, sleep, clothing, sex, etc. We will not comment on these needs, noting only that any of the listed needs is actually "biological" only relatively, depending on the specific society and real personality.

On second levelthe security needs are located, i.e. in preserving the well-being already achieved. Lack of satisfaction of these needs is associated with such negative experiences as pain, anger, fear, and disorder.

Third layerthe pyramid is occupied by the need to communicate with other people.

On fourth placethere is a need for respect and self-respect.

At the highest, fifth levelthere is a need for self-actualization, which can be considered a certain symbol of the whole scheme of A. Maslow. This is a person's need for the development of all his abilities, the need for self-realization, for striving “upward”, for perfection, personal and social well-being.

The presented hierarchy diagram characterizes the so-called average person. But individual-personal gradations are possible. For example, a shift downward, towards an increase in the urgency of the need for respect, distinguishes people who are "powerful." For "creative" individuals, the need for self-actualization acquires greater importance than, say, the respect of others. Long-term dissatisfaction of the need can lead to a decrease in its general level and, accordingly, "rebuild" the entire "pyramid". The hierarchy is changeable, and a person can strive to realize the "higher" needs, for a long time without satisfying the "lower" ones. To implement an individual approach to a person, it is important to establish the actual level of needs, below which they are already satisfied, and therefore not effective.

In addition to the hierarchy, the personality needs sphere is characterized by breadth, intensity, stability, efficiency, awareness and other qualitative and quantitative parameters, each of which can become decisive for a person under certain conditions. S.L. Rubinstein noted that the whole person is already enclosed in needs. Therefore, to understand a person is, first of all, to understand his needs.