Any national creativity is quite interesting to study. After all, it was formed by absorbing the traditions of the people, its important features, attitude to life, nature, to each other. Through folk applied art is known national history. In this context, we will consider the Bashkir ornament. Let's get acquainted with its distinctive features, history, complexes of patterns and much more.
What's this?
Let's start with a definition.
The Bashkir ornament is a pattern based on the harmonious repetition of plant, geometric or zoomorphic elements. This is creativity, which refers to applied art. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated utensils, weapons, clothes - festive and everyday - with a similar ornament.
Story
Having examined the photo of the Bashkir ornament, the reader, of course, will ask himself the question: why are these patterns used? The fact is that folk craftsmen expressed their idea of the threefold structure of the world in the ornament. If you are familiar with examples of applied art from other nations, you will find a noticeable similarity. And this is not accidental: the triple rhythm of being is characteristic of very many ethnic groups.
The ornament itself is one of the most ancient forms of creativity, artistic activity person. As a component of the fine arts, the composition of such patterns among the Bashkirs was formed gradually. The first images were quite simple and naive: a twig or flower, a plant stalk, a fragment of a shell or seeds pressed into wet clay.
Over time, the images became more complex. The artist thought over their composition, harmonious ratio. Then the authors began to attach a certain symbolic meaning to the Bashkir ornament.
Bashkirs have the following options for images:
- Geometric patterns.
- Plant patterns.
- Curvilinear patterns.
We can meet ancient examples of Bashkir ornaments and patterns on various materials: leather, canvas, wood or metal.
Features of the Bashkir pattern
Let's imagine the main distinguishing features of the Bashkir ornament:
- Bright, multicolored, with various elements.
- Symmetric.
- The patterns are arranged in a border, rosettes, grid. Sometimes all of these are used together.
- The compositional zone is determined by the size, purpose, and shape of the product.
- The elements are arranged in 2-4 rows, the canvas is composed of rhythmically repeating elements.
- The central field is decorated with larger elements, and the upper zones are decorated with smaller ones, the pattern is mirrored on them.
Color preferences
Consider the shades characteristic of the Bashkir ornament:
- Polychrome: multi-colored and bright.
- The coloristic image is the contrast of bright pure colors.
- Red, yellow, black, green predominate. Less common are blue and blue, scarlet, orange.
- The background of the product is black or red. White and yellow are much less common.
Central symbolic meaning
We have indicated above that the ancient masters applied patterns for a reason. The ornament carried a certain meaning.
If we look at the stencils of the Bashkir ornament, we will be amazed at their geometric correctness and symmetry. The pattern reflects the perception of the world by the people. In this reality, everything is opposed: day - night, life - death, light - darkness, male - female, left - right. Such pairs determine the symmetry of the pattern.
The figures depicted here seem to oppose each other. But in order to determine their integrity, their connection with each other, the master necessarily introduces a central object into the ornament. It acts as a connecting element between oppositions.
Let's turn again to the stencils of Bashkir ornaments and patterns. The central figures here are as follows:
- Female. It symbolizes the goddess, the mother of all things on earth.
- Image of a tree. Here, too, everything is clear - the plant means the tree of life.
- Rhombus. And this geometric figure is difficult to understand for a modern person. The ancients believed that the rhombus is a symbol of the earth and arable land.
Curious elements of the pattern
The ornament of the Bashkir people is also the following interesting elements for study:
- ¥. This symbol is called "kuskar". It figuratively depicts a curl of ram's horns. In addition, among the ancient peoples, the kuskar often acted as a symbol of both herbs and plants in general.
- ֔֕. One of the solar signs that were characteristic of almost all peoples of the world. The ancients revered the sun, worshiped him. The star, as today, was considered the source of life. This solar sign resembles a circle with rays radiating from it.
- . The symbolic image of the heart, so familiar and modern people. However, among the Bashkirs, this symbol did not mean tenderness, passion and love, but hospitality.
It is important to note that the Bashkir folk ornament reflects the very first stages of the development of national culture. This is the period when the Bashkirs have not yet converted to Islam.
Application in applied arts
Bashkir national ornaments were widely used in the following:
- Decoration of collars, fasteners, cutouts, hems of clothes, edges of sleeves. However, aesthetics were not in the first place here. If the edge of the clothes was decorated with an ornament, this supposedly made the person protected from damage, the evil eye.
- Decoration of elements of houses, residential buildings. The same was done not only for external attractiveness. So the ancient Bashkirs sought to protect their home from evil spirits. Shutters, gates, window frames, and roofs were covered with ornaments.
- Many household items were made amulets for the owners, putting on them a symbolic image of the eye. At the same time, the rhombus was drawn in front, and the triangle was drawn in profile. By the way, the Bashkirs paid great attention to the last geometric figure. They revered the triangle as a symbol that could protect them from enemies, dark forces, evil spirits and other negative influences.
Ornamental complexes
If you purchase a coloring book with a Bashkir ornament, you will find in it one of the six (or a collection of several at once) main ornamental complexes characteristic of the arts and crafts of this people.
Let's list them:
- Simple geometric patterns. Masters depicted triangles, rectangles, squares, crosses, rhombuses, circles, geometric swirl rosettes. All these figures bizarrely formed into a common complex picture. Such ornamental pattern, for example, could be a curb or a rosette.
- Spirals, horn-shaped and heart-shaped figures, palmettes, running waves and unchanging triangles. All sorts of amulets were decorated with such patterns.
- Plant patterns. The ornament, copying the natural patterns of nature, was most characteristic of the design of the national clothes of the Bashkirs, tambour embroidery on it.
- Eight-pointed stars of a complex outline, polygons, horn-shaped paired curls, multi-stage rhombuses, bizarre polygons with "outgrowths". These elements of the pattern were formed according to the master's plan into a more complex ornament. Most often - in grids, complex sockets.
- heraldic compositions. The family coats of arms contained symbolic images of animals, birds, and plants. There were also eight-pointed stars. Another frequent options are nail-like, forked figures.
- Diamonds, squares, the image of eight-pointed rosettes, X-shaped figures and even stylized sketches of a person. All this was typical for weaving, lowercase, counted embroidery.
Features of Bashkir embroidery
And today, the embroideries of Bashkir craftswomen still amaze admiring spectators. These works are characterized by the following:
- Most often, it is the floral pattern that is used.
- For drawing, they prefer this color scheme: yellow, green and red. Moreover, the shades do not flow smoothly, but always contrast with each other.
- Cloth appliqué and the oblique mesh embroidery technique are characterized by the frequent use of helical patterns.
- Contourless satin embroidery and weaving is the choice of X-shaped and diamond-shaped ornament.
- The following distinctive techniques are often used: ornamental elements are arranged in a border, a continuous grid or rosettes.
knitting shawls
Bashkir arts and crafts cannot be imagined without downy shawls. The fishery was developed in several areas at once:
- Baimaksky.
- Abzelilovsky.
- Khaibullinsky.
- Beloretsky.
- Zianchurinsky.
- Kugarchinsky.
Orenburg downy shawls are also known all over the country. The natural and climatic conditions of these regions made it possible to keep a certain breed of goats, whose fluff was both thin and strong, elastic. His spinning qualities were recognized as the highest. It was from such fluff that yarn was made for amazing Bashkir shawls.
They belong to a unique type of weaving. After all, these shawls were woven on looms. Patterned openwork shawls are closer to our theme. They were knitted only by hand on just two long knitting needles. Distinguished the middle and the border of the product, on the sides they made cloves. Pattern - Bashkir geometric ornament. Until now, family down-knitting craft is popular in the republic.
Applied art can tell a lot about the earliest history of the people. Each element of the ornament here is not accidental - it performs a specific task. What we saw on the example of the Bashkir patterns.
Sections: Technology
Goals:
1. Cognitive:
- to introduce students to the Bashkir ornament with its contrasting colors;
- clarify and systematize knowledge about the arts and crafts of the Bashkirs.
2. Developing:
- to continue work on the development of creativity and independence, artistic taste and imagination;
- teach to depict the Bashkir ornament and arrange the elements of the ornament in the composition.
3. Educational:
- to cultivate interest in the creativity of the Bashkir people.
Registration:
- recordings of Bashkir melodies;
- posters and drawings of the Bashkir ornament;
- matryoshka and boot patterns;
- paints, brushes, pencils, colored paper, glue;
- the work of local craftswomen.
In the Bashkir pattern - the color of honey, wheat,
Beauty of endless meadows and steppes,
The color of the blue sky, fertile land,
The color of red flowers, purity of springs.
We hear the lingering song of kurai
In the interweaving of the colors of the nature of the canvas.
In the Bashkir pattern - sesen legend
And the generosity of the people, their kindness.
R.B.Dautova
During the classes
1. Learning new material.
Introductory speech of the teacher:
Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person seeks to fill the world around him, to endow tools and objects accompanying him in Everyday life. This area of material culture is called arts and crafts.
The origins of the Bashkir arts and crafts are lost in the mists of time. The needs of nomads for weapons and equipment, and the needs of farmers for tools contributed to the widespread development of handicrafts. This, in turn, opened a wide path to the emergence of arts and crafts, which was embodied in weaving, embroidery, artistic and decorative processing of wood and metal, in the design of national costumes and home decorations. Through all this, the Bashkirs expressed their attitude to nature and to the life of society.
In ancient times, all decorations of arts and crafts played the role of talismans and amulets, protected a person from the evil eye, from the effects of evil forces and spirits. Over time, a person's ideas about the world have changed, and the purpose of jewelry has changed. They gradually lost their original magical function and became mere objects of decoration.
The pre-revolutionary arts and crafts of the Bashkirs were most often limited to the needs of the family. Marriage was an important event in the life of the family. A large number of woven and embroidered items were prepared for the wedding:
- patterned sharshau (large curtains to divide the house into male and female halves);
- wedding suit for the girl and the groom, towels, napkins, tablecloths, scarves.
During the period of preparation for the wedding, the creative abilities of the girl and her skills as an embroiderer and weaver were most fully revealed.
One of the varieties of arts and crafts among the Bashkirs is the knitting of downy shawls. This fishery was very well developed in the Abzelilovsky, Baimaksky, Beloretsky, Zianchurinsky, Kugarchinsky, Khaibullinsky districts, as well as in the Orenburg region. Due to the natural and climatic conditions in these areas, a special breed of goats was bred, giving fluff, thin, and at the same time strong, fibrous-elastic, with high spinning properties: it was used to make yarn for woven and knitting shawls. Bashkir woven shawls are a unique type of weaving. These shawls were not knitted, but woven on looms. They also made openwork patterned shawls, knitted by hand on two long knitting needles. Craftswomen distinguish between a middle and a border in a scarf, the edges end with cloves. The pattern is geometric. The art of knitting downy shawls is preserved and continues to develop in the republic - it is mainly a family downy knitting business. (Product display.)
One of the most important conditions for the further and successful development of modern arts and crafts is a deep and comprehensive study folk art. Therefore, applied art is studied so diligently today, its origins and history of development are revealed. They reveal, collect and publish in the form of albums the best works of folk masters. And modern artists and craftsmen rely on this experience in their work.
The Bashkir ornament is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, elements of clothing decoration, wooden utensils, gift souvenirs and other products. (Product display.)
One of the most popular types of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs is folk ornament.
Translated from Latin, "ornament" means "decoration, pattern." Bashkirs have long adorned horse harness, household utensils, clothes, shoes, and dwellings with diverse, bright and colorful ornaments. The bride's dowry included pillowcases, tablecloths and other items used in everyday life, embroidered with lush patterned ornaments. If there were elderly family members in the groom's family, a mat-namazlyk was embroidered by the daughter-in-law on a dark blue or dark green canvas for them. At the same time, ornamental drawings were created, stored and passed down from generation to generation in the family.
The ornament is the product of a long historical development. It preserves layers of various periods of cultural development, traces of complex interactions and mutual influences between tribes and peoples. The semantic ancient meaning of the ornament is mostly forgotten and the modern person perceives it as an ornament, a pattern.
V folk art ornament is the main art form, representing a peculiar and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.
The Bashkir ornament is symmetrical, the patterns are arranged either in a border, or in separate rosettes, or in a continuous grid, or all these techniques are used simultaneously. Its compositional construction is determined by the purpose, shape and size of the decorated objects, for example, kelyamas (carpets) are divided into fields and canvas.
The field is made up of elements arranged in two, three, and sometimes four rows, and the canvas is made up of a rhythmically repeating ribbon ornament. The canvas of the towel is decorated with three rows, the central field is brightly and colorfully ornamented with larger elements, and the upper and lower stripes are smaller and mirror each other.
In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is polychrome, i.e. bright, multicolored. The coloristic image (i.e. color solution) is built on contrasts of strong and pure colors: red, yellow, black, green, less often blue, blue, orange, purple, scarlet predominate. The background of products is most often red, black is less often yellow and white. The Bashkirs identified these colors with the fertility of the earth, the luminary, the dawn and everything beautiful in nature.
Some symbols and ornamental elements have their own semantic meaning: kuskar is a symbol of curled ram's horns and a symbol of herbs.
The improvisation of this symbol with additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variants.
One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is a solar sign - a circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.
Element in the form of a heart, denoting hospitality.
The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning are connected with the religious worldview of people who sought to decorate clothes and household items to propitiate evil spirits, protect themselves from them or give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found in other peoples.
Decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their kind, about the surrounding life, nature, so we can give one more definition to the ornament - this is the symbolic and graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings, concepts.
In the Bashkir arts and crafts, there are six main ornamental complexes:
|
Ornamental complexes |
Application |
Examples |
||
| 1 | The first complex (the oldest). | Includes simple geometric shapes. The main principle of the composition is borders and sockets. | When decorating products made of wood, leather, painting, and sometimes in embroidery and appliqué. |
 |
| 2 | Second complex. | Composes curvilinear patterns from various spirals, horn-shaped and heart-shaped figures, running waves. | It is found in embroidery, appliqué with cloth, in the design of shoes with cloth tops. |
 |
| 3 | Third complex. | Plant patterns. | In women's and men's clothing. |
 |
| 4 | Fourth complex. | Combines a group of complex patterns. These are eight-pointed stars, stepped rhombuses or various polyhedra. | Carpets, sharshau, tablecloths, ends of towels are decorated. |
 |
| 5 | Fifth complex. | In the form of paired images of birds and animals, separated by floral ornaments. | For women's headbands and appliqués for shoes. |
 |
| 6 | Sixth complex. | Includes geometric patterns, simple and complex. | In the ornament of clothes and home decoration items. |
|
2. Fixing.
1. To consolidate your knowledge of the Bashkir ornament, you will paint the finished patterns of bashkir dolls and boots.
In the Bashkir family, they tried to make things look elegant, so interesting patterns were invented for these purposes. And you must paint your chosen patterns in the traditions of the Bashkir people, using elements of the Bashkir ornament, the main colors that the Bashkirs used to make patterns.
2. Who coped with the first task, proceeds to the second: make a carpet pattern.
Carpets covered the floor in the tirma (yurt), bunks. They slept on carpets, rested, decorated their homes with them. Imagine that you are in a weaving shop and you, as designers, need to come up with patterns for carpets.
3. Summing up.
Analysis of the work performed.
When analyzing, pay attention to the elements of creativity, to color combination.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
UFIMSKY STATE ACADEMY
ECONOMY AND SERVICE
TEST
By discipline: "Culturology".
On the topic: "Bashkir ornament".
Completed by: Sitnikova Yu.A.
Group: GZ-2, Code: №
Checked: Assoc.cond.chem. Sciences
Timofeeva M.Yu
Introduction……………………………………………………………………...3
1. Ornament as a phenomenon of the national Bashkir culture………….3
2. The structure of the ornament…………………………………………………………………4
3. The value of the ornament in the history of cultural development……………………...6
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...6
References…………………………………………………………..7
INTRODUCTION
Ornament- one of the oldest forms of human visual activity, known since the Paleolithic. Translated from the Latin language ornament - "decoration", "pattern". The initial images were unsophisticated: a twig, a fragment of a shell, held on wet clay, or plant seeds pressed into it. Over time, real seeds were replaced with their images. Already in the Neolithic era, the ornament of ceramics was not a random set of strokes, stripes, dashes, but a thoughtful, compositionally verified drawing filled with symbolic content.
The very special place of the ornament in the culture of a traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. They decorated clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, horse harness.
The Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs, made in the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear-vegetative - in the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notch, in the technique of free embroidery (tambour, or "oblique mesh"). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, canvas. Ornamentation techniques are diverse: carving and painting on wood, embossing and carving on leather, metal processing, appliqué, weaving and mortgage weaving, knitting, embroidery.
1. ORNAMENT AS A PHENOMENON OF NATIONAL BASHKIR CULTURE.
Bashkir ornament- one of the phenomena of the national Bashkir culture, reflecting its originality and specific features. Ornament for the Bashkir people was the only form of artistic and visual creativity. The almost complete absence of realistic images of animals, people and landscapes in Bashkir folk art was due to the influence of Muslim culture, namely, the prohibition of Islam to depict living things. Islam not only excluded from art all other images, except for the ornament, but also determined the extreme stylization of its form, the spread of geometric ornament. However, the northern regions of the Muslim world knew the widespread use of animal images in ornamentation, more often stylized, and sometimes even of a relatively realistic nature.
Paganism, with its magical, totemic and animistic ideas, had a significant impact on the ornament, its content and form. The adoption and spread of Islam led to the destruction of a unified system of pagan ideas and beliefs. However, pagan motifs associated with folk myths lived long and firmly in decorative and applied art.
As the visual culture of the people developed, art was increasingly associated with the aesthetic needs of people. The coloristic solution of patterns is the brightest manifestation of national identity in art. The Bashkir ornament is almost always multicolored, with a predominance of warm colors: red, green, yellow. Less commonly used blue, blue, purple colors. The appearance of aniline dyes had a great effect on the color scheme. Their use destroyed the traditional coloring, which was based on more restrained color combinations, because before the advent of aniline dyes, the Bashkirs used natural ones. Natural colors of wool participated in the creation of the traditional color: white, gray, black. The juxtaposition of colors in the Bashkir ornament was contrasting: on a red background - a green and yellow pattern, on a black - red and yellow. The background was always active, bright red, yellow and black colors were more often chosen for it, much less often - the white color of the canvas.
2. STRUCTURE OF ORNAMENT.
Bashkir ornament(both individual elements and the entire composition) is almost always symmetrical. The composition is very capacious and figuratively tells about the perception of the world by people. The whole world contains phenomena given only in opposition: day - night, life - death, light - darkness, male - female, left - right, etc. This is shown through the symmetry of the opposing animal figures. In order for the opposites in the mutual struggle not to destroy each other, a third element of the composition is necessary, which delimits them - the golden mean, the starting point, the symbolic image of the axis of the world. Thus, the ancient ideas about the triple rhythm of being, characteristic of most peoples, were reflected in the ornament.
The central figure in such compositions was most often a female figure, sometimes an image of a tree. Sometimes the central place was occupied by a symbolic rhombus. Such replacements are not accidental and logical, since both the female figure (the image of the goddess of all things), and the tree (the tree of life), and the rhombus (the symbol of arable land) are symbols of fertility, the life-giving principle.
On the Bashkir charaus, one can find both a highly stylized anthropomorphic figure in the center of the composition, and the image of a tree.
The composition of the patterns of the Bashkir haraus is multivariate. It cannot be regarded as a simple borrowing of an ornamental plot. The combination of horses, wood, man, birds in one composition does not contradict folk ideas. “In Bashkir folklore,” notes researcher M. M. Sagitov, “in critical situations, the horse takes the form of a sacred poplar family tree, the mighty branches of which raise the hero to an unattainable height and thereby save him from the enemy-pursuer. Turkic-Mongolian epic.
The compositions with horses on harauses are also interesting because in the upper corners of the composition above the horses there are symmetrically placed figures denoting two birds that represent the sky. “In the Bashkir folklore,” notes M. M. Sagitov, “three worlds are usually depicted: heavenly, earthly and underground or underwater. ordinary people, and the underworld is inhabited by spirits and monsters hostile to people and celestials." Similar compositions with two horses and birds above them, facing the central figure, are found not only among the Bashkirs, but also in the Chuvash and Russian embroidery, in the ornament of the Finno-Ugric peoples .
The patterns on the kharaus reflect the ideas of the pre-Islamic period in the history of the Bashkirs. Islamic culture determined a high degree of stylization of originally realistic forms, which makes it difficult to "read" the ornament and reconstruct the ancient ideas of the people.
With the help of amulets, a person believed to protect himself from harmful spirits, the evil eye and other misfortunes. This purpose of the ornament corresponded to its location on clothes, and on the dwelling. In clothes, the edges, cuts, holes were decorated with ornaments: collar, cutouts, fasteners, edges of sleeves and hem. Clothing in itself was considered to be a fairly reliable protection of a person from harmful external influences, but the weak point of clothing was the holes through which evil spirits could penetrate, and therefore they needed additional protective power. The edges decorated with a pattern were considered inaccessible to negative influences, while the seams were made double, and among some peoples, clothes along the seams were additionally stitched with colored threads. "It is no coincidence that on the decorative products of most peoples, embroidery patterns are located along the line of seams and the sides of clothes or along the edges of flat products. In this light, it is interesting to note that the ancient Turkic terms generally accepted in the Bashkir language for designating embroidery - sigeu, mystery - in their original sense go back to the concepts of "limit", "frame", "border" (from the book by N. V. Bikbulatov, R. G. Kuzeev and S. N. Shitova "Decorative creativity of the Bashkir people").
In decorating the dwelling, they proceeded from the same ideas: "My house is my fortress," and therefore, first of all, it is necessary to decorate the places where evil spirits can enter the house. First of all, the gates, shutters and window frames, as well as the edges of the roof were decorated. The simplest and most common form of amulet in the Bashkir ornament was a triangle, less often a rhombus. Both of these figures are a symbolic image of the eye: a triangle - in profile, a rhombus - in front. The eye in the image was endowed with magical power, being the most reliable remedy for the evil eye. Triangles-amulets can be found in the decoration of saryk shoes, on women's clothing and on other items. The idea that the image of a triangle can protect against harmful external influences was common among many peoples. The amulet, designed to prevent evil forces at any moment, was depicted directed to all four cardinal directions, in extreme cases - to two.
3. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORNAMENT IN THE HISTORY OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.
Ornament as a phenomenon of national culture refracts its various facets. Since culture is constantly tuned to self-reproduction, the transmission from generation to generation of traditional forms of culture is of great importance. The original interpretations of certain ornamental motifs and plots have long been forgotten, but this becomes unimportant when techniques and plots are passed on from generation to generation, since the very fact of continuity is important. Continuity is the main quality of traditional national culture, thanks to which some plots or ornamental elements can exist without changing for centuries and millennia. This stability of the ornament helps in the study of past folk ideas, and also allows it to be used as a historical source.
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkiria)" href="/text/category/bashkortostan__bashkiriya_/" rel="bookmark">Bashkortostan
Subject area: history and culture of Bashkortostan
Supervisor: teacher of the Bashkir language and literature of the highest category
2012
1. Introduction 3-4
2. Bashkir folk ornament 5-8
3. Ornamental complexes of the Bashkir people 8-9
4. Woodcarving among the Bashkirs 9-10
5. Embossing on leather 10-11
6. Bashkir national clothes 12-13
6.1. Women's national costume 13-14
6.2. Men's national costume 14-15
7.Conclusions 15-16
5. References 17
6. Application
Introduction
Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person seeks to fill the world around him, to endow tools and objects that accompany him in everyday life. This area of material culture is called arts and crafts.
Decorative and applied art is a great social and artistic phenomenon, which is also called by the researchers of decorative art "a visual aesthetic and moral and ethical code of the people."
The most ordinary things were done by ordinary people in everyday life, bringing them joy. The concept of folk arts and crafts can be explained as a field of artistic creativity, originally associated with the people, their history, customs, festivities, economic and commercial activities, housing construction, the manufacture of clothing, utensils, tools.
The word ornament originates from the Latin word ornamentum, which means “decorated.” The word decorative is also of Latin origin (Latin decoris), it means “decoration, beauty.” Ornament and decor only for a modern person represent the elements of decoration or the decorations themselves. In ancient times, the purpose of all these things was somewhat different. The ornament and decorative ornaments played the role of talismans and amulets, protected a person from the evil eye, from the effects of evil forces and spirits. Over time, a person's ideas about the world have changed, and the purpose of the ornament and decorative ornaments has also changed.
The ornament is the product of a long historical development. It preserves layers of various periods of cultural development, traces of complex interactions and mutual influences between tribes and peoples. The semantic ancient meaning of the ornament is mostly forgotten, and modern man perceives it as an ornament, a pattern.
The art of each nation has its own traditions, its own original, historically established ornament, which is an important and unique layer of the artistic memory of the people and its symbolic and graphic language. The origins of the arts and crafts of the Bashkirs, just like other people, go back to the depths of centuries.
The relevance of our work is that we live in a world of new designs. But we must not forget that folk art is a universal means of "spiritual communication of thousands and thousands of people" ()
Object of study is the study of literature on this topic, the implementation of skills in the lessons of the history and culture of Bashkortostan, in the lessons of the Bashkir language and literature, music and fine arts.
Research methods are observation, consideration of museum exhibits, illustrations, use of the Internet, study of literature.
Research hypothesis: we will assume that the study of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs makes it possible to more effectively master the program material on the history and culture of Bashkortostan. Promotes the study of cultural heritage in high school, develops observation and attentiveness in work.
Based on the hypothesis purpose of our work is an:
Promotion of the study of the cultural heritage of the Bashkir people;
The desire of peers for an in-depth study of the arts and crafts of the Bashkir people;
Education of aesthetic feelings.
To achieve this goal, we have put forward the following tasks:
1) review the literature on this research topic;
2) to form in students elementary ideas about the cultural heritage of the Bashkir people;
3) to reveal the various connections of man with nature.
2. Bashkir folk ornament
The folk arts and crafts of the Bashkirs absorbed the features of the culture of different eras. It conveyed to us its best traditions, in which the people invested their understanding of beauty, the desire to create beauty.
Decorative and applied art of the Bashkir people is diverse. The Bashkirs decorated household items and household items, clothes, shoes with patterns.
In the folk art of the Bashkirs, there is no depiction due to the strong influence on the spiritual life of the religion of Islam, which forbade the depiction of any material objects, but still the art itself was preserved as “the richest pantry of ornaments, materials, processing techniques and techniques for manufacturing products, giving rise to a variety of combinatorial methods and further stylization and schematization of the plot side of art"
In folk art, ornament is the main type of art, representing a unique and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.
In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is a polychrome, bright, multi-colored, coloristic image based on contrasts of strong and pure colors prevails:
red is the color of heat and fire
yellow is the color of abundance and wealth
black is the color of earth and fertility
green is the color of evergreen,
white - the color of purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue is the color of freedom,
brown is the color of old age withering. In the patterns of headbands-haraus - there was a yellow-orange and red-brown gamut. The background of the products is most often red, black, less often yellow and white, which the Bashkirs identified with the fertility of the earth, the luminary, the dawn and everything beautiful in nature.
The ornament is an obligatory component of the decoration of things. The Bashkirs have a pattern that is formed by a combination of geometric, zoomorphic and plant figures and elements. Depending on the purpose, the ornament was arranged as a border, separate rosettes or a continuous grid. To decorate clothes, mainly an ornament of geometric and floral elements was used, arranged in a border, less often with rosettes.
In the Bashkir ornament, there are the following pronounced groups of motifs:
kuskar- the symbol of curled ram's horns and the symbol of herbs - the theme of the nomadic pastoral people and its later modifications: spiral and S-shaped curls,
as well as rhombuses with its multifaceted variations. 
Kuskar – https://pandia.ru/text/78/007/images/image004_100.jpg" width="272" height="187">
The origin of the ornament and its semantic meaning are associated with the religious worldview of people who sought to decorate clothes and household items to propitiate evil spirits, protect themselves from the evil eye or give themselves strength.
One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is the solar sign - Oa circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette ☼, which is mainly used to decorate spruces.
swastika element 
, found in the Bashkir ornament, is a symbol of fertility, the sun, a crossed hammer, lightning, is used as an ornamental motif in the folk art of many ancient cultures, in the ancient world, in Central and South America, Medieval Europe. He was given a certain meaning of a guardian, a guardian from evil forces, a symbol of the sun, life and goodness. Hospitality heart element Application" href="/text/category/applikatciya/" rel="bookmark">applications .
Most of all, this complex was distributed in mountainous Bashkortostan.
Second complex represents curvilinear patterns: spirals, heart-shaped and horn-shaped figures, waves, which were mainly used to decorate objects of nomadic life. These types of ornaments are typical for the steppe regions of Bashkortostan.
The third complex distributed throughout the territory of the settlement of the Bashkirs, is represented by a stylized floral ornament.
Fourth complex, which has experienced a significant influence of neighboring regions - Tatars, Chuvashs, Maris, Russians and others - is represented in the western regions of Bashkortostan. This is a group of complex patterns associated with various types of weaving. This includes multi-stage compositions of rhombuses, triangles, which were complemented by paired spiral curls.
Fifth complex the ornamental one is represented by decorations in the form of women's headbands, applications on shoes in the form of paired images of animals and birds, separated by floral ornaments. It was distributed in the southeastern part of Bashkortostan and the Trans-Urals.
Sixth complex includes geometric patterns of weaving and embroidery:
Squares and rhombuses, simple, stepped, serrated, with extended sides, with paired horn-shaped curls at the tops, eight-pointed rosettes and others. The patterns of this group, common in the western and northern parts of Bashkortostan and the Trans-Urals, were used in the ornamentation of clothing and home furnishings.
4. Woodcarving among the Bashkirs
This is one of the earliest types of decorative art. In Bashkortostan, woodcarving was more developed where there were many linden and birch forests. Saddles, stirrups, cases for weapons, dishes, details of a loom, and others were ornamented with carvings.
Among the various items of artistic craft, a special place among the Bashkirs is occupied by products made of wood and wood materials. It is enough to point to ladles with an openwork handle or horse saddles with beautiful bows. The high technique of their decoration, the variety of forms and subjects attracted the attention of Russian and foreign researchers as early as the 17th and 18th centuries. In these subjects, on the one hand, huge reserves of talent were manifested, on the other hand, they are the products of hard and painstaking work, when rich human imagination and ingenuity received wide scope. Speaking about the objects of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs, we must take into account another important point: a minimum of tools for a woodworker, in most cases an ax and a knife. These and other aspects of the folk craft of the Bashkirs are described in detail in the recently published book "Carving and painting on wood among the Bashkirs. Its author is a well-known ethnographer who devoted her whole life to studying the Bashkir traditional culture.
The rare gift of carving became the occupation of the whole life of some men. Carved ladles, bowls and tubs for koumiss, made by their golden hands, were in great demand at local bazaars and fairs. Experienced carvers carefully kept and passed on the secrets and secrets of applied art from generation to generation. Young masters enriched and improved it. The decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs has undergone periods of rise and fall in its history. But still, to this day, it has conveyed wonderful samples of cultural works created by the hands of folk craftsmen from the Bashkirs. One of the important conditions for the further successful development of modern arts and crafts is a deep and comprehensive study of folk art. Therefore, scientists are so diligently studying Bashkir applied art today, finding out its origins and history of development. They reveal, collect and publish in the form of albums the best works of folk masters. And applied artists and craftsmen in their work rely on this experience. [ 1,31]
5. Embossing on the skin
One of the traditional types of arts and crafts of all nomadic peoples. Before embossing, the leather was dyed red-brown with an infusion of willow or oak bark. The soaked blanks were superimposed on a wooden stamp and remained under pressure until dry. Sometimes the background was etched with blue vitriol, and it became darker than the picture. Carved ornament was also widely used. Although the carved ornament is older than embossing, it survived much longer in the everyday life of the Bashkirs, and the traditions of carved ornament reached the beginning of the 20th century.
The main figure in the ornamentation of the skin was the shamrock. In addition to embossing, leather goods were decorated with metal plates with silvering or gilding and embossing. Almost all items of nomadic life: flasks for koumiss, cases for weapons, bags for shot, powder flasks, ceremonial harness, belt and saddle bags were decorated with various kinds of ornaments.
6. Bashkir national clothes
The national costume of the Bashkirs has evolved over the centuries. There was not and could not be a single common Bashkir costume, because each Bashkir tribe had its own differences. The main materials in the manufacture of clothing were home-made cloth, fabrics from plant fibers, leather, sheepskin, furs, wild nettles and hemp.
The costume of people of young and middle age was distinguished by brightness among the Bashkirs. Preference was given to red in combination with green and yellow, less often used blue color. In ancient white clothes, there was red trim - embroidery or appliqué. For outerwear, especially for the elderly, black fabrics were used.
6.1. Women's national costume
Women's clothing of all nations is rich in decorative trim. The basis of the Bashkir women's costume is an underwear dress (kuldek) with frills, decorated with a woven pattern and embroidery. Frills, cuffs, tucks on the chest appear on dresses only at the beginning of the 20th century. The surviving old dresses, which are in the collection of the Bashkir Museum of Local Lore, are made of bleached canvas, decorated with a woven pattern and embroidery. They have whole flocks, side wedges, wide armholes, large square gussets. The turn-down collar was usually made of factory-made, softer fabric (satin, chintz), and the chest slit was fastened with a cord. The hem and sleeves are bordered with red stripes of a bra pattern, and the red satin of the collar is embroidered with a counted stitch. The method of stitching the details suggests that the dress was made at least a century and a half ago. Tunic-shaped cut of clothes is the most common in the national costume of the peoples of the region. The identity of each individual costume develops as the ethnic group develops. This is evidenced by the evolution of the Bashkir women's dress. In the process of its formation by the XVIII century. just below the waist, a gathered chintz or satin hem is sewn on, because narrow homespun canvas did not always allow the dress to be made in the required length. Women's camisole with the same fitted cut is distributed throughout almost the entire area where the Bashkirs live. Only the finish is different.
A special place in the folk wardrobe of Bashkir women was occupied by swing bishmets (north) and elens (south) made of plain cloth. Usually they were decorated with coins, appliqué and braid. On later samples, "epaulettes" appear. Elen and bishmet have common features of cut and belong to the Turkic traditional straight-back cuts. Elen is more flared along the hem and elongated almost to the ankles.
Women and girls stood out with elegant embroidered clothes. A dense pattern covered the skirt and sleeves of the dress, the hem and chest of the apron. A vegetative ornament of intricately curved branches with leaves and flowers, made with a tambour, was located on dark (black, dark blue, purple) satin. The manner of embroidery with outlining the contour in one color and filling in the figures with another gave the pattern a special dimension. Such sets (dress and apron) were prepared for the wedding; in the chests of the young one could find several pairs of embroidered clothes brought to the husband's house as part of a dowry. The skill of the girl was assessed by the ability to vary the pattern. A kind of art was represented by embroidery with beads, sequins, pearls, metal thread on the fringe of caps. The headdress of women primarily emphasized her social status, marital status. Girls before marriage wore round hats (takiya), caps: sewn and knitted. Elderly women put on a cotton scarf (yaulyk) over a cap or a quilted hat (blunt). In wealthy families, women wore: high hats made of valuable furs (kamsat burek). Attire: young women were served with bright bedspreads (kushyaulik), white embroidered (tastar). Helmet-shaped caps with an occipital lobe (kashmau) look original. They were decorated with coral mesh and pendants along the helmet, the blade was embroidered with beads and cowrie shells. The pendants on the helmet, reaching to the eyebrows, hid half of the woman's face, the blade covered the luxurious braids, so as not to serve as a temptation. Kashmau is the best illustration of following Sharia law in everyday life, which defined a woman as a vessel of sin.
One of the significant elements of the women's costume was bibs (selter, yara), covering the slit of the dress. The shape of the bib in different areas is not the same: from triangular to rounded, from short to long, reaching to the hips. However, they all serve the same purpose: to protect against the penetration of evil spirits, and along the way to cover up the same sinful essence of a woman. Women's jewelry (different kinds of earrings, bracelets, rings, braids, clasps) were made of silver, corals, beads, coins. Turquoise, carnelian, corals played the role of amulets.
6.2. Men's national costume
Male national costume of the Bashkirs from a shirt, trousers, woolen stockings and boots. A skullcap was put on the head, a fur hat (cloak) was put on top of it. A camisole or a Cossack was put on over the shirt. Outerwear was a cloth sackman and a fur coat, they were necessarily girdled.
Men's shoes were quite diverse: boots, leather shoes, ichigi (sitek), shoe covers. Men's shoes - saryk were decorated on the bottom of the tops with small triangles of leather.
The decorations of men's clothing were belts: bilbau, kaptyrga and kemer. With the help of bilbau, the Bashkirs girded their outerwear. This belt was made by the Bashkirs themselves, it was woven from threads dark colors and fringed.
Kaptyrga - a narrow belt belt, with a pattern embossed on its outer surface, with a hook-shaped buckle at one end and a hole at the other.
Rich Bashkirs once had fashionable sashes called kemer, with rather expensive engraved copper or even silver buckles, richly decorated with plaques with semi-precious stones - agate, cornelian, turquoise. In the old days, sashes were also valued very dearly: for one kemer, the rich would give a pair of bulls.
conclusions
Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person seeks to fill the world around him, to endow tools and objects that accompany him in everyday life. The visual art of the Bashkirs was very diverse both in terms of technique and motives.
The Bashkir folk ornament had a great influence on the ornaments of other peoples and was itself enriched with drawings transferred from other cultures. The Bashkir ornament today is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, shirts, blouses, napkins, wooden utensils, gift souvenirs.
The Bashkir ornament is very ancient, but even now it has not lost its relevance. If you walk through the city, or any village, you can see the Bashkir ornament on houses, posters.
In the Bashkir ornament, one can find motifs of Siberian, Central Asian, Volga origin, as well as analogues in the art of Hungary and Bulgaria.
The Bashkir ornament has its own specific features that distinguish it from the ornament of even the closest peoples in terms of cultural and ethnic kinship. Despite the many motifs characteristic of other peoples, the Bashkir ornament represents a unique formation. Some of its elements, the most ancient, are known from other peoples thousands of kilometers away to the west and east. There are elements characteristic of the art of most peoples of Eurasia. This indicates that the culture of the Bashkir people was born in a single mainstream of the development of world culture, in the process of active contacts with the tribes of the Turkic East and the Finno-Ugric population. This is the reason for the complexity, versatility of the pictorial language of the Bashkir people, which tells about the history of the development of their culture.
The multinational people of Bashkiria highly honor the traditions of the region and love their culture - the culture of our ancestors. We think that the Bashkir ornament will be passed down from generation to generation.
Literature
1. Culture of Bashkortostan: educational and reference manual for students of the 8th grade. Ufa, State Unitary Enterprise "Ufa Polygraph Plant", 2002, pp. 31-34.
2. Folk arts and crafts of Bashkortostan-Ufa: Bashkir publishing house "Kitap", 1995, p.6-12.
3. Essays on the culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan. Comp. Benin, publishing house: Kitap, 1994, pp. 4-8.
4. Native Bashkortostan: a textbook for grade 6 / Aznagulov R. G., -2nd ed. – Ufa: Kitap, 2008, pp. 86-102.
5. History and culture of Bashkortostan: Proc. settlement for students cf. specialist. uch. h.-2nd ed. and additional - Ufa: Galem 2003, pp. 254-261.
6. Bashkir folk clothes. - 1st ed. - Ufa: Kitap, 1995, p.5-16
7.Internet information:
" images. *****› Bashkir pattern
http://bashkort.ru *****/textbook/index. html
Art.
Topic: "Bashkir ornament in a circle."
Tasks: 1) to instill love for the history of the past people; 2) improve the skills of drawing the Bashkir ornament; 3) cultivate perseverance, accuracy.
Equipment: visualization of Bashkir costumes, samples of plant, animal, geometric elements, the coat of arms of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the concept: "ornament", objects for the game of silence, illustration of different peoples, a product made of plant elements, visualization of a Bashkir girl and young man, illustration of types of ornaments, visualization of the structure of the ornament, illustration of symbols, visualization of the "Bashkir ornament in a circle", a scheme for the sequence of the image of the ornament, a template, visualization with the name of the topic.
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Slides captions:
"Bashkir ornament in a circle".
Purpose: to introduce the arts and crafts of the Bashkir people.
Tasks of the lesson: 1) to instill love for the history of the past people; 2) improve the skills of drawing the Bashkir ornament; 3) cultivate perseverance, accuracy.
Equipment: Visualization of Bashkir costumes, samples of plant, animal, geometric elements, the coat of arms of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the concept: “ornament”, items for the “silent woman game”, illustration of different peoples, a product made of plant elements, visualization of a Bashkir girl and a young man, illustration of types of ornaments, visualization of the structure of the ornament, illustration of symbols, visualization of the “Bashkir ornament in a circle”, diagram of the sequence of the image of the ornament, template, visualization with the name of the topic.
Lesson type: decorative drawing.
Lesson structure: Organizational part Main part Practical part Final part
Organizational part Conducting a "silent game"
The main part The concept of "Ornament" is one of the elements of arts and crafts, which is the decoration of household items, clothing, jewelry, home decoration.
The folk arts and crafts of the Bashkirs absorbed the features of the culture of different eras and conveyed to us their best traditions, in which the people invested their understanding of beauty, the desire to create beauty.
Decorative and applied art of the Bashkir people is diverse. The Bashkirs decorated household items and household items, clothes, shoes with patterns. Decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, their kind, about the surrounding life, nature.
Types of Bashkir ornaments: 1) plant and animal ornament; 2) geometric shapes; 3) zaomorphic.
The structure of the ornament: 1) an ornament in a carpet; 2) an ornament in a circle; 3) an ornament in a rectangle and in a square.
The location of the ornament in the circle: 1) along the edge; 2) from the center with a gradual increase; 3) in the center along the edge.
Colors used for decoration: RED YELLOW BLACK GREEN
Symbols: KUSKAR SNAKE CLAW-SHAPED ELEMENT DROPLET X-SHAPED HEART ELEMENT
The sequence of the image of the ornament in a circle.
The practical part is aimed at improving the skill of drawing the Bashkir ornament, cultivating perseverance, accuracy.
Final part Exhibition of children's works with analysis of drawings. - What did you do today? - What have you learned? - What did you like about this job? Where can these drawings be used?
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Synopsis of an integrated lesson with children of the middle group. Theme "Introduction to the life of the Bashkir people." Application "Bashkir Palace".
Program content: -expand children's understanding of the life of the Bashkir people; -learn how to decorate rugs with elements of the Bashkir ornament; -fix the skill of gluing, master working with scissors ...
Acquaintance with the Bashkir national ornament
Introduce children to Bashkir national costume, ornamental elements, traditions of the Bashkir people, to give an idea to children that the Republic of Bashkortostan is located on ...
