Is there a work of matrenin's yard. Analysis of the story "Matrenin Dvor

The action of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn takes place in the mid-1950s. the last century. The story is told in the first person, a kind of person who dreams of living in the outback of his native country, in contrast to those intending to quickly move to the bustling cities of his compatriots. This fact due to a long stay in prison, the desire to move away from society, solitude and peace.

Story line

To realize his intention, the character goes to the place "Peat Product" to teach at a high school. Boring barracks and dilapidated five-story houses do not attract him at all. As a result, having found shelter in the remote village of Talnovo, the hero will meet a lonely woman who has lost her health, Matryona.

By no means a prosperous household in a nondescript hut is made up of a shaggy cat abandoned by the former owner, a mirror darkened from time to time and a couple of posters that attract prying eyes, illustrating the sale of books and productivity.

contrasts

Focusing on these items of unpretentious interior, the author tries to convey to the reader the key problem of the past - the bravado of the official chronicle of events solely for show and the gloomy reality of the impoverished hinterland.

At the same time, the master of the word contrasts the rich spiritual world with the peasant woman who performs overwork on the collective farm. Having worked almost all of her best years, she did not receive a pension from the state either for herself or for her when she lost her breadwinner.

Personal qualities

Attempts to gain at least some penny turn into obstacles from the bureaucratic apparatus. Despite the misunderstanding of those around her and the dishonest actions of the ruling authorities, she manages to maintain humanity, a sense of pity and compassion for people. Surprisingly humble by nature, she does not require additional attention and excessive comfort, sincerely rejoicing in her acquisitions.

Love for nature is expressed in the careful cultivation of numerous ficuses. From further descriptions of Matryona's life, it is known that she could have avoided a lonely fate, because the dwelling was built for children and grandchildren. Only in the 2nd part is the fact of the loss of her six children revealed. She waited 11 years from the war for her husband after declaring him missing.

Summarizing

The image of Matrena embodies the best features of a Russian woman. The narrator is impressed by her good-natured smile, incessant work in the garden or when going to the forest for berries. The author speaks unflatteringly about her surroundings. The replacement of a worn-out railway overcoat with a coat and the pension received cause noticeable envy among the villagers.

In his work, the writer draws attention to the extreme plight of the peasants, their bleak existence with their own meager food and lack of money to feed livestock. At the same time, the unfriendly attitude of each of the people living close to each other is clearly manifested.

Analysis of the story Matryonin yard Solzhenitsyn

The story of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn tells about a man who wanted to get lost in the depths of Russia. Moreover, the hero wanted a truly calm, almost reclusive life. He wanted to be a school teacher. And he succeeded. But in order to work at the school, he needed somewhere to live. He walked through the whole village and looked into every hut. Everywhere was tight. So he had to settle in a large and spacious hut of Matryona Vasilievna. The situation in the hut was not the best: cockroaches, mice, a three-legged cat, an old goat and neglect of the building - all this seemed scary at first. But over time, the hero got used to and got used to Matrena Vasilievna.

The writer describes the mistress of the hut as an old woman of about sixty. She walked in torn things, but she loved them very much. She had only one old, shabby goat from her household. Matryona Vasilievna appears to the reader as an ordinary, but at the same time mysterious woman. She is mostly silent, does not tell anything, and does not ask the hero for anything. Only once did Matryona tell a piece of her life to the hero. How she was going to marry one brother, and married another, because she did not wait for her first brother after the war. Everyone thought he was dead. And so Matrena Vasilievna married her second brother. He was younger than her by a year. But Yefim never laid a finger on Matryona. Arriving from the war, the older brother scolded to cut them down, but soon calmed down and found himself a wife with the same name. This is where her story ended. And then she told all this because Thaddeus came to her to talk with Antoshka's school teacher, who lived with Matryona.

Matrena Vasilievna is presented to the reader in such a way that one wants to feel sorry for her and help her. She had no children. It so happened that they died after three months of life. And so it happened that Vasilievna took one of her brother-in-law's daughters to bring up. The girl's name was Kira. Raised and married Matrena Vasilievna daughter. It was Kira who, at least sometimes, helped Matryona, and so the woman herself tried to survive. She, like all the women in the village, stole peat from the swamps to keep warm in cold winters. And she ate what "God will send." Matrena Vasilievna was a simple-hearted and kind person, she never refused help and did not take anything if she helped.

The hut in which the heroine of the story lived, Vasilyevna bequeathed to Kira. So the day came when they came to dismantle half of the hut, Matryona grieved a little and went to help load the boards. She was like that, Matrena Vasilievna, she always took on men's work. On this day, disaster struck. When the boards were transported on sledges across the railway, then the train crushed almost all of them.

Somehow not everyone really grieved about Matryona Vasilievna. Maybe from the fact that it is so accepted among people that it is necessary to shed tears for the dead, only for this reason it seems like people were crying. But the reader will not see sincerity in these tears. Everyone cries just because it's supposed to. Only the adopted daughter truly grieved for Matryona Vasilievna. She sat aside at the wake and quietly wept.

After the death of Matryona Vasilievna, everyone only thought about who would get what from her very poor property. The sisters shouted loudly about who would get what. Many others expressed what Vasilievna had promised to whom. Even the brother's husband thought that the boards that remained intact should be taken back and put into action.

In my opinion, AI Solzhenitsyn wanted to tell the story about a simple Russian woman. It is about one that is not noticeable at first glance, but if you get to know and talk better with her, then her whole multifaceted soul will be revealed. The author of the story wanted to talk about a strong female character. When, enduring hardships and misfortunes, falling, but rising again, a Russian woman always remains strong in spirit and does not get angry at simple everyday trifles. It is these people, inconspicuous and not requiring much, like Matrena Vasilievna, who make our life easier. When such a person does not become near, it is then that people realize the loss and the importance of the presence of this particular person nearby. In my opinion, the author perfectly chose the words at the end of the story “... a righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither city. Not all our land."

Love in a person's life means a lot. We can say that all human life consists of love. Out of love for friends, for family, for the motherland, for pets, for oneself, for a loved one.

Hurry to do good deedsEvery person in his life encounters kindness towards himself or others. Kindness is what makes our society more humane and compassionate in an effort to give joy to people around us, to show sincere feelings.

The composition of Yankel in the story Taras Bulba Gogol's image and characteristics

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in his story "Taras Bulba" describes in detail not only everything that happened in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, but also each of the unique individuals.

Solzhenitsyn's surname today is associated exclusively with his novel The Gulag Archipelago and his scandalous fame. However, he began his career as a writer as a talented short story writer who depicted in his stories the fate of ordinary Russian people in the mid-twentieth century. The story "Matryonin Dvor" is the most a prime example early work of Solzhenitsyn, which reflected the best of his writing talents. The wise Litrekon offers you his analysis.

Story writing history Matrenin yard” is a series of interesting facts:

The story is based on Solzhenitsyn's memories of his life after returning from a labor camp, when he lived for some time in the village of Maltsevo, in the house of a peasant woman, Matryona Zakharova. She became the prototype main character.
Work on the work began in the summer of 1959 in the Crimea, and was completed in the same year. The publication was supposed to take place in the Novy Mir magazine, but the work passed the editorial commission only the second time, thanks to the help of the editor A.T. Tvardovsky.
The censors did not want to let the story with the title "A Village Without a Righteous Man" (this was the first title of Solzhenitsyn's work) go into print. They saw in it an unacceptable religious connotation. Under pressure from the editors, the author changed the title to neutral.
"Matryona Dvor" became the second work of Solzhenitsyn after the book "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". It gave rise to many disputes and disagreements, and after the author's emigration it was completely banned, like all the books of the dissident writer.
Readers saw the story only in 1989, during the era of Perestroika, when a new principle of Soviet policy came into force - glasnost.

Direction and genre

The story "Matryonin Dvor" was written in the framework. The writer strives for a reliable depiction of the surrounding reality. The images he created, their words and actions breathe authenticity and naturalism. The reader may believe that the events described in the story could actually happen.

The genre of this work can be defined as a story. The narrative covers a short period of time and includes a minimum number of characters. The problem is local in nature and does not affect the world as a whole. The absence of any specifics only emphasizes the typical nature of the events shown.

The meaning of the name

Initially, Solzhenitsyn gave his story the title “There is no village without a righteous man,” which emphasized the main idea of the writer about the highly spiritual protagonist, who selflessly sacrifices herself for the sake of others and this holds people hardened by poverty together.

However, in the future, in order to avoid Soviet censorship, Tvardovsky advised the writer to change the title to a less provocative one, which was done. "Matryona's Dvor" is both a reflection of the denouement of the work (the death of the heroine and the division of her property), and an indication of the main theme of the book - the life of a righteous woman in a village exhausted by wars and the predatory policy of power.

Composition and conflict

The story is divided into three chapters.

The first chapter is reserved for the exposition: the author introduces his hero to us and tells us about Matryona herself.
In the second chapter there is a plot, when the main conflict of the work is exposed, as well as a climax, when the conflict reaches its highest point.
The third chapter is reserved for the finale, in which all storylines logically end.

The conflict in the work is local in nature between the righteous old woman Matryona and those around her, who use her kindness for their own purposes. but artistic features stories create a sense of typicality of this situation. Thus, Solzhenitsyn gives this conflict an all-Russian philosophical character. People have become hardened because of unbearable living conditions, and only a few are able to maintain kindness and responsiveness in themselves.

Essence: about what?

The story begins with the fact that the narrator, after spending ten years in exile in a labor camp, settles in the village of Torfoprodukt, in the house of Grigorieva Matryona Vasilievna.

Gradually main character learns the whole story of Matryona's life, about her unsuccessful marriage, about the death of her children and husband, about her conflict with her ex-fiance, Thaddeus, about all the difficulties she had to go through. The narrator is imbued with respect for the old woman, seeing in her the support on which not only the local collective farm, but all of Russia rests.

At the end of the story, under pressure from the family of Thaddeus, Matryona gives him to her daughter Kira, whom she raised, as her part of her hut, bequeathed to her. However, helping to transport the dismantled chamber, he dies. Matryona's relatives are sad only for show, rejoicing at the opportunity to share the old woman's inheritance.

Main characters and their characteristics

The system of images in the story "Mother's Court" is set out by the Wise Litrecon in the format of a table.

heroes of the story "mother's yard"	characteristic
matryona	ordinary Russian peasant woman. a kind, sympathetic and obedient old woman who sacrificed herself for the sake of others all her life. after her fiancé, Thaddeus, went missing, under family pressure, she married his brother, Yefim. unfortunately, all her children died before they even lived for three months, so many began to consider the matryona "corrupted." then the matryona took up Kira, the daughter of Thaddeus from her second marriage, and sincerely fell in love with him, bequeathing to her part of her hut. she worked for free and devoted her whole life to people, being content with little.
kira	a simple country girl. before marriage, she was brought up by a matryona and lived with her. the only person other than the narrator who sincerely mourns for the deceased. she is grateful to the old woman for her love and kindness, but she treats her family coldly, because she was simply given as a puppy to a strange woman.
thaddeus	sixty-year-old Russian peasant. was the beloved fiance of the matryona, but was captured during the war, and nothing was heard of him for a long time. after returning, he hated the matryona because she did not wait for him. married a second time to a woman also named Matryona. authoritarian head of the family, not shy about using brute force. a greedy person who seeks to accumulate wealth at any cost.
narrator ignatich	a kind and sympathetic person, observant and educated, unlike the villagers. at first, he is not accepted in the village because of a dubious past, but the matryona helps him join the team and find shelter. It is no coincidence that the author indicates the exact coordinates of the village, emphasizing that he was forbidden to approach the city at a distance of 100 km. this is a reflection of the author himself, even his patronymic is similar to the patronymic of the hero - Isaevich.

Themes

The theme of the story "Mother's Court" is universal and is food for thought for all generations of people:

Soviet village life- Solzhenitsyn portrays the life of the Soviet peasants as an ordeal. Village life is hard, and the peasants themselves are mostly rude, and their customs are cruel. A person has to make great efforts to remain himself in such a hostile atmosphere. The narrator emphasizes that people are exhausted by eternal wars and reforms in agriculture. They have a slave position and no prospects.
Kindness- the focus of kindness in the story is Matryona. The author sincerely admires the old woman. And, although in the end the people around use the kindness of the heroine for selfish purposes, Solzhenitsyn has no doubt that this is how one should live - to give oneself everything for the good of society and the people, and not to fill bags with wealth.
Responsiveness- in the Soviet village, according to the writer, there is no place for responsiveness and sincerity. All peasants think only about their own survival and do not care about the needs of other people. Only Matryona was able to preserve her kindness and desire to help others.
Fate- Solzhenitsyn shows that often a person is not able to control his life and must obey the circumstances, like Matryona, but only he controls the soul of a person, and he always has a choice: to become angry at the world and become callous, or to preserve humanity in himself.
righteousness- Matrona, in the eyes of the writer, looks like the ideal of a righteous Russian person who gives everything of himself for the benefit of other people, on which the entire Russian people and Russia rest. The theme of righteousness is revealed in the actions and thoughts of a woman, in her difficult fate. No matter what happens, she does not lose heart and does not complain. She pities only others, but not herself, although fate does not indulge her with attention. This is the essence of the righteous - to preserve the moral riches of the soul, having gone through all the trials of life, and to inspire people to a moral feat.

Problems

The problematics of the story "Matryona Dvor" is a reflection of the problems of the development and formation of the USSR. The victorious revolution did not make the life of the people easier, but only complicated it:

Indifference- the main problem in the story "Matryona Dvor". The villagers are indifferent to each other, they are indifferent to the fate of their fellow villagers. Everyone is trying to get their hands on someone else's penny, earn extra money and live more satisfyingly. All people's concerns are only about material prosperity, and the spiritual side of life is indifferent to them as well as the fate of a neighbor.
Poverty- Solzhenitsyn shows the unbearable conditions in which Russian peasants live, who have fallen on hard trials of collectivization and war. People survive, not live. They have no medicine, no education, no benefits of civilization. Even the manners of the people are similar to those of the Middle Ages.
Cruelty- Peasant life in Solzhenitsyn's story is subordinated to purely practical interests. In peasant life there is no place for kindness and weakness, it is cruel and rude. The kindness of the main character is perceived by fellow villagers as "eccentricity" or even a lack of intelligence.
Greed- the focus of greed in the story is Thaddeus, who is ready, during the life of Matryona, to dismantle her hut in order to increase his wealth. Solzhenitsyn condemns this approach to life.
War- the story mentions the war, which becomes another ordeal for the village and indirectly becomes the cause of many years of contention between Matryona and Thaddeus. She cripples people's lives, robs the village and ruins families, taking the best of the best.
Death- the death of Matryona is perceived by Solzhenitsyn as a catastrophe of a national scale, because with her that idealistic Christian Russia, which the writer admired so much, dies.

Main idea

In his story, Solzhenitsyn depicted the life of a Russian village in the mid-twentieth century without any embellishment, with all its lack of spirituality and cruelty. This village is opposed by Matryona, who lives the life of a true Christian. According to the writer, it is precisely at the expense of such selfless personalities as Matryona that the whole country lives, clogged with poverty, war and political miscalculations. The meaning of the story "Matryona's Dvor" lies in the priority of eternal Christian values (kindness, responsiveness, mercy, generosity) over the "worldly wisdom" of greedy and mired in everyday life peasants. Freedom, equality and fraternity could not replace simple truths in the minds of the people - the need spiritual development and love for your neighbor.

The main idea in the story "Matryona Dvor" is the need for righteousness in Everyday life. People can't live without moral values- kindness, mercy, generosity and mutual assistance. Even if everyone loses them, there must be at least one keeper of the treasury of the soul, who will remind everyone of the importance of moral qualities.

What does it teach?

The story "Matryona's Dvor" promotes Christian humility and self-sacrifice, which Matryona demonstrated. He shows that not everyone can do such a life, but emphasizes that this is how a real person should live. This is the morality laid down by Solzhenitsyn.

Solzhenitsyn condemns the greed, rudeness and selfishness prevailing in the village, calls on people to be kinder to each other, to live in peace and harmony. Such a conclusion can be drawn from the story "Matryona Dvor".

Criticism

Alexander Tvardovsky himself admired the work of Solzhenitsyn, calling him a real writer, and his story a true work of art.

By today's arrival of Solzhenitsyn, I had re-read his "Righteous" from five in the morning. My God, the writer. No jokes. A writer who is solely concerned with expressing what lies "at the base" of his mind and heart. Not a shadow of the desire to "hit the bull's-eye", please, facilitate the task of the editor or critic - do whatever you want, and get out, but I won't get off my own. Is that the only thing I can go further

L. Chukovskaya, who moved in journalistic circles, described the story as follows:

... And what if Solzhenitsyn's second thing is not printed? I liked her more than the first. She stuns with courage, shakes with the material - well, of course, with literary skill; and "Matryona" ... is already visible here great artist, humane, returning our native language to us, loving Russia, as Blok said, with mortally offended love.

"Matryonin Dvor" caused a real explosion in the literary environment and often mirror-opposite reviews. Today, the story is considered one of the most outstanding prose works of the second half of the twentieth century and a vivid example of the work of the early Solzhenitsyn.

The history of the creation of Solzhenitsyn's work "Matryonin Dvor"

In 1962, the Novy Mir magazine published the story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which made Solzhenitsyn's name known throughout the country and far beyond its borders. A year later, in the same journal, Solzhenitsyn published several stories, including “Matryona Dvor”. Postings have stopped at this point. None of the writer's works were allowed to be published in the USSR. And in 1970 Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Initially, the story "Matryona Dvor" was called "A village does not stand without the righteous." But, on the advice of A. Tvardovsky, in order to avoid censorship obstacles, the name was changed. For the same reasons, the year of action in the story from 1956 was replaced by the author with 1953. "Matrenin Dvor", as the author himself noted, "is completely autobiographical and reliable." In all the notes to the story, the prototype of the heroine is reported - Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova from the village of Miltsovo, Kurlovsky district, Vladimir region. The narrator, like the author himself, teaches in the Ryazan village, living with the heroine of the story, and the narrator's patronymic - Ignatich - is consonant with A. Solzhenitsyn's patronymic - Isaevich. The story, written in 1956, tells about the life of a Russian village in the fifties.
Critics praised the story. The essence of Solzhenitsyn's work was noted by A. Tvardovsky: “Why is the fate of the old peasant woman, told on a few pages, of such great interest to us? This woman is unread, illiterate, a simple worker. And yet her peace of mind endowed with such qualities that we talk with her, as with Anna Karenina. After reading these words in Literaturnaya Gazeta, Solzhenitsyn immediately wrote to Tvardovsky: “Needless to say, the paragraph of your speech referring to Matryona means a lot to me. You pointed to the very essence - to a woman who loves and suffers, while all the criticism scoured all the time from above, comparing the Talnovsky collective farm and neighboring ones.
The first title of the story "A village is not worth without the righteous" contained deep meaning: the Russian village rests on people whose way of life is based on the universal values of kindness, labor, sympathy, help. Since a righteous person is called, firstly, a person who lives in accordance with religious rules; secondly, a person who does not sin in any way against the rules of morality (the rules that determine the mores, behavior, spiritual and spiritual qualities necessary for a person in society). The second name - "Matryona Dvor" - somewhat changed the angle of view: moral principles began to have clear boundaries only within the Matrenin Dvor. On a larger scale of the village, they are blurred, the people around the heroine are often different from her. Having titled the story "Matryona's Dvor", Solzhenitsyn focused the readers' attention on the wonderful world of the Russian woman.

Genus, genre, creative method of the analyzed work

Solzhenitsyn once remarked that he rarely turned to the short story genre, for “artistic pleasure”: “You can put a lot in a small form, and it is a great pleasure for an artist to work on a small form. Because in a small form you can hone the edges with great pleasure for yourself. In the story "Matryona Dvor" all facets are honed with brilliance, and meeting with the story becomes, in turn, a great pleasure for the reader. The story is usually based on a case that reveals the character of the protagonist.
Regarding the story "Matryona Dvor" in literary criticism, there were two points of view. One of them presented Solzhenitsyn's story as a phenomenon of "village prose". V. Astafiev, calling "Matryona Dvor" "the pinnacle of Russian short stories", believed that our " village prose came out of this story. Somewhat later, this idea was developed in literary criticism.
At the same time, the story "Matryona Dvor" was associated with the original genre of "monumental story" that was formed in the second half of the 1950s. An example of this genre is M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man".
In the 1960s, the genre features of the “monumental story” are recognizable in A. Solzhenitsyn’s Matrenin Dvor, V. Zakrutkin’s The Human Mother, and E. Kazakevich’s In the Light of Day. The main difference of this genre is the image of a simple person who is the custodian of universal human values. Moreover, the image of a simple person is given in sublime colors, and the story itself is focused on a high genre. So, in the story "The Fate of a Man" features of the epic are visible. And in the "Matryona Dvor" the emphasis is on the lives of the saints. Before us is the life of Matrena Vasilievna Grigorieva, the righteous and great martyr of the era of "solid collectivization" and the tragic experiment on the whole country. Matryona was portrayed by the author as a saint ("Only she had fewer sins than a rickety cat").

The subject of the work

The theme of the story is a description of the life of the patriarchal Russian village, which reflects how flourishing egoism and rapacity disfigure Russia and "destroy communications and meaning." The writer raises short story serious problems of the Russian village in the early 50s. (her life, customs and mores, the relationship between power and a working person). The author repeatedly emphasizes that the state needs only working hands, and not the person himself: “She was lonely all around, but since she began to get sick, she was released from the collective farm.” A person, according to the author, should mind his own business. So Matryona finds the meaning of life in work, she is angry with the unscrupulous attitude of others to business.

An analysis of the work shows that the problems raised in it are subordinated to one goal: to reveal the beauty of the Christian Orthodox worldview of the heroine. On the example of the fate of a village woman, to show that life's losses and suffering only more clearly show the measure of the human in each of the people. But Matryona dies - and this world collapses: her house is pulled apart by a log, her modest belongings are greedily divided. And there is no one to protect Matryona Dvor, no one even thinks that with the departure of Matryona, something very valuable and important, not amenable to division and primitive worldly assessment, passes away. “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she is the same righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. No city. Not all our land." The last phrases expand the boundaries of the Matrona Court (as the personal world of the heroine) to the scale of humanity.

The main characters of the work

The main character of the story, as indicated in the title, is Matrena Vasilievna Grigorieva. Matrena is a lonely destitute peasant woman with a generous and disinterested soul. She lost her husband in the war, buried six of her own and raised other people's children. Matryona gave her pupil the most precious thing in her life - the house: "... she did not feel sorry for the upper room, which stood idle, as well as neither her labor nor her goodness ...".
The heroine has endured many hardships in life, but has not lost the ability to empathize with others, joy and sorrow. She is disinterested: she sincerely rejoices in someone else's good harvest, although she never has it on the sand herself. All the wealth of Matrena is a dirty white goat, a lame cat and large flowers in tubs.
Matryona is a concentration of the best features of the national character: she is shy, understands the "education" of the narrator, respects him for it. The author appreciates in Matryona her delicacy, the absence of annoying curiosity about the life of another person, hard work. For a quarter of a century she worked on a collective farm, but because she was not at a factory, she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only get it for her husband, that is, for the breadwinner. As a result, she never received a pension. Life was extremely difficult. She got grass for a goat, peat for warmth, collected old stumps turned out by a tractor, soaked lingonberries for the winter, grew potatoes, helping those who were nearby to survive.
Analysis of the work says that the image of Matryona and individual details in the story are symbolic. Solzhenitsyn's Matryona is the embodiment of the ideal of a Russian woman. As noted in critical literature, the appearance of the heroine is like an icon, and life is like the lives of saints. Her house, as it were, symbolizes the ark of the biblical Noah, in which he escapes from the global flood. The death of Matryona symbolizes the cruelty and meaninglessness of the world in which she lived.
The heroine lives according to the laws of Christianity, although her actions are not always clear to others. Therefore, the attitude towards it is different. Matryona is surrounded by sisters, sister-in-law, adopted daughter Kira, the only friend in the village, Thaddeus. However, no one appreciated it. She lived in poverty, wretchedly, lonely - a "lost old woman", exhausted by work and illness. Relatives almost did not appear in her house, everyone condemned Matryona in chorus that she was funny and stupid, she worked for others for free all her life. Everyone mercilessly took advantage of Matryona's kindness and innocence - and unanimously judged her for it. Among the people around her, the author treats her heroine with great sympathy; both her son Thaddeus and her pupil Kira love her.
The image of Matryona is contrasted in the story with the image of the cruel and greedy Thaddeus, who seeks to get Matryona's house during her lifetime.
Matrena's yard is one of key images story. The description of the courtyard, the house is detailed, with a lot of details, devoid of bright colors. Matryona lives "in the wilderness." It is important for the author to emphasize the inseparability of the house and the person: if the house is destroyed, its mistress will also die. This unity is already stated in the very title of the story. The hut for Matryona is filled with a special spirit and light, the life of a woman is connected with the "life" of the house. Therefore, for a long time she did not agree to break the hut.

Plot and composition

The story consists of three parts. In the first part, we are talking about how fate threw the hero-narrator to the station with a strange name for Russian places - Peat product. A former prisoner, now a school teacher, longing to find peace in some remote and quiet corner of Russia, finds shelter and warmth in the house of an elderly and familiar life Matrena. “Maybe, to someone from the village, who is richer, Matryona’s hut didn’t seem well-lived, but we were quite good with her that autumn and winter: it didn’t leak from the rains and the cold winds blew the furnace heat out of it not immediately, only in the morning , especially when the wind was blowing from the leaky side. In addition to Matryona and me, they also lived in the hut - a cat, mice and cockroaches. They immediately find a common language. Next to Matryona, the hero calms down with his soul.
In the second part of the story, Matrena recalls her youth, the terrible ordeal that befell her. Her fiancé Thaddeus went missing in World War I. The younger brother of her missing husband, Yefim, who was left alone after death with the younger children in his arms, asked her to woo her. She took pity on Matryona Efim, married an unloved one. And here, after three years of absence, Thaddeus himself unexpectedly returned, whom Matryona continued to love. The hard life did not harden Matrena's heart. In worries about daily bread, she went her way to the end. And even death overtook a woman in labor worries. Matryona dies helping Thaddeus and his sons to drag part of their own hut bequeathed to Kira across the railroad on a sleigh. Thaddeus did not want to wait for the death of Matryona and decided to take the inheritance for the young during her lifetime. Thus, he unwittingly provoked her death.
In the third part, the tenant learns about the death of the mistress of the house. The description of the funeral and commemoration showed the true attitude of people close to her towards Matryona. When relatives bury Matryona, they cry more out of duty than from the heart, and think only about the final division of Matryona's property. And Thaddeus doesn't even come to the wake.

Artistic features of the analyzed story

The artistic world in the story is built linearly - in accordance with the life story of the heroine. In the first part of the work, the whole story about Matryona is given through the perception of the author, a man who has endured a lot in his lifetime, who dreamed of "getting lost and getting lost in the very interior of Russia." The narrator evaluates her life from the outside, compares it with the environment, becomes an authoritative witness of righteousness. In the second part, the heroine talks about herself. The combination of lyrical and epic pages, the chaining of episodes according to the principle of emotional contrast allows the author to change the rhythm of the narration, its tone. In this way, the author goes to recreate a multi-layered picture of life. Already the first pages of the story serve as a convincing example. It is opened by the beginning, which tells about the tragedy at the railway siding. We learn the details of this tragedy at the end of the story.
Solzhenitsyn in his work does not give a detailed, specific description of the heroine. Only one portrait detail is constantly emphasized by the author - Matryona's "radiant", "kind", "apologising" smile. Nevertheless, by the end of the story, the reader imagines the appearance of the heroine. Already in the very tone of the phrase, the selection of “colors”, one can feel the author’s attitude towards Matryona: “From the red frosty sun, the frozen window of the canopy, now shortened, filled with a little pink, and Matryona’s face warmed this reflection.” And then - a direct author's description: "Those people always have good faces, who are at odds with their conscience." Even after the terrible death of the heroine, her "face remained intact, calm, more alive than dead."
Matryona embodies the national character, which is primarily manifested in her speech. Expressiveness, a bright individuality gives her language an abundance of colloquial, dialectal vocabulary (sweep, kuzhotkamu, summer, lightning). The manner of her speech is also deeply folk, the way she pronounces her words: “They began with some kind of low warm murmur, like grandmothers in fairy tales.” “Matryonin Dvor” minimally includes the landscape, he pays more attention to the interior, which appears not on its own, but in a lively interweaving with the “inhabitants” and with sounds - from the rustling of mice and cockroaches to the state of ficuses and a crooked cat. Every detail here characterizes not only the peasant life, Matryonin's yard, but also the storyteller. The voice of the narrator reveals in him a psychologist, a moralist, even a poet - in the way he observes Matryona, her neighbors and relatives, how he evaluates them and her. The poetic feeling is manifested in the author's emotions: "Only she had fewer sins than a cat ..."; “But Matryona rewarded me ...”. The lyrical pathos is especially obvious at the very end of the story, where even the syntactic structure changes, including paragraphs, translating the speech into blank verse:
“The Veems lived next to her / and did not understand / that she is the same righteous man, / without whom, according to the proverb, / the village does not stand. /Nor the city./Nor all our land.
The writer was looking for a new word. An example of this is his convincing articles on language in the Literaturnaya Gazeta, fantastic commitment to Dahl (researchers note that about 40% of the vocabulary in the story Solzhenitsyn borrowed from Dahl's dictionary), ingenuity in vocabulary. In the story "Matryona's Dvor" Solzhenitsyn came to the language of preaching.

The meaning of the work

“There are such born angels,” Solzhenitsyn wrote in the article “Repentance and Self-Restriction”, as if characterizing Matryona, “they seem to be weightless, they seem to glide over this slurry, without drowning in it at all, even touching its surface with their feet? Each of us met such people, there are not ten or a hundred of them in Russia, they are the righteous, we saw them, we were surprised (“eccentrics”), we used their goodness, in good moments we answered them the same, they dispose, - and immediately sank back to our doomed depths."
What is the essence of Matrona's righteousness? In life, not by lies, we will now say in the words of the writer himself, uttered much later. Creating this character, Solzhenitsyn places him in the most ordinary circumstances of rural collective farm life in the 1950s. The righteousness of Matrena lies in her ability to preserve her humanness even in such inaccessible conditions for this. As N.S. Leskov wrote, righteousness is the ability to live “without lying, without deceit, without condemning one’s neighbor and without condemning a biased enemy.”
The story was called "brilliant", "a truly brilliant work." In reviews of him, it was noted that even among Solzhenitsyn's stories he stands out for his strict artistry, the integrity of the poetic embodiment, and the consistency of artistic taste.
The story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor" - for all time. It is especially relevant today, when questions moral values and life priorities are acute in modern Russian society.

Point of view

Anna Akhmatova
When his big thing came out (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”), I said: all 200 million should read this. And when I read Matrenin Dvor, I cried, and I rarely cry.
V. Surganov
After all, it’s not so much the appearance of Solzhenitsyn’s Matryona that evokes an internal rebuff in us, but the author’s frank admiration for beggarly disinterestedness and no less frank desire to exalt and oppose it to the rapacity of the owner, nesting in the people around her, close to her.
(From the book The Word Makes Its Way.
Collection of articles and documents about A.I. Solzhenitsyn.
1962-1974. - M.: Russian way, 1978.)
It is interesting
On August 20, 1956, Solzhenitsyn left for his place of work. There were many such names as "Peat product" in the Vladimir region. Peat product (the local youth called it "Tyr-pyr") - was a railway station 180 kilometers and a four-hour drive from Moscow along the Kazan road. The school was located in the nearby village of Mezinovsky, and Solzhenitsyn had a chance to live two kilometers from the school - in the Meshchera village of Miltsevo.
Only three years will pass, and Solzhenitsyn will write a story that will immortalize these places: a station with a clumsy name, a village with a tiny bazaar, the house of the landlady Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova, and Matryona herself, a righteous woman and a sufferer. A photograph of the corner of the hut, where the guest will put a cot and, having pushed aside the master's ficuses, will arrange a table with a lamp, will go around the whole world.
The teaching staff of Mezinovka consisted of about fifty members that year and significantly influenced the life of the village. There were four schools here: primary, seven-year, secondary and evening for working youth. Solzhenitsyn received a referral to a secondary school - it was in an old one-story building. The academic year began with the August teachers' conference, so, having arrived in Torfoprodukt, the teacher of mathematics and electrical engineering of grades 8-10 managed to go to the Kurlovsky district for a traditional meeting. “Isaich,” as his colleagues dubbed him, could, if desired, refer to a serious illness, but no, he did not talk about it with anyone. We only saw how he was looking for a birch chaga mushroom and some herbs in the forest, and briefly answered questions: “I make medicinal drinks.” He was considered shy: after all, a person suffered ... But that was not the point at all: “I came with my goal, with my past. What could they know, what could u tell them? I sat with Matryona and wrote a novel every free minute. Why am I talking to myself? I didn't have that style. I was a conspirator to the end." Then everyone will get used to the fact that this thin, pale, tall man in a suit and tie, who, like all teachers, wore a hat, coat or raincoat, keeps his distance and does not get close to anyone. He will remain silent when a document on rehabilitation comes in six months - just the school head teacher B.S. Protserov will receive a notification from the village council and send a teacher for help. No talking when the wife starts arriving. “What is it to whom? I live with Matryona and I live. Many were alarmed (isn't it a spy?) that he goes everywhere with a Zorkiy camera and shoots something completely different from what amateurs usually shoot: instead of relatives and friends - houses, wrecked farms, boring landscapes.
Coming to school at the beginning school year, he proposed his own methodology - giving all classes a control, according to the results he divided the students into strong and mediocre, and then worked individually.
In the lessons, everyone received a separate task, so there was neither the possibility nor the desire to write off. Not only the solution of the problem was valued, but also the method of solution. The introductory part of the lesson was shortened as much as possible: the teacher spared time for "trifles". He knew exactly who and when to call to the board, who to ask more often, who to entrust with independent work. The teacher never sat at the teacher's table. He did not enter the class, but burst into it. He ignited everyone with his energy, knew how to build a lesson in such a way that there was no time to be bored or doze off. He respected his students. Never shouted, never even raised his voice.
And only outside the class Solzhenitsyn was silent and withdrawn. He went home after school, ate the “cardboard” soup prepared by Matryona and sat down to work. The neighbors remembered for a long time how inconspicuously the guest lodged, did not arrange parties, did not participate in fun, but read and wrote everything. “She loved Matryona Isaich,” used to say Shura Romanova, the adopted daughter of Matryona (in the story she is Kira). - Sometimes, she will come to me in Cherusti, I persuade her to stay longer. "No," he says. “I have Isaich - he needs to cook, heat the stove.” And back home."
The lodger also became attached to the lost old woman, cherishing her disinterestedness, conscientiousness, cordial simplicity, a smile that he tried in vain to catch in the camera lens. “So Matryona got used to me, and I to her, and we lived easily. She did not interfere with my long evening classes, did not annoy me with any questions. There was absolutely no woman's curiosity in her, and the lodger did not stir her soul either, but it turned out that they opened up to each other.
She learned about the prison, and about the serious illness of the guest, and about his loneliness. And there was no worse loss for him in those days than the absurd death of Matryona on February 21, 1957 under the wheels of a freight train at the crossing of one hundred and eighty-four kilometers from Moscow along the branch that goes to Murom from Kazan, exactly six months after the day he settled in her hut.
(From the book of Lyudmila Saraskina "Alexander Solzhenitsyn")
Matrenin yard is poor, as before
Solzhenitsyn's acquaintance with "condo", "interior" Russia, in which he so wanted to be after the Ekibastuz exile, a few years later was embodied in the world-famous story "Matryona Dvor". This year marks 40 years since its inception. As it turned out, in Mezinovsky itself, this work by Solzhenitsyn became a second-hand rarity. This book is not even available at Matrenin Dvor itself, where Lyuba, the niece of the heroine of Solzhenitsyn's story, now lives. “I had pages from a magazine, the neighbors once asked when they began to study it at school, and they didn’t return it,” complains Lyuba, who today brings up her grandson on disability benefits in the “historical” walls. She inherited Matryona's hut from her mother, the youngest sister of Matryona. The hut was moved to Mezinovsky from the neighboring village of Miltsevo (in Solzhenitsyn's story - Talnovo), where the future writer lodged with Matryona Zakharova (with Solzhenitsyn - Matryona Grigorieva). In the village of Miltsevo, for the visit of Alexander Solzhenitsyn in 1994, a similar, but much more solid house was hastily erected. Shortly after the memorable arrival of Solzhenitsyn, the countrymen uprooted window frames and floorboards from this unguarded building of Matrenina, standing on the outskirts of the village.
The "new" Mezin school, built in 1957, now has 240 students. In the unpreserved building of the old one, in which Solzhenitsyn taught lessons, about a thousand studied. For half a century, not only the Miltsevskaya river became shallow and the peat reserves in the surrounding swamps became scarce, but also the neighboring villages were empty. And at the same time, Solzhenitsyn's Thaddeus did not disappear, calling the good of the people "ours" and considering that losing it is "shameful and stupid."
The crumbling house of Matryona, rearranged to a new place without a foundation, has grown into the ground for two crowns, buckets are put under a thin roof in the rain. Like Matryona, cockroaches are in full swing here, but there are no mice: there are four cats in the house, two of our own and two that have nailed it. Lyuba, a former foundry worker at a local factory, like Matryona, who once straightened out her pension for months, goes to the authorities to extend her disability allowance. “No one but Solzhenitsyn helps,” she complains. “Somehow one came in a jeep, called himself Alexei, examined the house and gave money.” Behind the house, like Matryona, there is a garden of 15 acres, on which Lyuba plants potatoes. As before, mint potatoes, mushrooms and cabbage are the main products for her life. In addition to cats, she doesn’t even have a goat in her courtyard, which Matryona had.
So lived and live many Mezinovsky righteous. Local historians compose books about the stay of the great writer in Mezinovsky, local poets compose poems, new pioneers write essays “On the difficult fate of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel laureate”, as they once wrote essays about Brezhnev’s “Virgin lands” and “Small land”. They are thinking of resurrecting the museum hut of Matrena on the outskirts of the deserted village of Miltsevo. And the old Matrenin yard lives the same life as it did half a century ago.
Leonid Novikov, Vladimir region.

Gang Yu. Service of Solzhenitsyn // New time. - 1995. No. 24.
Zapevalov V. A. Solzhenitsyn. To the 30th anniversary of the publication of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" // Russian Literature. - 1993. No. 2.
Litvinova V.I. Don't live in lies. Methodological recommendations for the study of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. - Abakan: KhSU publishing house, 1997.
MurinD. One hour, one day, one life of a person in the stories of A.I. Solzhenitsyn // Literature at school. - 1995. No. 5.
Palamarchuk P. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Guide. - M.,
1991.
SaraskinaL. Alexander Solzhenitsyn. ZhZL series. - M .: Young
guard, 2009.
The word makes its way. Collection of articles and documents about A.I. Solzhenitsyn. 1962-1974. - M .: Russian way, 1978.
ChalmaevV. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Life and work. - M., 1994.
Urmanov A.V. Works of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. - M., 2003.

A writer is judged by his best works. Among the stories of Solzhenitsyn, published in the 60s, Matrenin Dvor was always put in the first place. He was called "brilliant", "a truly brilliant work." "The story is true", "the story is talented", it was noted in criticism. Among Solzhenitsyn's stories, he stands out for his strict artistry, the integrity of his poetic embodiment, and the consistency of his artistic taste.

Solzhenitsyn is a passionate artist. His story about the fate of a simple peasant woman is full of deep sympathy, compassion, humanity. It evokes a response in the reader. Each episode "wounds the soul in its own way, hurts in its own way, delights in its own way." The combination of pages of lyrical and epic plans, the chaining of episodes according to the principle of emotional contrast allow the author to change the rhythm of the narrative, its tone. In this way, the writer goes to recreate a multi-layered picture of life. Already the first pages of the story serve as a convincing example of this. It opens the beginning-preliminary. It's about tragedy. The author-narrator remembers the tragedy that happened at the railway siding. We learn the details of this tragedy at the end of the story.

The features of the literary text noted here make its stylistic analysis preferable, which accompanies the expressive reading of individual, most impressive fragments: Solzhenitsyn's lyrical landscapes, the description of Matryona's yard, Matryona's story about her past, the final scenes.

"Matrenin Dvor" is an autobiographical work. This is Solzhenitsyn's story about himself, about the situation in which he found himself, having returned in the summer of 1956 "from the dusty hot desert." He "wanted to get lost in the very interior of Russia", to find "a quiet corner of Russia away from railways". Ignatich (under this name the author appears before us) feels the delicacy of his position: a former camp inmate (Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated in 1957) could only be hired for hard work - to carry a stretcher. He also had other desires: "But I was drawn to teaching." And in the structure of this phrase with its expressive dash, and in the choice of words, the mood of the hero is conveyed, the most cherished is expressed.

“But something was starting to shake.” This line, conveying a sense of time, gives way to further narration, reveals the meaning of the episode “In the Vladimir Oblono”, written in an ironic vein: and although “every letter in my documents was touched, they walked from room to room”, and then - for the second time - again they “were like from room to room, called, creaked”, the position of the teacher was nevertheless given, in the order they printed: “Peat product”.

The soul did not accept the settlement with the following name: "Peat product": "Ah, Turgenev did not know that it was possible to compose such a thing in Russian!" The irony here is justified: and in it is the author's sense of the moment. The lines following this ironic phrase are written in a completely different tone: “The wind of calmness drew me from the names of other villages: High Field, Talnovo, Chaslitsy, Shevertni, Ovintsy, Spudni, Shestimirovo.” Ignatich "enlightened" when he heard the people's dialect. The speech of the peasant woman "struck" him: she did not speak, but sang touchingly, and her words were the very ones that longing from Asia pulled me after.

The author appears before us as a lyricist of the finest warehouse, with a developed sense of the Beautiful. In the general plan of the narrative, lyrical sketches, heartfelt lyrical miniatures will find their place. "High Field. From one name the soul cheered ”- this is how one of them begins. The other is a description of a “drying dammed river with a bridge” near the village of Talnovo, which Ignatich “liked”. So the author brings us to the house where Matryona lives.

"Mother's Yard". Solzhenitsyn did not accidentally name his work that way. This is one of the key images of the story. The description of the courtyard, detailed, with a mass of details, is devoid of bright colors: Matryona lives "in the wilderness." It is important for the author to emphasize the inseparability of the house and the person: if the house is destroyed, its mistress will also die.

“And the years went by, as the water floated ...” As if from folk song this amazing proverb came into the story. It will contain the whole life of Matryona, all the forty years that have passed here. In this house, she will survive two wars - German and Patriotic, the death of six children who died in infancy, the loss of her husband, who went missing in the war. Here she will grow old, remain lonely, suffer need. All her wealth is a rickety cat, a goat and a crowd of ficuses.

Matrena's poverty looks from all angles. But where will prosperity come from in a peasant house? “It was only later that I found out,” says Ignatich, “that year after year, for many years, Matryona Vasilievna did not earn a single ruble from anywhere. Because she didn't get paid. Her family did little to help her. And on the collective farm she worked not for money - for sticks. For sticks of workdays in a filthy record book. These words will be supplemented by the story of Matryona herself about how many grievances she endured, bustling about her pension, about how she got peat for the stove, hay for the goat.

The heroine of the story is not a character invented by the writer. The author writes about real person- Matryona Vasilievna Zakharova, with whom he lived in the 50s. Natalya Reshetovskaya's book "Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Reading Russia" contains photographs taken by Solzhenitsyn of Matrena Vasilievna, her house, and the room that the writer rented. His story-recollection echoes the words of A. T. Tvardovsky, who recalls his neighbor, aunt Daria,

With her hopeless patience,
With her hut without canopy,
And with an empty workday,
And with the labor of the night - not fuller ... With all the trouble -
Yesterday's war
And a grave current misfortune.

It is noteworthy that these lines and Solzhenitsyn's story were written at about the same time. In both works, the story of the fate of the peasant woman develops into reflections on the brutal ruin of the Russian village in the war and post-war period. “But can you tell me about it, what years you lived ...” This line from M. Isakovsky’s poem is consonant with the prose of F. Abramov, who tells about the fate of Anna and Lisa Pryaslins, Marfa Repina ... This is the literary context in which the story “Matryonin Dvor” falls "!

But Solzhenitsyn's story was written not only to reiterate the suffering and troubles that a Russian woman endured. Let us turn to the words of A. T. Tvardovsky, taken from his speech at the session of the Governing Council of the European Writers Association: “Why is the fate of an old peasant woman, told in a few pages, of such great interest to us? This woman is unread, illiterate, a simple worker. And, however, her spiritual world is endowed with such a quality that we talk with her, as with Anna Karenina.

After reading this speech in Literaturnaya Gazeta, Solzhenitsyn immediately wrote to Tvardovsky: “Needless to say, the paragraph of your speech referring to Matryona means a lot to me. You pointed to the very essence - to a woman who loves and suffers, while all the criticism scoured all the time from above, comparing the Talnovsky collective farm and neighboring ones.

So two writers go to main theme the story "Matryona Dvor" - "how people live." In fact: to survive what Matrena Vasilievna Zakharova experienced, and remain a disinterested, open, delicate, sympathetic person, not be embittered by fate and people, to keep your “radiant smile” until old age ... What mental strength is needed for this ?!

This is what Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wants to understand and wants to tell about. The whole movement of the plot of his story is aimed at comprehending the secret of the character of the main character. Matryona reveals herself not so much in her ordinary present as in her past. She herself, recalling her youth, confessed to Ignatich: “It was you who had not seen me before, Ignatich. All my bags were, I didn’t consider five pounds a weight. The father-in-law shouted: “Matryona! You'll break your back!" The divir did not come up to me to put my end of the log on the front end.

Young, strong, beautiful, Matryona was from that breed of Russian peasant women that "stops a galloping horse." And it was like this: “Once the horse, frightened, carried the sleigh into the lake, the men jumped off, and I, however, grabbed the bridle and stopped ...” - says Matryona. And at the last moment of her life, she rushed to "help the peasants" at the crossing - and died.

Matryona will be revealed most fully in the dramatic episodes of the second part of the story. They are connected with the arrival of the "tall black old man", Thaddeus, the brother of Matryona's husband, who did not return from the war. Thaddeus came not to Matryona, but to the teacher to ask for his eighth-grader son. Left alone with Matryona, Ignatich forgot to think about the old man, and even about herself. And suddenly from her dark corner she heard:

“- I, Ignatich, once almost married him.
She got up from the shabby rag bed and slowly came out to me, as if following her words. I leaned back - and for the first time I saw Matryona in a completely new way ...
- He was the first to marry me ... before Yefim ... He was an older brother ... I was nineteen, Thaddeus was twenty-three ... They lived in this very house then. Theirs was a house. Built by their father.
I looked around involuntarily. This old gray decaying house suddenly appeared to me through the faded green skin of the wallpaper, under which mice were running, as young, not yet darkened then, planed logs and a cheerful resinous smell.
- And you him? .. And what? ..
“That summer ... we went with him to sit in the grove,” she whispered. - There was a grove here ... Almost didn’t come out, Ignatich. The German war has begun. They took Thaddeus to war.
She dropped it - and flashed before me blue, white and yellow July of the fourteenth year: still a peaceful sky, floating clouds and people boiling with ripe stubble. I imagined them side by side: a resin hero with a scythe across his back; her, ruddy, hugging the sheaf. And - a song, a song under the sky ...
- He went to war - disappeared ... For three years I hid, waited. And no news, and no bones ...
Tied with an old faded handkerchief, Matrona's round face looked at me in the indirect soft reflections of the lamp - as if freed from wrinkles, from everyday careless attire - frightened, girlish, before a terrible choice.

Where, in what work of modern prose can one find the same inspired pages that could be compared with Solzhenitsyn's sketches? Compare the strength and brightness of the character depicted in them, the depth of his comprehension, the penetration of the author's feeling, expressiveness, juiciness of the language, and their dramaturgy, artistic linkages of numerous episodes. In modern prose - nothing.

Having created a charming character, interesting for us, the author warms the story about him with a lyrical sense of guilt. “There is no Matryona. Killed native person. And on the last day I reproached her for her quilted jacket. Comparison of Matryona with other characters, especially noticeable at the end of the story, in the wake scene, strengthened the author's assessments: “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she is the same righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand.
Neither city.
Not all our land."

The words concluding the story bring us back to the original version of the name - "A village does not stand without a righteous man."

Questions and tasks for an indicative and analytical conversation on the story "Matryona Dvor"
1. Highlight autobiographical moments in the story "Matryona Dvor".
2. Solzhenitsyn-landscape painter. Prepare an expressive reading of landscape sketches, a stylistic commentary on them. What description is associated with the title of the story?
3. Expand the topic "Matryona's past and present." Show what role in the story "Matryona Dvor" plays one and the other plan.
4. Name other characters in the story. What role did they play in the fate of the main character?
5. Why was the heading "A village without a righteous man" impossible? Expand its philosophical meaning.

A. N. Solzhenitsyn, returning from exile, worked as a teacher at the Miltsev school. He lived in an apartment with Matrena Vasilievna Zakharova. All events described by the author were real. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona's Dvor" describes the difficult life of a collective farm Russian village. We offer for review an analysis of the story according to the plan, this information can be used to work in literature lessons in grade 9, as well as in preparation for the exam.

Brief analysis

Year of writing– 1959

History of creation– The writer began work on his work on the problems of the Russian village in the summer of 1959 on the Crimean coast, where he was visiting his friends in exile. Being wary of censorship, it was recommended to change the title "A village without a righteous man" and, on the advice of Tvardovsky, the writer's story was called "Matryona's Dvor".

Topic- The main theme of this work is the life and life of the Russian hinterland, the problems of the relationship of an ordinary person with power, moral problems.

Composition- The narration is on behalf of the narrator, as if through the eyes of an outside observer. The features of the composition allow us to understand the very essence of the story, where the characters will come to the realization that the meaning of life is not only (and not so much) in enrichment, material values, but in moral values, and this problem is universal, and not a single village.

genre– The genre of the work is defined as “monumental story”.

Direction- Realism.

History of creation

The writer's story is autobiographical; indeed, after his exile, he taught in the village of Miltsevo, which in the story is called Talnovo, and rented a room from Zakharova Matrena Vasilievna. In his short story, the writer depicted not only the fate of one hero, but also the entire epoch-making idea of the country's formation, all its problems and moral principles.

Myself the meaning of the name"Matryona's Yard" is a reflection of the main idea of the work, where the boundaries of her court expand to the scale of the whole country, and the idea of morality turns into universal problems. From this we can conclude that the history of the creation of the "Matryona Dvor" does not include a separate village, but the history of the creation of a new outlook on life, and on the power that governs the people.

Topic

After analyzing the work in Matrenin Dvor, it is necessary to determine main theme story, to find out what the autobiographical essay teaches not only the author himself, but, by and large, the whole country.

The life and work of the Russian people, their relationship with the authorities are deeply illuminated. A person works all his life, losing his personal life and interests in work. Your health, after all, without getting anything. Using the example of Matrena, it is shown that she worked all her life, without any official documents about her work, and did not even earn a pension.

All the last months of its existence were spent on collecting different pieces of paper, and the red tape and bureaucracy of the authorities also led to the fact that one and the same piece of paper had to go to get more than once. Indifferent people sitting at tables in offices can easily put the wrong seal, signature, stamp, they do not care about people's problems. So Matrena, in order to achieve a pension, more than once bypasses all instances, somehow achieving a result.

Villagers think only about their own enrichment, for them there are no moral values. Faddey Mironovich, her husband's brother, forced Matryona to give the promised part of the house to her adopted daughter, Kira, during her lifetime. Matryona agreed, and when, out of greed, two sledges were hooked to one tractor, the cart fell under the train, and Matryona died along with her nephew and the tractor driver. Human greed is above all, that very evening, her only friend, Aunt Masha, came to her house to pick up the little thing promised to her, until Matryona's sisters stole it.

And Thaddeus Mironovich, who also had a coffin with his late son in his house, still managed to bring the logs abandoned at the crossing before the funeral, and did not even come to pay tribute to the memory of the woman who died a terrible death because of his irrepressible greed. Matrena's sisters, first of all, took away her funeral money, and began to divide the remains of the house, crying over her sister's coffin not from grief and sympathy, but because it was supposed to be.

In fact, humanly, no one took pity on Matryona. Greed and greed blinded the eyes of fellow villagers, and people will never understand Matryona that with her spiritual development a woman stands at an unattainable height from them. She is truly righteous.

Composition

The events of that time are described from the perspective of an outsider, a lodger who lived in Matryona's house.

The narrator starts his narrative from the time he was looking for a job as a teacher, trying to find a remote village to live. By the will of fate, he ended up in the village where Matryona lived, and decided to stay with her.

In the second part, the narrator describes the difficult fate of Matryona, who has not seen happiness since her youth. Her life was hard everyday work and worries. She had to bury all her six children born. Matryona endured a lot of torment and grief, but she did not become embittered, and her soul did not harden. She is still hardworking and disinterested, benevolent and peaceful. She never condemns anyone, she treats everyone evenly and kindly, as before, she works in her farmstead. She died trying to help her relatives move her own part of the house.

In the third part, the narrator describes the events after the death of Matryona, all the same soullessness of people, relatives and relatives of the woman, who, after the death of the woman, swooped like crows into the remains of her yard, trying to quickly take everything apart and plunder, condemning Matryona for her righteous life.

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The publication of Matryona Dvor caused much controversy among Soviet critics. Tvardovsky wrote in his notes that Solzhenitsyn is the only writer who expresses his opinion without regard to the authorities and the opinion of critics.

Everyone unequivocally came to the conclusion that the work of the writer belongs to "monumental story", so in a high spiritual genre the description of a simple Russian woman, personifying universal human values, is given.