In which city the bitter was born. Alexey Maksimovich Gorky: biography

Alexey Peshkov did not receive a real education, he graduated only from a vocational school.

In 1884, the young man came to Kazan with the intention of studying at the university, but did not enter.

In Kazan, Peshkov got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.

In 1902, the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. However, the election was annulled by the government because the newly elected academician was "under police surveillance."

In 1901, Maxim Gorky became the head of the publishing house of the Znaniye partnership and soon began to publish collections where Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreev, Alexander Kuprin, Vikenty Veresaev, Alexander Serafimovich and others were published.

The play "At the Bottom" is considered the pinnacle of his early work. In 1902 it was staged at the Moscow Art Theater by Konstantin Stanislavsky. The performances were played by Stanislavsky, Vasily Kachalov, Ivan Moskvin, Olga Knipper-Chekhova. In 1903, the Kleines Theater in Berlin hosted the performance "At the Bottom" with Richard Wallentin in the role of Satin. Gorky also created the plays "Bourgeois" (1901), "Summer Residents" (1904), "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians" (both 1905), "Enemies" (1906).

In 1905, he joined the ranks of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Party, Bolshevik wing) and met Vladimir Lenin. Gorky provided financial support for the 1905-1907 revolution.
The writer took an active part in the revolutionary events of 1905, was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and released under pressure from the world community.

In early 1906, Maxim Gorky arrived in America, fleeing the persecution of the Russian authorities, where he stayed until the fall. Here were written pamphlets "My interviews" and essays "In America".

Upon his return to Russia in 1906, Gorky wrote the novel "Mother". In the same year, Gorky left Italy for the island of Capri, where he stayed until 1913.

Returning to St. Petersburg, he collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. During this period were published autobiographical stories "Childhood" (1913-1914), "In people" (1916).

After the October Revolution of 1917, Gorky was actively involved in social activities, participated in the creation of the publishing house "World Literature". In 1921 he went abroad again. The writer lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin and Prague, and since 1924 - in Sorrento (Italy). In exile, Gorky more than once spoke out against the policy pursued by the Soviet authorities.

The writer was officially married to Ekaterina Peshkova, nee Volzhina (1876-1965). The couple had two children - a son Maxim (1897-1934) and a daughter Katya, who died in childhood.

Later, Gorky tied himself in a civil marriage with actress Maria Andreeva (1868-1953), and then Maria Brudberg (1892-1974).

The granddaughter of the writer Daria Peshkova is an actress of the Vakhtangov Theater.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Abroad

Return to the Soviet Union

Bibliography

Stories, essays

Journalism

Film incarnations

Also known as Alexey Maksimovich Gorky(at birth Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov; March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire - June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow Region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most popular authors at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, famous for portraying a romanticized declassified character ("tramp"), an author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats, who was in opposition to the tsarist regime, Gorky quickly gained worldwide fame.

At first, Gorky was skeptical of the Bolshevik revolution. After several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia, Petrograd (World Literature publishing house, a petition to the Bolsheviks for the arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Marienbad, Sorrento), Gorky returned to the USSR, where last years life was surrounded by official recognition as the "petrel of the revolution" and "the great proletarian writer", the founder of socialist realism.

Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1929).

Biography

Alexey Maksimovich invented a pseudonym for himself. Subsequently, he told me: "Do not write to me in literature - Peshkov ..." (A. Kalyuzhny) More information about his biography can be found in his autobiographical stories "Childhood", "In people", "My universities".

Childhood

Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I.S.Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1839-1871). Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879). Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled in the bourgeoisie. His son Maxim ran away from his satrap father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go "to the people"; worked as a "boy" at a store, a panther on a steamer, a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.

Youth

In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. I got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1888, he was arrested for being in touch with N. Ye. Fedoseev's circle. Was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered the Dobrinka station of the Gryaze-Tsaritsyn railway as a watchman. The impressions of the stay in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "Boredom".
In January 1889, at a personal request (complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he went to wander around the country and reached the Caucasus.

Literary and social activities

1897 - " Former people"," The Orlovs Spouses "," Malva "," Konovalov ".
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper mill and led an illegal Marxist workers' circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer for the novel The Life of Klim Samgin.
1898 - The publishing house of A.P. Dorovatsky and Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the first book of a young author rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. AI Bogdanovich advised the release of the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1,200 copies each. The publishers took a chance and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published with a circulation of 3,000.
1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", the prose poem "The Song of the Falcon".
1900-1901 - the novel "Three", personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.
1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge"
March 1901 - The Song of the Petrel was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg, wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and exiled from Nizhny Novgorod.

According to the testimony of contemporaries, Nikolai Gumilyov highly appreciated the last stanza of this poem ("Gumilyov without gloss", St. Petersburg, 2009).

In 1901 M. Gorky turned to drama. Creates the plays "Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. "In 1902 Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was canceled by the government, since the newly elected academician “was under police surveillance.” In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused their membership in the Academy.
1904-1905 - wrote the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested, but then released under public pressure. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In autumn 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1906 - M. Gorky travels abroad, creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the United States ("My interviews", "In America"). Writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Due to tuberculosis, Gorky settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years. Here he wrote Confessions (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly indicated.
1907 - delegate to the 5th Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Person".
1909 - the stories "Okurov Town", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913 - M. Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Prosveshchenie, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".

1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compose the collection "In Russia", autobiographical stories "Childhood", "In people". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky conducts a lot of social and political work, criticizes the "methods" of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves many of its representatives from the repression of the Bolsheviks and hunger. In 1917, having disagreed with the Bolsheviks on the issue of the timeliness of the socialist revolution in Russia, he did not go through the re-registration of party members and formally dropped out of it.

Abroad

1921 - departure of M. Gorky abroad. In Soviet literature, there was a myth that the reason for leaving was the renewal of his illness and the need, at Lenin's insistence, to be treated abroad. In fact, A. M. Gorky was forced to leave because of the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague.
From 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published his memoirs about Lenin.
1925 - the novel The Artamonovs Case.

1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he tours the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays "Around the Soviet Union".
1931 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of A. I. Solzhenitsyn's work "The Gulag Archipelago" is dedicated to this fact.

1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History civil war"," Library of the poet "," History young man XIX century ", the magazine" Literary study ", he wrote the plays" Yegor Bulychev and others "(1932)," Dostigaev and others "(1933).
1934 - Gorky "conducts" the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, makes a keynote speech at it.
1934 - co-editor of the book "The Stalin Channel"
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel The Life of Klim Samgin, which was never finished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, M. Gorky's brain was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.

Death

The circumstances of the death of Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious"; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, Molotov and Stalin carried the coffin with Gorky's body. Interestingly, among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the so-called Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative.

Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the charges in the "Doctors' Case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.

Family

First wife - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova(nee Volozhina).

A son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934) + Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna("Timosha")

Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna + Beria, Sergo Lavrent'evich

daughters Nina and Hope, a son Sergei

Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna

Second wife - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva(1872-1953; civil marriage)
Long-term companion of life - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna

Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

09.1899 - V.A.Posse's apartment in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
02. - spring 1901 - V. A. Posse's apartment in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
11.1902 - K.P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4;
1903 - autumn 1904 - K.P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4;
autumn 1904-1906 - K.P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Znamenskaya street, 20, apt. 29;
beginning 03.1914 - autumn 1921 - E.K.Barsova's apartment building - 23 Kronverksky prospect;
30.08. - 09/07/1928 - hotel "Evropeyskaya" - Rakov street, 7;
18.06. - 07/11/1929 - hotel "Evropeyskaya" - Rakov street, 7;
the end of 09.1931 - hotel "Evropeyskaya" - Rakov street, 7.

Bibliography

Novels

1899 - "Foma Gordeev"
1900-1901 - "Three"
1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907)
1925 - "The Artamonovs Case"
1925-1936- "The Life of Klim Samgin"

Stories

1908 - "The Life of an Unnecessary Person".
1908 - "Confession"
1909 - "Small town Okurov", "Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913-1914 - "Childhood"
1915-1916 - "In People"
1923 - "My Universities"

Stories, essays

1892 - "The Girl and Death" (fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the newspaper " New life»)
1892 - "Makar Chudra"
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
1897 - Former People, The Orlovs, Malva, Konovalov.
1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection)
1899 - "Song of the Falcon" (prose poem), "Twenty six and one"
1901 - "Song of the Petrel" (prose poem)
1903 - "Man" (prose poem)
1911 - "Tales of Italy"
1912-1917 - "Across Russia" (cycle of stories)
1924 - "Stories from 1922-1924"
1924 - "Notes from the Diary" (cycle of stories)

Plays

Journalism

1906 - "My Interviews", "In America" (pamphlets)
1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" (in 1918 it was published as a separate edition)
1922 - "On the Russian peasantry"

He initiated the creation of a series of books "History of Factories and Plants" (IPE), took the initiative to revive the pre-revolutionary series "The Life of Remarkable People"

Film incarnations

Alexey Lyarsky ("Gorky's Childhood", 1938)
Alexey Lyarsky (In People, 1938)
Nikolai Walbert ("My Universities", 1939)
Pavel Kadochnikov (Yakov Sverdlov, 1940, Pedagogical Poem, 1955, Prologue, 1956)
Nikolay Cherkasov (Lenin in 1918, 1939, Academician Ivan Pavlov, 1949)
Vladimir Emelyanov (Appationata, 1963)
Afanasy Kochetkov (This is how a song is born, 1957, Mayakovsky began like this ..., 1958, Through the icy haze, 1965, The Incredible Yehudil Khlamida, 1969, The Kotsyubinsky Family, 1970, The Red Diplomat, 1971, Trust, 1975, I Am an Actress, 1980)
Valery Poroshin ("Enemy of the People - Bukharin", 1990, "Under the Sign of Scorpio", 1995)
Alexey Fedkin ("Empire under attack", 2000)
Alexey Osipov ("Two Love", 2004)
Nikolay Kachura (Yesenin, 2005)
Georgy Taratorkin ("Captivity of Passion", 2010)
Nikolai Svanidze 1907. Maksim Gorky. "Historical chronicles with Nikolai Svanidze

Memory

In 1932, Nizhny Novgorod was renamed the city of Gorky. The historical name was returned to the city in 1990.

In Nizhny Novgorod, the name of Gorky is the central regional children's library, a drama theater, a street, as well as a square in the center of which there is a monument to the writer by sculptor V. I. Mukhina. But the most remarkable is the M. Gorky Museum-Apartment.

In 1934, a Soviet propaganda passenger multi-seat 8-engine aircraft was built at an aviation plant in Voronezh, the largest aircraft of its time with a land landing gear - ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky".

In Moscow, there were Maxim Gorky Lane (now Khitrovsky), Maxim Gorky Embankment (now Kosmodamianskaya), Maxim Gorky Square (formerly Khitrovskaya), Gorkovskaya metro station (now Tverskaya), Gorkovsko-Zamoskvoretskaya (now Zamoskvoretskaya) line, Gorky Street ( now divided into Tverskaya and 1st Tverskaya-Yamskaya streets).

Also, a number of streets in other settlements of the states of the former USSR bear the name of M. Gorky.

Alexey Peshkov, better known by his pseudonym Maxim Gorky, is one of the most influential and famous writers of the USSR.

Childhood and adolescence

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 at. His father's name was Maxim Peshkov. He worked as a simple carpenter, and later was the head of a shipping company.

Maksim Gorky

The writer's mother, Varvara Vasilievna, died quite early of consumption. In this regard, his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, took up the upbringing of little Alyosha.

The life of Alexei Peshkov was not easy, so at the age of 11 he had to go to work. He was a bellboy at a grocery store, then a barman on a ship, and then an assistant to a baker and icon painter.

In such works of Gorky as Childhood, My Universities and In People, you can find a lot of details of his biography.

From childhood, Maxim Gorky was drawn to knowledge and dreamed of getting a good education.

However, attempts to enter Kazan University were unsuccessful.

Soon, due to the fact that Gorky was in a Marxist circle, he was arrested, but then still released.

In October 1888, Alexey Maksimovich began to work as a watchman at railroad... When the future writer turns 23, he decides to drop everything and go on a journey across.

He managed to walk all the way to the Caucasus. During his travels, Gorky received a lot of impressions that in the future will be reflected in his biography in general, and in his work in particular.

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov

The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. The pseudonym “Maxim Gorky”, by which most readers know him, first appeared on September 12, 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Kavkaz” in the signature to the story “Makar Chudra”.

An interesting fact is that Gorky had another pseudonym with which he sometimes signed his works: Yehudiel Chlamida.

Special signs of Maxim Gorky

Abroad

Having received a certain fame, Gorky went to America, and after that - to Italy. His moves have nothing to do with politics, but are dictated exclusively by family circumstances.

In fairness, it must be said that Gorky's entire biography is permeated with constant trips abroad.

Only at the end of his life did he stop being in continuous travel.

Traveling, Gorky actively writes books of a revolutionary nature. In 1913 he returned to the Russian Empire and settled in St. Petersburg, working for various publishing houses.

It is interesting that although the writer himself had Marxist views, he was rather skeptical about the Great October Revolution.

After the end of the civil war, Peshkov again went abroad due to disagreements with the new government. Only in 1932 did he finally and irrevocably return to his homeland.

Creation

In 1892 Maxim Gorky published his famous story "Makar Chudra". However, the two-volume collection "Essays and Stories" brought him true fame.

It is curious that the circulation of his works was three times higher than the circulation of other writers. From under his pen, one after another came out the stories "The Old Woman Izergil", "Twenty-six and One", "Former People", as well as the poems "Song of the Petrel" and "Song of the Falcon".

In addition to serious stories, Maxim Gorky also wrote works for children. He owns many fairy tales. The most famous among them are "Samovar", "Tales of Italy", "Vorobishko" and many others.

Gorky and Tolstoy, 1900

As a result, Maria lived with him for 16 years, although their marriage was not officially registered. The busy schedule of the in-demand actress forced Gorky to leave for Italy and the United States of America several times.

Interestingly, before meeting with Gorky, Andreeva already had children: a son and a daughter. Their upbringing, as a rule, was the responsibility of the writer.

Immediately after the revolution, Maria Andreeva was seriously carried away by party activities. Because of this, she practically stopped paying attention to her husband and children.

As a result, in 1919, the relationship between them suffered a crushing fiasco.

Gorky openly told Andreeva that he was leaving for his secretary, Maria Budberg, with whom he would live for 13 years, and also in a "civil marriage."

Friends and relatives of the writer were aware that this secretary had a stormy romance on the side. In principle, this is understandable, because she was 24 years younger than her husband.

So, one of her lovers was the famous English writer -. After the death of Gorky, Andreeva immediately moved to Wells.

There is an opinion that Maria Budberg, who had a reputation as an adventurer and collaborated with the NKVD, could well have been a double agent (as), working for both Soviet and British intelligence.

Death of Gorky

The last years of his life, Maxim Gorky worked in various publishing houses. Everyone considered it an honor to publish such a famous and popular writer, whose authority was indisputable.

In 1934, Gorky holds the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, and speaks at it with the main report. His biography and literary activity are considered the benchmark for young talent.

In the same year, Gorky acts as a co-editor of the book "The Stalin White Sea-Baltic Canal". This work (see) described as "the first book in Russian literature, praising slave labor."

When Gorky's beloved son died unexpectedly, the writer's health deteriorated sharply. At the next visit to the grave of the deceased, he caught a serious cold.

For 3 weeks he was tormented by a fever, due to which he died on June 18, 1936. It was decided to cremate the body of the great proletarian writer, and place the ashes in the Kremlin wall on. An interesting fact is that before cremation, Gorky's brain was removed for scientific research.

Death Riddle

In later years, the question of the fact that Gorky was deliberately poisoned began to be raised more and more often. Among the suspects was People's Commissar Genrikh Yagoda, who was in love and had a relationship with Gorky's wife.

They were also suspected. During the period of repression and the sensational "Doctors' case", three doctors were accused of Gorky's death.

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Was born in Nizhny Novgorod. The son of the manager of the steamship office Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov and Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina. At the age of seven, he was left an orphan and lived with his grandfather, once a wealthy dyer, who had gone bankrupt by that time.

Alexei Peshkov had to earn his living from childhood, which prompted the writer to take the pseudonym Gorky for himself in the future. In early childhood, he served as an errand in a shoe store, then as an apprentice draftsman. Unable to withstand the humiliation, he ran away from home. He worked as a cook on the Volga steamer. At the age of 15, he came to Kazan with the intention of getting an education, but, having no material support, he could not fulfill his intention.

In Kazan, I learned about life in slums and shelters. Driven to despair, he made an unsuccessful suicide attempt. From Kazan he moved to Tsaritsyn, worked as a watchman on the railway. Then he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he became a scribe for the attorney at law M.A. Lapin, who did a lot for the young Peshkov.

Unable to stay in one place, he went on foot to the south of Russia, where he tried himself in the Caspian fisheries, and in the construction of a pier, and other works.

In 1892 Gorky's story "Makar Chudra" was first published. The next year he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he met with the writer V.G. Korolenko, who took a great part in the fate of the aspiring writer.

In 1898 A.M. Gorky was already a famous writer. His books were sold in thousands of copies, and his fame spread beyond the borders of Russia. Gorky is the author of numerous short stories, novels "Foma Gordeev", "Mother", "The Artamonovs Case" and others, plays "Enemies", "Bourgeois", "At the Bottom", "Summer Residents", "Vassa Zheleznova", an epic novel " The Life of Klim Samgin ".

Since 1901, the writer began to openly express sympathy for the revolutionary movement, which provoked a negative reaction from the government. Since that time, Gorky has been arrested and persecuted more than once. In 1906 he went abroad to Europe and America.

After the accomplishment of the October 1917 coup, Gorky initiated the creation and the first chairman of the USSR Writers' Union. He organizes the publishing house "World Literature", where many writers of that time got the opportunity to work, thereby saving themselves from hunger. The merit of saving from arrest and death of representatives of the intelligentsia belongs to him. Often during these years, Gorky was the last hope of those persecuted by the new government.

In 1921, the writer's tuberculosis worsened, and he left for treatment in Germany and the Czech Republic. From 1924 he lived in Italy. In 1928, 1931, Gorky traveled across Russia, including visiting the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp. In 1932, Gorky was practically forced to return to Russia.

The last years of the life of the seriously ill writer were, on the one hand, full of boundless praise - even during the life of Gorky, his native city Nizhny Novgorod was named after him - on the other hand, the writer lived in practical isolation under constant supervision.

Alexey Maksimovich was married many times. First time at Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina. From this marriage he had a daughter, Catherine, who died in infancy, and a son, Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov, an amateur artist. Gorky's son died unexpectedly in 1934, which gave rise to speculations about his violent death. The death of Gorky himself two years later also aroused similar suspicions.

The second time he is married in a civil marriage to the actress, revolutionary Maria Fedorovna Andreeva. In fact, the third wife in the last years of the writer's life was a woman with a stormy biography, Maria Ignatievna Budberg.

He died near Moscow in Gorki, in the same house where V.I. Lenin. The ashes are in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. The writer's brain was sent to the Moscow Brain Institute for study.

If you ask: "What do you think about the work of Alexei Gorky?", Then very few people will be able to give an answer to this question. And not because these people do not read, but because not everyone knows and remembers that this is for everyone famous writer Maksim Gorky. And if you decide to complicate the task even more, then ask about the works of Alexei Peshkov. Here, for sure, only a few will remember what it is real surname Alexei Gorky. He was not just a writer, but also an active one. As you already understood, we will talk about a truly popular writer - Maxim Gorky.

Childhood and adolescence

The years of life of Gorky (Peshkov) Alexei Maksimovich - 1868-1936. They fell on an important historical era... The biography of Alexei Gorky is rich in events, starting from his very childhood. The writer's hometown is Nizhny Novgorod. His father, who worked as a manager of a shipping company, he died when the boy was only 3 years old. After the death of her husband, Alyosha's mother remarried. She died when he was 11 years old. Further education little Alexei my grandfather was engaged.

As an 11-year-old boy, the future writer was already "going to the people" - he earned his own bread. Whoever he worked: he was a baker, worked as a delivery boy in a store, a dishwasher in a buffet. Unlike the stern grandfather, the grandmother was a kind and religious woman and an excellent storyteller. It was she who instilled in Maxim Gorky a love of reading.

In 1887, the writer will try to commit suicide, which he will associate with the difficult experiences caused by the news of his grandmother's death. Fortunately, he survived - the bullet missed the heart, but damaged his lungs, which caused problems with the respiratory system.

The life of the future writer was not easy, and he could not stand it and ran away from home. The boy wandered around the country a lot, saw the whole truth of life, but in an amazing way he was able to keep faith in the ideal Person. He will describe his childhood, life at his grandfather's house in Childhood, the first part of his autobiographical trilogy.

In 1884, Alexei Gorky tried to enter Kazan University, but due to his financial situation, he found out that this was impossible. During this period, the future writer begins to gravitate towards romantic philosophy, according to which the ideal Man does not look like the real Man. Then he gets acquainted with the Marxist theory and becomes a supporter of new ideas.

The emergence of an alias

In 1888, the writer was arrested for a short period of time for having connections with N. Fedoseev's Marxist circle. In 1891, he decided to start a journey through Russia and eventually was able to reach the Caucasus. Alexey Maksimovich was constantly engaged in self-education, saved up and expanded his knowledge in different areas... He agreed to any work and carefully preserved all his impressions, they then appeared in his very first stories. Subsequently, he called this period "My Universities".

In 1892, Gorky returned to his native places and took his first steps in the literary field as a writer in several provincial publications. For the first time his pseudonym "Gorky" appeared in the same year in the newspaper "Tiflis", in which his story "Makar Chudra" was published.

The pseudonym was not chosen by chance: it hinted at the "bitter" Russian life and the fact that the writer would write only the truth, no matter how bitter it may be. Maxim Gorky saw the life of the common people and could not, with his character, fail to notice the injustice that was on the part of the wealthy estates.

Early creativity and success

Alexey Gorky was actively involved in propaganda, for which he was under the constant control of the police. With the help of V. Korolenko, in 1895 his story "Chelkash" was published in the largest Russian magazine. Following were published "The Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon", They were not special from a literary point of view, but they successfully coincided with the new political views.

In 1898 his collection "Essays and Stories" was published, which had an extraordinary success, and Maxim Gorky received all-Russian recognition. Although his stories were not highly artistic, they portrayed the life of the common people, starting from the very bottom, which brought Alexei Peshkov recognition as the only writer who writes about the lower class. During that period he was no less popular than L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov.

In the period from 1904 to 1907 the plays "Bourgeois", "At the bottom", "Children of the sun", "Summer residents" were written. His earliest works did not have any social orientation, but the characters had their own types and a special attitude to life, which the readers liked very much.

Revolutionary activity

The writer Alexei Gorky was an ardent supporter of Marxist Social Democracy and in 1901 wrote The Song of the Petrel, which called for revolution. For open propaganda of revolutionary actions, he was arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod. In 1902 Gorky met Lenin, in the same year his election to the Imperial Academy in the category of fine literature was canceled.

The writer was also an excellent organizer: from 1901 he was the head of the Znaniye publishing house, which published the best writers of that period. He supported the revolutionary movement not only spiritually but also materially. The writer's apartment was used as a headquarters for revolutionaries before important events. Lenin even spoke at his apartment in St. Petersburg. Later, in 1905, Maxim Gorky, out of fear of arrest, decided to leave Russia for a while.

Living abroad

Alexey Gorky went to Finland and from there - to Western Europe and the United States, where he raised funds for the struggle of the Bolsheviks. At the very beginning he was greeted there friendly: the writer made acquaintance with Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain. His famous novel "Mother" is published in America. Later, however, the Americans began to resent his political actions.

In the period from 1906 to 1907, Gorky lived on the island of Capri, from where he continued to support the Bolsheviks. At the same time, he creates a special theory of "god-building". The point was that moral and cultural values are much more important than political ones. This theory formed the basis of the novel "Confession". Although Lenin rejected these beliefs, the writer continued to adhere to them.

Return to Russia

In 1913 Alexey Maksimovich returned to his homeland. During the First World War, he lost faith in the power of Man. In 1917, his relations with the revolutionaries deteriorated, he became disillusioned with the leaders of the revolution.

Gorky understands that all his attempts to save the intelligentsia do not meet with a response from the Bolsheviks. But after in 1918 he admits his beliefs erroneous and returns to the Bolsheviks. In 1921, despite a personal meeting with Lenin, he was unable to save his friend, the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, from being shot. After that, he leaves Bolshevik Russia.

Repeated emigration

Due to the intensification of attacks of tuberculosis and according to Lenin, Alexey Maksimovich leaves Russia for Italy, in the city of Sorrento. There he completes his autobiographical trilogy... The author remains in exile until 1928, but continues to maintain contacts with the Soviet Union.

He does not leave writing, but writes already in accordance with new literary trends. Far from the Motherland he wrote the novel "The Artamonovs Case", short stories. An extensive work "The Life of Klim Samgin" was started, which the writer did not manage to finish. In connection with the death of Lenin, Gorky wrote a book of memoirs about the leader.

Return to the Motherland and the last years of life

Alexei Gorky visited the Soviet Union several times, but did not stay there. In 1928, during a trip around the country, he was shown the "ceremonial" side of life. The delighted writer wrote essays on the Soviet Union.

In 1931, at the personal invitation of Stalin, he returned to the USSR for good. Alexei Maksimovich continues to write, but in his works he praises the image of Stalin and the entire leadership, without mentioning the numerous repressions. Of course, this state of affairs did not suit the writer, but at that time they did not tolerate statements contradicting the authorities.

In 1934, Gorky's son dies, and on June 18, 1936, Maxim Gorky dies under unclear circumstances. V last way folk writer saw off the entire leadership of the country. The urn with his ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall.

Features of creativity Maxim Gorky

His work is unique in that it was during the period of the collapse of capitalism that he was able to very vividly convey the state of society through the description of ordinary people. After all, no one before him had described the life of the lower strata of society in such detail. It was this blatant truth of the life of the working class that won him the love of the people.

His faith in man can be traced in his early works, he believed that a person could make a revolution with the help of his spiritual life. Maxim Gorky managed to combine the bitter truth with faith in moral values... And it was this combination that made his works special, heroes memorable, and made Gorky himself a worker writer.

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