Project origin of Russian names and surnames. Student project "the history of the origin of surnames"

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"Who was your great-grandfather in Russia?
Ask for your last name...
/G.Graudin/

Introduction

As soon as we are born, we are given a name, and accordingly, we get a surname. It comes to us from our parents. Of course, we are interested in the meaning and origin of the surname we bear. And this is not surprising: I want to know her pedigree, history of origin, the meaning of her last name. This is what many people strive for. Many books have been written to help solve this problem.

Habitual, ordinary seems simple, natural. Including our names. When we came to school three years ago and got to know each other, it turned out that we heard some surnames for the first time, some even seem bizarre. Scientists say that many surnames go back centuries with their roots. It turns out that there is a science that studies the origin of surnames, and it is called ANTHROPONYMICS.

Origin of the word "surname"

The word "surname" itself is of Latin origin: "famulus" means "slave", "servant". And initially the "surname" in ancient Rome was called all the slaves in the house. For a long time this word had a similar meaning in Europe and Russia.

This later single-root word "familia" began to denote family, clan. And only later - a generic, family name. That's from the English "family" - "family".

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How my surname appeared Prepared by: Cornerless Diana Grade 5 MBOU Vakhovskaya OSSh 2010 The secret of the surname will tell a lot, Someone's fate will certainly be predicted. You need to know the meaning of surnames for a long time, No one can hide the secret!

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At birth, each person receives a first and last name. Our parents choose the names for us, while the surname is passed on from the older generation, that is, from the parents, to the younger generation, that is, the children. Therefore, the question of the origin of the surname, the history of the surname is very important for every person. After all, the history of the origin of a surname can tell us the secrets of surnames, it can tell us what is hidden behind this or that surname, what is the history of the surname, when it was formed and how it spread.

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Smirnov Ivanov Kuznetsov Popov Sokolov 6. Lebedev 7. Kozlov 8. Novikov 9. Morozov 10. Petrov 11. Volkov 12. Soloviev 13. Vasiliev 14. Zaitsev 15. Pavlov 16. Semenov 17. Golubev 18. Vinogradov 19. Bogdanov 20. Vorobyov 21. Fedorov 22. Mikhailov 23. Belyaev 24. Tarasov 25. Belov 26. Komarov 27. Orlov 28. Kiselev 29. Makarov 30. Andreev 31. Kovalev 32. Ilyin 33. Gusev 34. Titov 35. Kuzmin 36. Kudryavtsev 37. Baranov 38. Kulikov 39. Alekseev 40. Stepanov 41. Yakovlev 42. Sorokin 43. Sergeev 44. Romanov 45. Zakharov 46. Borisov 47. Korolev 48. Gerasimov 49. Ponomarev 50. Grigoriev 51. Lazarev 52. Medvedev 53. Ershov 54 Nikitin 55. Sobolev 56. Ryabov 57. Polyakov 58. Tsvetkov 59. Danilov 60. Zhukov 61. Frolov 62. Zhuravlev 63. Nikolaev 64. Krylov 65. Maksimov 66. Sidorov 67. Osipov 68. Belousov 69. Fedotov 70. Dorofeev 71. Egorov 72. Matveev 73. Bobrov 74. Dmitriev 75. Kalinin 76. Anisimov 77. Petukhov 78. Antonov 79. Timofeev 80. Nikiforov 81. Veselov 82. Filippov 83. Markov 84. Bolshakov 85. Sukhanov 86 Mironov 87. Shiryaev 88. Aleksandrov 89. Konovalov 90. Shestakov 91. Kazakov 92. Efimov 93. Denisov 94. Gromov 95. Fomin 96. Davydov 97. Melnikov 98. Shcherbakov 99. Blinov 100. Kolesnikov

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The meaning of the surname Alekseenko is connected with the history of the origin of the surname Alekseev. The main version of the origin of the surname Alekseev is its formation from the baptismal name Aleksey. This name was quite widespread in Russia, which led to the widespread use of the surname Alekseev. The translation of the name Alexei from the Greek language is as follows: the name Alexei means protector, intercessor. Based on this, the meaning of the surname Alekseev is similar: defender, intercessor. Surnames also have a similar meaning: Alekseev, Aleksin, Alekhin, Alyoshin, Alekseenko, Aleksashin, Alekseevsky, Alekseenkov. Some Alekseevs belong to the Don noble family, others Alekseevs - to the largest merchant family.

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The main version of the meaning of the name Belov is its origin from nicknames: white, blond, white-faced, etc. Also, the nickname white hare meant a clean and tidy person. In addition, the ancient non-church name Belyai is known, which could also be the source of the origin of the Belov surname. At the same time, if we talk about the name Belyay, then it could become the basis for other names of similar meaning: Belyaev, Belyakov, Belik. Thus, it can be assumed that the names: Belov, Belik, Belikov, Belyaev, Bely, Belykh, Belyavsky have a common meaning, which is due to one of the above versions of their origin.

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It is known that many Russian surnames are derived from given names and nicknames. Surname Volkov is no exception. Its origin and history are connected with the patronymic of the non-church male personal name Wolf. Is this name connected with a predatory forest dweller - most likely, yes, but only a study of the history of the origin of this name can accurately answer this question. We can notice that although at present the name Volk is not found in Russia, in former times it was used quite often, which was the reason for the widespread use of the name Volkov. It is interesting to note that despite the fact that the Wolf is a Russian name, its analogues are also found among other peoples. Among the Germans, the name Wolf is still widespread, among the Serbs - the name Vuk. However, the name Volk gave rise to not only the well-known surname Volkov. A number of similar-rooted, but less common surnames have a similar meaning: Vovk, Volkovich, Volchek, Volchik, Volchkov, Volchikov, etc.

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Let's see what the secret of the name Zaitsev is, and why it has become quite widespread in Russia. It is not difficult to assume the connection between the secret of the name Zaitsev and the inhabitant of the forests - the hare. However, this connection is not as simple as it seems at first glance. In the old days, the personal male name Hare had the widest distribution in Russia, from which, of course, the surname Zaitsev was formed. The very name Hare comes from the old Russian word zayati, the meaning of which is: to jump, to jump. Thus, it is the concept of jumping (Old Russian zayati) that is the secret of the name Zaitsev.

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The surname is based on the well-known word hedgehog, which could be the nickname of a quarrelsome, prickly person, and even a worldly name. In Dahl's dictionary, the words hedgehog in relation to a person has several meanings: "a person who shudders from the cold or for another reason," and "a miser, a merchant, an inaccessible rich man." ... the ancestors, from whom the author received the surname, lived in the Aksubaevsky district of Tatarstan. In the village, great-great-grandfather, in one of the years there were a lot of mice. They began to destroy grain stocks and filled the barns and warehouses. All residents were threatened with starvation. great-great-grandfather brought a family of hedgehogs from the forest. In a matter of days, they destroyed the harmful rodents. Since then, the ancestor received the nickname Yezhov. This is the first version. There is a second, which is considered to reflect the nature of this surname more. Once, one of the distant ancestors ate a raw hedgehog on a dare. Nobody believed, but he did it. So he got the nickname Yezhov.

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So, let's find out what is the history of the name Ivanov. It is clear that the history of the surname Ivanov should be connected with the name Ivan. Indeed, in ancient times, the name John was widespread, which eventually transformed into the well-known and widespread name Ivan. That is, the name Ivan comes from the Hebrew name John, the meaning of which is: the gift of God. Ivanov is the second most common Russian surname. According to statistics, the surname Ivanov is currently borne by 1.333% of the inhabitants of Russia. Accordingly, the patronymic, formed on behalf of Ivan - Ivanovich. And as you know, nothing more than names, patronymics and nicknames often became surnames at a time when unsurnamed peasants were supposed to receive surnames. In addition to the surname Ivanov, the names Ivan, Vanya are also associated with the meanings of other related surnames: Vanin, Vanechkin, Ivashin, Ivashev, Ivanishchev, Ivin, Ivkin, Ivashchenkov, Ivanenkov, etc.

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The history of the Kozlov family dates back to the 15th century. Kozlov is one of the oldest Russian surnames. The origin of the surname Kozlov is associated with the ancient non-church name Kozel. From him the surname Kozlov was formed. The first mention of the surname Kozlov dates back to the 15th century and suggests that the boyars were its owners. It was then that the Kozlov family was founded. Grigory Kozel, who was the son of the boyar Morozov, is considered the ancestor of some Kozlovs. Mentions of another kind of Kozlovs refer to XVI century. The ancestor of these Kozlovs was Ignatius Kozel from the Beklemishev family. But at the time of the first Kozlovs, this surname could not gain popularity, since then only a few had surnames. The greatest distribution of the surname Kozlov began at the end of the 19th century, when ordinary people received surnames from first names and patronymics. Stories similar to the history and meaning of the surname Kozlov have other surnames also derived from the name of Kozel: Kozin, Kozel, Kozell, Kozlenok, Kozlan, Kozlyakov, Kozlyatkin, Kozlovsky, Kozlenkov, Kozelov, Kozlenko.

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The surname Kuznetsov closes the top three most common surnames in Russia. What is the history of the surname Kuznetsov, what are its sources and what is its origin? Obviously, the surname Kuznetsov is consonant with the ancient craft - the craft of a blacksmith. In the old days, the profession of a blacksmith in Russia, and in many other countries, was very widespread. And as you know, many professions in the 18-19 centuries became sources for the formation of surnames. In other words, the history of the Kuznetsov surname originates from the profession of a blacksmith, and since the blacksmith was in great demand in the old days, the number of blacksmiths was quite large, which explains the widest distribution of the Kuznetsov surname. Today, the surname Kuznetsov, whose history lies in the mists of time, is carried by almost 1% of the population of Russia.

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Smirnov is one of the most common Russian surnames. Why? In a large peasant family, quiet, quiet children were a great relief for parents. This quality, rare for small children, was imprinted in the secular name Smirnaya, it often became the main name of a person for life (the church name was forgotten by those around him). The Smirnovs came from the Smirnys. The most common Russian surname in a vast strip covering the entire Northern Volga region, most often in the Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo regions and adjacent areas of neighboring regions, to the east this zone extends to the Kirov region. As you move away from this zone, the frequency decreases. By origin, she is a patronymic from the Russian non-church male name Smirnaya, i.e. ‘meek, quiet, obedient’ Surnames Smirnin, Smirenkin from the old Slavic names Smirena, Smirenka. Smirensky, Smirnitsky.

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The meaning of the surname Tarasov is determined by the history of the origin of this surname. The source for the origin of the surname Tarasov was the male baptismal name Taras, which was widespread in the old days. Names, as you know, gave rise to patronymics, and surnames were formed from patronymics. Thus, the meaning of the name Taras can reveal the secret of the name Tarasov to us. The name Taras is a name of Greek origin, the meaning of which is troublemaker, rebel. Accordingly, the meaning of the name Tarasov is associated with the concepts of troublemaker and rebel. In addition to the surname Tarasov, Ukrainian surnames have a similar meaning: Tarasyuk, Tarasenko, Tarasenkov, as well as Belarusian surnames: Tarasenya, Tarasik, Tarasenok, Tarasevich. All this "community" of surnames owes its origin and meaning to the name Taras.

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As you know, Peter is one of the most common names in Russia. The patronymic on behalf of Peter became the basis for the formation of the surname Petrov. This is one of the oldest Russian surnames. Translated from the ancient Greek language, Peter means a stone, a rock. In the old days, the Christian religion required that a child born on a particular day be named after a saint revered by the church on a particular day of the year. And since quite a lot of saints (apostles, saints, holy martyrs) bore the name Peter, then over time it became one of the most common male names. In addition, starting from the 18th century, children began to be called this name also in honor of Emperor Peter I, which also increased the share of the name Peter among other names. Derivative forms on behalf of Peter gave rise to many more close surnames: Petin, Petrishchev, Petrukhin, Petrushenkov, Petryagin, Petyanin, Petrovsky, Petrenko, Petryuk, etc.

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The surname Popov is one of the five most common Russian surnames. This is explained by the fact that the secret of the surname Popov is revealed to us by the word pop, which was the source for the formation of the surname Popov. Obviously, the son of a priest received the surname Popov, the same surname could be given to the son of a priest. Therefore, the surname Popov was originally widespread among the ministers of the church. However, on this, the secret of the Popov surname cannot yet be considered disclosed. The priest's employees could also receive the surname Popov, since in the 19th century they were mostly nameless. At the same time, there was also a nickname: "pop", which was also the starting point for the surname Popov. Thus, the secret of the surname Popov is revealed through the word pop, which, in turn, through different chains, leads us to the surname Popov.

Zemskov Konstantin

In this paper, we consider different ways the emergence of surnames in Russia, and also the student tried to explore the ways in which the surnames of his classmates appeared.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary School No. 32", Engels, Saratov Region

Research

on this topic

"The history of the emergence of Russian surnames"

Completed by a student of the 2nd "G" class

MBOU secondary school No. 32, Engels

Saratov region

Zemskov Konstantin

Project leader: Vituleva S.V.

2011-2012 academic year

1. Introduction
2. Main part

1. The history of the emergence of Russian surnames
2. Ways of forming Russian surnames

1. Conclusion
2. Literature
3. Applications

1. INTRODUCTION

It is useful for each person to know his history, the history of the origin of his family name, at least in order to better know himself.

Not many people think about the origin of their surname. At the lesson of the world around us, we studied the topic “Family. Relatives ”and talked about how surnames, first names, patronymics arose. I was wondering, how did my last name come about? In search of an answer to the question, I became interested in education and deciphering surnames.

The aim of my work wasdetermination of the ways of formation of my surname and surnames of classmates with their subsequent decoding and classification.

During the research, I solved the following tasks:

• definitions of the concepts of surname, hereditary name;
• study of the history of the emergence of surnames;
• work with literary and Internet sources;
• compiling a dictionary of surnames of classmates

1. MAIN PART

2.1 The history of the emergence of Russian surnames

There was a time in the history of mankind when people did not have surnames, this refers to the period up to the second half of the 2nd millennium. But to distinguish people personal names were invented. However, it soon turned out that a personal name alone was not enough, because, despite the fact that names were constantly invented and changed, there were still many repeating ones. And then they came up with nicknames. Over time, the composition and number of inhabitants increased, and then additional ways of naming people were already needed. People began to think more about the family continuity of generations, about the fact that each family needs some special detail that will be familiar to the whole family and will be inherited by descendants. So the first hereditary generic names were formed, such is the history of the origin of the surname.

It is noteworthy that surname in Latin means family. But before, the family meant something different from our modern ideas. The family was a collection of people, along with slaves and their owners. And only after a certain period of time, the family became a cell of society with its own distinctive feature - a surname.

The process of the origin of the surname in world history began to gain strength approximately from the second half of the millennium, and towards the end of the 19th century, almost all nations and peoples already possessed them. Comparing the speed with which this process went in different parts the globe, we note that generic names arose at about the same time in different peoples, and the same methods of their formation were used. First of all, the owners of surnames became the nobles, who had more privileges compared to other social strata. This was typical for Russia, and for Europe, and for Asia. Gradually, over several centuries, the process of the origin of surnames and their distribution among other social groups went on, until the entire population began to possess them.

Almost all surnames were not chosen by the native speaker, but given from outside. I concluded, looking at the people around me, that no one can be responsible for the surname once received by his ancestor. At present, there is no connection between a person and his name: Chernyshov may be blond, Vogue - very a good man, Zlobin - kind, and Nekrasov - beautiful. There was often no direct connection in the past: for example, the names or nicknames Tsar - Tsarev, Knyaz - Knyazev, were usually given to peasants - apparently, in the hope of future power, wealth, power. A child could be called a fool, Nekras, Scoundrel, Malice in order to protect him from the evil eye, to deceive evil forces that would harm a good baby, but not touch a “bad” one. Many of the names that underlie modern surnames and that seem offensive to us now were not considered as such, but simply, having become a name, became an ordinary verbal sign.

Even those names that usually seem clear to us are fraught with riddles and surprises, so that questions and doubts will lie in wait for us everywhere. There are interesting cases when the word seems to be known to everyone, but is used in a completely different sense. So, Dvornikov's ancestor was a janitor, but he did not clean the streets and yards, but was an employer or keeper of the yard.

2.2 Ways of forming surnames

The historical process of the origin of the surname has several main ways of their formation, moreover, the same for different peoples and nations:

1) from personal names (church and non-church);

In many modern surnames, the forms of old names that once existed in Russia are traced: Nechai - Nechaev, Tretyak -

Tretyakov, Krivets - Krivtsov, Moroz - Morozov. Frost - a non-Christian male name was given, as a rule, to a person born in cold, frosty weather. This name was not uncommon until the 17th century. These names reflected the various properties of people, their behavior, character, speech characteristics, physical defects or virtues, time and order of the child's appearance in the family.

A large mass of surnames was formed from Christian names: Gordeev - the canonical name of Gordius, king; Fedoseev - Fedosy, given by God; Klimenko - Clement, silent, condescending.

Modern Russian surnames have preserved many unofficial personal names of the past, among which there are long-forgotten or very rarely found in dialects. For example, the surnames Mamin, Mamkin are most often formed not from the word mother, but from the calendar names Mammy or Mamant; the modern surname Mamontov also goes back to the name Mamant, and not to the name of an extinct animal. Martyshkin does not come from a monkey, but from a derivative form of the names Martyn, Mart.

2) by occupation (profession, craft);

Surnames can remind of long-forgotten professions: Berdnikov (Berdnik is a master making reeds - weaving combs),

Tolmachev (interpreter - translator). At the same time, professions served as the basis for the formation of a large number of surnames; Sapozhnikov, Kuznetsov, Kirpichnikov, Tabakov, Telyatnikov, Vorotnikov (head over the gate), etc.

3) from the name of the place of residence;

Many surnames have geographical roots. Most often - this is an indication of the place where the founder of the surname comes from. The ancestors of the Mezentsevs came from the banks of the Mezen River, the Turintsevs from the Tura River. The Vyazemskys owned lands along the Vyazma River. The peasants were recorded by the name of the landowner - Vyazemsky (Whose?).

There are surnames that reflect historical events. The Moscow prince, conquering the northern territories belonging to Novgorod, burned the town of Kokshenga, and destroyed most of the population. The descendants of the surviving and scattered residents received the surname Koksharovs.

4) from the name of animals and plants;

The names of animals, birds, fish are one of the main sources of nicknames and surnames derived from them, as this is dictated by the cult of birds and animals among the ancient Slavs.

Seleznev (male duck), Voronina, Gusev, Gusakov (gander-male goose), Korostelkina (corncrake - a fast-running bird living in the grass). Surnames formed from mammals, insects, fish are also numerous: Bobrov, Bychkov, Volkov, Ershov, Kozlov, Kobelev, Lisin

5) by nickname.

Gorlov (a nickname characterizes a person’s behavior. This was the name of a person who screamed loudly, achieved his goal by shouting). Gudkov (from the words gud, beep; the nickname of every screamer). Golubtsov (Golubtsov is a forgotten affectionate word of the same meaning as the modern “darling”. Actually, darling is a diminutive not from “dove”, but from “stuffed cabbage”.

Surnames associated with a person’s appearance: Gubin, Glazin, Glazunov (from the word glazun, “big-eyed, whose eyes are bulging”, as well as one who loves to stare: rotozey, onlookers). Belyaev (“Not everyone who bore the name Belyai was white, but Chernyai or Chernyshi were black,” notes the linguist A. M. Selishchev). Belyakov (a nickname for blond, white-faced, white-haired people. But neat people were also called white-haired people. and with serf reform: a whitewashed person, that is, a person freed from taxes). Ryzhakov, Chernov (one of the very common surnames that belonged to the first hundred Russian surnames. The surname is associated with swarthy skin color, black hair, dark clothes.

In the Russian tradition, women usually take their husband's surname upon marriage. However, this is optional; a woman can keep her maiden name. Sometimes, in rare cases, the husband may take the wife's surname. Children usually take the father's surname, but at the request of the parents or if the woman is not married, they can take the mother's surname.

3. PRACTICAL PART

Dictionary of surnames of classmates

As examples, I will give the names of my classmates.

• Firstly, personal names are the most popular source of the origin of the surname. For example:

Pavlov - on behalf of Pavel, from Latin meaning "small";

Borisov - on behalf of Boris, translated from Bulgarian means a wrestler;

Sashchenko - is of Ukrainian origin, the surname is based on a diminutive form of the name Sasha;

Trukhmanova - from the male name Trukhan - this is one of the variants of the name Trifon;

Semenishchev - on behalf of Semyon, translated from Greek "hearing God."

Trofimov - on behalf of Trofim, translated from Greek "pet".

The surname Erokhin came from the church name Hierofey, translated from the ancient Greek “sacred”, and the surname Frolkin also came from the form Frol from the church male name Flor, translated from Latin “blooming”.

Daniltseva - from the Orthodox name Danila, which was quite widespread. This surname is of Russian origin.

• In addition to personal names, professions, crafts, and various human occupations served as sources of origin for surnames. For example:

Bakharev - from the word bahar, bahir - talker, storyteller, storyteller;

Zemskov - from a village clerk - an assistant to the headman under serfdom, who was sometimes called a zemstvo;

Sklyar in Belarusian and Ukrainian means glazier;

Skorobogatova is a derivative of the word soon rich - quickly enriched.

Daniltseva - most often such surnames are formed from the profession of a distant ancestor.

• Another fairly common way of the origin of the surname was its origin from the name of the place of residence of its bearer. In this case, the origin of the surname can be associated with both a geographical object and the names of these objects and the names of settlements. For example:

The surname Borisov may also come from the name of a resident of the city of Borisov.

Kiseleva - from the geographical name, the village of Kiselvo;

Zelenskaya - this surname is of Polish origin. All representatives of such surnames belonged to the Polish gentry. In 10%, the bearer of such a surname may be a descendant of an ancient Russian princely or boyar family. Zelensky - from the villages named Green.

• The next source of origin of surnames were the names of animals and plants. For example:

Sizov - from derivatives Sizyak-wild pigeon and Sizyov-"woodpecker".

• Nicknames became another source of the origin of surnames in Russia. Surnames-nicknames existed in Novgorod possessions from the 13th-14th centuries, but for a long time they were not commonly used. Here are examples of surnames derived from nicknames:

Lapshin - formed from the nickname Noodles, which goes back to the common noodles - a flour product;

The surname Sizov has another origin. In Pskov and Tver dialects, "gray" meant "pale, thin." The surname Kiselev can also come from a nickname or a non-church name Kisel. Such names were given, according to the names of dishes that were popular in Russia.

Guskova - the surname is formed from the nickname Gus, Gusak.

Dudina - this surname is of Turkic origin and came to us from the Arabic language. It is derived from the word "din", which means "religion, faith." People in the Upper Volga region were sometimes called grandfather.

4. CONCLUSION

I learned a lot of interesting and useful things by starting to study my own surname. Then he deciphered all the surnames of the students of our class and concluded that the word surname means: family, family, family name, that any current surname does not depend on its original meaning, it should not be ashamed, but on the contrary, it should be carefully carried through life and passed on to descendants. You have to love your last name.

The study of surnames is valuable for science. It allows you to more fully present the historical events of recent centuries, as well as the history of science, literature and art. The history of the surname is a kind of living history. In the past, bloodlines were the property of only a handful of aristocrats. And the whole mass of the common people "was not supposed to have ancestors." But now millions of people have the right to be proud of their ancestors, their work.

As a result of the study, my classmates and I learned about our surnames, the ancestors who gave them their surnames, the places where they lived, what they did, in which families they grew up.

5.LITERATURE

1. E.N. Polyakov "From the history of Russian names and surnames" "Enlightenment" 1975.
2. A.V.Superanskaya, A.V.Suslova "Modern Russian surnames" "Science" 1984
3. E.A. Grushko, Yu.M. Medvedev "Encyclopedia of Russian Surnames" "EKSMO" 2000
4. THEM. Ganzhin "Dictionary of modern Russian surnames"

Astrel Publishing House, 2000

6.APPS

Questionnaire

1. Do you know the history of your last name?

A) yes

B) no

B) didn't think about it

1. Would you like to know the origin of your last name?

A) yes

B) no

B) don't know

1. What do you think can i know by your last name?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Meteleva Olga

Target:

Tasks:

Object of study
Subject of study:

Research hypothesis:

Research methods:

This project allows you to turn to the origins of surnames, names, patronymics, increase interest in the history of your family, country. kind. Proper names are of interest, on the one hand, as an object of scientific research in various fields of knowledge, on the other hand, as a problem of choosing a name for each individual person.
A study of the origin of surnames, names, patronymics, their stories can lead to the founder of an entire dynasty, the geographical place where your ancestors lived, their professions. Therefore, the theme of the project can be considered relevant.

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Regional scientific and practical conference "School - Science - University"

The origin of the surname, name and patronymic of people

Vyazma, Smolensk region

Head: Schelkunova Natalya Viktorovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, MBOU secondary school No. 2

Vyazma, Smolensk region

Vyazma

2018

I. Introduction. Relevance of the choice of topic. Formulation of goals and objectives.

1.Onomastics is a branch of linguistics.

2. Activities of scientists in the field of onomastics.

6. Anthroponymic dictionaries.

2. The history of the origin of names.

3. History of the emergence of patronymics.

1. Research of surnames.

2. The study of names.

3. Research of patronymics.

VII. List of sources.

Who was your great-grandfather in Russia?

Ask for your last name...

They sound like music, like poetry,

Surnames are simple.

Look closely and you will see them

History of Russia.

G.Graubin.

I. Introduction. Relevance of the choice of topic.Formulation of goals and objectives.

Billions of people live on our planet, and each person has his own name, surname and patronymic. Now there are various names, and each is unique in its own way, each name sounds beautiful in its own way, despite the fact that it often happens that you can meet people with the same names. What do our names mean? How did the surnames appear? How long ago were they given to people? Why are patronymics needed? Probably, many asked these questions, and I think many would like to receive answers to them. These questions also interested me. Therefore, in order to find answers to them, I chose such a fascinating topic "The origin of surnames, first names and patronymics of people."

Target:

After analyzing the work of linguists in the field of the science of onomastics, find out how the last names, first names and patronymics of the students of my class came about.

Tasks:

1.Find out what the science of names is and what contribution linguists have made to science.

2. Consider anthroponymy as a science and find out what works of linguists in the field of anthroponymy are known.

3. Find out how the last names, first names and patronymics came about.

4. Analyze the development of the custom of choosing surnames, names and patronymics.

5. Explore groups of surnames.

6. Analyze the most popular names, find out which origin names have the most.

7. Divide the usage of patronymics into the corresponding eras.

8. Find out the meaning of the surnames, names and patronymics of the students in my class.

9. After conducting a social survey, find out what the science of onomastics means for students in my class.

Object of study- the appearance and origin of surnames, names, patronymics. .
Subject of study:surnames, names, patronymics of students of grade 9 A.

Research hypothesis:knowledge of the ways of forming surnames, names, patronymics allows you to better know the history of your family, the history of your country.

Research methods:

1. Work with the text of encyclopedias, dictionaries.
2. Work with the text of sites from the Internet.
3. Study of the origin of surnames, names, patronymics.
4. Questioning classmates.

This project allows you to turn to the origins of surnames, names, patronymics, increase interest in the history of your family, country. kind.Proper names are of interest, on the one hand, as an object of scientific research in various fields of knowledge, on the other hand, as a problem of choosing a name for each individual person.
A study of the origin of surnames, names, patronymics, their stories can lead to the founder of an entire dynasty, the geographical place where your ancestors lived, their professions.Therefore, the theme of the project can be considered relevant.

II. Onomastics as "the art of giving names."

1. Onomastics is a branch of linguistics.

In modern Russian, there are hundreds of thousands of common words denoting objects and their properties, natural phenomena and other realities of our life. In addition to them, there is another, special world of words that perform the function of highlighting, individualization and representing a variety of names and titles.

Today, proper names are studied by representatives of a wide variety of sciences (linguists, geographers, historians, ethnographers, psychologists, literary critics). However, first of all, proper names are closely studied by linguists.

Onomastics (from the Greek "onomastikys" - the art of giving names) is a branch of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of their occurrence and transformation as a result of prolonged use in the source language or in connection with borrowing from other languages ​​of communication.

Onomastics belongs to the linguistic disciplines, since the study of proper names requires, first of all, knowledge in the field of language. Nevertheless, a specialist in onomastics must be a person of universal knowledge: he must be well versed in geography, archeology, ethnography. All this makes onomastics one of the most fascinating sciences, and the subject of its study - the world of proper names - is an object of unrelenting and inexplicable interest of people of different ages, professions, and nationalities.

In modern onomastic science, based on materialistic dialectics, which gives the general direction of scientific research, the following research methods are used: descriptive, historical, comparative, areal, semiotic, stylistic, linguopsychological, statistical.

2. Activities of linguists in the field of onomastics.

Today, onomastics is the main scientific specializationmore than 150 Russian philologists. Important centers for the study of onomastics are the cities of Moscow, Ulan-Ude, Voronezh, Maikop, Yekaterinburg. Onomastic conferences are regularly held in Maykop (Adyghe State University) and Yekaterinburg (Ural Federal University), which contribute to the development of onomastics as a science. In Yekaterinburg, the journal "Issues of onomastics" is published - the only specialized edition of Russian onomastics.

Onomastics is one of the scientific directions of the sector of applied linguistics of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was here that the classic of Russian onomastics worked, the author of numerous monographs, dictionaries and reference books on proper names - Alexandra Vasilievna Superanskaya, who laid the foundations for the study of personal names in Russia, educated more than one generation of graduate students and doctoral students.

The science of onomastics has several directions: toponymy, cosmonymy, astronomy, zoonymy, chrematonymy, theonymy, carabonymy, ergonymy, pragmony, anthroponym.

Anthroponymy - explores the proper names of people (Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin, Ivan Kalita). Anthroponymy distinguishes between folk and canonical personal names, as well as various forms of one name: literary and dialect, official and unofficial. Each ethnic group in each era has its own anthroponymicon - a register of personal names. The set of anthroponyms is called anthroponymy.

4. Anthroponymy as a section of onomastics.

The science of anthroponymy studies the information that a name can carry: a characteristic of human qualities, a person’s connection with a father, clan, family, information about nationality, occupation, origin from any locality, estate, caste.

The name of anthroponymy is formed from the ancient Greek words: anthropos - "man" and onoma - "name". This term is supposed to have been proposed for the first time by the Portuguese linguist J. Leyte Vasconselva in 1887. Anthroponym - a personal name, anthroponymy - a set of any personal names, both official and unofficial, affectionate, contemptuous, nicknames, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, etc.

5. Activities of linguists in the field of anthroponymy.

A valuable contribution to the knowledge of the history of Russian names was made by Academician A. I. Sobolevsky and Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences A. M. Selishchev.

V.D. Bondaletov, N.A. Baskakov, S.I. Zinin, Yu. A. Karpenko, I. A. Kyurshunova, V. N. Mikhailov, A. A. Moroshkin, N. A. Petrovsky, E. N. Polyakova [Elena Nikolaevna Polyakova], A. M. Selishchev, S. N. Smolnikov, A. V. Superanskaya, O. N. Trubachev, N. M. Tupikov, Yu. I. Chaikina [Yuliya Ivanovna Chaikina], V.K. Chichagov, L.V. Uspensky. Russian anthroponymy in the 1980-90s of the XX century was replenished with the works of I.M. Ganzhina, M.V. Gorbanevsky, Yu. A. Karpenko, I. A. Koroleva, T. N. Kondratieva, V. A. Nikonova, N. N. Parfenova, N. V. Podolskaya, B. O. Unbegaun, N. K. Frolova. In recent decades, Russian scientists have been interested in the formation of regional anthroponymy. Only the introduction into scientific circulation of many texts from various territories of our country, including a significant number of personal names and surnames, will help to present the real picture formation of the anthroponymic system as a whole.

6. Anthroponymic dictionaries.

Of particular value are dictionaries containing systematic anthroponymic material. One of the first reference books of this type was the dictionary compiled by M. Ya. alphabetical order"(St. Petersburg, 1867). In 1903, N. M. Tupikov's Dictionary of Old Russian Personal Names appeared. In 1974, a large work by Acad. S. B. Veselovsky “Onomasticon. Old Russian names, nicknames and surnames”, which is a guide to the names, nicknames and surnames of North-Eastern Russia of the XV-XVII centuries, based on a huge number of published and unpublished sources.

III. The history of the emergence of surnames, names and patronymics of people.

1. The history of the emergence of surnames.

The word "surname" in Latin means "family". Just like the patronymic, the surname, as a rule, passes to the child from the father, but also parents can give their children the surname not only of the father, but also of the mother and even grandparents.

In the old days, however, such questions did not arise, because people did not have surnames. And yet it was necessary to somehow distinguish them from one another, some names were not enough, and they often coincided.

At the household level, this issue was resolved simply: each person was given a nickname, or nickname. They then served as surnames.

For the first time, surnames appeared quite officially in Russia during the time of Peter I, when the tsar ordered by his decree to write down all the people living in Russian state, “by names from fathers and from nicknames”, i.e. by name, patronymic and surname. But even then, not everyone had surnames. The first to receive them in the XIV-XV centuries were princes and boyars. Often their surnames were formed from the names of those possessions that belonged to them. If the land holdings were located in the Tver province, then the boyar's surname could be Tver, if in Meshchera - Meshchersky, etc.

But it happened that the boyars also received surnames according to their old nicknames. So, once upon a time in the XIV century, the boyar Grigory, nicknamed Pushka, lived. It is not known why he received such a nickname. Maybe for a loud voice that resembled a cannon shot, or maybe he had something to do with military equipment. But no matter what was behind it, but only his nickname turned into a surname, which after several generations went to the great poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, a descendant of the boyar Grigory Pushka.

Later, already in the XVI-XVIII centuries, nobles began to receive surnames. There was already more diversity here, because the title of nobility was often awarded for special services to the state, and among the nobles there were people of completely non-noble origin who did not have their own land holdings. So the nobles received their surnames by the name of their father or mother, for example, Stepanov, Dmitriev, Efrosinin, sometimes they came up with some noble surname for themselves, it happened that the tsar granted it to them along with the title of nobility. It happened that the nobles also received their surnames from their old nicknames. Of course, they tried to make them more harmonious, and noble families appeared by the names of Durnovo, Chernago, Khitrovo, Ryzhago, etc.

Later, in the XVIII-XIX centuries, it was the turn of trade and service people. They, as a rule, received surnames from the names of the places where they were from. So the names Astrakhantsev, Moskvitinov, Moskvin, Vologzhanin, etc. appeared.

So in turn received the names of all the estates of Russia. When the turn came to the most numerous segment of the population - the peasants (and this happened already in the 19th century), then a variety of methods of forming surnames were already used here: both by the name of the father and mother (Ivanov, Petrov, Maryin, etc.), and by the name of the craft or craft that the head of the family was engaged in (Plotnikov, Stolyarov, etc.), and by the street nickname (Khudyakov, Krivonosoy, Ryzhov) ...

It often happened that the peasants took their surnames after the names and surnames of those landowners whom they served or whom they knew. There is a situation when, during the next census, the peasants of the current Pushkinogorsk district of the Pskov region, finding it difficult to give their last names (someone forgot, and some didn’t have one), called themselves by the last name of their famous fellow countryman and his friends, who visited him or heard about. Thus, the families of Pushkins, Pushchins, Yazykovykhs live here to the present day ...

The most common Russian surnames:

1) Ivanov

2) Smirnov

3) Kuznetsov

4) Popov

5) Vasiliev

6) Petrov

7) Sokolov

8) Mikhailov

9) Novikov

10) Fedorov

According to their meaning and origin, surnames can be divided into several groups. Below is a table (table 1), which shows the groups of surnames and the surnames corresponding to them.

Table 1. Surname groups.

1. The history of the origin of names.

Before the advent of Christianity in Russia, old Russian original names were used to name babies. By tradition, the names reflected the character traits and characteristics of a person, for example, Clever, Cunning, Kind, Brave, Molchan, Oblique, Krasava, Curly, Chernyak, Lame, Belyay. Sometimes the sons in the family were named in the order of their birth, for example: First, Second, Tretiak, Menshak, Elder, etc. Some names denoted an occupation or profession, for example, Selyanin, Kozhemyaka, etc. In ancient times, such features in the appropriation many nations had names. So, the Indians also noticed the features of people and reflected them in the names: Sly Fox, Eagle Eye, etc.

With the adoption of Christianity, the names were fixed in special church calendars. But even today you can find surnames derived from nicknames: Beetle, Cat, Sparrow, Wolf. From the 11th to the 17th centuries, Byzantine-Greek names became popular. The two-name system also received its development, when a person was given one name at birth, but was called differently. Names consisting of two roots, the last of which is “-glory”, became widespread during this period. So there were names with Slavic roots: Borislav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Vyacheslav and names with Byzantine-Greek roots: Miroslav, Stanislav, Bronislav, etc.

The usual for us naming people according to the formula - last name, first name, patronymic - was introduced at the beginning of the 18th century until 1917. At the same time, lists of names that could be chosen for the child were agreed upon, and pseudonyms also appeared. In Soviet times, it was popular to form new names reflecting events in the country. These were very unusual names worn mostly by girls. Agree, not every day you meet a woman with the name Idea, Oktyabrina or Iskra. Sometimes such names sounded rather awkward, like, for example, a girl named Artillery Academy. However, I liked some names so much that they exist to this day: Lilia, Ninel (Lenin, just the opposite), Timur, Spartak, etc.

Russian personal names at the very beginning of the historical (written) period, as a result of the adoption of Christianity by Russia in the 10th century, began to be replaced by Christian names of Greek origin. Pushed into the background, Slavic Russian names existed for a long time in the life of the Russian people, first as personal names, then gradually moving to the position of nicknames, i.e. second, everyday, names, not mandatory in use.

Table 2 presents the 30 most popular female names in 2017-2018 and their origin. Of these, 12 names are of Greek origin, 5 are Hebrew, 9 are Latin, 4 are Slavic.

Table 2. Most popular female names in 2017-2018.

A generalization of the data in Table 2 is presented in the diagram “The predominance of the origin of female names” (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. "The predominance of the origin of female names."

Having examined the diagram in Figure 1, we can conclude that of the names presented above, names of Greek origin predominate

(they make up 40%), the smallest number of names are of Slavic origin (they make up 14%).

Table 3 shows the 10 most popular male names at the time of 2017-2018. Of these, 5 names are of Greek origin, 4 are Hebrew, 1 is Latin.

Table 3. The most popular male names in 2017-2018.

After analyzing the data in Table 3, Figure 2 shows a diagram that reflects the predominance of the origin of male names.

Fig.2. "The predominance of the origin of male names."

Based on this diagram, we can conclude that the largest number of male names are of Greek origin (they make up 50%), the smallest are of Latin origin (they make up 10%); names of Jewish origin make up 40% of the total number of names.

3 .History of patronymics.

Russian patronymics began to be used very early; the first mention of this refers to 945. True, they were then written differently: for example, “Gleb, son of Vladimir”, “Vasily, son of Peter”, etc. However, until the 13th century, the frequency of using patronymics was low.

The form male patronymic in modern Russian, with the ending in “-vich”, it goes back to the patronymics of the ancient Russian princes and nobility of Moscow Russia; ignorant people did not have the right to use such patronymics.

Starting from the 15th century, naming with “-vich” was considered a special privilege, such a right was granted to the ignoble people personally by the king and for special merits. So, in 1610, Tsar Vasily Shuisky, in gratitude for the assistance of the Stroganov merchants in joining the Urals and Siberia to the Moscow state, ordered Maxim and Nikita Stroganov, their descendants and the descendants of Semyon (Ioannikievych) Stroganov to write with "-vich" and bestowed a special title " eminent people." In the 17th century, the Stroganovs were the only merchant family to have this title.

Most patronymics were formed from the name of the father. Father was the breadwinner and head of the family. However, there were cases of the formation of a patronymic and on behalf of the mother: Pavel Nastasich, Ivan Efrosinevich. Currently, all patronymics are formed only from the name of the father.

Historically, the patronymic was divided, as it were, into several categories. Kholops did not have it at all. Just noble people received a semi-patronymic, for example, "Pyotr Osipov Vasilyev." As for the patronymic in -ich, it has become, as it were, a sign that the person who wears it belongs to the class, aristocratic elite. Thus, -ich stood out from the patronymic, ceased to be a suffix in full measure and began to be used independently, turning into a special term of privilege, nobleness of persons or estates. "-ich" began to be perceived as a title, as indicating the generosity of the words "de" (in French), "von" (in German), "Van" (in Dutch). In accordance with this provision, vich could be awarded, which was what the Russian tsars did.

Starting from the reign of Peter I - the column "Patronymic" becomes mandatory in all documents. Under Catherine II, the use of various forms of patronymics was legally fixed. In her "bureaucratic list", compiled in accordance with the Peter's table of ranks, it was indicated that the persons of the first five classes should be written with a patronymic in "-vich", from the sixth to the eighth they should be called semi-patronymics, all the rest - only by their names.

However, patronymic forms on “-ov” / “-ev” in the 19th century were used only in clerical speech, in official documents. In informal situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other by their first names and patronymics in the form that is familiar to us now: the magnificence on -ovich, -evich, -ovna, -evna, -ich, -inichna was not limited. Sometimes it was even used instead of a name (as sometimes it is now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize special respect for a person, to show a shade of affection, love. As before, so now a person is called by his patronymic only when he grows up. Small children and teenagers are called only by their first name.

Over time, the customs of using patronymics changed, the customs of changing the endings of patronymics changed. Therefore, the usage of patronymics can be divided into several eras:

I.945 - the first mention of patronymics, the beginning of the use of patronymics. Patronymics were written like this: for example, Olegovich was written as "Oleg's son."

II.15 c. - patronymics had the ending "-vich", they were given only to noble people. In the 15th century, the prefixes in the form of the words "son" / "daughter" were canceled.

III.1689-1725 During the reign of Peter 1, it was prescribed to use patronymics on “-ich” in relation to persons of the first five classes, the use of semi-patronymics - to persons of 6-8 classes in accordance with the Table of Ranks.

IV.19 century - patronymics ending in "-ov" / "-ev" were used in official documents.

V. After the revolution of 1917, the use of patronymics was legalized, regardless of social status.

IV. The study of the origin of the surnames, names and patronymics of the students in my class.

The research work of my project is represented by an analysis of the origin of the surnames, names and patronymics of the students in my class.

1. Research of surnames.

I analyzed the origin of the names of the students in my class.

Table 4 shows the names of the students in my class, their meaning and the groups of formation of surnames:

Table 4. Analysis of surnames.

Fig.3. "The predominance of groups forming surnames".

On fig. 3 shows the diagram “The predominance of groups that form surnames”, which shows that among the surnames of students in my class, the largest number have surnames formed from the first name (they make up 48%), and the smallest number have surnames formed from a nickname and surnames formed from professional affiliation; they have the same number and make up 5% of the total.

2. The study of names.

I analyzed the names of the students in my class, finding out the meaning and origin of the names. The study is presented in Table 5.

Table 5. Name analysis; the meaning of names and their origin.

Rice. 4. The predominance of the origin of names.

Conclusion: the diagram (Fig. 4) shows that out of the total number of names, 9% of Slavic origin, 22% - Latin, 17% - Jewish, 52% - Greek. Therefore, the minimum number of names are of Slavic origin, and the maximum number of names are Greek.

3. Research of patronymics.

List of middle names of students in my class:

1. Artakovich

2.Andreevna

3.Gennadievich

4. Sergeevna

5. Olegovna

6. Anatolyevich

7.Maximovich

8. Igorevich

9. Alekseevna

10. Alexandrovna

11. Alekseevich

12. Adamovna

13. Anatolyevna

14. Sergeevich

15. Alexandrovich

16. Olegovna

17.Mikhailovna

18. Vladimirovich

19. Vladimirovich

20. Dmitrievich

21.Valerievich

22. Valerievna

23. Andreevna

After analyzing the patronymics of students in my class, I concluded that all patronymics come from the name of the father (For example, Andreevna - from the name of Andrey), end in "-vich" / "-vna", go back to the patronymics of ancient Russian princes and the nobility of Moscow Russia . In the 15th century, the assignment of patronymics was considered a special privilege, and in modern times, patronymics are given to every person.

V. Social survey on the topic "Onomastics".

I conducted a social survey among the students in my class. Below are the questions the students answered:

1. Do you like your name?

2. Would you like to change your name?

3. Do you know what your name means?

4. Do you know the origin of your last name?

5. Do you think a person needs to know about the origin and meaning of his last name?

6. Would you like to know how your surname and first name came about?

7.Do you know any interesting historical facts related to your family?

8. Do you consider the question of a scientific approach to choosing a name relevant?

9. Do you know that there is a section of the science of language that deals with the study of proper names?

10. Do you know how names and surnames arose?

Thus, based on the results of the survey, it can be concluded that:

1) 93.3% of students like their names.

6.7% of students do not like their names.

2) 33.3% of students would like to change their name, and 66.7% would not like to change their name.

3) 73.3% of students know what their last name means, 26.7% do not know.

4) 80% of students know the origin of their last name, 20% do not.

5) 46.6% of students believe that a person needs to know about the origin and meaning of his last name, 53.4% ​​of students do not think so.

6) 73.3% would like to know about the origin of their surname and name, 26.7% would not.

7) 26.7% of students know historical facts about their family, 73.3% do not.

8) 60% of students consider the issue of a scientific approach to choosing a name to be relevant, 40% do not think so.

9) 40% of students know that there is a section of the science of language that deals with the study of proper names, 60% do not know.

10) 46.6% of students know how names and surnames appeared, 53.4% ​​- it is not known.

VI. Conclusion. Research results, conclusions.

After analyzing the work of linguists in the field of the science of onomastics, I found out that among the surnames of students in my class, the largest number have surnames formed from the first name (they make up 48%), and the smallest number have surnames formed from a nickname and surnames formed from professional affiliation ; they have the same number and make up 5% of the total. The minimum number of names are of Slavic origin, and the maximum number of names are Greek. After analyzing the patronymics of students in my class, I concluded that all patronymics come from the name of the father (For example, Andreevna - from the name of Andrey), end in "-vich" / "-vna", go back to the patronymics of ancient Russian princes and the nobility of Moscow Russia . In the 15th century, the assignment of patronymics was considered a special privilege, and in modern times, patronymics are given to every person.

How many people know: where did they come from and what did their surname, name, patronymic mean when they appeared? I think that this issue is very important for every person who is not indifferent to the history of their family, the history of their country, since the surname, name, patronymic are a kind of living history.

VII. List of sources.

1. M.V. Gorbanevsky. "In the world of names and titles". M.: Knowledge, 1987.
2. I.V. Kublitskaya. “Names and surnames. Origin and meaning. Peter: Enigma, 2009
3. L.V. Uspensky. "You and your name". World of Encyclopedias, 2008
4. Yu.M. Medvedev. “10,000 Russian names and surnames. Encyclopedic Dictionary" AST, Astrel, 2009.
5. http://www.listname.ru/articles/onomastika.html