Presentation on history on the theme “Culture of Ancient Greece” of Grade 10 “A” pupils Zenina Daria and Zhuravleva Antonina Mythology of Ancient Greece The mythological culture of Ancient Greece is based on material-sensual or animate-rational cosmologism. The cosmos is understood here as an absolute, a deity and as a work of art. The Greek idea of \u200b\u200bthe world is reduced to the idea of \u200b\u200bit as a theatrical stage, where people are actors, and all together are a product of the Cosmos. Myths about the Greek Gods The Greeks believed in many gods. According to myths, the gods behaved like people: they fought, quarreled, fell in love. They all lived on Olympus Zeus Zeus - the god of the sky, thunder and lightning, in charge of the whole world. Chief of the God-Olympians, father of gods and people, third son of the titan Kronos and Rhea. Brother of Hades, Hestia, Demeter and Poseidon. Zeus's wife is the goddess Hera. Zeus' attributes were: a shield and a double-sided ax, sometimes an eagle. Hades The kingdom of the dead was ruled by Hades, brother of Zeus. Few myths have survived about him. The kingdom of the dead was separated from the rest of the world by the deep river Styx, through which the souls of the dead were transported by CHARON. Cerberus or Kerberus, in Greek myth-making, the watchdog of the kingdom of the dead, guarding the entrance to the world of Hades Poseidon Poseidon (among the Romans, Neptune) was the Greek god of the seas and oceans. He is depicted in the guise of a domineering bearded man, somewhat similar to Zeus, with a trident in his hand. Poseidon is the wildest of the gods, the god of storms and earthquakes, rapid and merciless tidal waves - the dangers that are exposed when the forces that dormant under the surface of consciousness are released. His animal symbols are a bull and a horse. Demeter Demeter was the great Olympic goddess of agriculture, grain, and daily bread for humanity. She also presided over the region's foremost secret cults, whose initiators were promised her patronage on the path to a happy afterlife. Demeter was depicted as a mature woman, often wearing a crown and holding a sheaf of wheat and a torch. Gestia is the goddess of the hearth and sacrificial fire in Ancient Greece. Eldest daughter of Kronos and Rhea. Sister of Zeus, Demeter, Hades and Poseidon a. Her image was in the Athenian Pritaneum. It was called "who owns the Pythian laurel." Hera Gera is the goddess, patroness of marriage, protecting the mother during childbirth. One of the twelve Olympic deities, the supreme goddess, wife of Zeus. Sculpture of Ancient Greece Ancient Greek sculpture is one of the highest achievements of the culture of antiquity, which left an indelible mark on world history. The origin of Greek sculpture can be traced back to the era of Homeric Greece (XII-VIII centuries BC). Already in the archaic era, in the 7th-6th centuries, wonderful statues and ensembles were created. The heyday and highest rise of Greek sculpture fell on the period of the early and high classics (5th century BC). And IV century BC. e., already a period of late classics. The sculptures of the archaic era are dominated by statues of slender naked youths and draped young girls - kuros and barks. Neither childhood nor old age attracted the attention of artists at that time, because only in mature youth the vital forces are in their prime and balance. Early Greek sculptors created images of Man and Woman in their ideal form. Archaic sculptures were not as uniformly white as we imagine them now. Many have preserved traces of coloring. The artists were looking for mathematically verified "Discobolus" Myron "Goddess with the proportion of a human" body "from 460-450 BC. body igranat "Keratea 580-570 architecture The main task of architecture among the Greeks was the construction of temples. It gave birth to and developed artistic forms. Throughout the entire historical life of Ancient Greece, its temples retained the same basic type, which was later adopted by the Ancient Romans. Greek temples did not resemble the temples of Ancient Egypt and the East: they were not colossal, religiously fearsome mysterious temples of formidable, monstrous deities, but welcoming abodes of humanoid gods, arranged like the dwellings of mere mortals, but more graceful and wealthy. * Temple of Apollo The main task of architecture for the Temple of the Greeks was the construction of temples. Throughout the entire historical life of Ancient Greece, its Artemis temples retained the same basic type. the column played an important role in Greek architecture: its forms, proportions and decorative finishing subordinated the forms, proportions and decoration of other parts of the structure; she was the module that defines his style. The columns of Ancient Greece are divided into two styles: o The Doric style is distinguished by its simplicity, power, even the heaviness of its forms, their strict proportionality and full compliance with mechanical laws. Its column is a circle in its section; o In the Ionic style, all forms are lighter, softer and more graceful than in the Doric one. The column stands on a rectangular, rather wide foot * The ancient Greeks painted all types of pottery used for storage, eating, in ceremonies and holidays. Ceramics, especially carefully designed, were donated to temples or invested in burials. Tens of thousands of ceramic vessels and their fragments, which have undergone severe firing, are resistant to environmental influences. From the second half of the 7th century. before the beginning of the 5th century BC. human figures began to appear on the images. The most popular motives for images on vases are feasts, battles, mythological scenes, Centuripska telling about the life of Hercules and the Trojan War. I vase painting In different periods of life, the Greeks used different types of black-figure vase painting: black-figure, red-figure, vase painting on a red-figure white background, gnafia vases, Kanoz, Centurip. vase painting Vase-Gnafia vase painting Vase painting on a white background Ancient Greek writing The ancient Greeks developed their writing on the basis of Phoenician. Some Greek letter names are Phoenician words. For example, the name of the letter "alpha" comes from the Phoenician "aleph" (bull), "beta" - from "bet" (house). They also came up with some new letters. This is how the alphabet turned out. The Greek alphabet already had 24 letters. The Greek alphabet formed the basis for Latin, and Latin became the basis for all Western European languages. The Slavic alphabet also originated from the Greek. The invention of the alphabet is a huge step forward in the development of culture. Of the vast array of works of ancient Greek literature, only very few have survived. The literature of Ancient Greece is divided into two periods: The Archaic period is the main phenomenon - Homeric poems, representing the completion of a long series of lesser experiments in legendary poetry, as well as religious and everyday songwriting. This also includes the Odyssey and the Iliad. The classical period - during this period comedy and tragedy prevailed, reflecting the real political life of the Greeks. Hellenistic period - among the scientific disciplines of that time, philology or literary criticism occupied the first place. The removal of poetry from politics was, as it were, compensated by idyllic pictures of common life - Wikipedia and other Internet resources
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Ancient Greece Myths Introduction
- Introduction
- Zeus overthrows Crohn. The fight of the Olympian gods against the titans
- Fighting Zeus with Typhon
- Aphrodite
- Apollo
- Apollo's struggle with Python and the founding of the Dolphin oracle
- Poseidon and the Sea Deities
- The kingdom of dark Hades
- Religious views of the ancient Greeks about the world of the gods
- Religious ideas and religious life of the ancient Greeks were in close connection with their entire historical life. The gods lived on Mount Olympus. There was a hierarchy between them, as between people: there were the main Gods, minor ones, demigods (heroes in Greek mythology, for example Hercules). The gods were present in the life of the Greeks as naturally as all Greek nature. They often interfered in people's lives, competed with each other for influence on a person.
- An example is the legendary Trojan War, the cause of which was a quarrel between Athena and her relatives, Hero and Aphrodite. According to Greek mythology, all the Gods were relatives, and their ancestors were Zeus and Hera.
- Krohn was not sure that power would forever remain in his hands. He was afraid that children would rise up against him and find him to the same fate to which he had doomed his father Uranus. He was afraid of his children. And Cronus commanded his wife Rhea to bring him the children being born and mercilessly swallowed them. Rhea was horrified, seeing the fate of her children. Already five were swallowed by Cronus: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Aida (Hades) and Poseidon.
- Rhea did not want to lose her last child either. On the advice of her parents, Uranus-Heaven and Gaia-Earth, she retired to the island of Crete, and there, in a deep cave, her youngest son Zeus was born. In this cave, Rhea hid her son from her cruel father, and gave him a long stone wrapped in diapers to swallow instead of his son. Krohn did not suspect that he was deceived by his wife.
- Zeus, meanwhile, was growing up in Crete. The nymphs Adrastea and Idea cherished little Zeus, they fed him with the milk of the divine goat Amalfea. Bees carried honey to little Zeus from the slopes of the high mountain Dikta. At the entrance to the cave, young kurets hit their shields with swords whenever little Zeus cried so that Cronus would not hear him cry, and Zeus would not suffer the fate of his brothers and sisters.
- The beautiful and mighty god Zeus grew up and matured. He rebelled against his father and forced him to bring back the children he had absorbed into the world. One after another, from the mouth of Cronus, he cast out his children-gods, beautiful and bright. They began a struggle with Kron and the Titans for world power.
- This struggle was terrible and stubborn. Crohn's children established themselves on high Olympus. Some of the titans also took their side, and the first were the titan Ocean and his daughter Styx and the children of Zeal, Power and Victory. This struggle was dangerous for the Olympian gods.
- Titans, their opponents, were powerful and formidable. But Zeus came to the aid of the cyclops. They forged him thunder and lightning, and Zeus threw them into titans. The struggle had been going on for ten years, but the victory did not lean towards either side.
- Finally, Zeus decided to free from the bowels of the earth the hundred-handed giants-hecatoncheires; he called them for help. Terrible, huge as mountains, they emerged from the bowels of the earth and rushed into battle. They tore off whole rocks from the mountains and threw them at the titans. Hundreds of rocks flew towards the Titans as they approached Olympus. The earth moaned, a roar filled the air, everything around was vibrating. Even Tartarus shuddered from this struggle.
- Zeus threw fiery lightning and deafening thunders one after another. The fire engulfed the entire earth, the seas boiled, smoke and stench covered everything in a thick veil.
- Finally, the mighty titans wavered. Their strength was broken, they were defeated. The Olympians fettered them and cast them into gloomy Tartarus, into eternal darkness. At the copper indestructible gates of Tartarus, one hundred-handed hecatoncheires stood guard, and they are guarding so that the mighty titans do not break free from Tartarus again. The power of the titans in the world has passed.
- But the struggle did not end there. Gaia-Earth was angry with the Olympian Zeus for doing so harshly with her defeated Titan children. She married the gloomy Tartarus and gave birth to the terrible hundred-headed monster Typhon. Huge, with a hundred dragon heads, Typhon rose from the bowels of the earth.
- With a wild howl he shook the air. The barking of dogs, human voices, the roar of an angry bull, the roar of a lion were heard in this howl. A stormy flame swirled around Typhon, and the ground shook under his heavy steps. The gods shuddered with horror But Zeus the Thunderer boldly rushed at him, and the battle broke out.
- Lightning flashed again in the hands of Zeus, and thunder was heard. The earth and the firmament shook to the ground. The earth flared up again with a bright flame, as during the fight against the titans. The seas were seething with Typhon's approach.
- Hundreds of fiery arrows-lightnings of the thunderer Zeus fell; it seemed that from their fire the very air was burning and dark thunderclouds were burning. Zeus incinerated Typhon all of his hundred heads. Typhon fell to the ground; such heat emanated from his body that everything around him melted.
- Zeus raised the body of Typhon and threw it into the gloomy Tartarus, which gave birth to him. But in Tartarus, Typhon also threatens the gods and all living things. He causes storms and eruptions; he gave birth to the Echidna, half-woman, half-snake, the terrible two-headed dog Orff, the hellish dog Cerberus, the Lernaean hydra and the Chimera; Typhon often shakes the ground.
- The Olympian gods defeated their enemies. No one else could resist their power. They could now quietly rule the world. The most powerful of them, the thunderer Zeus, took the sky for himself, Poseidon - the sea, and Hades - the underworld of the souls of the dead.
- The land remained in common possession. Although the sons of Cronus shared the power over the world among themselves, Zeus, the ruler of the sky, reigns over all of them; he rules over people and gods, he knows everything in the world.
- The great goddess Hera, the wife of the aegis Zeus, patronizes marriage and protects the sanctity and inviolability of marriage unions. She sends numerous offspring to the spouses and blesses the mother during the birth of the child.
- The great goddess Hera, after the Blood defeated by Zeus, vomited her and her brothers and sisters from her lips, her mother Rhea carried to the end of the earth to the gray Ocean; there she raised Hera Thetis. Hera lived for a long time away from Olympus, in peace and quiet.
- The great Thunderer Zeus saw her, fell in love and kidnapped her from Thetis. The gods magnificently celebrated the wedding of Zeus and Hera. Iris and the Harites clothed Hera in luxurious clothes, and she shone with her young, majestic beauty among the host of the gods of Olympus, sitting on a golden throne next to the great king of gods and people, Zeus.
- All the gods brought gifts to the mistress Hera, and the goddess Earth-Gaia raised from her bowels as a gift to Hera a wondrous apple tree with golden fruits. Everything in nature glorified Queen Hera and King Zeus.
- Hera reigns on high Olympus. She commands, like her husband Zeus, thunder and lightning, at her word dark rain clouds cover the sky, with a wave of her hand she raises formidable storms.
- The great Hera is beautiful, hairy, lily-handed, wondrous curls fall from under her crown in a wave, her eyes burn with power and calm greatness. The gods honor Hera, her husband, the cloud-exterminator Zeus, also honors her, and often consults with her. But quarrels between Zeus and the Hero are not uncommon. Hera often objects to Zeus and argues with him on the advice of the gods. Then the thunderer becomes angry and threatens his wife with punishment. Then Hera falls silent and restrains his anger. She remembers how Zeus subjected her to scourging, how he bound her with golden chains and hung her between earth and sky, tying two heavy anvils to her feet.
- Hera is powerful, there is no goddess equal to her in power. Majestic, in long luxurious clothes, woven by Athena herself, in a chariot drawn by two immortal horses, she drives off Olympus. The chariot is all made of silver, the wheels are of pure gold, and their spokes sparkle with brass. The fragrance spreads on the ground where Hera passes. All living things bow before her, the great queen of Olympus.
- Aphrodite was originally the goddess of the sky, sending rain, and also, apparently, the goddess of the sea. The myth of Aphrodite and her cult was strongly influenced by Eastern influence, mainly by the cult of the Phoenician goddess Astarte. Gradually, Aphrodite becomes the goddess of love. The god of love Eros (Cupid) is her son.
- Not the pampered, windy goddess Aphrodite to intervene in bloody battles. She awakens love in the hearts of gods and mortals. Thanks to this power, she reigns over the whole world.
- No one can escape her power, not even the gods. Only the warrior Athena, Hestia and Artemis are not subject to her power. Tall, slender, with delicate features, with a soft wave of golden hair, like a crown lying on her beautiful head, Aphrodite is the personification of divine beauty and unfading youth. When she walks, in the splendor of her beauty, in fragrant clothes, then the sun shines brighter, flowers bloom more magnificently.
- Wild forest animals run to her from the thicket of the forest; birds flock to her as she walks through the forest. Lions, panthers, leopards and bears meekly caress her. Aphrodite walks calmly among wild animals, proud of her radiant beauty. Her companions Ora and Harita, the goddess of beauty to grace, serve her. They dress the goddess in luxurious clothes, comb her golden hair, and crown her head with a sparkling diadem.
- Near the island of Kythera, Aphrodite, the daughter of Uranus, was born from the snow-white foam of the sea waves. A light, caressing breeze brought her to the island of Cyprus. There, young Ora were surrounded by the goddess of love who emerged from the sea waves. They clothed her in golden-weaved clothes and crowned her with a wreath of fragrant flowers ..
- Wherever Aphrodite walked, flowers flourished there. The whole air was full of fragrance. Eros and Gimeroth led the wondrous goddess to Olympus. The gods greeted her loudly. Since then, the golden Aphrodite, forever young, the most beautiful of the goddesses, has always lived among the gods of Olympus.
- The god of light, golden-haired Apollo, was born on the island of Delos. His mother Latona, driven by the anger of the goddess Hera, could not find shelter anywhere. Pursued by the dragon Python sent by the Hero, she wandered around the world and finally took refuge on Delos, which in those days was rushing along the waves of the stormy sea. As soon as Latona entered Delos, huge pillars rose from the depths of the sea and stopped this deserted island.
- He became unshakable in the place where he still stands. All around Delos the sea was rustling. The cliffs of Delos rose dejectedly, bare without the slightest vegetation. Only seagulls found shelter on these rocks and resounded them with their sad cry.
- But then the god of light Apollo was born, and streams of bright light flooded everywhere. They filled the rocks of Delos like gold. Everything around bloomed, sparkled: the coastal rocks, and Mount Kint, and the valley, and the sea. The goddesses who had gathered on Delos loudly praised the born god, offering him ambrosia and nectar. All nature around rejoiced along with the goddesses.
- The young, radiant Apollo rushed across the azure sky with a cithara in his hands, with a silver bow over his shoulders; golden arrows rang loudly in his quiver. Proud, exultant, Apollo rushed high above the earth, threatening everything evil, everything generated by darkness. He strove to the place where the formidable Python lived, who pursued his mother Latona; he wanted to take revenge on him for all the evil that he had done to her.
- Apollo quickly reached the gloomy gorge, the abode of Python. Cliffs rose all around, going high into the sky. Darkness reigned in the gorge. Along its bottom, a mountain stream was swiftly rushing, gray with foam, and mists swirled over the stream. The terrible Python crawled out of his lair. His huge body, covered with scales, coiled between the rocks in countless rings. Rocks and mountains trembled with the weight of his body and moved.
- Furious Python gave everything to devastation, he spread death all around. The nymphs and all living things fled in terror. Python rose, mighty, furious, opened his terrible mouth and was ready to devour the golden-haired Apollo. Then there was a ringing of the bowstring of a silver bow, like a spark flashed in the air a golden arrow that knew no miss, followed by another, a third; arrows rained down on Python, and he fell lifeless to the ground.
- The triumphant victory song (pean) of the golden-haired Apollo, the conqueror of Python, sounded loudly, and the golden strings of the god's cithara echoed it. Apollo buried the body of Python in the ground where the sacred Delphi stood, and founded a sanctuary and an oracle in Delphi to divine the will of his father Zeus to people.
- From a high bank far out into the sea, Apollo saw a ship of Cretan sailors. Under the guise of a dolphin, he rushed into the blue sea, overtook the ship and flew up like a radiant star from the sea waves at its stern. Apollo brought the ship to the pier of the city of Chris and through the fertile valley led the Cretan sailors, playing on the golden cithara, to Delphi. He made them the first priests of his sanctuary.
- The god of war, the frantic Ares, is the son of the thunderer Zeus and Hera. Zeus does not like him. He often tells his son that he is the most hated by him among the gods of Olympus. Zeus does not love his son for his bloodthirstiness. If Ares had not been his son, he would have cast him long ago into gloomy Tartarus, where the titans languish. The heart of the fierce Ares delights only in fierce battles. Furious, he rushes amid the roar of weapons, shouts and groans of battle between the fighters, in gleaming weapons, with a huge shield. Following him rush his sons, Deimos and Phobos - horror and fear, and next to them the goddess of discord Eris and the goddess of murder, Enyuo.
- The battle boils, rumbles; Ares rejoices; warriors fall with a groan. Ares triumphs when he slays the warrior with his terrible sword and hot blood rushes to the ground. It strikes indiscriminately both to the right and to the left; a pile of bodies around a cruel god. Fierce, fierce, formidable Ares, but victory does not always accompany him. Ares often has to give in on the battlefield to the warlike daughter of Zeus, Pallas Athena. She defeats Ares with wisdom and a calm consciousness of strength.
- Often mortal heroes gain the upper hand over Ares, especially if the light-eyed Pallas Athena helps them. So the hero Diomedes hit Ares with a copper spear under the walls of Troy. Athena herself directed the blow. The terrible cry of the wounded god spread far across the army of Trojans and Greeks. As if ten thousand warriors screamed at once, entering into a fierce battle, so cried out in pain, covered with copper armor Ares. The Greeks and Trojans shuddered in horror, and the frantic Ares rushed, enveloped in a gloomy cloud, covered in blood, with complaints about Athena to his father Zeus. But Father Zeus did not listen to his complaints. He does not love his son, who only enjoys strife, battles and murders.
- Deep in the depths of the sea stands the wonderful palace of the great brother of the Thunderer Zeus, the earth shaker of Poseidon. Poseidon dominates the seas, and the waves of the sea are obedient to the slightest movement of his hand, armed with a formidable trident. There, in the depths of the sea, lives with Poseidon and his beautiful wife Amphitrite, the daughter of the sea prophetic elder Nereus, who was kidnapped by the great ruler of the sea depths Poseidon from her father. He once saw how she danced round with her Nereid sisters on the coast of the island of Naxos.
- The god of the sea was captivated by the beautiful Amphitrite and wanted to take her away in his chariot. But Amphitrite took refuge with the titan Atlas, who holds the firmament on his mighty shoulders. For a long time Poseidon could not find the beautiful daughter of Nereus. Finally a dolphin opened her hideout to him; for this service Poseidon placed the dolphin among the celestial constellations. Poseidon kidnapped the beautiful daughter of Nereus from Atlas and married her.
- Since then, Amphitrite lives with her husband Poseidon in an underwater palace. High above the palace, sea waves rustle. Hundreds of sea deities surround Poseidon, obedient to his will. Among them is the son of Poseidon Triton, with the thunderous sound of his trumpet from the shell, causing formidable storms. Among the deities are the beautiful sisters of Amphitrite, the Nereids. Poseidon rules over the sea. When he in his chariot, harnessed by marvelous horses, rushes over the sea, then the eternally rustling waves part and give way to the ruler Poseidon.
- Equal to the beauty of Zeus himself, he quickly rushes along the endless sea, and dolphins play around him, fish swim out of the depths of the sea and crowd around his chariot. When Poseidon waves his formidable trident, then, like mountains, sea waves rise, covered with white crests of foam, and a fierce storm rages on the sea. Then the sea shafts beat with a noise against the coastal rocks and shake the earth. But Poseidon extends his trident over the waves, and they calm down. The storm subsides, the sea is calm again, exactly like a mirror, and it splashes barely audibly at the shore - blue, boundless.
- Many deities surround the great brother of Zeus, Poseidon; among them is the prophetic old man of the sea, Nereus, who knows all the hidden secrets of the future. Lies and deception are alien to Nereya; he reveals only the truth to gods and mortals. The advice given by the prophetic elder is wise. Nereus has fifty beautiful daughters. Young Nereids are splashing merrily in the waves of the sea, sparkling among them with their divine beauty. Holding hands, they float out in a row from the depths of the sea and lead a round dance on the shore under the gentle splash of the waves of a calm sea quietly running on the shore. The echo of the coastal rocks then repeats the sounds of their gentle singing, like the quiet roar of the sea. Nereids patronize the sailor and give him a happy voyage.
- Among the deities of the sea - and the elder Proteus, changing, like the sea, his image and transforming, at will, into various animals and monsters. He is also a prophetic god, you just need to be able to catch him unexpectedly, master him and force him to reveal the secret of the future. Among the companions of the earth shaker Poseidon is the god Glaucus, the patron saint of sailors and fishermen, and he has the gift of divination. Often, emerging from the depths of the sea, he opened the future and gave wise advice to mortals. The gods of the sea are powerful, their power is great, but the great brother of Zeus, Poseidon, rules over all of them.
- The gray-haired Ocean flows around all the seas and all the lands - the titan god, equal to Zeus himself in honor and glory. He lives far on the borders of the world, and the affairs of the earth do not disturb his heart. Three thousand sons - river gods and three thousand daughters - oceanids, goddesses of streams and springs, at the Ocean. The sons and daughters of the great ocean god give prosperity and joy to mortals with their ever-rolling living water, they give it to the whole earth and all living things.
- Deep underground reigns the inexorable, gloomy brother of Zeus, Hades. His kingdom is full of darkness and horror. The joyful rays of the bright sun never penetrate there. Abyss leads from the surface of the earth to the sad kingdom of Hades. Gloomy rivers flow in it. All the chilling sacred river Styx flows there, the waters of which the gods themselves swear.
- Cocytus and Acheron roll their waves there; the souls of the dead announce their gloomy shores with their groaning, full of sorrow. In the underworld, Lethe's spring, which gives oblivion to all earthly waters, also flow. In the gloomy fields of the kingdom of Hades, overgrown with the pale flowers of asphodel, ethereal light shadows of the dead rush. They lament their joyless life without light and without desire. Quietly, their moans are heard, subtle, like the rustle of withered leaves driven by the autumn wind. There is no return to anyone from this kingdom of sorrow. The three-headed hellish dog Kerber, on whose neck snakes move with a menacing hiss, guards the exit. The harsh, old Charon, the carrier of the souls of the dead, will not carry a single soul through the gloomy waters of Acheron back to where the sun of life shines brightly. The souls of the dead in the dark kingdom of Hades are doomed to an eternal joyless existence.
- In this kingdom, to which neither the light, nor the joy, nor the sorrows of earthly life reach, the brother of Zeus, Hades, rules. He sits on a golden throne with his wife Persephone. He is served by the unforgiving goddesses of vengeance Erinia. Terrible, with whips and snakes, they pursue the criminal; do not give him a minute of peace and torment him with remorse; nowhere can one hide from them, everywhere they find their prey. At the throne of Hades sit the judges of the kingdom of the dead - Minos and Radamant. Here, at the throne, the god of death Thanat with a sword in his hands, in a black cloak, with huge black wings.
- These wings blow like a grave cold when Thanat flies to the bed of a dying man to cut off a lock of hair from his head with his sword and pluck out his soul. Near Thanat and gloomy Kera. On their wings they fly, frantic, across the battlefield. The Kera rejoice at seeing the slain heroes fall one after another; with their blood-red lips they fall to the wounds, greedily drink the hot blood of the slain and tear out their souls from their bodies.
- Here, at the throne of Hades, and the beautiful, young god of sleep Hypnos. He silently flies on his wings above the ground with poppy heads in his hands and pours a sleeping pill from his horn. He gently touches the eyes of people with his wonderful rod, quietly closes his eyelids and plunges mortals into a sweet sleep. The mighty god Hypnos, neither mortals nor gods, nor even the thunderer Zeus himself can resist him: and Hypnos closes his terrible eyes and plunges him into a deep sleep.
- The gods of dreams are worn in the dark kingdom of Hades. Among them there are gods who give prophetic and joyful dreams, but there are gods and terrible, oppressive dreams that frighten and torment people. There are gods and deceitful dreams, they mislead a person and often lead him to death. The kingdom of the inexorable Hades is full of darkness and horror. There is a terrible ghost of Empusa with donkey legs wandering in the darkness; it, luring people into a secluded place in the darkness of the night by cunning, drinks all the blood and devours their still quivering bodies.
- The monstrous Lamia also roams there; she sneaks into the bedroom of happy mothers at night and steals their children to drink their blood. All ghosts and monsters are ruled by the great goddess Hecate. She has three bodies and three heads. On a moonless night, she wanders in deep darkness along the roads and by the graves with all her terrible retinue, surrounded by Stygian dogs. She sends horrors and heavy dreams to earth and ruins people. Hecate is called as a helper in witchcraft, but she is also the only helper against witchcraft for those who honor her and sacrifice to her at the crossroads where three roads diverge.
- The kingdom of Hades is terrible, and people hate it.
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Myth and mythology. Myth is a peculiar form of the world perception of an ancient man, the desire to understand the world. Myth as an aesthetic phenomenon. The main categories of myths. The rise of myths. Myth (from the Greek mythos ("mythos") - legend, legend) is the oldest form of man's presentation of his worldview. Mythology 1) A set of myths (stories, stories about gods, heroes, demons, spirits, etc.), reflecting the fantastic ideas of people in pre-class and early class society about the world, nature and human existence. 2) Science that studies myths (their origin, content, distribution). In the process of transferring knowledge, information about ordinary and unusual phenomena from generation to generation, a special form of consolidating the memory of mankind is formed - a myth. Myths are a complex cultural phenomenon. They peculiarly capture the ancient history of mankind, and each new generation of modern people reads it in the spirit of assimilated (or lost) cultural traditions. Ancient man in the form of myths and legends tried to answer such global questions as the emergence of the most important phenomena of nature, animals and humans. A significant part of mythology was made up of cosmogonic myths dedicated to the origin and structure of the universe as a whole. Much attention in myths is paid to various stages of people's life, the secrets of birth and death, the knowledge of posthumous existence or nonexistence, various tests that a person undergoes on the path of life. A special place is occupied by myths about the achievements of people: making fire, inventing crafts, developing agriculture, taming wild animals, etc. Etiological myths (literally "causal", that is, explanatory) are myths that explain the appearance of various natural and cultural features and social facilities. Cosmogonic myths tell about the origin of the cosmos as a whole and its parts, connected in a single system. Part of the cosmogonic myths are anthropogonic myths - about the origin of man, the first people, or tribal ancestors (the tribe in myths is often identified with "real people", with humanity). Calendar myths are closely connected with the cycle of calendar rituals, as a rule, with agricultural magic, focused on the regular change of the seasons, especially on the revival of vegetation in spring (solar motives are also interwoven here), to ensure the harvest. Heroic myths record the most important moments of the life cycle, are built around the biography of the hero and may include his miraculous birth, trials from older relatives or hostile demons, the search for a wife and marital trials, the fight against monsters and other feats, the death of the hero. Eschatological myths about the “last” things, about the end of the world, arise relatively late and are based on the models of calendar myths, myths about the change of eras, and cosmogonic myths. In contrast to cosmogonic myths, eschatological myths tell not about the emergence of the world and its elements, but about their destruction - the destruction of land in a global flood, the chaos of space, etc.
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Mythological heroes and characters. Mythological heroes - characters of ancient Greek myths Heroes (from the Greek ἥρωας, "valiant husband, leader") are children of a deity or descendants of a deity and mortal man. Usually mythological heroes were endowed with great physical strength and cruelty. The main difference between heroes and gods is that heroes are mortal. Most heroes are warriors who destroy ancient monsters and fight among themselves. With the development of ancient culture, heroes, in addition to traditional military prowess, began to be endowed with special wisdom, musical gift or cunning. The heroes-diviners (Tiresias, Amphiarai, Kalchant, Trophonius, Pug (diviner), Branch, Idmon), hero-masters (Daedalus, Zeta and Amphion), hero-musicians (Orpheus, Lin), legislators (Theseus) stand out. A peculiar niche was occupied by Odysseus, a cunning hero. The hero is called upon to fulfill the will of the Olympians on earth among people, ordering life and introducing justice, measure, laws into it, despite the ancient spontaneity and disharmony. Usually the hero is endowed with exorbitant strength and superhuman capabilities, but he is deprived of immortality, which remains the privilege of a deity. Hence the discrepancy and contradiction between the limited capabilities of a mortal being and the desire of the heroes to assert themselves in immortality. Genealogical tables of mythological characters mentioned by Sophocles Mythological characters MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND PLOTS
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olympus Olympus (O l u m p o z) is a mountain in Thessaly where the gods live. The name Olympus is of pre-Greek origin (a possible connection with the Indo-European root ulu / uelu, "to rotate", that is, an indication of the roundness of the peaks) and belongs to a number of mountains in Greece and Asia Minor. On Olympus are the palaces of Zeus and other gods, built and decorated by Hephaestus. The gates of Olympus are opened and closed by the mountains (daughters of Zeus and Themis) when they ride out in golden chariots. Olympus is thought of as a symbol of the supreme power of a new generation of Olympian gods who defeated the titans.
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Zeus Zeus, Diy (Z e u z) · the supreme deity, the father of gods and people, the head of the Olympic family of gods. Zeus is a primordial Greek deity; his name is of purely Indo-European origin and means "bright sky". In antiquity, the etymology of the word "Zeus" was associated with the roots of the Greek words "life", "boiling", "irrigation", "that through which everything exists." Zeus is the son of Kronos (hence the names Zeus Kronid, Kronion) and Rhea, he belongs to the third generation of gods who overthrew the second generation - the titans. Zeus's father, afraid of being deposed by his children, swallowed every time the child just born by Rhea. Rhea deceived her husband, allowing him to swallow a wrapped stone instead of the born Zeus, and the baby, secret from his father, was sent to Crete on Mount Dikta. According to another version, Rhea gave birth to Zeus in the cave of Mount Dikta and entrusted his upbringing to the Kurets and Koribants, who fed him with the milk of the goat Amalfea. It was in Crete that the most ancient fetishistic symbols of veneration for Zeus of Crete were preserved: a double ax (labrys), a magic weapon that kills and gives life, a destructive and creative force.
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Apollo Apollo, in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and the Titanide Leto, the twin brother of the virgin goddess of the hunt Artemis. He occupied one of the main places in the Greek and Roman traditions and was considered an arrow god, a soothsayer, a luminous patron of the arts.
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Dionysus Dionysus, (Roman. Bacchus, Bacchus) in Greek mythology, the eternally young god of the fertile forces of the earth, vegetation, viticulture and winemaking, known as the "god with bull's horns", because he loved to take the form of this mighty animal, the son of Zeus and the Theban princess Semele. Zeus, who appeared before the princess in a flash of lightning, accidentally incinerated his mortal beloved, but managed to snatch the premature Dionysus from the flame and sewed him into his thigh. In due time, God gave birth to a child and gave it to nymphs to raise. Having matured, Dionysus, wandering through the candle, met Ariadne abandoned by Theseus and married Pei. Dionysus was famous as a god who frees people from worries and removes the fetters of measured life, therefore, the procession of Dionysus was ecstatic; it was attended by satyrs, bacchantes and maenads.
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Neptune Neptune is one of the most ancient gods of the Roman pantheon. He was identified with the god of Greek mythology Poseidon. In ancient Rome, on July 23, a holiday was celebrated in honor of the god Neptune, hoping in this way to save the harvest from drought. Almost nothing is known about the origin of this god, but the fact that Neptune has always been associated with water is beyond doubt. The retinue of the god consisted of such deities as Salacia and Vanilia. The Romans identified Salacia with the Greek goddesses Thetis and Amphitrite. Basically, Neptune was revered by people who were somehow connected with the sea: sailors, merchants, fishermen. The protection of horses was also attributed to this god. In honor of the equestrian Neptune, festivities and equestrian competitions were held.
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Jupiter Jupiter, in Roman mythology, the almighty god of the sky, the king of the gods. Jupiter was revered as the supreme deity, the lord of thunder and lightning. One of his nicknames - Lucetius ("luminous") - indicates that he was also considered the god of light. The image of Jupiter combined the features of many ancient Italic deities. He was credited with patronage of agriculture, protection of borders; God monitored the observance of oaths and granted the generals victory in battle. Roman generals, returning with triumph from their campaigns, brought thanksgiving sacrifices to Jupiter and carried laurel wreaths to his temple.
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Aurora Aurora in ancient Greek mythology is the goddess of the morning dawn. The word "aurora" comes from the Latin aura, which means "predawn breeze". The ancient Greeks called Aurora the ruddy dawn, the rosy goddess Eos. Aurora was the daughter of the titan Hiperion and Theia (in another version: the sun - Helios and the moon - Selena). From Astrea and Aurora came all the stars burning in the dark night sky, and all the winds: stormy northern Boreas, eastern Evrus, humid southern Not and gentle western wind Zephyr, carrying abundant rains.
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Athena Athena, in Greek mythology, the goddess of wisdom, just war and crafts, daughter of Zeus and the titanide Metis. Zeus, having learned that the son of Metis would deprive him of power, swallowed his pregnant wife, and then he himself gave birth to a completely adult Athena, who, with the help of Hephaestus, came out of his head in full military clothing. Athena was, as it were, part of Zeus, the performer of his plans and will. She is the thought of Zeus, realized in action. Her attributes are a snake and an owl, as well as aegis, a goatskin shield, decorated with the head of a snake-haired Medusa, possessing magical powers, frightening gods and people. According to one version, the statue of Athena, palladium, allegedly fell from heaven; hence her name is Pallas Athena.
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Themis Themis, in ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of justice. The Greeks called the goddess by different names, for example Temida, Temis. Themis was the daughter of the sky god Uranus and Gaia, the second wife of Zeus and the mother of numerous offspring. Her daughters were the goddesses of fate - moira. In one of the legends, Themis acts as the mother of the titan Prometheus, who dedicated her son to the secret of the fate of Zeus. The Thunderer was to die from one of his children, born to Thetis. In the myth of Prometheus, it is said that the hero discovered this secret only after thousands of years of torment, to which Zeus had doomed him. In Olympia, the inhabitants of Ancient Greece set altars to Zeus, Gaia and Themis side by side, which shows how much they honored this goddess of law and order.
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Hades Hades, Hades, Pluto ("invisible", "terrible"), in Greek mythology, the god of the kingdom of the dead, as well as the kingdom itself. Son of Kronos and Rhea, brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia. When the world was divided after the overthrow of his father, Zeus took the sky for himself, Poseidon - the sea, and Hades - the underworld; the brothers agreed to rule the land together. The second name of Hades was Polydegmon ("recipient of many gifts"), which is associated with the countless shadows of the dead living in his domain. The messenger of the gods, Hermes, conveyed the souls of the dead to the ferryman Charon, who transported only those who could pay for the crossing through the underground river Styx. The entrance to the underworld of the dead was guarded by the three-headed dog Cerberus (Cerberus), who did not allow anyone to return to the world of the living.
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Hercules Hercules - in Greek mythology - Greek folk hero, the son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene. In the service of Eurystheus, Hercules performed twelve feats: -1- strangled the Nemean lion with his hands; -2- killed the Lernaean hydra -3- caught the Erimanthian boar alive; -4- caught the Kerineys doe; -5- exterminated the Stymphalian birds; -6- got the belt of the queen of the Amazons Hippolyta; -7- cleared the stables of Avgius; -8- mastered the Cretan fire-breathing bull; -9- defeated King Diomedes; -10- stole the cows of Geryon and the three-headed giant; -11- got the golden apples of the Hesperides; -12- defeated the guardian of Hades, the hellish dog Kerber. Hercules was portrayed as: - a child strangling a snake; - young men resting after a heroic deed or performing a heroic deed; - a mighty bearded man, armed with a club and dressed in the skin of the Nemean lion he killed
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Achilles Achilles, Achilles (A c i l l e u z) one of the greatest heroes of the Trojan War, the son of the Myrmidonian king Peleus and the sea goddess Thetis. In an effort to make her son invulnerable and thus give him immortality, Thetis tempered him in fire at night and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day. One night, Peleus, seeing his young son on fire, tore him out of his mother's hands (Apollod III 13, 6). According to another version (Stat. Ach. III I 269 footprint), Thetis bathed Achilles in the waters of the underground river Styx, in order to make him invulnerable, and only the heel by which she held him remained vulnerable (hence the expression "Achilles heel") ... Offended by the intervention of Peleus, Thetis left her husband, and he gave Achilles to be raised by the wise centaur Chiron, who fed him with the entrails of lions, bears and wild boars, taught him to play the sweet-sounding cithara and sing
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Odysseus Odysseus (O d u s s e u z), Ullis (Ulixes) · king of the island of Ithaca, son of Laertes and Anticlea (Homer "Iliad", IX 308). The genealogy of Odysseus is closely related to the general character of the hero - clever and cunning. According to some versions of the myth, Odysseus is the son of Sisyphus (Soph. Philoct. 417, 1311; Eur Iphig. A. 524), who seduced Anticlea even before her marriage to Laertes (Schol. Soph. Ai. 190). Moreover, Anticlea's father Autolycus - "the great perjurer and thief" (Hom. Od. XIX 396 trail.) Was the son of Hermes and helped him in all the tricks (396-398); hence the hereditary, coming from Hermes, the intelligence, practicality, dexterity of Odysseus.
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Medea Medea, in ancient Greek mythology, a sorceress, the daughter of the Colchis king Eetus and the oceanis Idia, the granddaughter of Helios.
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Europe Europe, in Greek mythology, the daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, who became the subject of passion of the thunderer Zeus. Flying over the city of Sidon, Zeus saw the girls leading round dances in the meadow and weaving wreaths of bright flowers. The most beautiful of all was Europe - the daughter of a local king. Zeus descended to earth and appeared in the guise of a wonderful white bull, located at the feet of Europa. Europe, laughing, sat on his broad back. At the same moment, the bull rushed into the sea and carried her to the island of Crete, where Europe gave birth to Zeus three sons - Minos, Radamanthus and Sarpedon, and then married the local king Asteria ("star"), who adopted her sons from God. Zeus graciously bestowed upon the rival the mighty copper pelican Talos, who was supposed to guard Crete, bypassing the island three times a day. And he placed a divine bull in the sky - the constellation Taurus, as a reminder to Europe of his great love for her.
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Narcissus Narcissus, in Greek mythology, an unusually beautiful son of the Boeotian river god Kephissus and the nymph Liriope. When the parents asked the soothsayer Tiresias about the future of the child, the sage replied that Narcissus would live to old age if he never saw his face. Narcissus grew up as a young man of rare beauty, and many women sought his love, but he was indifferent to everyone. Among those rejected by him was the nymph Echo, who dried up from grief so that only a voice remained of her. Offended by the inattention of Narcissus, the women demanded the gods to punish him, and the goddess of justice Nemesis heeded their pleas. Once, returning from a hunt, Narcissus looked into an unclouded source and, seeing his reflection in the water, fell in love with it. The young man could not tear himself away from the contemplation of his face and died of self-love. According to legend, a field of amazing plants and herbs appeared at the place of Narcissus's death, in the center of which a healing flower, marked by austere beauty, grew, which was named after the young man.
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Ancient myth: the origin of the world and the gods: "The Birth of Zeus", "Olympus". "In the beginning there was a word ... Everything began to be through it ..." Gospel of John (Chapter 1) Initially, there was only eternal, boundless, dark Chaos. It was the source of life. Everything arose out of boundless Chaos - the whole world and the immortal gods. He was, as it were, the raw material from which everything that ever existed came into being. Obeying an unknown force that made it rotate and create, Chaos gave birth to the most ancient thing that was in our incipient Universe - Time. The Greeks called him Chronos. And now everything happened in time, because space was still in its infancy. Chronos gave birth to three elements - Fire, Air and Water. But this is after the Earth appeared. Following Chronos, Eros and Anteros emerged at the same time as twin brothers. (Subsequently, such a double birth is very common and was considered by the Greeks almost sacred) Eros - Love, and Anteros - Denial of Love. Chaos gave birth to something similar to itself - Erebus, as an incarnation of Darkness. Behind him - Niktu - the dark starless Night. And also the Incomprehensible Abyss - Tartarus. Tartarus was emptiness itself, a black hole. Throughout history, the Gods have used its depths as punishment for the defeated. No one could escape the Abyss on their own. Tartarus was the most horrible place in the universe. But from the Darkness and Night were born the Eternal Light - Ether and the Shining Day - Hemera. "The Black Night and the gloomy Erebus were born out of Chaos. But the night Ether gave birth to the radiant Day, or Hemera: She conceived them in the womb, with Erebus in love." Hesiod: "The Origin of the Gods" Erebus and Nikta also had children: gloomy Charon - a carrier across the Styx River in the kingdom of the dead and three daughters - the twins of Tisiphon, Alecto and Megera - the goddess of vengeance Erinia. The remnants of the primeval Chaos were already spinning with great speed and turned into an Egg. This egg was the embryo of the Earth. But then it split into two parts. The upper half of the shell became the Starry Sky - Uranus, the lower half - Mother Earth - Gaia. And the liquid that spilled over the body of the Earth - by the Endless Sea - Pontus. He became the first husband of Gaia. The second was Uranus-Sky. All of the Olympian gods originated from their marriage.
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Homer Homer is an ancient Greek poet. To date, there is no convincing evidence for the reality of the historical figure of Homer. According to ancient tradition, it was customary to represent Homer as a blind wandering aedom singer, seven cities argued for the honor of being called his homeland. He probably came from Smyrna (Asia Minor), or from the island of Chios. It can be assumed that Homer lived around the 8th century BC. Homer is credited with the authorship of two of the greatest works of ancient Greek literature - the poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. In ancient times, Homer was recognized as the author of other works: the poem "Batrachomachia" and a collection of "Homeric hymns." Modern science assigns to Homer only the Iliad and the Odyssey, and there is an opinion that these poems were created by different poets and at different historical times. Even in ancient times, the "Homeric question" arose, which is now understood as a set of problems associated with the origin and development of the ancient Greek epic, including the relationship between folklore and literary creativity itself. Biographical information about Homer, given by ancient authors, is contradictory and hardly plausible. "Seven cities, arguing are called the homeland of Homer: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Pylos, Argos, Ithaca, Athens" - says one Greek epigram (in fact, the list of these cities was more extensive). Ancient scholars cited various dates regarding the life of Homer, from the 12th century BC (after the Trojan War) to the 7th century BC; the legend of a poetic contest between Homer and Hesiod was widespread. As most researchers believe, Homeric poems were created in Asia Minor, in Ionia in the 8th century BC, based on mythological legends about the Trojan War. There is late antique evidence of the final editing of their texts under the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus in the middle of the 6th century BC, when their performance was included in the festivities of the Great Panathenae.
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"Iliad" and "Odyssey" The works of Homer, the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are the first monuments of ancient Greek literature known to us in time, and at the same time the first literary monuments in Europe in general. Containing a huge number of different sorts of legends and being very significant in size (in the Iliad there are 15693 poetic lines, in the Odyssey there are 12,110 lines), these poems could not appear suddenly, in the form of a work of only one genius writer. Even if they were compiled by one poet, they are compiled on the basis of centuries-old folk art, in which modern science reflects the most diverse periods of the historical development of the Greeks. These works were recorded for the first time only in the second half of the 6th century. BC e. Consequently, folk materials for these poems were created even earlier, at least two or three centuries before this first recording, and, as modern science shows, the Homeric poems reflect even more ancient periods of Greek, or perhaps even pre-Greek history. The plot of the Homeric poems is different episodes of the Trojan War. Troy and the region where this city was the capital, Troas, were located in the northwestern corner of Asia Minor and were inhabited by a Phrygian tribe. The Greeks who inhabited the Balkan Peninsula waged wars in Asia Minor for many centuries. One such war, namely with Troy, was especially engraved in the memory of the ancient Greeks, and many different literary works and, in particular, several special poems were dedicated to it. They told about the Trojan War, about the reasons that caused it, about the capture of Troy and about the return of the victorious Greeks to their homeland. To understand the content of the Iliad and the Odyssey, it is necessary to know in general all the legends about the Trojan War, since both poems depict only certain moments of this war. Greek myths say that the Earth, weighed down by an overgrown population, asked Zeus (the supreme deity of the ancient Greeks) to spare her and reduce the number of people living on it. For the request of the Earth, at the behest of Zeus, the Trojan War begins. The closest reason for the war was that Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, kidnapped Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. To avenge this abduction and return Helen back, Menelaus's brother and the king of Argolis, neighboring Sparta, Agamemnon advises Menelaus to gather all the Greek kings with their retinues and start a war with Troy. Among the attracted Greek kings, the most prominent are the astonishing swift-footed Achilles, king of Phthia, and Odysseus, king of the island of Ithaca (west of the Balkan Peninsula). All Greek tribes send their troops and their leaders to Aulis, from where the general Greek army moves across the Aegean Sea and lands near Troy, which is several kilometers from the coast. Agamemnon is elected the supreme leader of the entire Greek army. The war has been fought with varying degrees of success for 10 years. And only after 10 years did the Greeks manage to get into the city itself, burn it down, kill the men, and take the women prisoner. In the Iliad and Odyssey, only allusions to the war in general are scattered. But in the poems there is no special narration either about the reasons for the war, or about its first 9 years, or about the capture of Troy. Both poems are each devoted to a special plot, namely, "The Iliad" - one episode from the tenth year of the war, and "Odyssey" - the legends about the return of Odysseus after the war to his homeland.
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"Odyssey". The main content of the "Odyssey" is the legends about the return of Odysseus to Ithaca after the end of the war with Troy.
Ancient Greek Religion Religion arose at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. in the depths of the Crete - Mycenaean civilization and existed until the 4th century AD. The Greeks went through fetishism - this was expressed in the worship of statues. Anthropomorphism is a humanlike image of gods, endowing them with feelings, good and evil, immortality.
Earth Uranus - Heaven (spread over the entire earth) Uranus - Gaia \u003d 12 children (6 sons and 6 daughters) Son of the Ocean - bestowed on the earth the ocean and rivers Son and daughter - Hyperion and Theia: - Helios - the Sun, Selena - the Moon - Eos - Dawn The son of Astreus gave the earth the winds - northern Boreas, eastern - Evrus, southern - Noth, western - Zephyr.
The struggle between Kronos and Uranus. Uranus imprisoned his children underground and did not allow them to come out into the light. One of the sons of Kronos, took power from his father and overthrew him. Kronos also destroyed his children, but did not manage to eat one son. His wife Rhea put a stone on him instead of the child. This child will be the future god Zeus. All other gods will come from him, and he will take his place on Mount Olympus. From the mountain he sends people order and laws, happiness and misfortune, life and death. If Zeus gets angry, then he sends thunder and lightning.
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The birth of the world from Chaos
- The ancient Greeks envisioned chaos as a kind of open mouth (“chaos” comes from the word “yawn”)
- Gaia (earth), Tartarus (underground dungeon, but at the same time a monster), Eros (love), Erebus (darkness) and Nyukta (night) arise from it.
- The latter two, in turn, give rise to Day and Ether
- Gaia gave birth to Uranus (sky)
- Together they populated the world with living things
The birth of the world from Chaos watercolor, 1993
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Theogony
First of all, Chaos arose in the universe, and then the Wide-breasted Gaia, a safe universal shelter, Gloomy Tartarus, which lies deep in the earthly depths, And, between all the eternal gods, Eros. deprives. Black Night and gloomy Erebus were born out of Chaos. Night Ether gave birth to a radiant Day, or Hemera: She conceived them in the womb, with Erebus in love.
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Zeus slays titan
The Titans were the predecessors of the Olympic gods, and in this they are similar to the Etun-hrimturs (Scandinavian mythology) and the Asuras (Indian mythology)
Zeus strikes a titan watercolor, 1992
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Theogony
Zeus no longer restrained the powerful spirit, but immediately his heart was filled with courage, he showed all his strength. And immediately from the sky, as well as from Olympus, Lightning poured, the Thunderer-lord went. Peruns, Full of brilliance and thunder, flew from a powerful hand, Often one after another; and a sacred flame swelled.
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Triumph of Amphitrite
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- Watercolor shows the happy world of the sea kingdom
- On the back of the dragon rides Amphitrite - the wife of Poseidon himself
- Opposite her, their son Triton is blowing the shell, combining in his appearance the features of a man, a horse and a fish
- By the way, it is comparable with such manifestations of the Cultural Hero type as Trita of Indian mythology, Traetaona of Persian mythology, Ivan III of Slavic folklore
- Around we see nymphs, nereids and other inhabitants of the sea
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Theogony
From Amphitrite and the heavily thundering Ennosigey, the mighty, great Triton was born that owns the depth of the sea. Near his father he is the lord and the dear mother In the house he lives in gold, - the most terrible god.
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Pallas Athena and Hecate
Athena (in the background) - the virgin goddess, personifying the power of reason, the patroness of heroes and Hecate - the embodiment of dark irrational forces (she was summoned by sorceresses - for example Medea), here they are opposed to each other
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Athena and Hecate at the same time can be interpreted as two sides of the ancient image of the Great Goddess
This analogy is supported by pictorial tradition: Hecate was represented as consisting of three bodies, and Athena was crowned with a triple helmet.
Next to Hecate, Empusa is depicted - a creature of the underworld in the form of a dog-headed dragon, turning into a woman and destroying heroes
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Apollo defeats cyclops
Three great cyclops - Bronte, Sterop, Arg (“thunder”, “shine”, “lightning”) were generated by Gaia and Uranus at the dawn of the world, along with the old-handed giants, Hecatoncheires and titans
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Theogony
Also, Gaia gave birth to Cyclops with an arrogant soul, - By the count of three, and by name - Brontë, Steropa and Arga. They made lightning to Zeus-Kronid and they gave thunder. In all other respects they were similar to the other gods, But only one eye in the middle of the face was : That is why they were called "Round Eyes", "Cyclops", Which on the face they had a single round eye. And for work they had strength, and power, and dexterity.
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Apollo defeats cyclops
- Cyclops began to serve Zeus and forged lightning
- But Asclepius (god of healing) began to bring the dead back to life, and Zeus, so that the natural order of things would not be disturbed, struck him
- Asclepius' father was the mighty god Apollo
- Unable to take revenge on Zeus (besides his own father), Apollo shot the Cyclops from a bow, forging a fatal lightning
- In Greek myths, the lower cyclops, evil cannibals also acted
- One of these monsters (Polyphemus) was defeated by Odysseus
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Hermes and Argus
Hermes is the Greek expression for the type of Cultural Hero (just like Hercules)
But, unlike Hercules, he personifies the functions of the keeper of secret knowledge and an intermediary between the worlds.
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The image of Hermes is similar in the mythologies of other peoples: Etruscan Turms, Roman Mercury, Celtic Meadow, Scandinavian One (but the last two are endowed with a “heroic” beginning)
However, Hermes also owns a glorious feat - the liberation of Zeus's beloved Io (turned into a cow) from the hundred-eyed giant Argus, who was assigned by the jealous wife of Zeus.
Hermes put the giant to sleep with a caduceus wand and chopped off his head
Hermes' attributes - winged helmet and sandals and the mentioned caduceus
The background shows the father of God - Zeus
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At the edge of the Hesperides
According to Greek mythology, in the far west there was an island where the winged Hesperides, the daughters of Night, lived.
There were 4 of them and they guarded the apples of eternal youth
The dragon Ladon helped the Hesperides in this, which according to one legend was killed by Hercules
Another version of the myth tells, however, that the apples for Hercules were obtained by the titan Atlas, who usually supported the firmament.
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Theogony
Holds Atlas, compelled to this by a powerful inevitability, On the head and hands of the tireless wide sky Where the border of the earth is, where the Hesperides live, for such a fate was sent down to him by Zeus, the Provider.
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Magic Apples Motif
The motif of magic apples is widespread in Indo-European mythologies: Apple Emine of the sea god Manannan (Irish mythology), apples of eternal youth of the goddess Idunn (Scandinavian mythology), rejuvenating apples of Russian fairy tales
And the very name "Apollo" is sometimes interpreted as "apple man"
Finally, we can recall the biblical motive: a snake wrapped around a tree with an apple
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Echidna offspring
The main progenitor of chthonic monsters was the serpentine Echidna
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Echidna's offspring
The painting by A. Fantalov depicts the offspring of Echidna: Cerberus, Lernean Hydra, Nemean Lion and winged Chimera (above Echidna's head)
These monsters caused a lot of trouble for Greek heroes.
Lion and Hydra were crushed by Hercules, Chimera was defeated by Bellerophon
Cerberus (a three-headed dog with a snake tail) remained to guard Hades
Echidna herself died at the hands of the hundred-eyed giant Argus
The painting depicts his all-seeing eyes
Slide 21
Theogony
Keto, in a large cave, resolved itself into a new monster, Neither people nor ever-living gods resembled, -Invincible Echidna, divine, with a mighty spirit, Half - beautiful from the face, quick-eyed nymph, Half - a monstrous snake, large, bloodthirsty, In the depths sacred land, lying, colorful and terrible. There is a cave there below deep under the rock, And from the immortal gods, and from mortal people in the distance: In a glorious home, the gods intended to dwell there. So, knowing neither death nor old age , the nymph Echidna, bringing death, spent her life underground in Arimah.
Slide 22
Jason and Medea
- One of the most popular Greek myths is the story of the golden fleece.
- It hung on a sacred oak tree in the country of the Colchians (Western Georgia) and it was entrusted to get it to Jason, who for this purpose organized the famous campaign of the Argonauts
- But Hercules struck the giant with arrows, killing at the same time the two-headed dog Orff
- Hercules is the brightest embodiment of the Cultural Hero in his hypostasis of a fighter against monsters
- The duel with the three-headed monster is the central plot of the Hero's mythology: Traetaona against Azhi Dahak (Persian mythology), Trita against Vishvarupa (Indian mythology), Ivan the Third and the serpent Gorynych (Slavic mythology)
- Directly under the name Hercules (Herkle, Hercules), the hero was revered in Etruscan and Roman mythologies
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