MBOU "Secondary School No. 1 (with in-depth study of individual subjects)
"Artistic traditions of the peoples of the world"
Completed by: Filippova E.Yu.
teacher of history
Lesson topic:
“Heroic epic of the peoples of the world. Concept of heroic epic»
The concept of the heroic epic
"Epic" - (from the Greek) word, narration, one of three kinds of literature, telling about various events of the past.
Heroic epic peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and only evidence of past eras. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects human ideas about nature and the world.
Initially, it was formed orally, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing.
The heroic epic is the result of a collective folk art... But this does not at all diminish the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.
"The Legend of Gilgamesh" Sumerian epic 1800 BC
The Epic of Gilgamesh is set out at 12
clay tablets.
As the plot of the epic develops, the image of Gilgamesh changes. The fabulous hero-hero, boasting of his strength, turns into a person who knows the tragic brevity of life. The mighty spirit of Gilgamesh revolts against the recognition of the inevitability of death; only at the end of his wanderings does the hero begin to understand that immortality can bring him the eternal glory of his name.
GILGAMESH (Sumerian. Bilgamez - possible interpretation of this name as "ancestor-hero"), semi-legendary ruler Uruk, hero of the epic tradition of Sumer and Akkad.
Gilgamesh with the lion from the palace
Sargon II in Dur-Sharrukin
8th century BC NS.
"Mahabharata" Indian epic mid-1st millennium AD
"The Great Legend of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Legend of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". Mahabharata is a heroic poem consisting of 18 books, or parvas. In the form of an appendix, she also has the 19th book - Harivansha, that is, "The Genealogy of Hari". In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times larger in volume than Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together.
The Indian literary tradition considers the Mahabharata to be a single work, and its authorship is attributed to the legendary sage Krishna - Dvaipayana Vyasa.
Summary
The main legend of the epic is devoted to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and the Pandavas - the sons of two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. According to legend, numerous peoples and tribes of India, northern and southern, are gradually involved in this enmity and the struggle caused by it. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle, in which almost all participants on both sides perish. Those who won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of the main legend is the unity of India.
Medieval epic
"Song of the Nibelungs"- a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th - early 13th century. One of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".
The song tells about the marriage of the dragon-slayer Siekfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to the conflict between Kriemhilda and Brunhilde, the wife of her brother - Gunther, and then about Kriemhilda's revenge for the death of her husband.
There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna.
In science, various assumptions have been made about the identity of the author. Some scholars considered him a spielman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), and others that he was an educated knight of a low family.
The Song of the Nibelungs combines two initially independent plots: the tale of Siegfried's death and the tale of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both of these parts are not entirely consistent, and you can see certain contradictions between them. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the light hero Siegfried, who they kill, whose services and help they used so widely, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights who bravely meet their tragic fate ... The name "Nibelunga" in the first and second parts of the epic is used differently: in the first it is fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second - the Burgundians.
Quarrel of kings
Competition at the court of Brunhilde
The epic reflects primarily the knightly worldview of the Staufen era ( The Staufens (or Hohenstaufens) are an imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the 12th - first half of the 13th century. The Staufens, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of central power and contributed to the strengthening of the princes. At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant but short-lived cultural upsurge. ).
Death of Siekfried
Siekfried
Funeral of Siekfried
Halen throws gold at the Rhine
Kriemhilda shows Helena
Gunther's head
Epic in works of art of different genres
Music:
- A. Borodin. Heroic Symphony;
- N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Operas "Sadko", "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia", "The Woman of Pskov";
- M. Mussorgsky. Pictures at an Exhibition, the play "Heroic Gates", the opera "Khovanshchina";
Painting:
- V. Vasnetsov. "Heroes".
Kalevala
- Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The Kalevala was edited by Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who linked individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of versions of these songs and smoothing out some irregularities.
- The name “Kalevala” given to the poem by Lönnrot is the epic name of the country in which Finnish folk heroes live and act. Suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla - This is the residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons.
- In Kalevala, there is no main plot that would connect all the songs together.
Väinämöinen protects sampo from
Louhi witches.
Väinämöinen
Despite the fact that the heroic epic of the peoples was formed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar features. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the generality of the characteristics of the main characters. For example:
1 an epic often includes a plot creation of the world , how the gods create the harmony of the world from the original chaos.
2.Plot the miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits .
3.Plot matchmaking of the hero and his trials before the wedding .
4. Description of the battle , in which the hero shows the wonders of courage, resourcefulness and courage.
5. Glorifying loyalty in friendship, generosity and honor .
6. Heroes not only defend their homeland, but also highly value their own freedom and independence .
- Homework:
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Epics. The term epic was first introduced in 1839 by Ivan Sakharov in the collection Songs of the Russian People. The popular name of these works is "old, old, old." “I lay down on a sack near a skinny fire ... and, warming myself up by the fire, imperceptibly fell asleep; I was awakened by strange sounds: before that I had heard a lot of both songs and poems ... but I had never heard such a melody. Alive, whimsical and cheerful, sometimes it became faster, sometimes it broke off and in its mode resembled something ancient, forgotten by our generation. For a long time I didn’t want to wake up and listen to the individual words of the song: it was so joyful to be in the grip of a completely new impression ... ”- recalls the collector of folklore PN Rybnikov.
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Epics: Fiction or History with Fiction Elements? Most of the epics known to us were created in the 9th - 12th centuries. However, you can see in the texts of epics echoes of events and life of much later eras (16 and even 19 centuries). Why did this happen? “Not all events and heroes sung in epics remained in the memory of posterity. Previously arisen works were reworked in relation to new events and new people, sometimes feats performed later were attributed to the former heroes. So, over the centuries, a special world of epics was formed, which united people from different centuries and eras. So, all the Kiev heroes became contemporaries of one prince Vladimir, although they had to fight with the enemies that vexed Russia from the 10th to the 16th centuries. "
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Kiev cycle of epics. Features: The action takes place in Kiev or near it. In the center of the story is Prince Vladimir. Main theme: protection of the Russian land from nomads. Heroes: Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich.
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Ilya Muromets. The main hero of Russian epics, only the plot of his battle with the Nightingale the Robber has more than a hundred options. Until the age of 30, Ilya sat in sydney, not using his arms and legs, then he received miraculous healing and heroic strength from the kalik pedestrians (wandering pilgrims). His personality symbolizes the transition from "senior" heroes to "junior": he was familiar with Svyatogor and he, according to some versions, before his death gave him part of his great power (according to others, Ilya refused it). In the epics, Ilya Muromets appears before us as an "old Cossack" possessing remarkable strength, mighty and wise.
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Nikitich. The most popular hero of the Russian epic after Ilya Muromets. The most "intelligent" of the epic heroes; it embodies the qualities that the people collectively denoted by the word "vezhestvo": education, excellent upbringing, knowledge of etiquette, the ability to play the harp, intelligence (Dobrynya plays chess superbly). All this makes him especially suitable for diplomatic assignments: in epics, he often represents the interests of Prince Vladimir in foreign lands. In addition to the listed qualities, he, like all heroes, is brave and courageous. Since childhood (from 12 or 15 years old) Dobrynya has excellent command of weapons.
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Alesha Popovich. The youngest of the famous trinity of epic heroes, the son of the Rostov priest Levontiy (rarely - Fedor). Known for both valiant prowess, resourcefulness and heroic courage, as well as quick temper, boasting. Alyosha is cheerful, mocking and sharp on the tongue. He often defeats enemies not by force, but by military cunning: pretending to be deaf and forcing the enemy to come closer, under some pretext forcing the enemy to turn around, etc.
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Volga Svyatoslavovich (Volkh Vseslavievich). The name of the hero, Volkh, indicates that a great sorcerer, the sorcerer, was born. He is associated with nature by birth, as all life was connected with nature and the struggle with it. primitive man... The ancestors of the Russians, before becoming farmers, depended on hunting, which was once the main form of obtaining livelihoods. When the Volkh is born, animals, fish and birds hide in fear: a great hunter was born. The wizard knows how to turn into animals: he catches fish in the form of a pike, birds - turning into a falcon, forest animals - a gray wolf. He is a sorcerer and a werewolf. The wizard knows how to turn into animals: he catches fish in the form of a pike, birds - turning into a falcon, forest animals - a gray wolf. He is a sorcerer and a werewolf. He fights in the same way as he hunts: by magic skill, "cunning-wisdom".
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Mikula Selyaninovich. A plowman with remarkable strength. Volga Vseslavievich met him when, accompanied by a squad, he was driving for tribute to the cities of Gurchevets, Krestyanovets and Orekhovets. Orest Miller saw in Mikula the ancient deity of agriculture; thus, his meeting with Volga is a meeting between the god-hunter and the god-plowman. Huge strength, the ability to easily lift the earthly thrust (which was beyond the power of the mighty Svyatogor), bring him closer to the so-called "senior" heroes - the most ancient characters of the Russian epic.
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Presentation slides text content: The heroic epic of the peoples of the world Outstanding monuments of the heroic epic "The first victories over nature aroused in the people a feeling of their stability, pride in themselves, the desire for new victories and prompted the creation of a heroic epic" M. Gorky "The Legend of Gilgamesh" 1800 BC), one of the most poetic works of the brave folk hero who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality. The epic of Gilgamesh is a hymn about friendship, which not only helps to overcome external obstacles, but transforms, ennobles. "Mahabharata" or "The Great Legend of the Descendants of Bharata", created in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. in Sanskrit - the oldest Indian literary language. One of the largest literary works in the world, "Mahabharata" is a complex complex of epic narratives, short stories, fables, parables, legends, cosmogonic myths, hymns, laments, united according to the framing principle typical for large forms of Indian literature, consists of eighteen books (parvas) and contains more than 75 000 couplets (slok). One of the few works of world literature that claims about itself that it has everything in the world. "Bhagavad-gita" (Skt. भगवद् गीता, "Divine song") - a monument of ancient Indian literature, part of the "Mahabharata", consists of 700 verses, is one of the sacred texts of Hinduism, which presents the main essence of Hindu philosophy. Philosophical discourse "Bhagavad-gita" takes place just before the beginning of the great Battle of Kuruksetra. Two people participate in the conversation - Arjuna and Krishna. sri-bhagavan uvaca urdhva-mulam adhah sakham asvattham prahur avyayam chandamsi yasya parnani yas tam veda sa veda-vit sri-bhagavan uvaca - the Supreme Lord said; urdhva-mulam - that whose roots are directed upward; adhah - down; sakham - whose branches; asvattham - banyan tree; prahuh - they say; avyayam - eternal; chandamsi - Vedic hymns; yasya - of whom; parnani - the leaves; yah - who; there - that; veda - knows; sah - that; veda-vit - who knows the Vedas. The Supreme Lord said: The scriptures speak of the eternal banyan tree, whose roots are directed upwards and the branches are downward, the leaves of which are Vedic hymns. Having cognized this tree, a person comprehends the wisdom of the Vedas. tri-vidham narakasyedam dvaram nashanam atmanah kamah krodhas tatha lobhas tasmad etat trayam tyajet tri-vidham - of three kinds; narakasya — of hell; idam - these; dvaram - the gate; nasanam - destruction; atmanah — souls; kamah - lust; krodhah — anger; tatha - and also; lobhah — greed; tasmat - therefore; etat - these; trayam - three; tyajet - let him leave. There are three gates leading to hell: lust, anger and greed. And every sane person must renounce these vices, for they destroy the soul. Knight's epic In the Middle Ages, many peoples Western Europe a heroic epic was formed, reflecting the chivalrous ideals of valor and honor. "Beowulf" (England) "Song of the Nibelungs" (Germany) "Song of my Side" (Spain) " Elder Edda"(Iceland)" Song of Roland "(France)" Kalevala "(Karelian-Finnish epic)" Beowulf "Anglo-Saxon epic, which takes place in Scandinavia before the migration of the Angles to Britain. Named for the main character. The text was created at the beginning of the 8th century and is preserved in the only copy of the 11th century. This is the oldest epic poem of "barbarian" (Germanic) Europe, preserved in full. The main content consists in the legends about the victory of Beowulf over the terrible monsters Grendel and his mother, and over the dragon that ravaged the country. "Song of the Nibelungs" Medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author at the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th century. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures". It tells about the marriage of the dragon-slayer Siegfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to the conflict between Kriemhilda and Brunhilda, the wife of her brother - Gunther, and then about Kriemhilda's revenge for the death of her husband. "Song of Roland" An epic poem written in Old French. The work tells about the death of the rearguard detachment of the army of Charlemagne, who was returning in August 778 from a campaign of conquest in Spain. "Elder Edda" Song Edda - a collection of Old Norse songs about gods and heroes Norse mythology and history. The songs were first recorded in the second half of the 13th century. Songs about gods contain the richest mythological material, and the central place in songs about heroes is occupied by a man (hero), his good name and posthumous glory.
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The epic (from the Greek "word, narration") reflects the historical past, people's life.
In the epic, people and society collide. The epic includes: a fairy tale, a fable, a story, an essay, a poem, a story, a novel, an epic.
The common feature is objectively narrative.
A distinctive feature is that life appears from different sides, at different moments. Hero epic work- generalized image. As a rule, the hero had a prototype - a specific person. The epic is the most important and the only witness of a distant era that has preserved the people's memory. It goes back to the most ancient myths and reflects the mythological idea of a person about the surrounding reality. It arose orally in a generation of storytellers, overgrown with images, plots, and then was fixed in book form. Each translator brought these works to us in his own way. Those. the epic is the result of collective creativity, therefore there is no authorship, except for "Iliad" and "Odyssey" by Homer. In genres of small epic form (fable, fairy tale, story, sketch) - one episode from the hero's life is shown.
In the genres of the medium form (story), a number of episodes are presented, i.e. period of life. Large epic form (novel, epic, poem) - reveal life path, the character of the hero.
The main theme of the Ancient epic is the life of the clan, the key moments of its history. The modern epic is individual creativity. But even now the hero is fulfilling his patriotic duty. Heroic songs and legends gave birth to the genre of the poem. Outstanding monuments of the heroic epic:
I. Sumerian - "The Legend of Gilgamesh" 1800. BC.
II. Indian - "Mahabharata" 1000 BC - battle of 2 clans for domination in the kingdom in the upper part of the Ganges River.
III. Knight's epic
Beowulf - England
"The Tale of the Nibelungs" - Germany
"Song of my Side" - Spain
"Elder Edda" - Iceland
"Song of Roland" - France
"Kalevala" - Karelian-Finnish epic
Epics of Vladimir-Kiev and Novgorod
Olonkho is a legend of the Yakut people.
Nart epic of the Caucasian peoples (valiant tribe)
"David of Sasun" - Armenian
"Manas" is Kyrgyz.
The folk epic inspires poets, artists, directors, musicians to create new works. American poet Logfellow, based on the Indian epic, wrote the "Song of Hiawatha".
Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli "The Knight in the Panther's Skin".
Unknown Russian storyteller "The Word about Igor's Regiment".
M. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov".
The composers did not bypass the epos either. An epic symphonic genre has developed in music. For example, "Heroic Symphony" by Borodin; M. Mussorgsky's epic opera "Khovanshchina", "Sorochinskaya Fair", "Prince Igor" by Borodin, operas-epics and operas-fairy tales by Rimsky-Korsakov "Sadko", "Pskovityanka", "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kityazh".
The epic theme left a huge mark in fine arts... Everyone knows Vasnetsov's paintings: "Three Heroes", "After the Battle", "A Knight at the Crossroads", " Ivan Tsarevich" other.
20. Features of Orthodox worship. Three circles of time. Ticket17.1
Christian worship incorporates 2,000 experiences from the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. The church service is akin to theatrical performance and brings together many arts. An important role is played by the interior decoration of the temple (icons, frescoes, utensils), vocal and choral music, bell ringing, the word of prayer.
Everything is designed to serve not only aesthetic pleasure, but also the spiritual transformation of a person. Church service is also influenced by national traditions. In central Africa, the service is accompanied by the sounds of a tom-tam; in Ethiopia, it is accompanied by a dance of priests; in India, the ceremony of bringing flowers as a gift is included in the service.
In Orthodox divine services, three circles of time are distinguished: daily (daily), weekly, and annual. The church day begins in the evening, when the first star rises in the sky, illuminating the birth of the Savior (Bethlehem). Therefore, the first service of the day is called Vespers. It consists of reading psalms and hymns thanking God for the past day. The scent of incense symbolizes prayer that ascends to heaven. In ancient times, the supper was combined with other prayers and lasted until the morning. Hence its name - all-powerful vigil.
Matins is performed in the morning hours. In the temple, the lights are turned off and 6 psalms are read, in which they praise God.
The basis of the daytime worship is the liturgy. Bread and wine are prepared for her, the name is given to people for eternal life. During the liturgy, they ask God for the salvation of the soul, peace, weather, and the fertility of the earth.
The weekly circle is dedicated to holy or sacred events. For example, Friday is dedicated to the Cross and the events of Calvary, Saturday to the Mother of God.
The Orthodox Church Year is marked by many holidays. The main ones are 12, the so-called twelve: Nativity of the Virgin - September 21, Nativity of Christ - January 7, baptism - January 19, Resurrection of Christ - Easter, Ascension - 40 days after Easter, Trinity, Transfiguration of the Lord, Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos.
21. Christian holidays. Ticket 4.1
Religious holidays are celebrated throughout the year by representatives of all world religions. The Orthodox church year is also marked by many religious holidays, but the main ones are twelve, the so-called "twelve".
Among them: Nativity of the Virgin (September 21); Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord (September 27); Introduction to the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos (December 4); Nativity of Christ (January 7); Baptism of the Lord or Epiphany (January 19); Presentation of the Lord (February 15); Annunciation (April 7); Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem (a week before Easter); Resurrection of Christ - Easter; Ascension (40 days after Easter); Trinity (50 days after Easter) Transfiguration (August 19) Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos (August 28).
There are also saints' days in the Christian calendar.
One of the main holidays of Christianity is Easter. This is the memory of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, of his death on the cross and the Resurrection. By his death, his voluntary sacrifice, Christ atoned for the sins of people and gave them the immortality of the soul, eternal life. Easter is celebrated according to the lunar calendar, so the day of the holiday falls between April 4 and May 7.
For Easter, it is customary to bake cakes and paint eggs. According to legend, Saint Mary Magdalene presented the Roman emperor for Easter with a painted egg with the words: "Christ is Risen!" Since then, it has become a tradition to paint eggs and exchange them, that is, to Christ: congratulate each other and hug three times.
Easter celebrations begin with a procession.
Religious procession is a solemn procession from one temple to another.
The Resurrection of Christ is celebrated at home with a festive breakfast with Easter cake.
For a whole week, the holiday is accompanied by bell ringing.
The image of the holiday has been repeatedly used in the fine arts of Russia and Western art. The most interesting painting by I. Repin "Religious Procession for Easter".
22.Muslim rite of Hajj. Ticket 18.1
Homeland of islam city Mecca in Saudi Arabia. Islam originated in the seventh century AD. NS. The Prophet of Islam is Muhammad. The word "Islam" is translated "obedience to God." Islam now has 400 million adherents. The city of Mecca became the center of Islam. It is located on the Arabian Peninsula in a valley. On the square near the Great Mosque (prayer house) is the main shrine of Islam, the Kaaba, a building of gray stone in the shape of a cube, covered with black brocade with embroidered sayings from the Koran. Inside the Kaaba there is a shrine of Islam - a black stone that symbolizes the key to the Heavenly Temple. It was brought to earth by Adam, expelled from paradise. But first he was white... The sins of man made him black.
It is believed that a person who sees heaven through this stone will definitely go there after death. Therefore, every Muslim strives, at least once in his life, to get to Mecca.
70 days after fasting, in the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims make a Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. There are no rich and poor here. The pilgrims are united by God Allah.
Hajj begins with a rite of purity - people dress in white clothes. It reminds of humility before God and of the shroud in which a person will appear after death before Allah. The ritual includes the passage of pilgrims through the Mina Valley to Mount Arafat. Here they listen to a sermon, pray and run towards the brightly lit mosque.
The next day, after the morning prayer, the pilgrims again go to the valley and throw 7 stones at the pillar, which symbolizes Satan.
Then follows the rite of sacrifice of animals, in memory of the readiness of Abraham (Ibrahim) to sacrifice his son to God. After that, they must generously feed the poor and everyone who wants to. Many Muslims donate money to the mosque instead of making a sacrifice. Then they return to the Kaaba, almost running 3 times and slowly 4 times around it. This symbolizes the search for water among the hills.
At the same time, the ceremony is performed by about 2 million people. Now Saudi Arabia is forced to impose restrictions on the entry of pilgrims, since people died in a stampede several years ago during the Hajj. A Muslim who has performed the Hajj receives the right to wear a white turban and an honorary prefix to the name Hajji.
23.History and traditions of carnival holidays. Ticket17.2
Carnival is a favorite holiday of many peoples of the world. Many believe that this word comes from the Latin "carus naveles", which means "amusing chariot", that is, a ship of festive processions. Other scholars believe that it comes from the word "carne vale" - goodbye to meat and is associated with the time of the upcoming fast in Western Europe. Even in ancient times, our ancestors dressed in animal skins, put on masks and danced, seeing off the winter and welcoming the spring.
Carnivals became especially popular during the Renaissance. During this celebration, the business life of the city was terminated.
Italy is considered the birthplace of carnivals. The main character- "king", sitting decorously on a cart. He is surrounded by heroes Italian comedy masque del arte: rogue Harlequin, coward Captain, simple-minded Lovers, flirtatious Columbine, Pulcinella and others.
Venetian carnivals were especially famous. Now real miracles are happening there. At the end of February, all tourists come here. Hundreds of people in indescribable costumes and mysterious masks are walking along the embankment of Venice.
The Brazilian carnival in Rio de Janeiro is no less popular and famous. He is 350 years old. 16 national samba schools prepare a song, dance, sew costumes, and create scenery.
The festive procession lasts 4 days. During these days, the jury evaluates the scenery, costumes, skills of samba or lambada performers.
Dancers' headdresses reach 10-13 kg. And they cannot be removed until the end of the carnival procession. The Brazilian carnival has absorbed Indian, Portuguese and Negro traditions. Currently, the carnival has moved from the streets to special stadiums - "sambadromas". Participants sing and dance to the point of exhaustion. They are forbidden to lose their rhythm, sit down or stop singing. The heat at this time of the year can reach 30 degrees.
Peculiar carnival processions take place in Las Vegas. They involve blonde beauties-copies of Marilyn Monroe, mechanical giants, kin-kongs, actors, circus performers.
Carnivals are also popular in Switzerland. Here in February they burn a stuffed animal of Winter and arrange a "parade of witches", and in March you will be greeted by the sounds of flutes and white ghosts.
In Spain, you can see a parade of falliance dolls that act out scenes from ancient greek mythology and the life of modern politicians.
In Belgium, in the city of Bruges, "cat carnivals" are held. In the Middle Ages, cats were thrown here from high towers, considering them the embodiment of evil spirits, and now, the inhabitants of the city ask them for forgiveness. At the carnival, residents dress up in cat costumes and treat their favorites abundantly.
In Russia, carnivals were introduced by Peter I. Now carnival processions have resumed on New Year's and Christmas holidays.
24 .Features of Christian temple architecture. 19.2
Each religion is represented by its own temple, which represents one or another model of the world. Not a single civilization in the world could do without a temple of cult significance. Even in primitive society stone structures were erected next to people's dwellings, serving as a place of worship for the forces of nature.
Christian churches did not appear immediately. The beginning of Christianity is associated with persecution and persecution, so believers performed services deep underground, in the catacombs. Only with the adoption of Christianity as the official faith, the widespread construction of temples will begin.
The basis of the Catholic church was the basilica (from the Greek - royal house) - an elongated building, divided by rows of columns into parts, i.e. naves. Temples are built from west to east, since there is, in their opinion, the center of the Earth - Jerusalem. A semicircular annex, an apse, also looks to the East. It contains the altar, the sacred part of the building. The altar separates the earthly and heavenly parts of the temple. The external appearance of the basilica is simple and austere, but the interior decoration is distinguished by splendor and solemnity. The walls are decorated with frescoes (painting on wet plaster), mosaics (a drawing assembled from multi-colored stones or colored smalt glass), sculpture, and luxurious items for church services.
In Orthodox Christianity, a cross-domed type of temple is used, in the form of a cross with a dome in the center. In Christian churches there is not a single trifle devoid of religious meaning. The building itself resembles a ship that carries believers through everyday adversity into eternity. The number of domes is very important. It is deeply symbolic: one dome means the One God, 3-Holy Trinity, 5-Christ and four Evangelists, 7-sacred ordinances of the church (Baptism, Communion, etc.), 13-Christ and 12 apostles, 33-years of the earth life of Christ. The shape of the dome matters too. Ancient - helmet-shaped, reminds of the valiant past, of the defenders of the Fatherland. Bulbous - symbolizes the flame of a candle.
The color of the domes also matters. Gold ones are dedicated to Jesus and the main church holidays, a symbol of heavenly glory. The blue ones with stars are dedicated to the Most Holy Theotokos. The green ones are dedicated to the Trinity and symbolize the Holy Spirit. Temples dedicated to saints are crowned with green or silver domes.
From the 17th century, tent-roofed temples began to be erected in Russia. For example, the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye near Moscow. Then they will be banned.
A bell tower or belfry is being built next to the temple. Let's get to know the temple itself.
Climbing the stairs, we will enter the vestibule. Here there used to be Christians excommunicated from the church for sins. The main part is the altar. On the right side is the sacristy where the sacred garments are kept. The altar is separated from the rest of the temple by an iconostasis - a partition with icons. Sometimes in one church there are several altar-chapels, which are consecrated in honor of memorable events. The temple is the house of God, believers come to it to communicate with him.
Topic: "The heroic epic of the peoples of the world" (lesson 1/2)
Municipal budgetary educational institution Sadovskaya secondary school, branch of Lozovoe village Lozovoe village, Tambov district, Amur region
MHC. Grade 8 Compiled by the teacher of the Russian language and literature Efimova Nina Vasilievna
Homework check. What does the term "cultural diversity" mean? How is cultural diversity manifested? Tell us about the tea ceremony. What is Ikebana? What do its constituent parts mean? What is the significance of Japanese gardens? Name their types.
An epic (from the Greek - "word, narration") is one of three types of literature that tells about various events that happened in the past.
In the history of world culture, a special place belongs to the heroic epic, artistically reflecting ideas about the historical past, which recreated the integral pictures of folk life.
N.K. Roerich. Illustration for the Mongolian heroic epic "Bum-Erdeni" 1947.
The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is the only witness of a distant era.
Heroic Epic
legends
about historical events
about the exploits of legendary heroes
The heroic epic of the peoples of the world reflects the depths of the people's memory. Getting acquainted with the artistic traditions of the peoples of the world, we turn precisely to the heroic epic, to the hoary antiquity.
Hercules
Alexander Nevskiy
Ilya Muromets
"The first victories over nature caused in him (among the people - GD) a feeling of his stability, pride in himself, a desire for new victories and prompted the creation of a heroic epic." A.M. bitter
The heroic epic goes back to the most ancient myths and reflects the mythical ideas of man about nature and the world around him.
A.M. Gorky (1868-1936)
The epic was formed orally, passed from mouth to mouth, from one generation of storytellers to another. Then he acquired new subjects and images. Later it was consolidated in book form and came down to us in the form of extensive works.
Guslyars
Chronicler Nestor (middle XI century - early XII century)
The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art, we do not know the names of its creators. But there are works that have been created by individual storytellers or singers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were written by a single author - Homer.
Iliad and Odyssey audiobook covers
Homer (VIII century BC)
The story "Kemei Singer" very accurately recreates the picture of the creation of the epic in the conversation between the Greek youth Meges and the ancient elder storyteller
French writer A. France (1844-1924)
Monuments of the heroic epic of the peoples of the world
Among the outstanding monuments of the heroic epic is the Sumerian epic "The Legend of Gilgamesh" (c. 1800 BC). One of the most poetic works tells about the brave folk hero Gilgamesh, who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality.
Statue of Gilgamesh with a lion from the palace of Sargon II in Dur-Sharrukin. 8 c. BC.
Gilgamesh and Enkidu
An interesting Indian folk epic "Mahabharata", created by the middle of the 1st millennium AD in Sanskrit - the oldest Indian literary language. It was formed on the basis of legends and legends and tells about the battle of two clans and their allies for domination in the kingdom located in the upper reaches of the Ganges River.
"Mahabharata" - book illustrations
In the Middle Ages, many peoples of Western Europe developed a heroic epic that reflected the chivalrous ideals of valor and honor.
The most significant are
Beowulf in England
"Song of the Nibelungs" in Germany
"Elder Edda" in Iceland
Karelo-Finnish epic "Kalevala"
"Song of Roland" in France
"Song of my Side" in Spain
Folk-heroic French epic "Song of Roland".
Roland receives the Durendal sword from Charlemagne.
Roland's death.
Securing the material. What does the word "epic" mean? What is a heroic epic? How did the heroic epic of the peoples of the world originate and develop? What were the names of the people who "said"? What are the monuments of the heroic epic of the peoples of the world? Who does the Sumerian epic "The Tale of Gilgamesh" tell us about?
Literature. Textbook "World Art Culture". 7-9 grades: Basic level. G.I.Danilova. Moscow. Bustard. 2010 year. Peace artistic culture(lesson planning), grade 8. N.N. Kutsman. Volgograd. Luminary. year 2009. http://briefly.ru/_/pesn_o_rolande/ Wikipedia - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BE_%D0%93 % D0% B8% D0% BB% D1% 8C% D0% B3% D0% B0% D0% BC% D0% B5% D1% 88% D0% B5 Wikipedia - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ % D0% 9F% D0% B5% D1% 81% D0% BD% D1% 8C_% D0% BE_% D0% A0% D0% BE% D0% BB% D0% B0% D0% BD% D0% B4% D0 % B5
