Ancient traditional dwellings of different peoples. Interior of a Russian hut

The interior of a peasant dwelling, which still, sometimes, could be found in the 20th century. evolved over the centuries.

Peasant huts, in general, were one-room, or had one heated part, in fact - a hut. Therefore, the layout of the dwelling was very rational, there was nothing superfluous here and everything was at hand.

The door leading to the hut was made low with a raised threshold, which contributed to greater preservation of heat in the house. In addition, the guest entering the hut, willy-nilly, had to bow to the hosts.

The main component of the dwelling was a stove, which stood to the right or left of the entrance, usually it was made in the northern corner. The stoves were “broken” from clay, they were placed on a wooden guardianship, a cast-iron pole and an iron chimney were attached, a brick chimney or a wooden chimney was brought out from the ceiling to the roof. Furnaces of a later period were made entirely of brick.

The stove in the house of Kudymov from the village of Yashkino. Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug. 19th century

(architectural and ethnographic museum Khokhlovka)

The stove played the most important role in the house. She, as a receptacle for life and domestic fire, embodied the idea of ​​a home, its well-being. In Russian dialects, "fire" and "smoke" are the personification of the house: "fireman" - the owner of the hearth (house); "smoky" - a village, a village; a tribute to the Khazars was given "a sword from the smoke"; and the term hut itself is from “firebox”, i.e. "to stomp", "to stomp"

The stove in the house of Oshevnev from the village of Oshevnevo. Karelia. 1876

The Russian stove fed, warmed, slept on it, and in some regions even washed. There is a known case that during the Great Patriotic War in the Smolensk region, only one stove remained from the village of Gribochki, in which an old woman lived with four children.

It was considered a great sin to spit on the stove and the coals burning in it.

A respectful attitude towards the stove was expressed in proverbs and sayings: “Our mother bakes for us”; “The oven in the house is the same as the altar in the church; bread is baked in it”; "It's all red summer on the stove"; "It's like warming up by the oven."

However, the stove was associated not only with goodness and prosperity, but also with old age, helplessness, uselessness. It is a place for the weak and sick, lying on the stove, it was considered an unworthy deed of a self-respecting person. Lying on the stove is lazy, it’s not for nothing that the wooden stove benches on the stove were called “sloths”. The people said: “If you want to eat kalachi, don’t sit on the stove.”

The stove was equated with a door and windows, because, through the chimney, contact was made with the outside world. It was a specific entrance and exit for supernatural beings, as well as for contacts with them. Through it, a fiery serpent enters the house (sometimes it brings wealth, but more often, turning into a man, it comforts widows) and the devil. A witch flies out, the soul of a dead person, a disease, for, a call addressed to evil spirits.

The symbolism of fire and the oven is most evident, as well as the likening of a person and bread in the rite of baking a child. They usually baked children with rickets or otrophy (in popular terminology, dog old age or dryness). The child was placed on a stove shovel and thrust into a warm oven three times, saying: "Break old age in the oven" or "As bread is baked, so do dog old age bake." The furnace in this case symbolizes both death and birth. Going to the furnace is a temporary death, and at the same time a new birth. The child was put into the furnace in order to kill the disease and the sick child himself, in order to resurrect him in a healthy body.

Another rite that speaks of the connection of the furnace with the afterlife is putting hands on the furnace after returning from a funeral or looking into it in order to cleanse itself from contact with the world of death, get rid of fear of the dead and longing for the deceased.

The fire in the furnace was also revered and perceived as a living being. Before the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs were called fire worshipers. They burned their dead, believing that the flame of the funeral pyre would take them to a heavenly abode. This symbolism of the cleansing fire was revived in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in the mass self-immolations of the Old Believers.

The purest was considered "living fire" obtained by friction. Herds were driven through it to stop the loss of livestock, they also acted during epidemics of various diseases. The ritual of passing between the cleansing fires in the Golden Horde is known.

Despite the constant stay in the furnace, the house fire retained its connection with the element of heavenly fire and, if necessary, could resist it. For example, in the Vologda province, a stove was flooded to “comfort” a thunderstorm. As a remedy for natural Disasters oven utensils were used. When a hail cloud approached, they threw a bread shovel or poker into the yard, or folded them crosswise to protect the crops from hail. To fight fires, they lit stoves in neighboring houses, because it was read that "smoke for smoke, and fire for fire do not go." Buildings tanned from a thunderstorm were not extinguished with water, because. it is akin to the elements of a thunderstorm, and milk or kvass was thrown into the fire by the consecrated Easter eggs. In the fight against an ordinary fire, they surrounded him with the icon of the Burning Bush or stood facing the fire with icons.

Home fire embodied the integrity of the family and family well-being, it was maintained in the oven and kept in the form of hot coals. They tried not to give them to another house, fearing that prosperity and happiness would leave the house with them. When moving to a new dwelling, they carried coals with them, thereby luring the brownie.

When someone left the house, the stove was closed with a damper, so that he would be lucky on the way and not remember him dashingly. In the Novgorod province, in order for the work to be successful, they closed the oven when they sat down to weave. When a thunderstorm approached, the pipe was blocked so that the evil spirits could not hide there, and the lightning would not strike the hut.

Cattle lost in the forest are called through the pipe. And on Good Thursday, the hostess calls all the cattle by name through the chimney, and the owner responds from the yard. This was done so that in the summer the animals would not get lost in the forest.

In the Zhytomer region there was a case when a mother called her son through the chimney, after which he was attacked by a deadly longing for his home.

In some regions of Russia, the soul of the deceased was released through the door, closing the pipe with a damper so that the soul would not go to the devil. When the sorcerer died, the pipe was opened for a turn, and even the ceiling was dismantled.

The Russian stove, despite its massiveness, thanks to all kinds of cavities and stoves on which small things could be dried, has a very elegant look. here, as in other household items, the desire of the people to combine good quality and beauty is manifested.

Between the wall and the back or side of the stove was baking. When located behind the stove, horse harness was located there, if on the side, then usually kitchen utensils.

On the side of the stove, next to the front door, was attached golbets which served as a place of rest, especially old and small. In some regions, they did not fall on golbets, because. believed that a brownie was sleeping on it. Through the door of the golbets, they descended the stairs to the basement, where supplies were stored.

Golbets in the house of M.F. Kamelsky from the village of Kamelskaya, Sverdlovsk region. nineteenth century (architectural and ethnographic museum Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha)

In some places, the high golbets was replaced by a box - a "trap", 30 cm high from the floor, with a sliding lid, on which one could also sleep. Over time, the descent into the basement of the house moved in front of the mouth of the furnace, they got into it through a door in the floor. At present, such a device is widespread throughout the countryside, and a bench was usually put in place of the golbets.

The stove corner was considered the dwelling place of the brownie - the keeper of the hearth.

Opposite the mouth of the furnace was kutny corner. The meaning of the word "kut" is a corner or a dead end. It is also called a slut, a cook, a woman's kut, a woman reigned in it - the hostess. This section of the hut was not intended for prying eyes and was often separated from the rest of the hut by a curtain or wooden wall. There was a table in the kut, a wall shelf - a "bed". Necessary kitchen utensils were placed in the underframe and on the garden bed. Since the 19th century in the corner or in the bakery, a cupboard for dishes began to appear, sometimes equipped with a folding desktop.

Kutny corner in the house of Elizarov from the village of Potanevshchina. Karelia. 19th century

(architectural and ethnographic museum of Kizhi)

Next to the stove, on the side or behind it, were located platy. The place where all family members usually slept was covered with curtains from the eyes of others.

Under the shelves was floor angle or foothills - the place of the owner of the house. Here, a man made or repaired anything. Did he do it on the bench or "Konica"- a wide shop-chest in which the tool was stored. Sometimes a bed was placed under the beds, which was hung with a canopy.

Podporozhye. (architectural and ethnographic museum Taltsy, Irkutsk region)

Guests stopped at the foot of the foothills waiting for the invitation of the hosts, such an expectation at low prices was extremely inconvenient.

red corner

Diagonally from the stove was the main part of the hut - red corner, they also called him the front, big, honorary. He was always turned "to the sun", i.e. south or east.

Red corner. (architectural and ethnographic museum Taltsy, Irkutsk region)

Red corner in Tretyakov's house in the village of Gar. Arkhangelsk region

Those entering the hut, first of all, turned to the red corner and overshadowed themselves with the banner of the cross. A Russian proverb says: "The first bow is to God, the second is to the owner and the hostess, the third is to all good people."

Icons were always located in the red corner, this house goddess was associated with the church altar, and the table standing in the corner was likened to the throne in God's temple. Therefore, at the table it was necessary to behave as in a church, it was not allowed to place foreign objects on the table.

The presence of bread on the table turned it into a throne. "Bread on the table, and the table is a throne, but not a piece of bread, and the table is a board." It was believed that the constant presence of bread on the table should ensure prosperity and well-being at home.

In the Russian north, it was not allowed to knock on the table as it was considered the palm of God or the Mother of God.

In Slavic rituals, a ritual round of the table is very often used. In Belarus and Ukraine, a newborn was carried around the table; in the Kostroma Territory, a woman in labor was circled three times. Meanwhile, it was forbidden to go around the table outside the ritual, it was necessary to enter and leave the table from one side.

The place at the table in the red corner was the most honorable, the host, the priest or the guest of honor sat here (“For the red guest - a red place”). The honor of the seats decreased with the distance from the red corner.

From the red corner, wide benches were arranged along the walls, which were used for sitting, working and sleeping. On one side, they tightly adjoined the wall, and on the other side, they were supported either by supports cut from a thick board, or curly legs "stamishki". Such legs narrowed towards the middle, which was decorated with a carved "apple". To the edge of the bench was sewn a lace, decorated with carvings. Such a shop was called pubescent.

From the top above the benches along the walls there were shelves - crows.

From the middle of the XIX century. in a peasant dwelling, especially in wealthy peasants, the front living room appears - room.

Upper room in the house of M.F. Kamelsky from the village of Kamelskaya, Sverdlovsk region. nineteenth century (architectural and ethnographic museum Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha)

The upper room could have been a summer room; in case of all-weather use, it was heated by a Dutch oven. The upper rooms, as a rule, had a more colorful interior than the hut. Their main purpose was to receive guests. Chairs, beds, chests are used in the interior of the upper rooms.

Upper room in Elizarov's house. Karelia. 19th century

(architectural and ethnographic museum of Kizhi)

The interior of a peasant house, which has been taking shape over the centuries, is the best example of a combination of beauty and convenience. There is nothing superfluous and every thing in its place, everything is at hand. The main criterion for a peasant house was convenience, so that a person could live, work and relax in it.

Literature:

1. Bubnov E.N. Russian wooden architecture of the Urals. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1988. - 183 p.: ill.

2. Makovetsky I.V. Architecture of the Russian folk dwelling: the North and the Upper Volga region. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. - 338 pp.: - ill.

3. Milchik M.I., Ushakov Yu.S. Wooden architecture of the Russian North. - L., 1981. 128 p., ill.

4. Opolovnikov A.V. Russian wooden architecture. - M .: Publishing house "Art", 1983 .-287p.:-ill.

5. Semenova M. We are Slavs! - St. Petersburg: Azbuka - Terra, 1997. - 560 p.

6. Smolitsky V.G. Russia is beaten. - M.: State Republican Center of Russian Folklore, 1993. - 104 p.

7. Sobolev A. A. Wooden house. Secrets of the Old Masters. Arkhangelsk 2003.

Purpose: Purpose: To form in students figurative ideas about the organization, the wisdom of man's arrangement of the internal space of the hut. To acquaint with the concept of interior, its features in a peasant dwelling; form the concept of spiritual and material. Actualization of basic knowledge - According to what principles the appearance was decorated peasant hut. Why do people decorate their homes?

In a low room with a sash window A small lamp glows in the twilight of the night: A faint light either freezes completely, or showers the walls with a trembling light. The new room is cleanly tidied up: In the dark, the curtain of the window turns white; The floor is planed smoothly; even ceiling; The breakup stove has become in a corner. On the walls - stacking with old-fashioned goodness, A narrow bench covered with a carpet, Painted hoops with a sliding chair And a carved bed with a colored canopy. L. May L. May

“The stove fed, watered, healed and comforted, sometimes babies were born on it, but when a person became decrepit, it helped to adequately endure a brief mortal agony and calm down forever. The stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the whole family or house ... The warmth that the oven breathed was akin to warmth of soul "" The oven fed, watered, healed and comforted, sometimes babies were born on it, but when a person became decrepit, she helped to adequately endure a brief deathly torment and ever calm down. The stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. She cooled down along with the death of the whole family or house ... The warmth that the oven breathed was akin to warmth of the soul "

There are 4 brothers under one hat. The table was treated with respect. He was called "God's palm", which is why it was impossible to hit the table, climb on it for children. An indispensable element of all peasant holidays and celebrations was a feast (at the table). The family gathered at the table, as if showing their unity. There were shops along the walls. They sat and slept on them. The benches were attached to the floor, and the benches moved. The table was treated with respect. He was called "God's palm", which is why it was impossible to hit the table, climb on it for children. An indispensable element of all peasant holidays and celebrations was a feast (at the table). The family gathered at the table, as if showing their unity. There were shops along the walls. They sat and slept on them. The benches were attached to the floor, and the benches moved.

A dwelling is a building or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from the weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleeping, resting, raising offspring, and storing food. The local population in different regions of the world has developed its own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, tents. In the highlands they built pallasso, chalets, and on the plains - huts, huts and huts. The national types of dwellings of the peoples of the world will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant at the present time and what functions they continue to perform.

Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world

People began to use housing since the time of the primitive communal system. At first it was caves, grottoes, earthen fortifications. But climate change forced them to actively develop the skill of building and strengthening their homes. V modern understanding"dwellings" most likely originated during the Neolithic, and stone houses appeared in the 9th century BC.

People sought to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of this or that people seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served faithfully to their owners.

So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their features in more detail.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the features of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings of the northern peoples are the booth, chum, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant and fully meet the requirements of the completely difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is remarkably adapted to harsh climatic conditions and a nomadic lifestyle. They are inhabited by peoples engaged mainly in reindeer herding: Nenets, Komi, Enets, Khanty. Many believe that the Chukchi live in the plague, but this is a delusion, they build yarangas.

Chum is a tent in the form of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the conical shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.

They are covered with burlap in summer and animal skins in winter. The entrance to the chum is hung with burlap. So that neither snow nor wind gets under the lower edge of the building, snow is raked up to the base of its walls from the outside.

In the center of it, a hearth is always burning, which is used for heating the room and cooking. The temperature in the room is approximately 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, feather beds and blankets are sewn from sheepskins.

Chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from young to old.

• Balagan.

The traditional dwelling of the Yakuts is a booth, it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a sloping roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and installed them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other logs of a smaller diameter. After the walls were smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured over it.

The floor inside the dwelling was trampled sand, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.

The walls consisted of a huge number of windows, they were covered with ice before the onset of severe frosts, and in summer - with mica.

The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were installed to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.

• Needle.

This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity and materials to build a full-fledged dwelling. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The building was domed.

The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below the floor level. This was done so that oxygen could enter the dwelling and carbon dioxide would escape, in addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to keep warm.

The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of about +20 ºС even in severe frosts.

• Valcaran.

This is the home of the peoples living off the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a semi-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. An interesting feature dwelling is that it has two entrances: winter - through a multi-meter underground corridor, summer - through the roof.

• Yaranga.

This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Yukaghirs. It is portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached on top. The whole structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.

Several poles were placed in the middle of the room to support the ceiling. Yaranga with the help of canopies was divided into several rooms. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.

Dwellings of nomadic peoples

The nomadic way of life has formed a special type of dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled. Here are examples of some of them.

• Yurt.

This is a typical type of building among nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Altai.

This is a domed dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of lattices. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The dome shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt retains its constant microclimate inside the room, not allowing heat or frost to penetrate there.

In the center of the building is a hearth, the stones for which are always carried with them. The floor is laid with skins or boards.

Housing can be assembled or dismantled in 2 hours

The Kazakhs call a camping yurt an abylaisha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name came from.

• Vardo.

This is a gypsy wagon, in fact, it is a one-room house, which is installed on wheels. There is a door, windows, a stove, a bed, drawers for linen. At the bottom of the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The wagon is very light, so one horse could handle it. Vardo received mass distribution at the end of the 19th century.

• Felij.

This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of long poles intertwined with each other, it was covered with a cloth woven from camel wool, it was very dense and did not let moisture through during rain. The room was divided into male and female parts, each of them had its own hearth.

Dwellings of the peoples of our country

Russia is a multinational country, on the territory of which more than 290 peoples live. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of dwellings. Here are the brightest ones:

• Dugout.

This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a pit dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was tes, straw and a layer of earth. The wall inside was reinforced with logs, the floor was coated with clay mortar.

The disadvantages of this room were that the smoke could only escape through the door, and the room was very damp due to the proximity of groundwater. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it fully provided security; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repair and additional care; it was easy to build. It was thanks to all these advantages that the dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.

• Hut.

The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs, with the help of an axe. The roof was double pitched. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs, over time it became dense and covered all the large gaps. The walls outside were coated with clay, which was mixed with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century did they begin to build chimneys.

• Kuren.

The name comes from the word "smoke", which means "smoke". Kuren was the traditional dwelling of the Cossacks. Their first settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses were built on piles, the walls were made of wattle covered with clay, the roof was made of reeds, a hole was left in it for smoke to escape.

This is the home of the Telengits (the people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure made of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. In villages there was always an earthen floor, and in the center - a hearth.

• Kava.

The indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Orochs, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and the roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the dwelling has always been from the side of the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced with wooden beams, which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were erected against the walls.

• Cave.

This type of dwelling was built in a mountainous area composed of soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff). In them, people cut down caves and equipped comfortable dwellings. In this way, entire cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. Hearths were equipped in the rooms, chimneys, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors were cut through.

Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine

The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: mud hut, Transcarpathian hut, hut. Many of them still exist.

• Mazanka.

This is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine, unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from a wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, outside they were smeared with white clay, and inside with a solution of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The hut house had no foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but served its owners for 100 years or more.

• Kolyba.

In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and lumberjacks built temporary summer dwellings, which were called "kolyba". This is a log cabin that had no windows. The roof was gable, and covered with flat chips. Wooden loungers and shelves for things were installed along the walls inside. There was a hearth in the middle of the dwelling.

• Hut.

This is a traditional type of dwelling among Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built of semi-logs, coated with a mixture of horse manure and clay. The hut was whitened both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a mound (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, separated by passages: residential and household.

Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus

For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is the saklya. It is a one-room stone building with dirt floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a hole for smoke to escape. Sakli in the mountainous area formed entire terraces, adjoining each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor for another. This type of structure served a defensive function.

Dwellings of the peoples of Europe

The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, palyaso, bordey, vezha, konak, kulla, chalet. Many of them still exist.

• Trullo.

This is a type of dwelling of the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry laying, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if you pull out one stone, the structure collapsed. This type of building was due to the fact that it was forbidden to build dwellings in these areas, and if inspectors came, the building could easily be destroyed.

Trullos were one-room with two windows. The roof of the building was conical.

• Pallazo.

These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples who lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. They were round buildings with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with straw or reeds. The exit was always on the east side, the building had no windows.

• Bordei.

This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of housing in this part of the continent.

• Klochan.

The dwelling of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.

• Vezha.

This is the traditional dwelling of the Saami (Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, in which a smoke hole was left. A stone hearth was built in the center of the vezha, the floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they built a shed on poles, which was called nili.

• Konak.

A two-story stone house built in Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. This building in plan resembles the Russian letter G; it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so there was no need for outbuildings for such houses.

• Kula.

It is a fortified tower built of stone with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, Corsica.

• Chalet.

This is a country house in the Alps. It is distinguished by protruding cornice overhangs, wooden walls, the lower part of which was plastered and lined with stone.

Indian dwellings

The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also such buildings as tipi, wikiap.

• Indian wigwam.

This is the dwelling of the Indians living in the north and northeast of North America. Today, no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds of rites and initiations. It has a domed shape, consists of curved and flexible trunks. In the upper part there is a hole - for the exit of smoke. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, along the edges - places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the dwelling was covered with a curtain. Food was cooked outside.

• Tipi.

Home of the Indians of the Great Plains. It has a cone-shaped shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pines, it was covered with bison skins from above and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.

• Wikipedia.

The dwelling of the Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, straw, bushes. Considered a type of wigwam.

Dwellings of the peoples of Africa

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are the Rondavel and the Ikukwane.

• Rondavel.

This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, stone walls, which are held together with a mixture of sand and manure. Inside the walls were coated with clay. The top of the roof was covered with thatch.

• Ikukwane.

This is a huge domed thatched house, which is traditional for the Zulus. Long rods, reeds, tall grass were intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.

Dwellings of the peoples of Asia

The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.

• Diaolo.

These are multi-storey fortified houses-fortresses that have been built in southern China since the Ming Dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, as gangs of bandits were operating in the territories. In a later and calmer time, such structures were built simply according to tradition.

• Tulou.

This is also a house-fortress, which was built in the form of a circle or a square. Narrow openings for loopholes were left on the upper floors. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.

• Minka.

This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from improvised materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. The functions of the internal partitions were performed by screens. The roofs were very high so that the snow or rain rolled down faster and the straw did not have time to get wet.

• Hanok.

This is a traditional Korean home. Clay walls and tiled roof. Pipes were laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth went throughout the house.

Municipal autonomous educational institution

"Secondary school with. Berdyugye"

research project

« The history of the Russian wooden hut »

Completed by: Nyashin Ivan

Leader: Vereshchagina L.N.

S. Berdyugier, 2014

I. Abstract.______________________________________________ page 3

II. Work plan ____________________________________________ page 4

III. Introduction_________________________________________________page 5

Main part

I.Y. Theoretical chapter

2.1. History of the dwelling ____________________________________________ page 6

2.2. Construction of a Russian hut ______________________________ pages 7-10

Y. Practical chapter

3.1. Creation of a photo gallery of Russian wooden architecture. (In the application)

3.2. Making a model of a Russian hut _________________________ page 11

YI.Conclusion________________________________________________page 11

YII. References ____________________________________________ page 12

YIII.Appendix_________________________________________________pages 13-15

annotation

This work assumes the following purpose:

To achieve this goal, the following methods and techniques were used in the work:

- Verbal: search and processing of the necessary information from literary sources and the Internet;

- Search: search on the streets of the village of Berdyuzhya for preserved wooden houses and newly built modern ones, created in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture; visiting tourist routes that tell about the culture of the Russian people.

- Practical: development of step-by-step instructions for creating a layout of a Russian hut and creating your own layout

This work contains two main aspects of the study: theoretical and practical. First side research work is to study the theoretical material on the issue of research, that is, when Russian wooden architecture arose, what rules were observed during construction, how folk wisdom manifested itself in the rules for building a Russian hut.

The second side of the work is the practical part of this study. The application of the experience of ancestors in the 21st century was studied: the use of Russian wooden architecture in the construction of modern residential buildings, visiting tourist routes that recreate the life of a Russian village in the 19th century. Using the knowledge gained, a model of a Russian hut was created. Developed step-by-step instruction, according to which everyone can create their own layout of the Russian hut.

Work plan:

Find, study and systematize information about Russian wooden architecture.

Find on the streets of the village of Berdyuzhya residential buildings that have been preserved since the 20th century and modern buildings created in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture.

Visit the tourist routes of the native land, introducing the origins of Russian culture.

Work on creating your own layout of the Russian hut.

Develop instructions for creating a layout of a Russian hut.

Introduction

Over the past two years, tourist routes that tell about the history of my native land have become especially popular, I managed to go on excursions in the Yalutorovsk prison and in the Abalak tourist complex. The Yalutorovsky prison is a life-size settlement with a prison, and the Abalak tourist complex is a fairy tale, made of wood, brought to life. The impression was so vivid that I wanted to know how wooden architecture developed in Russia and what traditions of it were embodied in modern life.

Relevance:

The relevance of the topic under study is due to the fact that in last years there is a rethinking of the entire historical heritage, the growth of national consciousness and the restoration of historical and cultural memory. New values ​​are being created against the backdrop of the old ones still preserved. Knowledge of the origins of national culture, morals, customs of one's people is necessary in order to understand and explain many aspects of the country's history, in order to arouse interest in household history, prompt reflections on the threads that connect the past and the present. Look at yourself as the direct descendants and heirs of peasant Russia.

Purpose of the study:

Get acquainted with the origins of Russian culture, feel your belonging to traditional culture on the example of the Russian hut.

Tasks:

To study the scientific literature in the aspect of research;

Reveal the traditions of building a Russian hut;

Determine which traditions of wooden architecture have been preserved in modern construction;

Complete the layout of the Russian hut, using the knowledge gained in the study.

Subject of study:

The history of the Russian wooden hut.

Hypothesis:

In the arrangement of the Russian wooden hut, the wisdom and rich experience of the Russian people was manifested, which found its continuation in the modern construction of residential buildings.

Main part

Theoretical chapter

1.1. A wooden hut has long been the most common dwelling of a Russian peasant. Despite the fact that at present there are only huts no older than the 19th century, they have retained all the traditions of construction and arrangement. By design, the hut is a square or rectangular frame. The walls consist of horizontal log crowns - rows connected at the corners with cuts. The Russian hut is simple and concise, and the picturesque symmetry of the buildings carries real Russian comfort and hospitality. Wooden buildings have retained their relevance today. Many prefer log dwellings due to the freshness and environmental friendliness of these buildings. Log (chopped) houses are a structure in which the walls are assembled from debarked logs (roundwood). Log houses are made from coniferous and hardwood logs. For the construction of external walls, logs with a diameter of 22 to 30 cm are used. They are laid in horizontal rows and connected in the corners with cuts. A system of walls made of logs interconnected is called a log house. Each row of logs in a log house is a crown. The crowns are connected to each other in a groove and a crest. The groove serves to more tightly adjoin the logs to each other in height, which reduces the air permeability of the walls. To prevent rain and melt water from flowing, the groove is chosen at the bottom of the log. To eliminate air permeability and a closer fit of the logs to each other in height, tow or dry moss is laid in the grooves. Today, almost everyone associates the hut with the word "village". And it is right. Since earlier buildings erected in a village, village, settlement, etc. were called huts, and dwellings of the same type built in the city were called “houses”.

The word "hut" (as well as its synonyms "izba", "istba", "hut", "source", "firebox") has been used in Russian chronicles since the most ancient times. The connection of this term with the verbs "to drown", "to drown" is obvious. Indeed, it always denotes a heated building (as opposed to, for example, a cage). In addition, all three East Slavic peoples - Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians - retained the term "stoker" and again meant a heated building, whether it was a pantry for winter storage of vegetables (Belarus, Pskov region, Northern Ukraine) or a tiny residential hut (Novgorodskaya , Vologda region), but certainly with a stove. Building a house for a peasant was a significant event. At the same time, it was important for him not only to solve a purely practical problem - to provide a roof over his head for himself and his family, but also to organize the living space in such a way that it was filled with life's blessings, warmth, love and peace. Such a dwelling can be built, according to the peasants, only following the traditions of their ancestors, deviations from the precepts of the fathers could be minimal.

2.1. When building a new house great importance given to the choice of location. They chose a place closer to the water and the forest, so that it would be convenient for farming, hunting and fishing. It should be high, light, dry. To check if the place was dry, they put yarn, covered it with a frying pan, then checked if the yarn was not wet, then the place was dry. And Selverst in the 17th century in his book “Healer” wrote: “... If you want to test where to put a hut or other mansions, take the old oak bark and that bark with the same side that lay to the oak, put it in the place where you want to put hut, and don't move it. And that bark will lie down for three days, and on the fourth day you will rise and look under the bark, and if you find a spider or an ant under it, and you don’t put a hut or other mansions here: that place is dashing. And when you find a black goosebump under that bark, or what kind of worms you find, and you put a hut here or whatever other mansions you want: that’s a good place. The place where the road used to pass, there was a bathhouse, there was a crooked tree was considered unsuccessful for construction. A good place was also defined as follows: they let a pet in, where it lies, there a good place. Having chosen a place, it was fenced and plowed up. Wherever it will be, the house was planted with birch, and in Siberia - with cedar. I was wondering why they did it. And here's what I found out. It turns out that in each hut there lived a bright friendly creature - Brownie. Planting a tree, it was moved to new house.

Special requirements were also imposed on the building material. Our ancestors believed that it was necessary to cut trees in the winter on a full moon, because if they were cut down earlier, the logs would become damp and later crack, and also, it seems to me, our ancestors were kind, because they believed that trees were dead in winter, which means they don't hurt. Trees were chopped with an ax, as they believed that it covers the edges of the tree, and it does not rot. They preferred to cut huts from pine, spruce, larch. These trees with long, even trunks fit well into the frame, tightly adjoining each other, retained the internal heat well, and did not rot for a long time. However, the choice of trees in the forest was regulated by many rules, the violation of which could lead to the transformation of a built house from a house for people into a house against people, bringing misfortune. So, for a log house it was impossible to take "sacred" trees - they can bring death to the house. The ban applied to all old trees. According to legend, they must die in the forest a natural death. It was impossible to use dry trees, which were considered dead - from them the home will have a "dryness". A great misfortune will happen if a "violent" tree gets into the log house, that is, a tree that has grown at a crossroads or on the site of a former forest road. Such a tree can destroy a log house and crush the owners of the house. It was believed that if you do not follow these rules, then the house will bring misfortune.

The construction of the house was accompanied by many rituals. The beginning of construction was marked by the ritual of sacrificing a chicken, a ram, a horse or a bull. It was held during the laying of the first crown of the hut. Money, wool, grain - symbols of wealth and family warmth, incense - a symbol of the holiness of the house, were laid under the logs of the first crown, the window pillow, the mother. The completion of construction was marked by a rich treat for all those involved in the work. The Slavs, like other peoples, "deployed" the building under construction from the body of a creature sacrificed to the Gods. According to the ancients, without such a "sample" the logs could never have formed into an ordered structure. The "construction sacrifice", as it were, conveyed its form to the hut, helped to create something reasonably organized out of the primitive chaos. Archaeologists have excavated and studied in detail more than one thousand Slavic dwellings: at the base of some of them, skulls of these animals were found. Horse skulls are especially often found. So the "skates" on the roofs of Russian huts are by no means "for beauty". In the old days, a tail made of bast was also attached to the back of the ridge, after which the hut was completely likened to a horse. The house itself was represented by a "body", four corners - by four "legs". Another favorite sacrificial animal when laying a house was a rooster (hen). Suffice it to recall "cockerels" as a decoration of roofs, as well as the widespread belief that evil spirits should disappear at the crow of a rooster. They put in the base of the hut and the skull of a bull. Nevertheless, the ancient belief that a house is being built "on someone's head" was ineradicable. For this reason, they tried to leave at least something, even the edge of the roof, unfinished, deceiving fate. When laying the house, it was also important to determine where the red corner would be, the most important point of the house, coins and barley grains were laid under it so that neither money nor bread would be transferred.

The house was built when all agricultural work was completed. They built it quickly, in a week, the whole village helped. They didn’t pay for the work, but they fed, it was impossible to refuse help later when someone else was building. The construction of a log house begins with the felling of a log house, its residential part. A square or rectangular log house is the basis of any peasant building. Logs harvested for construction determined its size and proportions. The laying of the first so-called crown crown could already give an idea of ​​the future structure. For the simplest frame of a four-walled hut, the crown crown was usually knitted from the four thickest resinous pine logs connected at the corners. During the construction of the five-wall hut, the salary crown consisted of five logs. When felling a log house, the outer walls and the inner main wall were erected simultaneously. The five-wall was approximately twice as large as the four-wall.

The ends of each log were chopped off by old carpenters with an ax so carefully that it was not always possible for other craftsmen to get such a clean cross-section with a saw. In the old days, carpenters did not use a saw because a hut with chopped ends was much stronger than sawn ones. After all, the wood fibers chopped with an ax were crushed and blocked the access of moisture to the inside of the log. The logs were stacked tightly one on top of the other. A recess was made in the logs on the underside so that it lay more densely on the bottom.
Initially (until the 13th century), the hut was a log building, partially (up to a third) going into the ground. That is, a recess was dug out and the hut itself was completed in 3-4 rows of thick logs above it, which thus was a semi-dugout. Initially, there was no door, it was replaced by a small inlet, approximately 0.9 meters by 1 meter, covered by a pair of log halves tied together and a canopy. Sometimes a log house was erected directly on the site of the future house, sometimes it was first assembled on the side - in the forest, and then, having been disassembled, transported to the construction site and folded already "clean". The scientists were told about this by notches - "numbers", in order applied to the logs, starting from the bottom. The builders took care not to confuse them during transportation: a log house required careful adjustment of the crowns. In order for the logs to fit snugly together, a longitudinal recess was made in one of them, where the convex side of the other entered. The ancient craftsmen made a recess in the lower log and made sure that the logs turned out to be up on the side that was facing north at the living tree. On this side, the annual layers are denser and finer. And the grooves between the logs were caulked with swamp moss, which, by the way, has the ability to kill bacteria, and often smeared with clay. But the custom of sheathing a log house with wood for Russia is historically relatively new. It was first depicted in miniature manuscripts of the 16th century. The usual roof of Russian houses was wooden, hewn, shingled or shingled. In the XVI and XVII centuries it was customary to cover the top of the roof with birch bark from dampness; this gave her a variegation; and sometimes earth and turf were laid on the roof to protect against fire. The roof was made sloping on both sides. Rich peasants covered it with thin planks of aspen, which fastened one to the other. The poor, on the other hand, covered their houses with straw. Straw on the roof was stacked in rows, starting from the bottom. Each row was tied to the base of the roof with a bast. Then the straw was "combed" with a rake and watered with liquid clay for strength. The top of the roof was pressed down with a heavy log, the front end of which had the shape of a horse's head. This is where the name skate comes from. The shape of the roofs was pitched on two sides with gables on the other two sides. Sometimes all departments of the house, that is, the basement, the middle tier and the attic, were under one slope, but more often the attic, while others had their own special roofs. Wealthy people had intricately shaped roofs, for example, barrel-shaped in the form of barrels, Japanese in the form of a cloak. On the outskirts, the roof was bordered by slotted ridges, scars, polices, or railings with turned balusters. Sometimes towers were made along the entire outskirts - recesses with semicircular or heart-shaped lines. Such recesses were mainly made in towers or attics and were sometimes so small and frequent that they formed the border of the roof, and sometimes so large that there were only a pair or three of them on each side, and windows were inserted in the middle of them. The huts have windows. True, they are still very far from modern, with bindings, vents and clear glass. Window glass appeared in Russia in the 10th-11th centuries, but even later it was very expensive and was used mostly in princely palaces and churches. In simple huts, so-called portage (from "drag" in the sense of pushing and pushing) windows were arranged to let smoke through. Two adjacent logs were cut through to the middle, and a rectangular frame with a wooden latch that went horizontally was inserted into the hole. It was possible to look out into such a window - but that was all. They were called so - "prosvets" ... If necessary, they pulled the skin over them; in general, these openings in the huts of the poor were small to keep warm, and when they were closed, it was almost dark in the hut in the middle of the day. In wealthy houses, windows were made large and small; the former were called red, the latter were oblong and narrow in shape.

Almost the entire facade of the peasant house was decorated with carvings. Carvings were made on shutters, window trims that appeared in the 17th century, and edges of porch awnings. It was believed that images of animals, birds, ornament protect housing from evil spirits. If we enter a peasant's hut, we will definitely stumble. Why? It turns out that the door hung on forged hinges had a low lintel at the top and a high threshold at the bottom. It was on him that the incoming stumbled. They kept warm and tried not to let him out in this way.

Centuries passed, and the experience of building a peasant hut with its simple household utensils was passed down from generation to generation without changing. The new generation only gained more experience and skill in making products and building houses.

Practical chapter.

2.1. In the process of observations and excursions, a photo gallery of the wooden architecture of the native land was created. Photos are presented on slides.

(Appendix 1, 2, 3, 4)

2.2. Implementation of the layout of the Russian hut (Appendix 5)

To complete the layout of a Russian hut, you will need white paper, scissors, glue, a pencil for twisting tubes (logs).

Step 1. From twisted and glued tubes we add a log house - a building consisting of four walls with outlets - the ends of logs protruding from the log house.

Step 2. Cut out the roof, windows, shutters, glue them to the log house.

Step 3 We decorate the hut with openwork porches, towels and chills.

The layout of the Russian hut is ready.

Conclusion.

Thus, as a result of the work, the following conclusion can be drawn:

This work gave us the opportunity to get in touch with the history of our region, to learn the Russian national traditions of wooden architecture, to make sure that in the construction of the Russian hut the people use their many years of experience, and it is no coincidence that in recent years wooden architecture has been gaining new life. For a Russian person, a house is not just a residential building, it is both a homeland and a family, therefore our ancestors have always paid great attention to the construction of a house and its arrangement. The study of the topic “History of the Russian wooden hut” gives us the opportunity to understand that the charm of the Russian peasant hut lies in the feeling of the warmth of human hands, the love of a person for his home, which is passed on to us from generation to generation.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"AXENTIS BASIC SCHOOL"

Methodical development fine arts class

«
peasant house.
Collective work. PROJECT: "Come into the hut"

5th grade

Completed by: Poletueva Svetlana Borisovna

teacher visual arts

Aksentis

2015

Lessons 6–7

Interior and interior decoration
peasant house.
Collective work "Go to the hut"

Goals:

1. To acquaint students with the arrangement of the internal space of a peasant house, its symbols.

2. Develop creative and cognitive activity.

3. To form practical skills in working with plasticine, the ability to work in a small team (group).

4. Continue to form the concept of the unity of utility and beauty in the interior of the home and household items.

5. To cultivate love for the motherland and folk culture.

Equipment and materials:

1. Examples of the interiors of a peasant dwelling.

2. Illustrations for Russian fairy tales, epics, riddles.

3. Art materials.

4. Schemes-tables depicting the elements of the Russian stove, the "red corner".

Lesson plan 6

1. A conversation about the interior of a Russian hut.

2. Acquaintance with its vital centers, the range of household and labor items included in this space.

3. Statement of the artistic task.

4. Independent selection of illustrative material for the sketch.

5. Practical implementation of the task.

6. Summing up and selecting sketches for team work.

Lesson plan 7

1. Formation of groups.

2. Setting an artistic task for the implementation of the layout of the interior of a Russian hut (modeling).

3. Work in small groups on the chosen composition and its details.

4. Summing up and defense of the works "Who lives in the hut?".

During the classes

Conversation.

teacherb. Let's remember the lesson when we got acquainted with the traditional Russian dwelling - the hut.

How much effort and skill our ancestors invested in construction.

But a log house will remain a log house, no matter how rich ornament it is decorated with. It will become a home only when it is warmed by the warmth of the hearth.

The main part of any peasant house was a room with a stove. It was she who gave the name to the whole building - "hut".

“The peasant was quick-witted, he put a hut on the stove,” says a Russian proverb. Indeed, the stove is the soul of a peasant house. She is a nurse, a waterer, and a body warmer. There is no hut without a stove. The very word "hut" comes from the ancient "istba", "firebox". Initially, the hut was called the heated part of the house.

Interior of a peasant hut with a stove

The Russian stove has acquired a lot of convenient devices over time. For example, a pole-shelf in front of the mouth (hole) of the stove, on which the hostess could keep cooked food warm. Hot coals were raked aside on the hearth for the next kindling. In the side wall of the furnace, shallow niches-stoves were made, where wet mittens and a torch were usually dried.

Poultry was kept in a warm guard house in winter.

There are many interesting legends connected with the oven. folk customs. It was believed that a brownie lives behind the stove - the keeper of the hearth. During the matchmaking, the bride was traditionally hidden behind the stove.

In Russian folk tales the stove is often referred to and is usually inextricably linked to the protagonist. Let's remember these stories.

The guys remember: Emelya - “According to pike command»; Ilya Muromets; Gingerbread man; "Geese-swans", Baba Yaga in all fairy tales lay on the stove, etc.

The location of the furnace determined the layout of the hut. It was usually placed in the corner to the right or left of the entrance. The corner opposite the mouth of the furnace was considered the workplace of the hostess. Everything here was adapted for cooking. There was a poker, a tong, a pomelo, a wooden shovel by the stove. Next to it is a mortar with a pestle and a hand mill.

Let's guess together what they served.

Here again, fairy tales will help us, or maybe your trips to your grandmother in the village, where many of these items are still used today.

A towel and a washstand were always hung next to the stove - an earthenware jug with two drain spouts on the sides. Under it stood a wooden tub for dirty water. On the shelves along the walls there were simple peasant dishes: pots, ladles, cups, bowls, spoons. They were made of wood, as a rule, by the owner of the house himself.

There was a peasant dwelling and a lot of wicker utensils - baskets, baskets, boxes.

The place of honor in the hut - the "red corner" - was located diagonally from the stove. There were icons on a special shelf, a lamp was burning. All peasants in the old days were believers. The very word "peasant" comes from "Christian".

Red corner of the hut

An important guest entering the hut, at the threshold, first of all found a red corner with his eyes, took off his hat, made the sign of the cross three times and bowed low to the images, and only then only greeted the hosts.

The most dear guests were put in the red corner, and during the wedding - the young ones.

On ordinary days, the head of the family sat here at the dinner table.

The corner opposite the stove, to the left or right of the door, was the workplace of the owner of the house. There was also a bench where he slept. Beneath it, in a box, was a tool. Here the peasant was engaged in crafts and minor repairs.

There was little furniture in the hut, and it did not differ in variety - a table, benches, benches, chests, crockery shelves - that's probably all. (Wardrobes, chairs, and beds familiar to us appeared in the village only in the 19th century.)

The dining table was considered the main piece of furniture in the hut. He was in the red corner. Every day at a certain hour, the whole peasant family gathered at the table for dinner.

Wide benches lined the walls. They sat and slept on them. Do you know how they differed from the bench?

The benches were tightly attached to the walls, and the benches could be freely moved from place to place.

Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The more wealth in the family, the more chests in the hut. They were made of wood, upholstered with iron strips for strength. Quite often, ingenious mortise locks were made on the chests.

If a girl grew up in a peasant family, then from an early age, a dowry was collected for her in a separate chest. Together with this chest, she moved after the wedding to her husband's house.

Formulation of the problem.

Teacher. Now let's see what illustrations you brought.

Using them, come up with your composition for the interior of the hut.

Student work

Work on the selected composition.

In the second lesson, students in a box prepared in advance for the layout (you can remove 2 walls in the box and make a corner composition), using plasticine, create a layout of the interior of the Russian hut, household items and labor (you should be reminded of a towel and a spinning wheel, find a place for them in composition).

Summing up the lesson.

At the end of the lesson, each group tells who lives in this hut (Grandfather, Baba and Ryaba chicken; Emelya; three bears; Snow Maiden, etc.). Brought toys can be placed in the interior, which will play the role of residents.