Speaking about the work of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, one cannot ignore his famous philosophical novel "A Hero of Our Time". In his work, the writer tried to investigate the psychological image of Grigory Pechorin, but it was not possible to get by with the Pechorins alone, since the main character captures many destinies, after the touch of which they either die or lose their meaning, interest and love of life.
Lermontov depicts the life stages of the protagonist in his novel, starting with a chapter called Bella, ending with an absolutely philosophical and thoughtful chapter that contains in its title the main meaning of all content. "Fatalist" is the last section of Pechorin's diary. According to one of the critics, the absence of the last chapter of the novel would make the image of Pechorin incomplete. Why would the inner portrait of the protagonist be incomplete without this chapter?
Reading the novel by Mikhail Lermontov, we observe the life cycle of Grigory Pechorin. During his life, Pechorin left only suffering in the memory of people, however, he himself was a terribly unhappy person. The contradictions and loneliness that were born in his soul consumed him, not giving life to sincere emotions and feelings. This is how, chapter by chapter, we recognized the main character, revealing new portions of human vices in his soul. But the main point of the whole novel is the chapter "Fatalist". It shows Pechorin's attitude to fate, it is in her that the phenomenon of predetermination is questioned. Thus, the author does not relieve the hero of responsibility for all the actions he has committed. The writer, varying life situations, only guides Pechorin through them, exploring new facets of his soul. It is this chapter that confirms the truth of Pechorin's statements and the author's thoughts that the significance of a person's activity in his own destiny is very, very important. So, going against the fate of events and fate, Pechorin enters the hut, where a Cossack assassin is raging, whom he quickly and skillfully disarmed. At this moment, the best qualities of the hero's nature appeared.
The final chapter of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" "Fatalist" brings the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel to its logical conclusion and full disclosure of the main character. The collective image, which contains both good qualities and completely unforgivable ones, asserts its position in the last part of the work. The writer leaves open the question of fatalism, ending Pechorin's life on the way to Persia. It is in this chapter that the image of Grigory Pechorin is exhausted to the very end, completely absorbed in philosophical reflections on fate, the meaning of life and that a person's struggle for his own life is possible and necessary.
Of course, the final chapter of the novel is the most important section of Pechorin's diary. Only in it do we reveal the last nooks of the protagonist's soul, finding in him reflections on predestination, which will certainly find their refuge in the soul of the writer himself.
"A Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov is the first Russian realistic psychological novel in prose. It consists of five parts, which represent a complete story and are arranged not in chronological order, but in accordance with the author's intention. The novel is conceived as a psychological study of a certain type of human character, therefore each part of it helps in its own way to reveal the inner world of the protagonist - Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin.
The last three chapters of the work, "Taman", "Princess Mary" and "Fatalist", represent Pechorin's diary. Here the hero, unlike the rest of the novel, is a narrator, he talks about himself, revealing the reasons for his bad deeds. Having learned the character of Pechorin in the previous parts, we get acquainted with his worldview in the latter, which helps to fully form the psychological portrait of the character.
The last in the novel is the story "The Fatalist".
She is the most philosophical chapter of the entire work. The action takes place in the Cossack village. The heroes argue with interest on the topic of fate and predestination. One of the officers, Lieutenant Vulich, decided to try his luck on himself and find out whether a person can have his own life. He tries to shoot himself in the temple, but the pistol misfires. After that, Vulich shoots at the cap hanging over the window, and the shot succeeds. Pechorin is confused, because he does not believe in predestination, but he notices on Vulich's face "a strange imprint of an inevitable fate." As a result, the lieutenant on the same day is killed by a drunken Cossack.
In the chapter "Fatalist" the author discusses the existence of predestination. He leaves the question of the existence of fate open, does not give an exact answer to it. In this story, Pechorin comes to the conclusion that, perhaps, there is a predestination, but a person can choose for himself whether to follow this law or not. The author makes the chapter "Fatalist" the final one in order to give the reader food for thought, to make him think for a long time about the philosophical meaning of this story.
In the last part of the novel, Pechorin for the first time plays not with someone else's fate, but with his own. The hero decides to help others, so he hurries alone to grab the Cossack who killed Vulich and locked himself in an empty hut on the outskirts of the village. As the events are described in the novel, the bad deeds of the protagonist accumulate, but with each chapter, his guilt is felt less and less and his dignity is more and more manifested. in "Bela" not only Bela, but also her entire family, perishes from Pechorin's whim, and in "Fatalist" the hero performs a feat, capturing a Cossack murderer. The author wants Pechorin to be remembered by the reader precisely for the heroic act that elevates him in our eyes.
The author gradually paints a portrait of a typical person, "hero of the time", revealing all his advantages and disadvantages. The events rearranged in time gradually bring the hero closer to the reader, reveal his riddle, and in the end Pechorin himself opens in his diary. In the chapter "The Fatalist" the character's image is fully drawn. The author allows the reader to understand the character of Pechorin himself and to understand the inevitability of the appearance of people of this type.
We see that the chapter "The Fatalist" is not by chance the final one. With her, the meaning of the work is revealed, she leaves the most important questions open for thought, inviting us to think about the purpose of many things in our life.
Updated: 2018-06-09
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The novel "A Hero of Our Time" is primarily a psychological work. It has five parts. Each of them is a complete story. All of them are arranged not in chronological order, but in accordance with the author's intention: to show the readers most fully and clearly who Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin is - a hero of our time. For this, Lermontov draws a psychological portrait of Pechorin.
The novel opens with the story "Bela" where Pechorin introduces himself to the readers from the words of the captain Maxim Maksimych. This is followed by a chapter entitled "Maxim Maksimych". In it, the author himself introduces us to Pechorin. And here are the last three chapters - Pechorin's diary. Here the hero himself reveals his inner world, explains the reasons for his behavior, reveals all his shortcomings.
The last is the story "Fatalist". In it, Pechorin is in the company of border guard officers and makes a bet with one of them - Vulich. He claims that there is a predestination of fate, that is, each person will die when he is destined. And before that, nothing will happen to him. To prove his words, he is going to shoot himself in the head. Vulich fires, but there is a misfire. The next shot is directed into the air. However, Pechorin is convinced that he sees on Vulich's face the proximity of death, and warns the officer about this. And indeed: in the evening Vulich was hacked to death by a drunken Cossack, and then he locked himself in the house. Having learned about this, Pechorin volunteers to arrest the Cossack alone. And he arrests.
In the previous chapters, we studied Pechorin's character, and in Fatalist we got an idea of \u200b\u200bhis worldview. At first, he disagrees with Wulich about the existence of predestination, and then he tempts fate himself, trying to arrest an armed Cossack. Maybe this indicates that Pechorin believed in fate? Or at least he began to doubt. Does this mean that the question that Pechorin asked himself about his purpose in life received a positive answer? And is he really created to destroy someone else's happiness?
This chapter is the most philosophical in the entire novel. And it allows the reader to understand the character of the hero of our time for himself, to think about his character, about his fate and put himself in Pechorin's place. That is why it is she who ends the novel. The author is not our assistant in this. Lermontov said in the Preface that he was not going to judge Pechorin's actions. "I only indicated the disease, but not the means to cure it."
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
1. In which works of Russian classics did the world of things play a decisive role in creating the image of the hero, and what is the similarity between these works in Gogol's poem?
2. Why does Gogol tell in detail about Plyushkin's biography, while he hardly dwells on the backstories of other heroes?
3. What is the tragedy and what is the comic character of Plyushkin?
4. What works of Russian classics portray the spiritual degradation of a literary character and what are the similarities and differences between the heroes of these works and Gogol's character?
5. In which works the objective world acquires the character of a bright, emotionally colored background that conveys the feelings and experiences of the heroes, and what is the similarity of these works with “Dead Souls”, and what is their difference?
6. In what artistic techniques does Gogol's principle of depicting life "through laughter visible to the world and invisible, unknown to him tears" manifest?
8. Why does Gogol use the definition of "scoundrel" or "acquirer" in relation to Chichikov?
9. What motivated Gogol's choice of the protagonist of Dead Souls and why does the author decide to describe not a “virtuous man” but “hide a scoundrel”?
10. Why are the biography of Chichikov and the history of his service placed by N.V. Gogol in the final chapter and set out after the completion of his campaign to acquire dead souls?
11. How can you explain the sequence of the location of the stories of the landowners to which Chichikov visits - from Manilov to Plyushkin?
12. Why does the grotesque image of Russia, drawn on the basis of Chichikov's travel, turn in the finale into a sublime, poetic image of Russia - a bird of three?
13. How is Gogol's lofty humanistic ideal manifested in the poem?
15. 15. Why is the work called a "poem"?
Take away with you on the journey, leaving the mild youthful years into severe hardening courage, take with you all human movements. Do not leave them on the road, do not pick them up later!
Russia! Russia! I see you, from my wonderful, beautiful far away I see you ...
God! How good you are sometimes, distant, distant road! ...
1. By tradition, things in the artistic world of the poem perform a certain function: the detailed interior allows the author to seem to materialize the stinginess, absurdity of Plyushkin. The things around him seem to have outlived their usefulness, decayed, lost their purpose, but the hero is unable to part with them. It only seems to Plyushkin that he is the owner of things: on the contrary, the things themselves, placed randomly or simply randomly piled up, have taken over the living space that the landowner used to occupy. The community of crippled things ("a broken arm of a chair", a piece of rag, a withered consumptive toothpick) also represent Plyushkin as a spiritual "invalid" who has lost all common sense in his fanatical frugality. Even a still life with watermelon, fruit and duck looks like a reproach to the owner: it is against the background of this gastronomic abundance that Plyushkin offers Chichikov a treat - a dried cake.
2. Gogol's literary "recipes" were applied by I.A. Goncharov: his description of Oblomov's office immediately brings to mind Plyushkin's house. It's not just a repetition of the same interior elements (bureau, porcelain, paintings on the walls) - both authors emphasize that the heroes' rooms are more like non-residential premises: dust is all around that covers even the open pages of books, cobwebs, dried crumbs. Oblomov's robe is a refined version of Plyushkin's robe: the Oblomov robe has both chic (it is made of real Persian fabric) and devotion to the owner, while Plushkin, on the contrary, gives out the owner's stinginess with holes and an oily sheen. The things in Chekhov's stories are also "spoken about" about the characters of their owners. So, in "Ionych" the mention of pre-prepared notes lying on the piano for Ekaterina Ivanovna casts doubt on the girl's performing skills, although she claims that she is preparing herself for a great musical career. The author also shows changes in the character of Dr. Startsev himself with the help of a description of things: over time, the hero's favorite pastime became sorting and counting the bills "obtained by practice."
6. Reading "Dead Souls", it is impossible not to laugh, and closing the book, it is impossible not to sigh bitterly, mentally repeating the famous words of Pushkin: "God, how sad is our Russia!" Gogol's grotesque world combines the funny and the sad, the ugly and the beautiful - and the funnier it is, the more terrible it is. So, Chichikov's walk around the city.NN. gives the narrator the opportunity to show the provincial sights - however, exclusively in a satirical light. This, for example, a city garden (more precisely, a parody of a garden), in which some thin twigs grew, carefully supported by triangles painted with green paint, but, according to the provincial press, it was possible to relax here among "shady, wide-branching trees that give cool on a sultry day. " This is a pretentious sign: "Foreigner Vasily Fyodorov." , these are street tables, on which were laid out nuts, soap and gingerbread, similar to soap (it immediately seems for some reason that the taste of gingerbread resembles soap). Funny mezzanines on houses can be considered beautiful only "in the opinion of the provincial architects." A tour of such a city - "Kunstkamera" is amusing, but is it possible to live in it permanently?
Bitter comicism accompanies the story of Uncle Mitya and Uncle Minya, who cannot untangle the horses and just walk around them uselessly and change from one to the other. The author's sly grin is heard in the story of "Two Russian Men" philosophizing about the wheel at the inn (will this wheel reach Kazan or not?), But are not all their intellectual capabilities exhausted by these empty reasoning with the most serious air?
Caricature images of landowners are created thanks to precisely observed details of everyday life. It is enough for Gogol to mention Korobochka's addiction to collecting various things in boxes, drawers, chests - and the terrifying "mud of little things" turns out to be very clear to the reader. Contradicting not only aesthetic taste, but also common sense, the proximity of the portrait of Kutuzov with some birds in the living room of Korobochka is even funnier, but in this illogism the frightening stupidity of the hostess finds expression, which Chichikov estimated in one word - "club-headed".
For each representative of the provincial government, Gogol also has some vivid characteristic that turns types into "individuality", although this word is hardly applicable to "dead souls" of officials. This list could be continued further, but it is important to emphasize something else: for Gogol to make readers laugh is not an end in itself. Most often it is the bitter laugh of a writer, a patriot, who realizes the tragic incongruity of Russian life, its absurdity, its squalor. But it is this Russia that Gogol deeply, sincerely and selflessly loves, it is her future that he paints with bright, poetic colors in the finale of the poem, for her sake he chooses the difficult path of a satirist-writer.
N.V. Gogol
"I swear, I will do something that an ordinary person does not do ... This is a great turning point, a great era in my life" (in a letter to VA Zhukovsky)
“If I make this creation the way I need to make it, then… what a huge, what an original plot! What a diverse bunch! All Russia will appear in it! This will be the first decent thing that will bear my name "(Zhukovsky V.A.)
1. The plotCollegiate counselor Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov arrives in the provincial town of NN and settles in a hotel. He asks many questions to the tavern servant about city officials, about the most significant landowners. Then the hero pays visits to officials. At the same time, he displays an unusually active character and courtesy, knows how to say a pleasant word to everyone. At a home party with the governor, he manages to win general favor and make acquaintance with the landowners Manilov and Sobakevich. In the following days, he dines with the chief of police, where he meets the landowner Nozdryov, visits the chairman of the chamber and the vice-governor, the tax farmer and the prosecutor. After that, Chichikov visits the landlords, buys "dead souls" from them and returns to the city of NN. Shopping makes a splash in the city, rumors spread that he is a millionaire. However, soon Nozdryov appears in the city and asks how much Chichikov has sold the dead. Korobochka finally compromises Chichikova, who came to find out if she had made too much money with the sale of "dead souls". The officials are at a loss and are trying to find out who Chichikov is. Chichikov himself, sitting in the hotel with a slight cold, wonders why none of the officials visit him. Finally, having recovered, he goes on visits and discovers that the governor does not accept him, and in other places they fearfully avoid him. Nozdryov, who visited him at the hotel, somewhat clarifies the situation. The next day Chichikov hurriedly leaves the city.
In the finale, the author tells the story of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov's life, his childhood, education, relationships with comrades and a teacher, his service in the treasury chamber, the commission for the construction of a government building, the subsequent departure to other places, the transition to the customs service, where he did great money in collusion with smugglers, went bankrupt, but dodged the criminal court, although he was forced to resign. He became an attorney and during and during the trouble of bailing the peasants came up with a plan, went on a trip to Russia in order to buy dead souls, put them on the board of trustees as living, get money, buy, perhaps, a village and provide for future offspring ...
Themes and problems of the poem.Topic - all Russia ... Problems:socio-social, moral, philosophical. Study of pressing issues of that time: the state of landlord economies, the moral character of landlords and officials, their relationship with the people, the fate of the people and the homeland. What is man? What is the meaning and purpose of human life?
Poem composition
Chapter 1 is an extended introduction to the poem. We know nothing about Chichikov. The story is dynamic, businesslike. Sketch portraits of officials and landowners with whom Chichikov met are given. We don't know anything about him either.
2-6 chapters - the image of the landlords. Each chapter devoted to the landowners is built according to the same plan: a description of the estate, the interior, the landowner's appearance, the meeting of the owner with Chichikov, a joint dinner, the scene of the sale and purchase. The culmination is the purchase of "dead souls". Helps to emphasize the uniformity of the phenomenon.
7-10 chapters - the image of the provincial city. Chapter 10 includes "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin".
Chapter 11 - Chichikov's decision to flee the city. Biography of Chichikov. Now we can better understand the actions of this hero.
The meaning of the name
· Historical - lists (revision) of peasants. The lists compiled during the revision were called revision lists, the peasants entered in them - revision souls. According to this list, landowners paid tax to the treasury, "dead souls" are dead peasants who are still on the lists.
· Real ... Behind the conventional designation of the deceased are real people whom the landowner can sell or exchange. Contrasting the living and the dead.
· Metaphorical (figurative). Herzen wrote: "... Not revision - dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and others - these are dead souls, and we meet them at every step" "Dead souls" here denote deadness, lack of spirituality. Physical being is not yet life. Human life is unthinkable without real spiritual movements. And the "masters of life"
dead.
Officials.
· A real disaster for the people. The basis of this environment is theft, bribes, honoring, mutual responsibility.
· Classification. Gogol divides them into "fat" and "thin". Gives a sarcastic characterization. The subtle ones are ordinary-looking scribes and secretaries, often bitter drunkards. Tolstoy - provincial nobility, deftly deriving considerable income from their high position.
· Portraits of officials. Given are surprisingly capacious miniature portraits of officials. Ivan Antonovich Jug snout. Extorts bribes. Compares with Virgil. At first glance, such a comparison is paradoxical, but if you think about it, then the comparison has a deep meaning: like a Roman poet, an official leads Chichikov through all circles of bureaucratic hell. A distinctive feature of the governor is a kind-hearted person who knows how to embroider on tulle. There is nothing more to say about him as the head of the city. The chief of police visited the shops and the seating yard as if he were in his own storeroom. The prosecutor always thoughtlessly signed papers. It was rumored that the reason for his death was the purchase of "dead souls" by Chichikov. Chichikov at his funeral comes to the conclusion that the only thing that the deceased remembered was thick black eyebrows.
· Officials in The Tale of Captain Kopeikin. Arbitrariness of high officials, lawlessness ..
5. "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" (Chapter 10)
· Subject connection. The postmaster is trying to convince all officials that Chichikov is Kopeikin. As if this story has nothing to do with the plot of the work, because there are no common characters, there is no connection with events, but the theme of the mortification of the human soul is the main one.
· Captain Kopeikin - disabled in the wars of 1812. His arm and leg were torn off. A heroic and sad fate. But he is an honest man. Strong and courageous man, full of dignity. A striking contrast to the world of officials. Doesn't even have a pension due to him. Can't find help in the capital. The minister, to whom he turned, ordered to expel the persistent petitioner from the capital. Kopeikin had no choice but to lead the "gang of robbers" in the Ryazan forests.
6. Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. (Chapter 11)
· Childhood. Sad, joyless. Lack of wealth. A spiritually beggarly childhood.
· Father's order: please teachers and bosses, do not hang out with your comrades, but hang around with those who are richer, do not treat, do not treat, save a penny.
· Fulfilled the father's order. He warned any desire of the teacher, did not spend half a dollar, but increased it: a mouse, food for classmates. A kind of upbringing system, lack of talents, practical intelligence, resourcefulness, the ability to get into trust, to cheat without a twinge of conscience.
· At the service. Ability to navigate in any environment. Flexibility and resourcefulness. Pleasing the boss. I changed two or three places of service, got to customs. I carried out a risky operation, in which I first became rich, but then lost everything.
· Decision to start buying up "dead souls"
· Appearance in the provincial town. I managed to find an approach to everyone. Can be sentimental, flattering, respectful and obsequious, restrained and businesslike, cheeky and rude. Even in the most difficult moments of life, he is not lost, he knows how to get out of the water dry. Chichikov's chameleon essence is perfectly conveyed in his speech. Knows how to pronounce the words "with weight". He selects words so that their true meaning is not clear to the interlocutor. Everyone can adopt a characteristic intonation. Comprehended "the great secret to please." Indomitable energy. Militant meanness.
· Chichikov in the system of images
| Manilov | Chichikov |
| "Manilov, kind by nature, even noble, lived fruitlessly in the village, did not do any good to anyone, vulgarized, became cloying with his kindness" (Gogol) Sweetness, cloying, indefiniteness, courtesy. Naive, complacent. Empty thoughtfulness. Uncertainty of character. Contrast between imaginary significance and true insignificance. “Here Manilov, who made some movement with his head, looked very significantly into Chichikov’s face, showing in all his features and in his compressed lips such a deep expression, which, perhaps, was not seen on a human face, except in some clever minister, and even then at the moment of the most puzzling business "(sale of" dead souls ") A house built like a castle on a mountain, open to all winds, a frail English garden, an uncleaned house, a book open on page 14, neat slides of smoked tobacco, disorder in the kitchen and in the household are the result of complete impracticality and mismanagement. Ridiculous dreams. The word "manilovism" has become a household word. "Name day of the heart". | A well-meaning person (governor), an efficient person (prosecutor) A respectable and kind person (police chief) A kind and courteous person (wife of the police chief) An agreeable person (Sobakevich) |
| Box | Chichikov |
| Stinginess, pettiness. Contrast with Manilov. In terms of his mental development, he is below all other landowners. "Dubinhead". She runs the household stupidly and greedily. Fanatically suspicious. Complete lack of purpose: why is saving. When selling "dead souls": "what if they" are somehow needed on the farm. " Concerned about only one thing - a penny benefit. The money collected in the bags is a dead weight. Her world is narrow and wretched. Everything unusual arouses fear and mistrust in her. It is she who will lead to the death of Chichikov when she comes to the city to find out how much dead souls are sold. The voice of the author: "However, Chichikov was needlessly angry: he was a different and respectable and even statesman, but in fact it turns out a perfect Korobochka." | Chichikov's boxes and bags, everything is laid out in them with the same pedantry |
| Nozdryov | Chichikov |
| Always cheerful, fresh, full, with jet-black sideburns. Narcissism. There is not even a hint of Korobochka's hoarding. A kind of "breadth of nature". A reveler, a liar, all the time gets into history, he was repeatedly beaten for an unclean game of cards. Willingness to betray. With a light heart, he loses money at cards, buys a lot of unnecessary things. Reckless braggart and utter liar. In a way it resembles Khlestakov. A liar by calling and conviction. A slicker and brawler, always behaves insolently, defiantly. Chichikov was ruined by his gossip. | The desire to please everyone is a need and a necessity |
| Sobakevich | Chichikov |
| Cynicism. Rudeness, tight-fistedness. A prudent owner, a cunning merchant. He is not verbose, has an iron grip, on his own mind, there are few of those who managed to deceive Sobakevich. Everything is solid and strong. The means of characterization are things. The spiritual world is so wretched that a thing may well show its inner essence. All things remind the owner: "I am Sobakevich too." Reminds me of a "medium-sized bear". Rough, animal power, not a single human thought moves in the head. Brutal cruelty and cunning. An experienced practitioner. "Man-fist". "There seemed to be no soul in this body at all." But this clumsy bear and rude swearing man transforms when he begins to talk about his peasants. Of course, he wants to sell the dead at a higher price, but a strong owner knows and values \u200b\u200bhis peasants-workers. He calls his wife "darling." Direct conversation between two scammers. Two predators are afraid to miss and be deceived. | Nozdrev's opinion: there is “no straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich. |
| Plyushkin | Chichikov |
| Pointless gathering, storage of unnecessary things. He was experienced, enterprising, hardworking. Loneliness increased his suspicion and stinginess. "A hole in humanity." Scary and tragic. The devastated soul of a curmudgeon, everything human is suppressed. All stocks become unusable. Cursed the children. There are no relatives or friends. All ties with people have been severed. In everyone he sees his destroyer. A slave to his own good. Constant fear for your property brings you to the brink of mental decay. But a picturesque garden grows, where the omnipotent nature resists the thoughtless owner. | While exploring the city, Chichikov "tore off the poster nailed to the post ... rolled it up neatly and put it in his little chest, where he used to put everything that came across ..." |
| Methods of depicting landowners: direct characterization (Chichikov). The expressiveness of the portrait, the environment, the attitude to the sale of "dead souls", speech. |
Images of peasants
· The world of "dead souls" is opposed by the image of people's Russia. Gogol writes about folk prowess, courage, love for a free life. At the same time, even the tone of the author's narration changes. Sad thoughts and a soft joke appear in it. The theme of the people becomes one of the key ones in the poem. The tragic fate of disadvantaged people can be traced in the images of serfs. Serfdom leads to complete dullness and savagery. A striking example is the serf girl Pelageya, who cannot distinguish between right and left, the downtrodden Proshka and Mavra, the footman Petrushka, who sleeps without undressing and "always carries with him some special smell."
The best features of the peasants, helping to represent the collective image of the people, its national character: the talent of the people (coachman Mikheev. Shoemaker Telyatnikov, brick-maker Milushkin, carpenter Stepan Probka; sharpness and accuracy of the Russian word, depth of feelings reflected in sincere Russian songs, breadth and generosity soul, manifested in bright and cheerful folk festivals.
· There are images-symbols. Fugitive peasant Abakum Fyrov. A person endowed with breadth of soul, freedom-loving and proud, not willing to put up with oppression and humiliation. He preferred the hard but free life of the haulers. This is a real Russian hero
Road theme
· Symbol of human life... In the author's perception, human life is a difficult path, full of hardships and trials. But life is not aimless if it is filled with an awareness of its duty to the Fatherland. The image of the road becomes a through image in the poem (the poem begins with it, and ends with it).
"Take away with you on the way, leaving the mild youthful years in the harsh hardening courage, take with you all human movements, do not leave them on the road, do not pick them up later!"
· Composite rod.Gogol's idea is "to travel with the hero all over Russia and to bring out a multitude of very diverse characters." Chichikova's chaise is a symbol of the monotonous whirling of the soul of a Russian man who has gone astray. And the country roads along which this chaise drives are not only a realistic picture of the Russian off-road, but also a symbol of the crooked path of national development.
· The fate of Russia is a “bird-three”.A symbol of the great path of Russia on a global scale, a symbol of the national element of Russian life. Its impetuous flight opposes the spinning of the Chichikovskaya chaise.
· Lyrical digressions:about "thick" and "thin", reminiscent of "flies on a shining white sugar », about the ability to address in Russia , about landlords , about true and false patriotism , about the spiritual fall of man (Chapter 6, "And a man could condescend to such insignificance, pettiness, disgusting! Could change so much! And does it look like the truth? Everything looks like the truth, everything can happen to a person") ... Lyrical hero. Laughing at the comic of everything that happens, at his heroes, sad because the world is imperfect, a person is imperfect, thinking about the purpose of the writer, dreaming, believing, looking with hope at the bird-three flying through all obstacles - Russia.
Essays
The poem "Dead Souls" was conceived by Gogol as a broad epic canvas in which the author sought to reflect, as in a clear mirror, the life of Russia. The poem depicts Russia in the first third of the 19th century. Together with the main character of the work, the reader travels across Russia, looks into its most remote corners.
The first to be depicted in the poem are officials. Every single member of this class is an ugly, ignorant, petty, cowardly and wretched creature. For the most part, this is a huge force: bound by mutual responsibility, officials have adapted morality and law to themselves. On the fertile soil of bureaucracy, bribery, sycophancy, dirty tricks, pettiness of interests, and the pursuit of entertainment flourish.
Each of the landowners does not live, but exists. Landlords do not create any values, human nature is completely distorted in them. Each of the landowners depicted by Gogol has a distinct personality. Each of them has its own "advantages" over others. But there is one sign by which the inhuman essence appears more and more clearly in them. Gogol wrote: "One after another, my heroes follow one more vulgar than the other." Here is the idle dreamer Manilov, who finds it difficult to find words to express what was "boiling in his head." The thrifty "club-headed" landowner Korobochka lives in the shell of her farm. Here is Nozdryov - an irrepressible liar, a braggart, a fighter, a hero of fairground revelry. Here is Sobakevich resembling a medium-sized bear. Plyushkin completes the gallery of landowners. His character is given by the writer in development. “But there was a time when he was only a thrifty owner! He was married and a family man, and a neighbor stopped by to dine with him, listen and learn wise stinginess. Everything flowed vividly and was accomplished in a measured way ... everywhere the keen gaze of the owner entered everything ... "But after the death of his wife, Plyushkin turned into a" hole in humanity ", lost all human qualities.
These are the heroes N.V. Gogol. His poem can be assessed as a "bitter reproach" to the contemporary writer of Russia. But the poem does not create a pessimistic mood when Gogol talks about his love for the Fatherland, about its vast expanses. This is probably why Gogol's readers are close and understandable to the care and pain of the writer, faith in the bright fate of the country.
Why exactly the story "Fatalist" completes the novel "Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov?
The novel "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov is a work of social and psychological orientation, consisting of five chapters. They are separate stories and are arranged not according to the plot, but according to the plot. This technique allows the author to most fully depict the psychological portrait of the protagonist - Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin, and the reader to imagine his character as objectively as possible.
Readers get an idea of \u200b\u200bPechorin from various sources. In the first chapter of Bela, Pechorin is shown through the eyes of a retired staff captain Maksim Maksimovich, his colleague. Further, the author-narrator describes Pechorin's appearance and gives its social and psychological interpretation in the story "Maxim Maksimych". In Pechorin's diary, which includes "Taman", "Princess Mary" and "Fatalist", the hero conducts an internal introspection. But some of the features of his extraordinary personality can only be learned from other characters. Landscape images also play a significant role.
In my opinion, there are several reasons why the chapter "Fatalist" is the final one in the work.
First, this is due to a kind of "compositional ring". The action of the novel ends in the same fortress in the Caucasus, where the action of the story "Bela" takes place.
Secondly, Pechorin, throughout the entire novel, is looking for the essence of being and ponders for what purpose he exists in this world. In Fatalist, Officer Vulich claims that everything in life is subject to the law of predestination, and on the same day this is confirmed by his death. It does not come from a deliberate attempt to shoot himself, but from the hand of a drunken Cossack who happened to meet him on his way home. Under the influence of this event, Pechorin comes to the conclusion that, perhaps, there is a predestination, but contrary to the divine will, a person himself determines whether to follow this law or not. According to Pechorin, “his whole life was a chain of continuous contradictions between the mind and heart,” therefore in this situation he independently assigns himself a sad fate - to destroy the fate and happiness of other people.
Thus, Lermontov "like a doctor diagnoses a sick eyelid", but "does not indicate a way to cure this disease." It makes readers think about the deep philosophical meaning of the chapter and leaves them in this state ...
