One type of arithmetic mean is the chronological mean. Calculated from the totality of the values of the attribute at different moments or for different periods of time, it is customary to call average chronological used to find the average level in time series.
Unlike the variational series, which characterizes the change in phenomena in space, the dynamic series is a series of numbers that characterizes the change in phenomena over time. Sometimes they are called temporal or chronological. Depending on the type of time series, appropriate methods for calculating the average chronological value can be applied to determine their average levels. So, when an average level is generated in a periodic series of dynamics, it is possible to use the arithmetic mean, simple or weighted. If it is necessary to calculate the average level of the moment series of dynamics with equal time intervals between the moments, then it is advisable to use the technique average chronological moment series at equal intervals:
where are the ordinal levels of the moment series; n is the number of moments in the series.
For example, in an agricultural organization (ACO) at the beginning of each month in 2010, there was the following number of pigs:
Conventionally, it is considered that the intervals (intervals) of time between the initial moments (dates) of each previous and subsequent month are equal to each other. Therefore, formula (6.5) can be applied to calculate the average quarterly number of pigs.
The indicators used to assess the distribution of the population are given in the following table
Substitute the corresponding data and get:
This means that on average monthly in the first quarter of 2010 there were 717 heads of pigs in agricultural enterprises.
In cases where it is necessary to determine the average level of the moment series of dynamics with at irregular intervals between moments, the weighted arithmetic mean formula (6.4) is usually used.
For example, the number of employees in the SHO team was: on April 1 - 20 people, on April 11 -25, on April 30 - 36 people. It is necessary to calculate the average monthly number of employees in the brigade for April.
As can be seen from the given data, the time intervals between the indicated moments (dates) are not equal to each other: it can be assumed that there were 20 people in the brigade for 1 day, 25 people for 10 days, 36 people for 19 days. Therefore, to calculate the average monthly number workers in the brigade, we use the formula (6.4) and get:
Thus, in April there were an average of 32 workers in the SHO brigade.
In the system of the agro-industrial complex, the average chronological value can be used when calculating the average annual, quarterly, monthly number of employees, the number of different types and groups of farm animals, the presence of various types of machine and tractor fleet, and in other cases.
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(at the beginning of 2000)
Even higher differences in the degree of concentration of the urban population in the subjects of the Federation. More than 90% of the urban population in the Magadan region (92.0%), in the Murmansk region (91.9%), in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (91.2%); the minimum indicators are in the Chechen Republic (23.5%), in the Republic of Altai (25.5%), in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (25.8%).
The process of increasing the role of cities is called urbanization. Urbanization entails suburbanization - growth and development around large cities and their satellite cities, which form agglomerations.
At present, the process of urbanization is going on more and more intensively - the spread of urban forms and living conditions to the countryside. In the broad sense of the word, urbanization is an integral part of urbanization.
Rural population Russia is 27%.
Share of urban and rural population by economic regions
The location of rural settlements depends on natural and geographical factors, primarily on soil and climatic conditions. The highest concentration of the rural population is in the North Caucasian (45.1%) and Central Black Earth (37.4%) economic regions, where there are the most favorable conditions for agricultural production.
Urban and rural populations differ in demographic characteristics. In rural areas, life expectancy is lower, birth and death rates are higher, and the proportion of the elderly population is higher, which affects the increase in mortality and the decrease in average life expectancy (Table 5.4).
Table 5.5.
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Average chronological
The chronological average is the average level of a series of dynamics, i.e.
3.3. Share of urban population in total population1)
e. average, calculated on the totality of the values of the indicator at different moments or periods of time.
Depending on the type of time series, various methods of its calculation are used, namely, the calculation of the average chronological interval series and the average chronological moment series.
The average chronological interval (more common) series is the average value of the levels of the interval series of dynamics, which is calculated by the formula:
where is the average level of the series;
- the level of a series of dynamics;
- the number of members of the series
For example, consider data on children's health facilities in Pskov and the region.
Table. Children's health institutions
The studied series is an interval one, using the chronological average formula, we can calculate the average number of health facilities:
institutions.
The average chronological moment series is the average value of the levels of the moment series of dynamics. If there is a function expressing the change in the moment indicator over time, then for the time from to the average chronological moment series is equal to:
However, as a rule, there are no data on continuous observation of the value at the disposal of statistics. Therefore, depending on the nature of the change in the indicator and the available data, different methods of calculation are used.
With equal time intervals between the dates for which data are available, and a uniform change in the size of the indicator between dates, the chronological average of the moment series is usually calculated by the formula:
where is the level of the series;
is the number of all members of the series;
- average level.
If the time periods separating one date from another are not equal to each other, then the average chronological moment series is calculated using the weighted arithmetic average formula, the weights of which are taken as time intervals between dates, i.e., according to the formula:
where is the time during which the given level of the series remained unchanged.
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The subject and main tasks of socio-economic statistics
The subject of socio-economic statistics (SES) is the quantitative side of mass social and economic phenomena in close connection with their qualitative content in specific conditions of place and time
the main tasks of SES.
1. Statistical observation of the activities of all subjects of the country's economy at all stages of the reproduction cycle (production of goods and services; formation and distribution of primary income; redistribution of income; use of income for final consumption and formation of savings; use of savings for accumulation).
Population placement indicators
A comprehensive study of the state and development of the economy of the country and its regions (reproduction of fixed assets, investment activity, dynamics of national wealth, characteristics of the labor market, economic growth rates, labor productivity growth rates, price indices and inflation rates, deficit (surplus) of the state budget, level of public debt, etc.).
3. Comprehensive study of the state and development of the social sphere of the country and its regions (vital population, infant mortality, life expectancy, income and consumption of households, indices of nominal and real wages, indices of real disposable money income , social stratification of society, the dynamics of poverty, etc.). 4. Analysis of macroeconomic proportions (for example, between production and consumption, accumulation and consumption, growth in labor productivity and growth in average wages, etc.).
5. Analysis of trends, patterns throughout the country and individual regions (decrease in the death rate, growth in the birth rate, dynamics of the level of employment and unemployment, dynamics of the inflation rate, growth in labor productivity and consumer prices, dynamics of the level poverty, etc.), as well as types of economic activity (dynamics of the number of enterprises and organizations, including small and medium-sized enterprises, dynamics of production volume and turnover of goods and services, reduction of material costs and energy intensity, profit growth and reduction of unprofitable production, growth in labor productivity and average wages, rising producer prices, etc.).8
6. Improvement of systems of indicators that characterize socio-economic phenomena and processes, classifications (classifiers), their consistency and interconnection, methods for evaluating individual indicators.
7. Improving the methodology for analyzing socio-economic phenomena and processes, including the methodology of national accounting.
8. Provision of required information on the socio-economic development of the country and its regions to government bodies in order to take measures to reduce their intensity).
9. Providing heads of enterprises and companies, managers, organizers of production and businessmen with information about the development of the economy and the social sphere, necessary for studying the external environment in which their companies or enterprises operate, when making decisions on investments, expanding production , sales organizations, etc.
10. Informing the public, educational and research institutions and other organizations and individuals about the main results and trends of the socio-economic development of the country and its regions.
11. Providing information on the state and development of the Russian economy to international organizations: the UN, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, etc.
12. Introduction of new technologies for the collection, processing, transmission and dissemination of statistical information, etc.
Methods for calculating the average annual population.
the choice of the method of its calculation depends on the initial data.
1. If data are available at the beginning (S1) and the end of the period (S2), then the average population is determined by the simple arithmetic mean formula:
3. If the intervals between the dates are not equal, then the calculation by the weighted arithmetic mean method:
To characterize the change population in time are used:
1. population growth rate:
2. population growth rate:
Having determined the population size, the SES studies its composition using the method groupings which is carried out on:
the social composition
areas of activity and sectors of the economy,
professions
age,
marital status,
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Chapter 3
Axes and planes of the human body - The human body consists of certain topographic parts and areas in which organs, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, etc. are located.
Wall trimming and jamb cutting - When the house lacks windows and doors, a beautiful high porch is still only in the imagination, you have to climb the stairs from the street into the house.
Second Order Differential Equations (Price Forecast Market Model) - In simple market models, supply and demand are usually assumed to depend only on the current price of a good.
population statistics, formulas for their calculation
Basic concepts and indicators
| Basic concepts of demographic statistics | |
| Census | Demographic qualification, designed to characterize the demographic situation in the country. In Russia, continuous population censuses were conducted in 1920, 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 and 2002. |
| Microcensus | Conducted between population censuses, usually covers 5% of the population (for example, the census in Russia in 1994) |
| Age-sex pyramids | Graphic image that allows you to visually display the age and sex composition of the population |
| Vital movement of the population | Population change due to births and deaths |
| Natural increase (decrease) of the population | Positive (negative) difference between the number of births and deaths:  , where N- the number of births; M- number of deaths |
| Mechanical increase (decrease) of the population (balance of migration) | Positive (negative) difference between the number of arrived and departed population:  , where P IN |
| Migration | The movement of people (migrants) across the borders of territories with a change of residence forever or for a certain time. Migration can be internal and external |
| Internal migration | Movement of population within a certain territory |
| External migration | Movement of population across territorial boundaries |
| Gross migration (gross migration) | Shows the total number of migrating residents: P + V. This indicator is also called migration turnover. |
| Balance of migration | The difference between the number of arrivals and departures: P - V |
| Immigration | Entry of a population into a particular area or country |
| Emigration | Departure of the population from a given area or country |
Continuation of the table. 3.1
| Population indicators (categories) in censuses | |
| Current population (HH) | Category of the population that unites people actually located at the time of the census in this locality: NN \u003d PN - VO + VP, where Mon- permanent population IN- temporarily absent; VP - temporary residents |
| Permanent population (PN) | Category of the population that unites people for whom this settlement represents their place of usual residence, regardless of their actual location at the time of registration (census): PN \u003d NN - VP + VO |
| Temporarily absent (VO) | These are persons who have a permanent place of residence in this locality, who are absent at the time of registration. Their absence should not exceed 6 months |
| Temporary residents (TP) | These are persons who are at the time of registration in this locality, but have a permanent place of residence in another locality |
| Population figures | |
| Population at the end of the year | , where S n.g N- number of births; M- the number of deaths; P- the number of arrivals in this settlement; IN- the number of those who left the given settlement |
| Average annual population | For a certain date for equal periods is calculated by the formula  , where n– number of levels (dates); S 1…
P is the population at a certain date. At the beginning and end of the year is defined as the arithmetic mean:  , where S n.g– population at the beginning of the year; S k.g is the population at the end of the year.
In an interval series with unequally spaced levels, it is determined by the formula , where is the average population i-th period; – duration i-th period |
Continuation of the table. 3.1
Continuation of the table. 3.1
The end of the table. 3.1
Among the many parameters characterizing the properties of materials, there is one such as specific gravity. Sometimes the term density is used, but this is not entirely true. But one way or another, both of these terms have their own definitions and are used in mathematics, physics and many other sciences, including materials science.
Specific Gravity Determination
The physical quantity, which is the ratio of the weight of a material to the volume it occupies, is called the HC of the material.
Materials science of the 21st century has gone far ahead and has already mastered technologies that were considered science fiction just a hundred years ago. This science can offer modern industry alloys that differ from each other in qualitative parameters, but also in physical and technical properties.
To determine how a certain alloy can be used for production, it is advisable to determine the HC. All items made with the same volume, but different types of metals were used for their production, will have a different mass, it is in a clear relationship with the volume. That is, the ratio of volume to mass is a certain constant number characteristic of this alloy.
To calculate the density of the material, a special formula is used that has a direct relationship with the HC of the material.
By the way, the HC of cast iron, the main material for creating steel alloys, can be determined by the weight of 1 cm 3, reflected in grams. The more HC metal, the heavier the finished product will be.
Specific Gravity Formula
The formula for calculating HC looks like the ratio of weight to volume. To calculate the SW, it is permissible to apply the calculation algorithm, which is set out in the school physics course.
To do this, it is necessary to use the law of Archimedes, or rather the definition of the force that is buoyant. That is, a load with a certain mass and at the same time it rests on the water. In other words, it is influenced by two forces - gravity and Archimedes.
The formula for calculating the Archimedean force is as follows
where g is the SW of the fluid. After the substitution, the formula takes the following form F=y×V, from here we obtain the formula for the SW load y=F/V.
The difference between weight and mass
What is the difference between weight and mass. In fact, in everyday life, it does not play any role. Indeed, in the kitchen, we do not develop between the weight of the chicken and its mass, but between these terms there are serious differences.
This difference is clearly visible when solving problems related to the movement of bodies in interstellar space and not related to our planet, and under these conditions these terms differ significantly from each other.
We can say the following, the term weight has meaning only in the zone of action of gravity, i.e. if an object is located near a planet, star, etc. Weight can be called the force with which the body presses on an obstacle between it and the source of attraction. This force is measured in newtons. As an example, we can imagine the following picture - there is a plate next to the paid education, with a certain object located on its surface. The force with which the object presses on the surface of the plate and will be the weight.
The mass of a body is directly related to inertia. If we consider this concept in detail, then we can say that the mass determines the size of the gravitational field created by the body. In fact, this is one of the key characteristics of the universe. The key difference between weight and mass is that mass is independent of the distance between the object and the source of the gravitational force.
Many quantities are used to measure mass - a kilogram, a pound, etc. There is an international SI system in which kilograms, grams, etc., which are familiar to us, are used. But besides it, many countries, for example, the British Isles, have their own system of measures and weights, where weight is measured in pounds.
Difference Between Specific Gravity and Density
UV - what is it?
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of matter to its volume. In the international SI measurement system, it is measured as a newton per cubic meter. To solve certain problems in physics, hydrocarbons are determined as follows - how much the substance being examined is heavier than water at a temperature of 4 degrees, provided that the substance and water have equal volumes.
For the most part, this definition is used in geological and biological studies. Sometimes, the SW calculated by this method is called relative density.
What are the differences
As already noted, these two terms are often confused, but since the weight is directly dependent on the distance between the object and the gravitational source, and the mass does not depend on this, therefore the terms SW and density differ from each other.
But it must be taken into account that, under certain conditions, mass and weight may coincide. It is almost impossible to measure HC at home. But even at the level of a school laboratory, such an operation is quite easy to perform. The main thing is that the laboratory should be equipped with scales with deep bowls.
The item must be weighed under normal conditions. The resulting value can be designated as X1, after which the bowl with the load is placed in water. In this case, in accordance with the law of Archimedes, the cargo will lose part of its weight. In this case, the yoke of the scales will warp. To achieve balance, a weight must be added to the other bowl. Its value can be designated as X2. As a result of these manipulations, the SW will be obtained, which will be expressed as the ratio of X1 and X2. In addition to substances in the solid state, specific ones can also be measured for liquids and gases. In this case, measurements can be performed under different conditions, for example, at elevated ambient temperatures or at low temperatures. To obtain the desired data, instruments such as a pycnometer or a hydrometer are used.
Specific Gravity Units
In the world, several systems of measures and weights are used, in particular, in the SI system, hydrocarbons are measured in the ratio of N (Newton) to a cubic meter. In other systems, for example, the CGS, specific gravity uses such a unit of measurement d (dyn) to a cubic centimeter.
Metals with the highest and lowest specific gravity
In addition to the concept of specific gravity used in mathematics and physics, there are quite interesting facts, for example, about the specific gravity of metals from the periodic table. if we talk about non-ferrous metals, then gold and platinum can be attributed to the most “heavy” ones.
These materials exceed in specific gravity such metals as silver, lead and many others. The "light" materials include magnesium with a weight lower than that of vanadium. We must not forget radioactive materials, for example, the weight of uranium is 19.05 grams per cubic cm. That is, 1 cubic meter weighs 19 tons.
Specific gravity of other materials
Our world is hard to imagine without many materials used in production and everyday life. For example, without iron and its compounds (steel alloys). The HC of these materials fluctuates in the range of one or two units and these are not the highest results. Aluminum, for example, has a low density and low specific gravity. These indicators allowed it to be used in the aviation and space industries.
Copper and its alloys have a specific gravity comparable to lead. But its compounds - brass, bronze are lighter than other materials, due to the fact that they use substances with a lower specific gravity.
How to Calculate the Specific Gravity of Metals
How to determine HC - this question often arises among specialists employed in heavy industry. This procedure is necessary in order to determine exactly those materials that will differ from each other with improved characteristics.
One of the key features of metal alloys is what metal is the basis of the alloy. That is, iron, magnesium or brass, having the same volume, will have a different mass.
The density of the material, which is calculated on the basis of a given formula, is directly related to the issue under consideration. As already noted, SW is the ratio of body weight to its volume, we must remember that this value can be defined as the force of gravity and the volume of a certain substance.
For metals, hydrocarbons and density are determined in the same proportion. It is permissible to use another formula that allows you to calculate the SW. It looks like this: SW (density) is equal to the ratio of weight and mass, taking into account g, a constant value. It can be said that the hydrocarbon of a metal can, is called the weight of a unit volume. In order to determine the HC, it is necessary to divide the mass of dry material by its volume. In fact, this formula can be used to get the weight of the metal.
By the way, the concept of specific gravity is widely used in the creation of metal calculators used to calculate the parameters of rolled metal of various types and purposes.
The HC of metals is measured under qualified laboratory conditions. In practice, this term is rarely used. Much more often, the concept of light and heavy metals is used, metals with a low specific gravity are classified as light, respectively, metals with a high specific gravity are classified as heavy.
Page 1
The design population of the city should be established at the first stage of construction and for the estimated period.
The entire population of the city is divided into three structural groups: city-forming, serving and non-amateur. The population of the city is calculated according to the labor balance method; it is defined as a function of the prospective number of personnel employed at enterprises, institutions of city-forming significance and their proportion in the composition of the urban population. The calculation is made according to the formula:
where N is the total population of the city, thousand people;
A - the number of city-forming personnel, thousand people;
a is the proportion of the city-forming group, %.
The number of city-forming personnel is determined according to the title list of institutions and enterprises given in the task.
The proportion of the city-forming and service groups of the population is taken in accordance with the recommendations of building codes and regulations 2.07.01.89* “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements. For new cities and towns, the share of the city-forming population group should be taken at least 40% for the first stage of construction and at least 35% for the estimated period. The proportion of the city-forming group of settlements located in the climatic regions ΙΑ, 1B and II should be taken at least 50% for the first stage of construction, and for the estimated period - no more than 40% of the design population.
The number of service and non-amateur groups of the population is calculated using the following formulas:
where B is the number of the service group of the population, thousand people;
δ - specific weight of the service group, %.
where B is the number of the non-independent group of the population, thousand people;
b - proportion of non-amateur group, %.
Building codes and regulations recommend that the share of service groups be taken within 19-21% for the first stage of construction and 23-27% for the estimated period - for large and largest cities, and for medium and small cities and other settlements, respectively, 15-17% and 19-22%.
The share of the non-active group of the population can be determined from the equation:
The results of the calculations performed should be summarized in the table of the project balance of the city's population according to the form below.
Table 1. Project balance of the city's population
Example. It is required to determine the design size of the city.
Initial data. The construction area is located in the IIIΒ climatic zone (Volgograd). The number of city-forming personnel is: for the 1st stage of construction - 21 thousand people, for the estimated period - 47 thousand people.
Solution. For a new city designed in the III climatic zone, the proportion of the city-forming group is assumed to be 40% for the first stage of construction and 30% for the estimated period. Then by formula (1) we obtain:
where N1 is the design population of the city at the first stage of construction;
Νρ - project population of the city for the estimated period.
The proportion of the serving group of the population should be taken at the 1st stage of construction 17%, and for the estimated period - 22%. The number of the serving group, according to formula (2), is equal to:
where B; - the design number of the service group of the population at the first stage of construction;
Br - the design number of the service group of the population for the estimated period.
The share of the non-active group of the population in accordance with equation (4) will be.
The proportion of the urban population of France averages 60-80%. With a density of 107 people / sq. km, France is one of the densely populated territories of the planet, but the average population in Europe. In France, migration is mainly represented by immigration. People travel to the major cities of this developed country, which is part of the "Big Seven". Basically, of course, sent to Paris. Inhabitants of the outback are also moving towards Paris and major cities. There are also internal migrations that are typical for all states, and there is also a process of suburbanization. The total fertility rate in France is one of the highest in Europe. Demographic Policy is aimed at stimulating the birth rate. Population density by department.
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"Development of the biosphere" - The population of the Earth. The emergence of the biosphere. All kinds of colors and shades. The development of animals with skeletal formations. Development of material and spiritual culture. The emergence of living organisms. The appearance of man. The evolution of living matter. psilophytic flora. Representatives of almost all types of the animal world. The emergence of land plants. Features of the evolution of the organic world. The emergence of organic compounds.
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The concept of specific gravity is found in many areas of science and life. Physics, medicine, metallurgy, economics and sociology operate with this term. It is difficult to expect that such diverse areas will be interpreted in the same way, so the definition and formula of the specific gravity, taken from a physical reference book, will differ from the formulations found in an economics textbook. However, the essence remains unchanged - the definition of the role, the significance of some part in relation to the whole.
The meaning of the term "specific"
We can talk about two interpretations, physical and statistical:
- In physics, this is the name for a quantity measured in a unit of something. For example, let's take a room and calculate the amount of water vapor in it. Having received the value, And grams, we can say that the humidity here is, And grams of water vapor per whole room. Knowing the total amount of air in the room (B kg), we can find how much water is contained in one kilogram of air by recognizing it specific humidity . One kilogram of room air contains A/B g/kg of water vapor. Thus, the term is synonymous with the word relative.
- In the statistical sciences, this is the name of a particular indicator, taken relative to a certain whole. For example, let's take a country's annual budget of 500 million and calculate the share of spending on sports. Suppose 1 million rubles are allocated for sports - this is 0.2% of all planned spending. Not the biggest budget item.
physical sciences
In physics, the specific weight is measured per unit volume of a homogeneous substance.
Weight in the SI system is indicated in Newtons (N), and volume is calculated in cubic meters. Thus, the unit of the desired characteristic becomes Newton per cubic meter (N / m3). It follows that this value determines the force with which one cubic meter of the measured substance acts on the support.
Physical formula: U. in. = Weight of the object, N / Volume of the object, cu. m.
Unlike mass, which simply characterizes an object, weight is a vector quantity, that is, it is a force that has a direction of application and describes the effect of a body on other objects. Under normal conditions on the surface of the Earth, we, not physicists, do not notice the difference. We often confuse these terms in conversation and do not worry about it at all. But it is still important to understand what fundamentally different meanings these concepts have.
If we use the mass of a body in the above formula, we get its specific gravity, or density. This parameter characterizes how much substance is contained in a unit volume, and is measured in kg / cu. m.
Body weight always remains the same, while weight may vary depending on the geographical latitude of the place and its height above sea level.
Representing the numerator of the fraction through the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration of free fall, we can see the relationship between the two specific quantities:
U. in. = Density of the object * Acceleration due to gravity.
Thus, we can say that specific gravity is related to the density of a substance in the same way that its weight is related to mass, and this ratio is equal to the acceleration of free fall at a particular point on the Earth.
Term in metallurgy
To obtain an alloy with the required properties, metallurgists must have a good idea of why and how to determine the specific gravity of metals. The same volumes of iron and aluminum have completely different indicators.
In metallurgy, the specific gravity of a material is calculated using the above formula by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume. To obtain the most accurate results, the metal is brought into the most homogeneous state with a minimum of pores before measurement.
Application in medicine
In some cases, the desired characteristic is defined as a coefficient for comparing the mass of a certain volume of a substance with the same volume of water at 4 °C. It is known that at this temperature, pure distilled water has a specific gravity equal to one. The more impurities, the more weight. Knowing this indicator, it is possible to determine how high the concentration of substances in the liquid is.
This provision is used in medicine when conducting a urine test. The first formula given describes how to find the specific gravity of urine. To do this, divide the weight of the sample by its volume.
Economics and social sciences
In economics and social sciences, the term denotes the share of a certain factor in the overall structure. This concept is of great importance, as it allows you to judge the significance of a sector, its value, share in the whole direction.
The formula for the share in the economy: U. in. = Value of a single column of the table / Sum of all columns of the table.
In this equation, the dividend and the divisor are expressed in the same units of measurement, therefore, the desired value will be presented as a proper decimal fraction or as a percentage.
Similar calculations are carried out in economics, economic activity, sociology, statistics and many other disciplines that require data analysis.
When calculating, it is important to understand two things:
- The denominator of the fraction is 100%, and the sum of the indicators for all columns of the table cannot exceed it. So, if we add up the percentages of all budget items, we get 100%, no more and no less.
- The result of the calculation cannot be negative, because it is a fraction of the whole.
Despite the fact that the two formulas given are different from each other and operate with different quantities, they still have something in common. In both cases, the weight of the object, its significance, the impact on other objects and the situation as a whole are calculated.
