Earthquake - a powerful manifestation of the inner forces of the Earth. Earthquakes, underground shocks and vibrations of the Earth's surface caused by natural causes (mainly tectonic processes). In some parts of the Earth, earthquakes occur frequently and sometimes reach great strength, disrupting the integrity of the soil, destroying buildings and causing human casualties. The number of earthquakes recorded annually on the globe is in the hundreds of thousands. However, the overwhelming majority of them are weak, and only a small fraction reaches the degree of disaster.
According to their manifestation on the Earth's surface, Earthquakes are divided, according to the international seismic scale MSK-64, into 12 gradations - points. The measure of the total wave energy is the magnitude of the Earthquake (M) - a certain conditional number proportional to the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of the displacement of soil particles, this value is determined from observations at seismic stations and is expressed in relative units. The strongest earthquake has a magnitude of no more than 9.
The source of the earthquake - the fault point - can be on the surface of the Earth or at a depth of up to 700 km. The epicenter of an earthquake is the area on the Earth's surface located directly above the source. The greatest damage is caused by earthquakes located at a depth of 10 km or less. Typically, the longer the interval between movements on the drop line, the stronger the blow. The science of earthquakes (seismology) is not yet advanced enough to accurately predict such shocks.
The area of \u200b\u200boccurrence of an underground impact - the focus of an earthquake - is a certain volume in the Earth's thickness, within which the process of releasing energy accumulating for a long time takes place. In the geological sense, a source is a rupture or a group of ruptures along which an almost instantaneous movement of masses occurs. In the center of the focus, a point is conventionally distinguished, called the hypocenter. The projection of the hypocenter onto the Earth's surface is called the epicenter. The area of \u200b\u200bthe greatest destruction is located around it. Elastic seismic waves propagate from the source of the earthquake in all directions.
At the time of the shock, three different seismic waves are generated:
primary (push), secondary (impact), longitudinal (surface). Primary and secondary waves are generated in the seismic source, at a depth of up to 690 km. They reach the surface and create shock. On the surface, they continue to propagate already in the form of longitudinal waves.
Maximum destruction is observed around the epicenter. A large earthquake is usually followed by several “residual” aftershocks. If the source of an earthquake is located under the seabed, it often results in a tsunami.
Destruction of buildings and structures;
Destruction of potentially dangerous facilities, oil and gas pipelines;
Blockages, destruction of life support systems and faults in the earth's crust
The consequences of earthquakes are very dangerous - landslides, soil liquefaction, soil subsidence, destruction of dams and the occurrence of a tsunami.
Landslides can be very destructive, especially in the mountains. For example, a landslide and avalanche caused by an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Peru in 1970 partially destroyed the town of Ranrahirka, and the town of Yungai was wiped out.
This avalanche, other landslides and destruction of adobe houses killed about 67 thousand people. According to eyewitnesses, the avalanche height exceeded 30 meters, and its speed was over 200 km / h.
Soil liquefaction occurs under certain conditions. The soil, usually sandy, should be saturated with water, the tremors should be long enough - 10-20 seconds and have a certain frequency. Under these conditions, the soil passes into a semi-liquid state, begins to flow, and loses its bearing capacity. Roads, pipelines, power lines are being destroyed. Houses sag, tilt, and at the same time may not collapse.
A very clear example of soil liquefaction is the aftermath of the 1964 earthquake near the city of Niigata in Japan. Several four-story residential buildings, without receiving visible damage, tilted heavily. The movement was slow. On the roof of one of the houses there was a woman who was hanging clothes. She waited for the house to tilt and then calmly jumped off the roof to the ground. It should be noted that one should not be afraid that the liquefied soil can absorb a person. Its density is much higher than the density of the human body, and for this reason a person will definitely remain on the surface, only to one degree or another plunged into the liquefied soil.
The consequence of an earthquake may be soil subsidence. This is due to the compaction of particles by vibration. Easily compressed or bulk soils are subject to subsidence.
For example, during the Tien Shan earthquake in China in 1976, large subsidence occurred, especially along the sea bay. At the same time, one of the villages sank 3 meters and, subsequently, began to be flooded with the sea.
The most serious consequence of earthquakes can be the destruction of artificial or natural dams. The resulting floods bring additional loss of life and destruction.
Tsunamis caused by earthquakes under the seabed cause destruction and casualties comparable to those of earthquakes.
Act immediately as soon as you feel the vibrations of the ground or building, the main danger that threatens you is falling objects and debris
Leave the house quickly and move away from it at a safe distance
Leave corner rooms immediately if you are above the second floor
Move to a safer place immediately if you are in the room. Stand in an interior doorway or corner of a room, away from windows and heavy objects
Do not rush to the stairs or to the elevator if you are in a high-rise building higher than the fifth floor. The exit from the structure will be the most crowded with people, and the elevators will fail.
Away from tall buildings, overpasses, bridges and power lines
1. Types of earthquakes.
2. Signs and consequences of earthquakes.
3. Actions of the population in case of an earthquake.
Earthquake are called tremors and wave vibrations of the earth's surface, which occur as a result of a sudden rupture of the earth's crust or the upper part of the mantle.
On Earth, several million very weak earthquakes are recorded annually, 150 thousand weak, 19 thousand moderate, almost 7 thousand strong, about 150 destructive. The consequences of earthquakes are associated with numerous human casualties and huge economic losses. Over the past 4,000 years, earthquakes have killed more than 13 million people. Half of the world's population lives in earthquake-prone areas, where earthquakes of magnitude 7 or more are possible, and about 70% of cities are located.
Due to the occurrence of earthquakes, they are natural and anthropogenic.
Natural ones arise as a result of the activity of the forces of nature: tectonic processes in the earth's crust, volcanic eruptions, severe landslides, landslides, collapse of karst voids, large meteorites falling to the Earth, collision of the Earth with large space objects.
Anthropogenic arises as a result of human activities: explosions of high power, collapse of underground engineering structures, pushing the upper layer of the earth's surface during the construction of artificial reservoirs with a large volume of water, construction of cities with a high density of multi-storey buildings, intensive mining.
The area of \u200b\u200boccurrence of an underground impact is called the focus of the earthquake.
Most often, it is located at a depth of 10 - 100 kilometers. The size of an earthquake source can range from tens to hundreds of kilometers.
The center of the earthquake source is called hypocenter. Its projection on the earth's surface is called the epicenter. The epicenter and the adjacent territory are called the pleistoseismic zone.
This zone is characterized by the greatest impact of earthquake forces and the greatest destruction. An earthquake leads to the formation of seismic waves, which diverge in different directions from the source at a speed of 2 - 8 km / s. Seismic waves are the main damaging factor for earthquakes. They are recorded by special instruments - seismographs.
The consequences of earthquakes largely depend on the strength, location, population density in the affected area, time of day, seismic resistance of objects, the level of preparedness of the population for action in emergency situations, the efficiency of search and rescue operations by special forces.
During the earthquake, there are several tremors of varying strength.
The time of the first earthquake is several seconds. It is followed by subsequent aftershocks. The time between shocks can range from a few seconds to several days.
Earthquakes are accompanied by a roar and roar from the bowels of the Earth. Cracks run along the surface of the Earth, their width reaches several meters. The earth is shaking, chasms are formed and disappear, which absorb everything that is on the surface. Earthquakes are accompanied by fires, lead to landslides, rockfalls, landslides, mudflows. During tremors, residential buildings, industrial buildings, hydraulic engineering and transport structures are damaged. Earthquakes in a matter of minutes destroy cities and villages, undermine the economies of states, injure and kill people. If the source of an earthquake is under water, it leads to the formation of high waves - tsunamis, which reach the coast and bring a lot of harm to coastal areas.
Signs of an impending earthquake: swaying a building, swinging lamps, clinking glass and dishes, the sound of breaking glass, a growing rumble.
Earthquake Action:
1. You should remain calm, self-controlled, act quickly and confidently.
2. A safe place during an earthquake is a street (square) away from buildings. If an earthquake caught you in the car, you should stop far from buildings and tall trees, wait for the end of the tremors without leaving the car.
3. It is necessary to leave the building after the end of the first push quickly and by the shortest way. Anyone who cannot walk on their own needs help.
4. You shouldn't waste time on getting ready, you should take only necessary things, documents, money with you.
5. It is prohibited to use the elevator during an earthquake.
6. Jumping to the ground from the upper floors of a building is extremely dangerous.
7. It is prohibited to climb to the roof of the building, to accumulate on staircases and stairs during an earthquake.
8. Leaving the apartment, the house should be turned off electricity, water and gas.
The safest places in an apartment or house are: corners of capital walls, openings in these walls, space under load-bearing structures.
Safe positions when indoors are:
Squatting down, the body is tilted forward, the head and face are covered with hands;
Standing facing the load-bearing wall;
Lying on your stomach along the supporting structure.
In the house you must have:
Backup light source (flashlight, matches, candle, lamp);
Long-term storage of products and a reserve supply of drinking water;
First aid kit;
Self-powered radio receiver for listening to emergency radio messages;
In partially destroyed buildings, if it is not possible to evacuate on your own, you must wait for help. To facilitate the search, it is necessary to give signals with a voice, wave a cloth, in the dark - a flashlight.
Consequences of earthquakes:
Injury and death of people as a result of the collapse of buildings, people falling into rubble, electric shock, gas, smoke, fire, water;
Fires as a result of damage to electrical networks, storage of fuel, gas, flammable materials;
Release of radioactive, chemically hazardous and other hazardous substances as a result of the destruction of storage facilities, communications, technological equipment at nuclear power facilities, the chemical industry, utilities;
Transport accidents and disasters;
Violation of life support systems, including electrical networks, water supply, sewerage.
Earthquakes are one of the most formidable manifestations of the Earth's internal energy. Sudden seismic tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface can be very significant and have catastrophic environmental consequences. [...]
Earthquakes are accompanied by the destruction of buildings, engineering structures, industrial enterprises, which can provoke technological accidents with serious consequences. During earthquakes, river beds change, landslides and avalanches occur, and the soil cover is disturbed. Often earthquakes are accompanied by famine and epidemics. [...]
Earthquakes cause significant harm to the environment and claim thousands of lives. Thus, the earthquake in Taishan (China), which occurred on July 28, 1976, was very tragic in its consequences. It claimed a quarter of a million lives (almost 25% of the city's population). Only a very few of the city's residents managed to avoid bodily harm. [...]
The magnitude of the consequences of flooding depends on the height, area and duration of flooding, flow rate, season, population density, intensity of economic activity, and the presence of hydraulic structures. The amount of costs is significantly influenced by specific measures to prepare the forces and means of Civil Defense and Emergencies, specific measures taken, actions of rescuers and the population in an emergency. In terms of specific material damage, floods are second only to earthquakes. Material damage is assessed by the number of units of destroyed, damaged or disabled objects. Specific material damage can be calculated in monetary terms per hectare of flooded area. In addition to direct damage (destruction; destruction of crops, feed, fuel, raw materials and products; death of people and animals; costs of evacuating the population and material values), it is often necessary to estimate indirect damage (costs of purchasing and delivering food, clothing, medicines to disaster areas). , building materials, equipment, feed; a decrease in production volumes and a slowdown in the development of the national economy; a decrease in the standard of living; inability to use a number of facilities; an increase in the cost of maintaining buildings). Direct and indirect damages are usually in a ratio of 7: 3 (70% and 30%). [...]
The consequences of natural disasters, which are called dangerous natural phenomena or processes of an extraordinary nature and leading to disruption of the daily lifestyle of significant groups of the population, human casualties, as well as the destruction of material values, are very grave. Natural disasters include floods, earthquakes, droughts, volcanic activity, massive forest fires, severe persistent frosts, etc. The greatest harm is caused by floods (40% of the total damage), hurricanes (20%), earthquakes and droughts (15% each). The remaining 10% of the total damage falls on other types of natural disasters. [...]
To prevent the consequences of a tsunami, earthquake prediction is of great importance. A special tsunami service has been organized in the Russian Far East, whose duties include, in particular, early warning of danger. Similar services exist in Japan and the United States. [...]
As an example, let us consider the consequences of the earthquake that occurred in Armenia at the end of 1988. As a result of the earthquake 550 thousand people suffered, 25 thousand of them died. 8 million m2 of housing was lost, 514 thousand people were left homeless. Communication with 121 post offices was broken, 50 automatic telephone exchanges (ATS) and the warning system were put out of action. 170 industrial enterprises ceased to function, 102 km of sewerage networks were out of order, water supply was disrupted in 11 settlements. Out of 965 settlements on the territory of the republic, 173 were affected, and 58 settlements were completely destroyed. [...]
It should be noted that the negative consequences in the technosphere for last years have become commensurate with the dangers of natural phenomena (earthquakes, tornadoes, etc.-). On average, according to statistics, tornadoes occur 700 times a year, about 2% of them lead to the death of 120 people; The area covered is about 2.5 km2 in each case, and the property damage is estimated at $ 70 million. At the same time, about 1500 accidents happen annually in oil refining alone, 4% of which lead to casualties (on average 100-150 people) and material damage up to 100 shn. dollars. One of the reasons for such a large-scale consequence is the high degree of concentration of industries in a limited area and their fairly close location to residential areas and recreation areas. [...]
The most famous catastrophic earthquakes of the 20th century: California (1906, 700 thousand people died), Messina (1908, 82 thousand people), Tokyo (1923, 140 thousand people), China (1976, about 150 thousand people), Mexican (1985, 10 thousand people), Armenian (1988, more than 25 thousand people) and Turkish (1999, 16 thousand people). As a result of the Armenian earthquake, 514 thousand people were homeless, the cities of Leninakan and Kirovokan were badly damaged, the city of Spitak and 58 villages were completely destroyed. The consequences have not been eliminated so far. [...]
Endogenous geodynamic processes - earthquakes and volcanism - cause very significant displacements of rocks in the earth's crust, destroy flora and fauna, lead to numerous, and often catastrophic human losses and other serious environmental consequences (for more details on these processes, see Chapter 16 ). [...]
The federal system of seismological observations and earthquake prediction, the regulation of which was approved by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the Government of the Russian Federation of December 25, 1993 No. 1346, promptly provides the central bodies of federal executive power, executive bodies of the subjects Russian Federation, the territories of which are located in seismically hazardous areas, information on earthquakes and their possible consequences is organized by the central data bank. [...]
As a result, the line between catastrophic consequences caused exclusively by human actions and natural disasters, indirectly attributed to the spontaneous process of development of uncontrollable forces of nature, is often erased. For example, landscape fires, droughts and river shallowing, landslides, landslides and earthquakes, etc., large-scale "natural disasters" often reveal the imprint of direct human actions (deforestation, uncontrolled release of hazardous industrial waste into the environment, deep subsurface excavation, errors during research and design, etc.). [...]
According to experts from the US Geological Survey, the frequency and severity of the consequences of disasters is increasing. Over the past thousand years, from 3 to 5 million people have died from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, of which more than 1 million - in the XX century. More casualties are associated with floods. Thus, the largest flood that occurred in the Chinese province of Henan in 1887 led to the death of more than 900 thousand people. More than 500 thousand people died as a result of floods in 1970 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe islands and the coast of the Bay of Bengal. In addition, in recent decades, humanity has experienced many major technological disasters, resulting from the activities of the people themselves and leadership. These include accidents at chemical plants in India, Italy and Germany, as well as at nuclear power plants at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. [...]
Among all natural disasters raging on our planet, floods, tropical storms, epidemics and earthquakes should be considered the most significant in terms of their ecological consequences. [...]
Damage from natural disasters can be just as large. When organizing work to reduce losses and damage from earthquakes, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the costs of creating (improving) a seismic observation, warning and communication network, ensuring the implementation of long-term earthquake forecasts and assessing the possible damage from them. It is necessary to take into account the costs of building structures in accordance with the requirements of the current building codes and rules for seismic resistance; carrying out special works to increase the seismic resistance (strengthening) of buildings; disassembly (dismantling) of insufficiently resistant structures; planning options for carrying out recovery work, taking into account the involvement of equipment, people, material and financial resources, the creation of the necessary grouping of civil defense forces to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes. The damage to agriculture can also be significant due to the loss of crops and the destruction of fertile lands, ensuring the evacuation of animals or the need to bring them feed, as well as burial of dead animals. [...]
The most significant act can be considered the Regulations on the Federal System of Seismological Observations and Forecasting Earthquakes, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 1993. This system, as a subsystem of the Russian system for warning and action in emergency situations, was created in order to coordinate the activities of state administration bodies of the Russian Federation to ensure protection population, objects and territories from the impact of earthquakes. The functioning of the Federal System of Seismological Observations and Earthquake Forecasting is based on the activities of departmental services of ministries, departments, the Russian Academy of Sciences and their interaction on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of seismological and geophysical data from observation services and security networks, which allow for operational control over the seismic situation and provide government bodies RF and interested organizations with information on possible earthquakes with an assessment of their consequences. [...]
In regions prone to natural disasters, measures are taken in advance to reduce the likely negative consequences. In areas of possible earthquakes, structures with increased seismic resistance are being built, a stock of tents, food, medicines is created; work out evacuation measures and create an appropriate grouping of Civil Defense and Emergencies, ensure the efficient operation of the warning system, prevent the possibility of panic and looting. [...]
Modern socio-ecological conditions are characterized by the presence of certain and stable objective trends in the deepening of the ecological consequences of emergency situations. The main source of environmental problems are accidents and disasters, accompanied by emissions and discharges of polluting chemical, radioactive, biological substances and materials into the environment, as well as various natural processes and phenomena - floods, hurricanes, storms, typhoons, tornadoes, strong, especially prolonged rains , earthquakes, landslides, landslides, etc. [...]
It should be noted that the distribution of emergencies across the territory of the Russian Federation is characterized by significant unevenness both in terms of quantity and severity of consequences. With some degree of convention, according to these indicators, the entire territory of Russia can be divided into four zones: 1st degree of danger (increased danger), 2nd degree (dangerous), 3rd and 4th. High-risk zones are found on the territories of 27 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. More than 700 thousand people live in them (approximately 0.5% of the country's population). Dangerous zones are located on the territories of 33 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They are home to about the same number of people. In total, there are 746 cities in the Russian Federation that are prone to floods, 500 - hurricane winds and tornadoes, 725 - landslides and landslides, 103 - earthquakes, nine - tsunamis. [...]
There are two kinds of dangers that can affect the ecological situation of the world: natural, generated by objective processes occurring in nature (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, avalanches, etc.), and anthropogenic, i.e. the dangers caused by human transformative activities, primarily from his production activities. For a long time, the anthropogenic impact on nature remained incomparably smaller in comparison with natural processes characterized by a huge concentration of energy and colossal consequences. Over the past 20 years, about 3 million people have died as a result of natural disasters, and about 1 billion people have suffered. So, as a result of the flood in Bangladesh, 1.5 thousand people died, 45 million were affected, about 25 thousand people died in Armenia from the earthquake in December 1988, while 10 kJ of energy was released, which had a devastating effect on the territory of 80 x 20 km. The energy of the earthquake near Alma-Ata at the end of the last century corresponded to the energy released during the simultaneous salvo of 22 billion 16-inch guns, or the energy that the Dneproges can give in 326 years. [...]
The development of the WSS method for oil reservoirs from the earth's surface was due to the results of observations of the operation of oil wells, their flow rates and water cut before and after earthquakes in the fields of Dagestan and the Stavropol Territory in 1970 and 1971, the study of the consequences of nuclear explosions, both at the fields and outside, as well as vibration impact on the bottomhole zone of oil and injection wells, laboratory research. Thus, at nine fields in Western Siberia, work was carried out to test the WSS method on oil reservoirs from the earth's surface by stationary sources of excitation of seismic waves with a frequency of 8 + 15 Hz, which gave positive results in additional oil production in all observed areas. In some areas, additional production reached 80 + 150% of current production. [...]
In addition to direct and indirect losses from the deterioration of the quality of the environment, specialists include additional costs for compensation and elimination of the consequences of this deterioration as part of the damage to the facility. These costs are aimed, on the one hand, to stop the process of increasing losses (road restoration after an earthquake reduces losses associated with the need to transport goods; cleaning of agricultural areas - losses from shortage of products, etc.), and on the other hand, restoration of the lost object quality, ability to function normally, its initial cost, etc. Their example is the cost of medical care for the population, repair of equipment and buildings, etc. [...]
IN recent times there has been an increase in the number of multi-stage or synergistic types of disasters (natural disasters cause technical disasters), with more harmful consequences for the environment. So, earthquakes cause activation of other natural processes on a large area, which, in turn, cause numerous technical accidents. For example, the earthquake in Ecuador caused landslides that destroyed the oil pipeline, the oil spill led to huge economic losses and environmental impact. In India, the destruction of the Koyana Dam by an earthquake triggered a “flood wave” that washed away several villages. [...]
Normative methods for assessing damage to health and life of people due to the impact of an environmentally adverse event are usually used in cases of the appearance of cascade effects in the propagation of the consequences of the event under consideration, which by its strength belongs to the category of catastrophic. An earthquake is a typical example. It causes cascading effects in the form of destruction of buildings, pipelines, fires and explosions, which, in turn, are the causes of injury and death of the population. [...]
There is still no understanding of the risk associated with the manifestation of specific natural processes. So, until now, there is no unified methodology for assessing the risk of geological processes. When assessing the risk from the impact of earthquakes, various types of damage at specific facilities are considered, and the values \u200b\u200bof the total damage are considered random values. In this case, the seismic risk is determined by the probabilistic distribution functions of these quantities, enclosed in certain time intervals. At the same time, geological and geochemical risks are defined as “the likelihood of activation and manifestation of natural or man-made geological processes in a certain area.” The so-called ecological-geomorphological risk is defined as “the degree of probability of the cumulative manifestation of hazardous and catastrophic processes of relief formation for a certain time interval, entailing environmental consequences”. In terms of probability, E.S. Dzektser, proposing to use the formula of total probability as a general expression for assessing risk. [...]
Natural disasters of a natural character also occur in Russia. Climatic anomalies determine the frequency and intensity of natural phenomena of a hydrometeorological nature. Most often in Russia earthquakes, floods, droughts, hurricanes, snowfalls, showers, tornadoes are noted. There are often landslides, mudflows, avalanches. Regularly recurring tornadoes and gusty winds in the central part of Russia clearly demonstrate the limited possibilities of their forecasting and the low protection of the population. The environmental consequences are land flooding, surface water pollution, damage to forests. For example, in 1997, 494 dangerous natural (natural) phenomena were recorded on the territory of the Russian Federation, which is 95 more than in 1996. In 1997, there were 117 earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, heavy precipitation (rain, snow, hail) - 103 , strong winds - 90 times. The table below gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe number of natural hazards (NDEs) and emergencies that have arisen in recent years. 22.1. [...]
The modern theory of environmental forecasting does not yet give an unambiguous answer to the question of the possible interdependence and relationship between large-scale accidents and catastrophes and natural disasters manifested in the geospheres (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; hurricanes, storms and tornadoes; thunderstorms, lightning, hail, drought; floods; mountain falls, talus, landslides and mudflows; snow drifts and avalanches; epidemics (Nb), epizootics (Pn), epiphytotics (P1), etc.). At the same time, individual observations and generalizations of the available facts testify to the deep interconnection of the consequences of global technogenesis with individual natural disasters and cataclysms occurring in nature. [...]
In zones of seismic activity, as a result of their urbanization, the development of minerals, the construction of reservoirs, the development of industry, the natural structure of the upper layers of the earth's crust is disrupted. This greatly enhances the effect of tremors and the consequences of earthquakes, since man-made disturbances create local places of weakening of the earth's crust, i.e. provoke induced seismicity. [...]
The surface of the Earth, transformed and embraced by life, is called the biosphere. The biosphere is essentially the largest ecosystem. It interacts with phenomena and processes occurring in the space environment and in the bowels of the Earth (volcanoes, earthquakes, natural radioactive radiation, variations in the geomagnetic field, etc.), and also interacts with society, the consequences of industrial and other nature-transforming human activities. [...]
According to experts, the territory of Russia is exposed to the entire spectrum of dangerous natural phenomena and processes of geological, hydrological and meteorological origin. For the population and the environment of Russia, the greatest danger is posed by earthquakes, floods, landslides and landslides, tornadoes, avalanches, mudflows, tsunamis. Other types of natural disasters with environmental consequences are flooding, squalls, hurricanes, typhoons, hail, prolonged downpours and snowfalls, thunderstorms, snowstorms, landscape fires, rising water of the Caspian Sea. [...]
IDNSS) in 1990-1993. 200,000 people died, damage reached $ 45 billion. Due to demographic and economic factors, the number of people living in areas prone to volcanic eruptions is increasing. The most common disaster - flood. In the case of tropical hurricanes, the greatest impact is caused by storm surges, they arrive in the area before the hurricane, when the evacuation of the population has just begun. More than 750,000 people have died in Bangladesh in 30 years (these are the victims of 20 tropical hurricanes). Simple engineering solutions can reduce the number of victims, for example, the construction of buildings on piles or the construction of artificial hills on which residents gather during floods. Of the geological natural disasters, the most dangerous are earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides. Over the past 300 years in the world due to earthquakes killed about 2.5 million people, of which 75% - in Asia. [...]
Spontaneous P. i. and disasters cause environmental harm to nature, the natural environment - land, forests, waters, animals, as well as damage the property of people, their health and life. Many P. i. are almost unpredictable (thunderstorms, lightning, showers, storms, storms, whirlwinds), and therefore difficult to deal with. We can only talk about the elimination of their consequences (restoration) and compensation. But some natural disasters can be predicted (mudflows, earthquakes, floods). In these cases, preventive measures and compensation payments to the victims are possible. [...]
Habitat monitoring should take a more prestigious place in human activities. It includes the development and industrial production of complexes, devices and technologies completely based on the use of the properties of TF fields and ensuring the fixation of TF precursors of material phenomena and events, this makes it possible to significantly reduce human and material losses from the consequences of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, etc. geological phenomena. [...]
The geodynamic ecological function of the lithosphere is a function that reflects the properties of the lithosphere to influence the state of biota, safety and comfort of human life through natural and man-made processes and phenomena. Urbanization leads to disruption of the spatio-temporal and intensity heterogeneities of the manifestation of geological processes, both natural (landslides, karst, subsidence of loess, gully erosion and earthquakes) and new technogenic (flooding, subsidence of the surface and thermal subsidence). These changes lead, as a rule, to negative environmental consequences, and sometimes to positive ones, associated with the stabilization of geological processes. [...]
It is necessary to distinguish between natural and man-made disasters: for example, the Chelyabinsk or Chernobyl reactor explosions - from the explosion of the Krakatau volcano. A man-made disaster is fundamentally relatively easy to prevent and has specific culprits that do not exist in the event of a natural disaster. Although such culprits can be in circumstances that aggravate a natural disaster. For example, in connection with the Spitak earthquake in Armenia, these are the persons who designed and built insufficiently anti-seismic buildings, gave instructions to build such buildings, forbidding correct forecasts of the seismicity of the region (especially heavy responsibility lies with them) and stealing cement from the concrete that holds these buildings together. In this and similar cases, legal responsibility extends to both managers and performers, since they could not be unaware of the harmful consequences of their activities. [...]
In the West (USA, France), several projects of long-term storage facilities for OVUA, including quite exotic ones, have been worked out. One of them is associated with the launch of heavy rockets loaded with high-level waste towards the Sun and their subsequent destruction. However, it should be remembered that, according to statistics, up to 2% of rocket launches end in accidents within the atmosphere. Such a catastrophe, naturally, will result in dire consequences, comparable to those of Chernobyl. In the United States, a long discussion is underway and the search for places to locate two grand storage facilities for radioactive waste for a period of up to 10 thousand years. They will be located at a depth of 300-1,000 m in areas not prone to earthquakes. The cost of this project is estimated at $ 27 billion. [...]
The natural biota of the Earth is designed in such a way that it is capable of maintaining with high precision the state of the environment suitable for life. Biota monitors with high precision the concentration of oxygen in the biosphere and the ratio of carbon dioxide to oxygen in the atmosphere. It provides a strict correlation between the processes of synthesis and decomposition occurring in the biosphere. By changing the ratio of the processes of synthesis and decomposition of organic substances, the Earth's biota compensates for the consequences of natural disturbances arising in the biosphere (glaciation, volcanic activity, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc.), leading to a deterioration of environmental conditions for the existence of life. [... ]
The most negative human impacts on the bowels of the Earth and the soil layer are the disposal and disposal of contaminated organisms, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological components of weapons of mass destruction, toxic liquid and solid waste, the construction of drainage systems, artificial waterways and water areas, the discharge of contaminated water waste and the introduction into operation of ineffective treatment facilities. Even environmentally unjustified agricultural measures to increase crop yields can lead to a disturbance in the equilibrium state of the soil layer. The severe consequences are well known that are caused by earthquakes, volcanic events, typhoons, tsunamis, failures of parts of the Earth's surface, landslides, landslides, flooding, and pathogenic zones. These phenomena are largely due to artificial changes in the parameters of the state of the earth's interior and soil layer due to human activities... Therefore, it is this component of the planetary ecosystem that acquires the greatest environmental significance for humans at the present stage of the greening of society and its environment. It is this object that requires the use of the most effective mechanisms for regulating state parameters. [...]
For individual settlements and important structures in seismic zones, seismic microzoning (SMZ) is carried out. During construction and installation work, the reaction of soils to seismic vibrations is assessed. The scale of maps is usually 1: 50,000 and more detailed. Field and laboratory studies of soils are being carried out. It also takes into account data on the thickness of surface deposits, the nature of the relief, zones of discontinuities and zones of fracturing. It has been established that buildings in rupture zones suffer to a much greater extent than those located at a distance from them, even several tens of meters. Such a phenomenon happened to be observed by one of the authors who studied the consequences of the Spitak earthquake in Armenia: the capital structure of the elevator fell directly into the zone of the decipherable rupture, which turned out to be destroyed, while away from the rupture one could see a not very strong structure made of Armenian tuff, which practically did not suffer ...
