The Volva Prophecy (also sometimes called the Volva Prophecy) is the most famous, though not the most voluminous text of the Elder Edda. This is a bright, pretentious work of scaldic poetry, which was first translated into Russian in 1963 by the legendary academician A.I. Korsun. Later, The Divination of the Völva was translated into Russian three more times - by E.M. Meletinsky, V.G. Tikhomirov and S. Sviridenko.
"Divination of the Völva", which is interesting and informative to read, contains a huge amount of information on Old Norse mythology. The epic, which is a structured narration from the perspective of the Völva prophetess, includes the main milestones of the Scandinavian cosmogony - from the creation of the world to its death. The version most widespread in the scientific community says that the Divination of the Völva was created in the 10th century and incorporated the key elements of the mythological worldview of the ancient Scandinavians, which had been formed from the first centuries of our era.
"Divination of the Volva" - the content of the text
The Divination of the Volva, which is generally considered much more interesting to listen to than to read, includes 66 stanzas written in the traditional Old Norse alliterative verse called fornurdislag (from forn - ancient, or слово - word and lag "-" size ").
The first stanzas of the Volva Divination describe the world before its creation (ginungagap - "gaping abyss"). Then the first living being, Ymir, is born from ice and fire. Later, the descendants of the giant Storm, Odin, Vili and Vyo kill Ymir, creating from his parts Midgard (literally - the middle world) on the Idavelle field. Then the aces on the seashore find two trees - ash and willow, from which they create the first people - Asuka and Embloo.
The following describes the war between the Aesir and the Vanir, as well as the many adventures of the gods. The Divination of the Volva contains a lot of information about the structure of the Nine Worlds of the Universe and about the functions that the Aesir and Vanir perform. It speaks about the world of the dead Helheim, about fiery Muspelheim and icy Niflheim, about the worlds of the Alves (Alfheim) and Dark Alves (Svartalfheim). The structure of Asgard itself, the world of gods and heroes, is also described in detail.
The finale of the story is Ragnarök (from the ancient German "Ragnarök" means "death of the gods"), a great battle between the Aesir and the forces of evil, led into battle by Hel (queen of the dead), the insidious god Loki and Surt (fire giant, lord of Muspelheim). As a result, the Aesir and Chthonic monsters destroy each other, and Surt, releasing his power, burns the world to the ground. Only two people survive (Liv and Livtrasir) and a few aces (Modi, Magni, Vali, Vidar, Balder and Hod).
Essence of Divination of the Volva, history of creation and meaning
According to the outstanding philologist M.I. Steblin-Kamensky, reading The Prophecy of the Volva means literally living the history of the world. This bright, pathetic and in many ways - dramatic text tells about the golden age of the Universe, which the Völva saw, and about its impending doom, which appeared to her in visions. In the text of the song, the lines “and then the gods sat down”, “enough for you” and “Garm barks loudly” appear as three refrains. At the same time, the “Prophecy of the Volva” is not only an invaluable and one-of-a-kind storehouse of knowledge about mythology Ancient Scandinavia, it is also a complex moral and ethical teaching that tells about the problems of the emergence of evil in the world, about the struggle between the light and dark principles. One of the main motives of the prophecy is perfect atonement and atonement. This is how the Divination of the Völva differs from other songs of the Elder Edda, where moral and ethical aspects are either absent or appear only as a private consequence of the mythological entourage.
It is important to note that The Divination of the Wölwa is preserved not only in Codex Regius 2365, a 13th century manuscript, but also in the Hausbok text (AM 544), which dates back to the 16th century. In addition, the prophecy is retold and partially quoted in the Younger Edda by Snorri Sturluson, who in turn is known from four different lists. And in all these manuscripts, the text of the Divination of the Völva differs, sometimes quite significantly. For example, in the manuscript of the "code" there are no stanzas 34, 54 and 65. This suggests that, apparently, there was no single version of prophecy in the oral tradition.
To simplify the perception of the text, many researchers have tried to rearrange the "Divination of the Volva", to supplement it with elements from other skaldic works. After all, the original prophecy is replete with gaps, illogical leaps in the narrative, unclear metaphors, the meaning of which has not yet been comprehended. However, the work of Neckel, Mühlenhoff, Scheider and many others did not give us a complete picture.
Listening to “The Divination of the Volva”, one involuntarily begins to reflect on what relation this text had to Christianity, when and by whom exactly it was created. There are also many versions on this score. At the moment, the dominant version is considered, which claims that the text originated in Iceland in the X century, that is, at a turning point in the history of the region, when Christianity began to actively storm the European North. This theory is supported by the presence in the text of the "Divination of the Volva" ideas of "crime and punishment", condemnation of greed, recognition of a woman as the culprit, if not of all, then of many troubles. However, such conclusions look quite speculative, although it is quite likely that the sought motives could really be perceived from Christianity. In addition, the researcher Nordahl writes that in the prophecy there is clearly an indication that the end of the world will occur in 1000. The same idea was characteristic of European Catholicism of that era.
At the end of the 19th century, Bang wrote that the primary source of the Volva Divination was the so-called Sibylline Books, a monument of ancient culture. Bugge later refuted Müllenhof's claim that the prophecy was written even before the arrival of Christians in Scandinavia. Jonsson then opposed Bugge, arguing that the "Prophecy of the Volva" appeared, most likely, in 935 and was a kind of mobilization of pagan mythology to combat the impending Christianization. Hoisler, in turn, suggested that the text appeared in Iceland in the XI century and its author was a Christian confessor who was interested in the mythology of the Scandinavians.
As a result, not a single version has become generally accepted. Although from the point of view of versification, the Divination of the Volva is obviously simpler than most skaldic texts. On the other hand, the presence of vivid refrains and the beginning "Listen to me ..." is just characteristic of Skald poetry. It is curious that the actual title "The Divination of the Volva" (Völuspá in Old Norse) is present only in the Sturlusonian Edda, and it is not found in other sources.
One way or another, the Divination of the Volva undoubtedly remains the greatest monument of Old Scandinavian culture. This work is easy to read, it is not satiated with the traditional skald kennings and haiti. His images are bright and memorable. Every person who has read the "Divination of the Volva" necessarily discovers in it something of his own, a certain life lesson, a certain deep philosophy, transmitted through the millennia. And as for the origin, at the moment this question remains open. Although, perhaps, this is not so important ...
"Elder Edda"
The Elder Edda, the oldest monument of Icelandic pagan poetry, is a collection of 29 epic texts of mythological, heroic and didactic content.
In the Middle Ages, Edda was the name of a book written in 1222-1225 by the Icelandic historian and poet Snorri Sturluson (1178-1241). It was a textbook on the poetic art of the Skalds and provided an overview of the pagan mythology of the ancient Scandinavians.
Later (in the 17th century), the idea was that Snorri was based on the work of the Icelandic scholar Samund the Wise (1056-1133), who in the Middle Ages was known among the people as a warlock who managed to outwit the devil.
In 1643 the Icelandic scholar Brignolv Sveinsson found an ancient parchment manuscript of the 13th century and, suggesting that this work of Samund himself, which served as the basis for Snorri, called it "Edda"by analogy with Sturluson's book. Subsequently, it was established that the manuscript had nothing to do with either Samund or Snorri Sturluson, but the name "Edda" stuck to it, and they began to call it "Elder Edda" (or "Poetic Edda"), while the book of Snorri Sturluson became known as the "Younger Edda", or "Prose Edda".
The parchment list found by Brignolve is kept in the Royal Library in Copenhagen and is therefore called the CodexRegius ("Royal List"). It is established that it was written in Iceland in the 2nd half of the XIII century. and possibly a list from an older manuscript of which nothing is known. Most of the songs were composed around the 20th century ancient Germanic alliterative tonicverse.
The songs are translated by A. Korsun.
Mythological songs of the "Elder Edda"
"Divination of the Velva" 1
This is the opening song for Elder Edda's Royal List. It is a one-of-a-kind source of information about the mythological beliefs of the ancient Scandinavians.
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sacred childbirth 2, great with small Heimdall kids 3! One you want so I can tell about the past of all beings, |
about the ancient that I remember. 2 Giants I remember born before the century, they gave birth to me in the old days; i remember nine worlds and nine roots |
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and limit tree 4, not germinated yet. 3 At the beginning of time, when Ymir lived 5, was not in the world no sand, no sea, there was no land yet and the firmament 6, the abyss gaped the grass did not grow 7. 4 While the sons of Bohr 8, Midgard 9 who created great, the earth was not raised, sun from the south shone on the stones, grew up on earth green herbs. 5 Sun, friend of the month 10, right hand to the edge of heaven stretched from the south; the sun did not know where is his home the stars did not know |
i didn't know for a month his power 11. 6 Then the gods sat down to the thrones of might and confer became sacred, the night was named and the offspring of the night 12 - evening, morning and the middle of the day - nickname given, to calculate the time. 7 Aces met at Idavelle Field 13, temples of steel high build, spared no effort forged treasures 8 In the meadow, having fun, they played tavlei 14, everything they had only of gold, - until they showed up three giantesses 15, mighty maidens |
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from Jetunheim 16. 9 Then the gods sat down to the thrones of might and confer became sacred: who should tribe do dwarfs from Brimir 17 blood and Blyain's bones 18. 10 Motsognir senior dwarf tribe was then named, and Durin - second; dwarfs a lot made of clay blinded human likeness, as Durin ordered 19. 11 Nii and Nidi, Nordri and Sudri, Austri and Vestry, Altiov, Dvalin, Beaver and Beaver, Bömbur, Nori, An and Anar, Ai, Myodvignir, 12 Gandalf and Weig, Vindalve, Thrain, Tekk and Thorin, Thor, Vit and Lit, Nar and Nurad - |
here I am dwarfs - Regin and Radswinn - i named everyone. 13 Fili and Kili, Fundin, Nali, Hefty, Vili, Hanar, Svior, Frar and Hornbury, Freg and Loney Aurvang, Yari, Eikinskjaldi. 14 still need dwarfs Dvalina troops the human race name before Lovar; they appeared from the stone of the earth, came across the swamp the field is sandy. 15 It Was Draupnir and Dolgtrasir with him, Har and Haugspori, Hlevang and Gloe, Dory and Ori, Duv and Andvari, Skirvir, Virvir, Scafinn and Ai, 16 Alv and Yngwie, Eikinskjaldi, Fjalar and Frosty, |
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Finn and Ginnar; this list lovar's ancestors will forever abide while people are alive. 17 And Three Came of this kind good aces and mighty to the sea, the powerless saw on the shore Asuka and Embloo, destinies who did not have 20. 18 They did not breathe, there was no spirit in them, gave One breath, and Hoenir 21 is a spirit, and Lodur 22 - warm and faces blush. 19 Ash I know named Yggdrasil, tree washed cloudy moisture; dew from him they descend on the valleys; over the source Urd 23 it turns green forever. 20 Wise virgins 24 from there arose, |
three of the key under the tree high; Urd is the name of the first, second Verdandi 25, - cut the runes, - Skuld 26 is the name of the third; fate was judged life was chosen children of people, the lot is prepared. 21 She Remembers the War the first in the world: Gullveig died pierced by spears burned her flame in Odin's palace, burned her three times, born three times, and yet she still lives on 27. 22 Heid was called her, meeting in houses, - things by a witch, - did magic a witch's wand; minds obeyed her sorcery wicked wives for joy. 23 Then the gods sat down to the thrones of might and confer |
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became sacred: will the aces tolerate offense without ransom il gods in revenge ransom will be taken. 24 Threw into the army One spear, it happened too in the days of the first war; the walls fell the fortress of the aces, vans in battle enemies were defeated. 25 Then the gods sat down to the thrones of might and confer sacred steels: |
who is the firmament attempted to destroy and ode to wife to give the giants 28? 26 Angry Thor one started the battle - he will not sit, learning about this! - were strong oaths are violated, that contract that has been observed until now. 27 She knows that Heimdall rumor 29 hidden under a tree, rising up to the sky; sees that cloudy |
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flowing waterfall from Vladyka's pledge 30, - is that enough for you? 28 she conjured secretly once, when the prince of asov 31 looked into her eyes: “What to ask me? Why test? I know, One, where is your eye hidden! he is hidden in the source glorious Mimira 32! " Every morning Mimir drinks honey from the Master's pledge - is that enough for you? 29 One gave her necklaces and rings, received in return with the magic of divination, - through all the worlds her gaze penetrated 33. 30 Valkyries Vidal from distant lands, ready to hurry |
ready for the tribe 34; Skuld with a shield, Skogul is different Gunn, Hild and Göndul and Geirskogul. Here are listed maidens of Odin, love to ride them everywhere, to the Valkyries. 31 I saw it like Balder 35, bloody god Odin's son accepted his death slender over the field stood, towering, thin, lovely mistletoe escape. 32 That escape began, thin and slender, a destructive weapon Höd abandoned him. Baldr's soon brother 36 was born, - living the night he began to fight. 33 He did not wash his palms, |
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i didn't scratch my hair, until he killed Balder the killer; mourned Frigga, in Fensalir 37 sitting, Valhalla 38 sorrow - is that enough for you? 34 Wove then Vali terrible bond strong bonds tied up from guts 39. 35 The Prisoner Saw under Hveralund 40, similar appearance with Loki the sinister 41; sigyn 42 sits there, about your husband bitterly sad, - is that enough for you? 36 Pours from the East the stream is cold he carries swords, - Slid 43 is his name. 37 stood in the north to Nidavellir 44 the golden palace, - |
then a dwarf house; the other stood on Okolnir 45 building, the hall of giants, he is called Brimir. 38 I saw the house, far from the sun, on the Coast of the Dead the door to the north; drops were falling poison through the chimney of living snakes gossip this house. 39 There she saw - walked through streams broken vows, assassins are mean and those who are wives seduces strangers; Nidhogg 46 gnawed there corpses of the dead, he tormented their husbands - is this 47 enough for you? 40 the old woman sat in the Iron Forest 48 of this kind |
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and spawned there Fenrir genus 49; will become one abominable troll the thief of the sun. 41 He will gnaw corpses of people will flood dwelling of the gods 50; the sun will darken in the summertime, storms will rage - is that enough for you? 42 Sat on a hill played the harp giantess shepherd, Eggder is cheerful; sang over him on forest trees crimson by name - Fjalar. 43 I sang over the aces Gullinkambi 51, |
he wakes up heroes Father of Druzhin 52; another underground rooster black and red echoes the first at Hel's palace. 44 Garm 53 barks loudly at Gnipachellir, the leash won't hold laughing Greedy 54. She knows a lot i see everything the fate of the mighty glorious gods. 45 Brothers Will Begin 55 fight each other, relatives close they will die in strife; painful in the world great fornication, the age of swords and axes, shields will crack, age of storms and wolves |
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before the death of the world; spare a person there will be no man 56. 46 The game was started Mimir children 57, the end is announced horn Gjallarhorn 58; Heimdall trumpets he raised the horn, with Mimir's skull 59 One is talking. 47 Yggdrasil trembles, ash high, the ancient trunk hums, tours 60 breaks out. 48 Garm Barks Loud at Gnipachellir, the leash won't hold - will break out Greedy. She knows a lot i see everything the fate of the mighty |
glorious gods. 49 Hryum 61 rides from the east, shielding myself with a shield; Ermungand 62 angrily turned; the serpent hits the waves the eagle screams, torments the fallen; Naglfar 63 is sailing. 50 From the east in the boat Muspell 64 people floating on the waves and Loki rules; ride with the Wolf 65 sons of giants, brother in the boat with them Bulleista 66 rides. 51 What about the aces? What about the alves? Etunheim is buzzing, aces on the tinge; midgets moan |
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in front of the stone entrance in the rocks of relatives - is that enough for you? 52 Surt 67 coming from the south with destroying branches 68, the sun is shining on the swords of the gods; mountains are crumbling giantess are dying; people go to Hel, the sky is split. 53 Came For Hlin 69 new sorrow, One entered with the Wolf in battle, and Beli is the killer 70 grabbed Surt, - joy frigg 71 death is approaching. 54 Garm barks loudly at Gnipachellir, the leash won't hold - will break out Greedy. She knows a lot i see everything the fate of the mighty |
glorious gods. 55 The Son Comes Here Father of Victories 72, Vidar, for battle with a corpse beast 73; he drives the sword avenging my father, - he hits my heart Khwedrung's son 74. 56 Here the Glorious Comes Chlodun descendant of 75, with a snake goes beat the son of Odin 76, in anger reeks Midgard Guard 77, all people should to part with life, - nine steps son of Fjörgün retreats 78, slain by the serpent - he is worthy of glory. fall from the sky bright stars, the flame is raging life feeder 79, 57 The sun has gone dark, |
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the land sinks into the sea unbearable fever reaches the sky. 58 Garm barks loudly at Gnipachellir, the leash won't hold break out Greedy She knows a lot i see everything the fate of the mighty glorious gods. 59 She sees: rises again from the sea land, greener as before; the waters are falling, the eagle flies fish from the waves he wants to fish. 60 Aces Meet to Idawell Field, about the belt of the world 80 talking mighty and remember about glorious events and the runes of the ancients great god 81. 61 to be found again must in the meadow in the tall grass gold bars, what is it for them to play served once. |
62 Head up bread without sowing, evil will become good Balder will return, will live with Höd at Chroft 82 in the palaces, in the dwelling of the gods - is that enough for you? 63 Hoenir beret draw rod, brothers both 83 sons live in the house of winds 84 - is that enough for you? 64 The Palace She Sees the sun is more wonderful he stands on Gimla, shining with gold. they will live there faithful squads eternal happiness there they are destined. 65 Comes Down Then lord of the world, reigning over all lord mighty 85. 66 Here Comes black dragon, sparkling serpent from the Dark Peaks; Nidhogg carries, flying over the field, corpses under the wings - |
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it's time for her to disappear 86. |
1Velva- a soothsayer, a witch. The Velvas held an honorable position in pagan society. The whole song is put into the mouth of the velva, which broadcasts, fulfilling Odin's request, and she either speaks about herself in the first person (“I remember the giants”, etc.), then in the third “she remembers the war”, etc.) ...
2Sacred birth- gods.
3Children of Heimdall- people.
4Limit tree- Ash Yggdrasil, a world tree with 9 roots. Its branches are spread over the whole world, consisting of 9 lands, and put a limit to it in space.
5And peace- a primordial being, from whose body parts the gods created the world.
6... there was no earth and the firmament ...- In the original, this place almost literally coincides with the so-called "Wessobrunn Prayer", an ancient High German Christian monument of the 9th century. It is possible that this place had a common Germanic prototype.
7... the grass did not grow.- The grass is highlighted: pasture for livestock is the basis of Icelandic farming.
8Bohr's sons- One and his brothers - Willie and Ve.
9Midgard- a world inhabited by people. Literally "medium fence, medium enclosed space."
10Sun, friend of the month... - In the original - "companion of the month." The moon was considered the ancient sun, and the count was carried out at night, not by day.
12 Light was considered a product of darkness, and therefore the day and time of day - the offspring of the night.
13Idavelle Field- either a “field of tireless activity”, or an “evergreen field”, or a “shining field”.
14... tavlei- checkers.
15Three giantesses.“It is unclear who they are, but apparently these are not the three norns mentioned in stanza 20. Norns are goddesses of fate.
16Jotunheim- dwelling or country of giants. Yotun- a giant.
17Brimir- the same as Ymir (the oldest of the giants).
18Blyain- another name of Ymir (?).
19 Verses 10-16 list the names of the dwarfs.
20Ask and Emblya- the first people on earth. Literally - "ash" and "vine".
21Hoenir- Despite dozens of attempts to interpret this mysterious god, his essence remains controversial.
22Lodur- a figure even less clear than Henier.
23Urd- one of the norns. Literally "destiny."
24Wise virgins- norns.
25Verdandi- "becoming".
26Skuld- "debt".
27 Verses 21-24 (the most difficult in the whole song) deal with a war between two groups of gods - the Aesir and the Vani. The content of this myth appears to be as follows. The Vans (the gods Njord, Freyr and Freyja) sent the asams Gullveig, whose name translates as "the power of gold." Odin tried to destroy her, but she was born (stanza 21) and, under the name Heid (the common name of witches), did even worse (stanza 22). Then the Aesir began to consult whether to take a ransom from the Vanir. The agreement did not take place, and Odin began a war with the Vani, throwing a spear at them (according to custom, the leader had to throw a spear at the enemy army before the battle began, thereby dedicating it to the god of war). The Ases were defeated (stanza 24), but in the end peace was made between the Aesir and the Vanir, and they exchanged hostages, which were Hoenir and Mimir from the Aesir, Njord and Freyr from the Vanir. The myth of the war of the Vanir and Ases was interpreted as a reflection of the struggle between the old and the new cults, intertribal struggle or social stratification. Van- clearly gods of fertility. Ases- all other gods and usually gods in general.
28 Verses 25-26 refer to the myth known from the Younger Edda. The gods agreed with one giant that he would build a fortress for them, impregnable for the giants. If he completes the work on time, he will receive Freya, the goddess of the sun and moon, as a reward. On Loki's advice, the gods agreed to his terms. But when they saw that the giant would have time to build the fortress on time, they got scared and began to threaten Loki. Then Loki tricked the giant into being late for the deadline. Seeing that he was deceived, the giant flew into a rage. The gods called Thor for help, and he killed the giant. Thus, Loki attempted to destroy the firmament and give Freya to the giants. Oda's wife is Freya. In The Younger Edda, the main thing in this myth is Loki's cunning (he turned into a mare and distracted the giant's horse from work). The main thing in the song is that the gods broke their oaths.
29Heimdall's rumor.- Many believe that we are talking about the horn, which Heimdall will trumpet before the death of the gods (see verse 46). Others believe that Heimdahl laid down his hearing as Odin laid down his eye (see below).
30The Master's Pledge- the eye of Odin, which he left as a pledge in the source of the sage Mimir, having received wisdom from him. Mimir was the brother of Bestley, Odin's mother.
31Prince of ases- One.
32Mimir- see note. 31.
33In verse 29, Odin paid the Velveh for her divination with rich gifts.
34Goths- warriors. The name of the tribe, famous for its belligerence, is a household name.
35Balder– light god, son of Odin and Frigga, brother of Thor. Stanzas 31–32 refer to the myth of his death that is preserved in the Younger Edda. The myth of Balder's death was associated with the legend of Christ, and with various Hellenistic and Eastern legends, and with the rituals of the cult of fertility, and with the ritual killing of the king witnessed in Scandinavia to avert misfortune. In stanza 31, a specifically Icelandic feature is the description of the mistletoe as a tree growing in a field. Mistletoe only grows on trees, but Icelanders may not know how it grows (it is found in Norway, but not in Iceland).
36Brother Balder- Vali, son of Odin and Rind.
37Fensalir- Frigg's dwelling.
38Valhalla- Odin's dwelling.
39 Verses 34 and 35 deal with the punishment of Loki: the gods tie him to the roots of Yggdrasil, and a snake is placed over him, the poison of which drips onto his head.
40Hveralund- "grove of hot springs". There are many such sources in Iceland.
41... the appearance similar to Loki ominous- i.e. Loki himself.
42Sigyn- Loki's wife.
43Slid- "terrible, destructive."
44Nidavellir- "fields of darkness".
45Ocolnir- "uncooled" (?).
46Nidhogg- black dragon (see verse 66).
48Iron Forest- the dwelling of witches.
49Fenrir genus- wolves. From here begins the description of the death of the gods. Fenrir- spawn of Loki, a monstrous wolf that will swallow the sun when Ragnarok begins.
50Dwelling of the gods- the sky.
51Gullinkambi- "golden scallop".
52Heroes of the Father of Druzhin- Einheria, i.e. souls of warriors who fell on the battlefield and lived after their death in Valhalla, at Odin.
53Garm- according to some, a monstrous dog guarding the underworld; according to others, the wolf is Fenrir.
54The leash will fail - the Greedy will break free... - See note. 50.
55 The Divination of the Wolwa, like the other songs of the Elder Edda, is written in alliterative verse. A sample of its translation into Russian is presented, for example, in the translation of 45 stanza:
In strife, a bloody brother destroys his brother;
Blood relatives slaughter each other:
Evil is multiplying, the world is full of abomination.
Age of axes, age of swords, age of cut shields,
Blizzard age, wolf age - before the end of the world ...
Neither person spares the other.
56 In the description of the moral decay preceding the death of the gods, one sees Christian influence.
57Mimir's children- giants or rivers and streams.
58Horn of Gjallarhorn- Heimdall's horn. It is compared with the trumpet of the archangel in Christian mythology.
59Mimir's Skull... - In the "Saga of the Ynglings" it is said that the Aesir sent Mimir hostage to the Vans, they cut off his head and sent back to the Aesir, and Odin saved her with the help of witchcraft, and she told him secrets. But cf. verse 28, where Mimir is still alive, although the war with the Vanir is over.
60Turs is a giant, i.e. wolf Feprir.
61Moody- the name of the giant.
62Jormungand- the world serpent.
63Naglfar- a ship that will be built from the nails of the dead. In Iceland, the belief is still widespread that the nails of the dead must be cut off so that evil forces do not use them.
64Muspell- apparently the name of a mythological creature. Muspell's people- those who carry out the death of the gods (?). In the Old High German work of the 10th century. there is the word muspilli - "the end of the world, the last judgment." It is unclear whether this word is of Christian origin or pagan.
65Wolf- Fenrir.
66Brother Buleist- Loki.
67Surt- an underground giant, ruling fire, literally "black". It is believed to be a reflection of Icelandic volcanoes.
68Killing branches- the fire.
69Hlin- Frigg. Her new grief is the death of Odin, her old grief is the death of Balder.
70Beli's killer- Frey. Beli- the giant that Freyr killed.
71Frigga's Joy- One.
72Father of Victories- One.
73Corpse beast- the wolf Fenrir.
74Son of Hwedrung- the wolf Fenrir. Hwedrung- Loki.
75 Khlodun descendant - Thor. Khlodun, or Fjörgun, is Thor's mother.
76Son of Odin- Thor.
77Guardian of Midgard- Thor.
78Fjörgün- see note. 75.
79Life Feeder- the fire.
80Belt of peace- the world serpent.
81Great God- One.
82Chroft- One.
83…brothers both- Balder and Kheda (?).
84House of Winds- the sky.
85 In verse 65, many see the influence of Christianity.
86Ey is the völve who prophesies.
Listen to me, all sacred families, great children of Heimdall! One, you want me to tell about the past of all existence, about the ancient that I remember. I remember the giants, born before the century, they gave birth to me in ancient years; I remember nine worlds and nine roots and the tree of the limit, which has not yet sprouted. At the beginning of time, there was no sand, no sea, no cold waves in the world. There was no earth yet and the firmament, the abyss gaped, the grass did not grow. Until the sons of Bor, who created the magnificent Midgard, did not raise the land, the sun shone on the stones from the south, green herbs grew on the ground. The sun, friend of the month, extended its right hand to the edge of heaven from the south; the sun did not know where his home was, the stars did not know where to shine, for a month he did not know his power. Then the gods sat on the thrones of power and became sacred, they called the night and gave the offspring of the night - evening, morning and middle day - a nickname in order to calculate the time. The ases met at Idavell-field, the temples began to build high, they did not spare their efforts, forged treasures, created pincers, prepared tools. In the meadow, having fun, they played tavlei, everything they had only of gold - until three giantesses, mighty maidens from Jotunheim, appeared. Then the gods sat on the thrones of power and the sacred began to confer: who should make the tribe of dwarfs from Brimir the blood and bones of Blain. Modsognir was then named the eldest of the dwarf tribe, and Durin the second; dwarfs made many of the clay human likeness, as Durin ordered. Nii and Nidi, Nordri and Sudri, Austri and Vestri, Altjov, Dvalin, Nar and Nain, Niping, Dain, Bivur and Bavur, Bömbur, Nori, An and Anar, Oin, Myodvitnir, Gandalf and Veig, Vindalv, Thorin, Thor and Train, Tekk, Vit and Lit, Nuur and Nurad - here I am the dwarfs - Regin and Radswinn - I named them all. Fili and Keely, Fundin, Nali, Hefty, Vili, Khanar, Svior, Billing, Bruni, Bild and Buri, Frar and Hornbori, Freg and Loni, Aurvang, Jari, Eikinskjaldi. Still it is necessary to name the dwarfs of Dvalin the troops of the human race before Lovar; they emerged from the stone of the earth, came across the swamp to a field of sand. It was Draupnir and Dolgtrasir with him, Har and Haugspori, Hlevang and Gloe, Dori and Ori, Duv and Andvari, Skirvir, Virvir, Skafinn and Ai, Alv and Yngvi, Eikinskjaldi, Fjalar and Frosty, Finn and Ginnar; this list of Lovar's ancestors will remain forever as long as people are alive. And three came from this kind of aces good and mighty to the sea, they saw powerless on the banks of Asuka and Embla, who had no destinies They did not breathe, they had no spirit, no blush on their faces, warmth and voice; Odin gave breath, and Hoenir gave spirit, and Lodur gave warmth and blush to faces. I know an ash-tree by the name of Yggdrasil, a tree washed by muddy moisture; dew descends from him to the valleys; over the source of Urd it turns green forever. The wise virgins arose from there, three from a key under a tall tree; Urd is the name of the first, the second is Verdandi, - the runes were cut, - Skuld is the name of the third; fate was judged, life was chosen for the children of people, the lot was prepared. She remembers the first war in the world: Gullveig died, pierced by spears, her flame burned in Odin's palace, she was burned three times, she was born three times, and yet she still lives. Hayd called her, meeting her in homes, - things a sorceress, - she made a magic wand with a witch; minds submitted to her sorcery to evil wives for the joy. Then the gods sat on the thrones of power and the sacred began to confer: will the Ases endure an offense without ransom, or will the gods take a ransom in revenge. Odin threw a spear into the army, this also happened in the days of the first war; the walls of the fortress of the ases collapsed, the Vans won the battle of enemies. Then the gods sat on the thrones of power and the sacred began to confer: who attempted to destroy the firmament and give Oda his wife to the giants? The enraged Thor alone began the battle - he will not sit still, having learned about such a thing! - the strong oaths were violated, the treaty that had been observed until now. She knows that Heimdall's hearing is hidden under a tree that rises to the sky; sees that a muddy waterfall flows from the Master's pledge - is that enough for you? She conjured secretly once, when the prince of the Ases looked into her eyes: “Why ask me? Why test? I know, Odin, where your eye is hidden: it is hidden in the fountain of the glorious Mimir! " Every morning Mimir drinks honey from the Master's pledge - is that enough for you? One gave her necklaces and rings, in exchange he received divination with magic - her gaze penetrated through all the worlds. I saw Valkyries from distant lands, ready to hurry to the Goth tribe; Skuld with a shield, Skogul another, Hun, Hild and Gyondul and Geirskogul. Here are the maidens of Odin, they love to ride everywhere, the Valkyries. I saw how Balder, the bloody god, Odin's son, accepted his death: a slender, slender, beautiful mistletoe shoot stood over the field, towering. That shoot, thin and slender, became a destructive weapon, Hod threw it. A brother was soon born at Balder's, - having lived the night, he began to fight. He did not wash his palms, he did not scratch his hair until he killed the murderer Balder; mourned Frigga, sitting in Fensalir, Valhalla sorrow - is that enough for you? Then Vali wove. terrible bonds, strong bonds tied from the guts. I saw the prisoner near Hveralund, an appearance similar to Loki ominous; there Sigyn sits, grieving bitterly about his husband - is that enough for you? A cold stream flows from the east, it carries swords - Slid is his name. There was a golden palace in the north in Nidavellir, a dwarf house; the other stood at Ocolnir house, the palace of giants, he is called Brimir. I saw a house, far from the sun, on the Coast of the Dead, a door to the north; drops of poison fell through the chimney, from the snakes of living gossip this house. There she saw - they walked through the streams of broken oaths, vile murderers and those who seduce strangers' wives; Nidhogg gnawed at the corpses of the dead, he tormented husbands - is that enough for you? An old woman sat in the Iron Forest and gave birth to the Fenrir clan there; of this kind will become one vile troll the sun stealer. He will gnaw the corpses of people, blood will flood the dwelling of the gods; the sun will darken in summertime, storms will rage - is that enough for you? Sitting on a hill, a giantess shepherd was playing on the harp, Eggder was cheerful; A crimson cochet named Fjalar sang over him in the forest trees. Gullinkambi sang over the aces, he wakes up the heroes of the Father of Druzhin; the other under the ground the first is echoed by a black-and-red rooster at Hel's palace. Garm barks loudly at Gnipachellir, the leash will not stand - the Greedy will break free. She knows a lot, all I see the fate of the mighty glorious gods. Brothers will begin to fight each other, relatives will die in strife; painful in the world, great fornication, the age of swords and axes, shields will crack, the age of storms and wolves until the end of the world; a person will not spare a person. Mimir's children started the game, the end was announced by the horn of Gjallarhorn; Heimdall trumpets, he raised the horn, Odin talks with the skull of Mimir. Yggdrasil trembles, a tall ash tree, an ancient trunk hums, a thurs breaks out. Everyone on the roads to Hel is terrified before Surta's kin swallows. What about the aces? What about the alves? Jotunheim is buzzing, aces on the tinge; dwarfs groan before the stone entrance in the rocks of their relatives - is that enough for you? Garm barks loudly at Gnipachellir, the leash will not stand - the Greedy will break free. She knows a lot, I all see the fate of the mighty glorious gods. Mink rides from the east, shielding himself with a shield; Jormungand turned angrily; the serpent hits the waves, the eagle screams, torments the fallen; Naglfar floats. From the east in Muspell's boat the people float on the waves, and Loki rules; the sons of the giants are riding with the Wolf; Buleist's brother is riding in the boat with them. Surt rides from the south with destroying branches, the sun shines on the swords of the gods; mountains are crumbling, giantesses are dying; people go to Hel, the sky is split. A new grief came for Khlin, Odin entered the battle with the Wolf, and Beli the killer with Surt grabbed, - Frigg's joy is approaching death. Garm barks loudly at Gnipachellir, the leash will not stand - the Greedy will break free. She knows a lot, I all see the fate of the mighty glorious gods. The Son here comes the Father of Victories, Vidar, to fight with the corpse beast; he plunges the sword, avenging his father, - he stabs in the heart of Khvedrung's son. Here the glorious descendant Chlodun comes, the son of Odin goes to fight with the serpent, the guard strikes Midgard in anger, all people must part with their lives, - the son of Fjörgun retreats nine steps, slain by the serpent - he is worthy of glory. The sun has darkened, the earth is sinking into the sea, bright stars are falling from the sky, the flame is raging on the feeder of life, an intolerable heat reaches the sky. Garm barks loudly at Gnipachellir, the leash will not stand - the Greedy will break free. She knows a lot, I all see the fate of the mighty glorious gods. She sees: the earth rises again from the sea, green, as before; the waters are falling, the eagle flies by, he wants to catch fish from the waves. Aces meet at Idavelle-field, they talk about the belt of the mighty world and remember the glorious events and runes of the ancient great god. Once again, they must be found in the meadow in the tall grass, the golden tavlei that they once served for the game. Bread will be thrown without sowing, evil will become good, Balder will return, he will live with Höd at Chroft's palaces, in the dwelling of the gods - is that enough for you? Hoenir takes a rod of lot, both brothers live in the house of winds - is that enough for you? She sees the sun in the palace more wonderful, he stands on Gimla, shining with gold: faithful squads will live there, eternal happiness is destined for them there. Then the ruler of the world descends, the mighty ruler reigning over all. Here comes a black dragon, a sparkling serpent from the Dark Peaks; Nidhogg carries, flying over the field, corpses under the wings - it's time for her to disappear.
Divination of the Volva Divination of the Völwa is the most famous of the Elder Edda songs. It contains a picture of the history of the world from creation and the golden age (that is, what the Völva "remembers" or "saw") to its tragic end - the so-called "death of the gods" - and the rebirth, which should be the triumph of peace and justice (ie, what the Völva "sees"). The song represents the richest and one-of-a-kind treasury of mythological information. Most researchers are now inclined to believe that this song arose in Iceland in an era that was a turning point between paganism and Christianity, namely in the second half or the end of the tenth century, and that it is mainly pagan, although it is possible that some of its elements are such as the idea of \u200b\u200bguilt and punishment, the condemnation of the thirst for gold, the recognition of a woman as the culprit of all troubles - are unconsciously borrowed from the Christian religion. Some stanzas in the 1975 edition have been rearranged. Völva is a soothsayer, a sorceress. The whole song is put into the mouth of the Völva, which broadcasts, fulfilling Odin's request, and she sometimes speaks about herself in the first person (“I remember the giants”, etc.), then in the third (“remembers the dream war,” etc.). ). This alternation is found in Old Icelandic songs.
Listen to me all
sacred childbirth, Sacred births are gods.
great with small
Heimdall children! Heimdall's children are human. Despite the great literature about the god Heimdall, his essence is unclear. We only know the following about him: he is the "guardian of the gods" and "the most luminous of the aces", people are his "children", he was born "of nine mothers", before the death of the gods he "will blow his horn."
One you want
so I can tell
about the past of all beings,
about the ancient that I remember.
I remember the giants
born before the century,
they gave birth to me
in the old days;
i remember nine worlds
and nine roots
and the tree of the limit, The tree of the end is Yggdrasil ash, the world tree. Its branches are spread over the whole world and put a limit to it in space. Yggdrasil is literally "Odin's horse". One hanged himself on this tree once to acquire secret knowledge.
not germinated yet.
3A variation of this stanza: At the beginning of time when Ymir lived, was not in the world no sand, no sea, there was no land yet and the firmament, the abyss gaped the grass did not grow.
At the beginning of time
when Ymir lived,
was not in the world
no sand, no sea, ... there was no sand or sea in the world ... - Specifically an Icelandic feature. Sand is very characteristic of the Icelandic landscape (for example, the Icelandic southern plain).
there was no land yet
and the firmament, ... there was no earth and the firmament ... - In the original, this place almost literally coincides with the so-called "Wessobrunn Prayer", an ancient High German Christian monument of the 9th century. It is possible that this place had a common Germanic prototype.
the abyss gaped
the grass did not grow. ... the grass did not grow. - The grass is highlighted: pasture for livestock is the basis of Icelandic farming.
While the sons of Bohr, Bohr's sons - Odin and his brothers, Vili and Ve.
Midgard Midgard is a world inhabited by people. Literally "medium fence, medium enclosed space." who created
great,
the earth was not raised,
sun from the south
shone on the stones,
grew up on earth
green herbs.
5The content of stanza 5 is interpreted as a description of a polar summer night: the sun rolls along the horizon, as if not knowing where to set, and the stars and the moon do not shine in full force.
The sun, friend of the month, The sun, friend of the month. - In the original - "companion of the month." The moon was considered to be the ancient sun, and the count was kept at night, not by day.
right hand
to the edge of heaven
stretched from the south;
the sun did not know
where is his home
the stars did not know
where should they shine,
i didn't know for a month
his power.
Then the gods sat down
to the thrones of might
and confer
became sacred,
the night was named
and the scions of the night Scions of the night. - Light was considered a product of darkness, and therefore the day and times of the day - the offspring of the night. -
evening, morning
and the middle of the day -
nickname given,
to calculate the time.
Aces met
to Idawell Field,
temples of steel
high build,
spared no effort
forged treasures
created ticks,
the guns were being prepared.
In the meadow, having fun
they played tavlei,
everything they had
only of gold, -
until they showed up
three giantesses, Three giantesses. “It’s unclear who they are, but apparently these are not the three norns mentioned in verse 20.
mighty maidens
from Jotunheim. Jotunheim is a dwelling or country of giants. Yotun is a giant.
Then the gods sat down
to the thrones of might
And confer
became sacred:
who should the tribe
do dwarfs
from Brimir Brimir is the same as Ymir (the oldest of the giants) (?). Blain is another name for Ymir (?). blood
And Blaine's bones.
10Verses 10-16 list the names of the dwarfs. Some of the names of the dwarfs in this tula are transparent (they mean “northern”, “southern”, “eastern”, “western”, “new”, “dead”, “friendly”, “brave”, “wise”, etc. ), others are controversial or completely incomprehensible.
Motsognir senior
dwarf tribe
was then named,
and Durin - second;
dwarfs a lot
made of clay blinded
human likeness,
as Durin ordered.
Nii and Nidi,
Nordri and Sudri,
Austri and Vestry,
Altiov, Dvalin,
Beaver and Beaver,
Bömbur, Nori,
An and Anar,
Ay, Myodvitnir,
Gandalf and Weig,
Vindalve, Thrain,
Tekk and Thorin,
Thror, Vit and Lit,
Nar and Nurad -
here I am dwarfs -
Regin and Radswinn
i named everyone.
Fili and Keely,
Fundin, Nali,
Hefty, Vili,
Hanar, Svior,
Frar and Hornbury,
Freg and Loney
Aurvang, Yari,
Eikinskjaldi.
Still need dwarfs
Dvalina troops
the human race
name before Lovar;
they appeared
from the stone of the earth,
came across the swamp
the field is sandy.
Alv and Yngwie,
Eikinskjaldi,
Fjalar and Frosty,
Finn and Ginnar;
this list
lovar's ancestors
will forever abide
while people are alive.
And three came
of this kind
good aces
and mighty to the sea,
the powerless saw
on the shore
Asuka and Embloo, Ask and Embla are the first people on earth, literally "ash" and "willow".
who did not have fate.
They weren't breathing
there was no spirit in them,
gave One breath,
and Hoenir Hoenir. - Despite dozens of attempts to interpret this mysterious god, his essence remains controversial. - spirit,
and Lodur Lodur is a figure even less clear than Hoenir. - warmly
and faces blush.
Ash I know
named Yggdrasil, Yggdrasil - see note. to stanza 2.
tree washed
cloudy moisture;
dew from him
they descend on the valleys;
over the source of Urd Urd is one of the norns. Literally "destiny."
it turns green forever.
Wise virgins The wise virgins are norns, goddesses of fate.
from there arose,
three of the key
under the tree high;
Urd is the name of the first,
second Verdandi, Verdandi - "becoming". -
cut the runes, -
Skuld Skuld - "duty". the name of the third;
fate was judged
life was chosen
children of people,
the lot is prepared.
21Verses 21-24 speak of a war between two groups of gods, the Aesir and the Van. The content of this myth seems to be as follows. The Vans (the gods Njord, Freyr and Freyja) sent the ases Gullveig (which means "the power of gold") - a woman who embodies the greed for gold. One tried to destroy her, but she was born again (stanza 21) and, under the name Heid (common, the name of sorcerers), did even worse (stanza 22). Then the Aesir began to consult whether to take a ransom from the Vanir (according to other interpretations - whether to pay them a ransom to the Vans or to accept them into their own environment, whether to pay them a ransom to the Vans or take a ransom from them, should the Aesir alone pay the ransom, etc.) ., stanza 23). The agreement did not take place, and Odin began a war with the Vani, throwing a spear at them (according to custom, the leader had to throw a spear at the enemy army before the battle, thereby dedicating it to the god of war). The Ases were defeated (stanza 24), but in the end peace was made between the Aesir and the Vanir, and they exchanged hostages, which were Hoenir and Mimir from the Aesir and Njord and Freyr from the Vanir. The Vanir are clearly gods of fertility. Ases are all other gods and usually gods in general.
She remembers the war
the first in the world:
Gullveig died
pierced by spears
burned her flame
in Odin's palace,
burned her three times,
born three times,
and yet she
still lives.
Hayd they called her,
meeting in houses, -
things by a witch, -
did magic
a witch's wand;
minds obeyed
her sorcery
wicked wives for joy.
Then the gods sat down
to the thrones of might
and confer
became sacred:
will the aces tolerate
offense without ransom
il gods in revenge
ransom will be taken.
25Verses 25-26 refer to a myth known from the Younger Edda. The gods agreed with one giant that he would build a fortress for them at a certain time, impregnable for the giants. As a reward, he demanded the goddess Freya, the sun and the moon. On Loki's advice, the gods agreed to his terms. But when they saw that the giant would have time to build the fortress on time, they got scared and began to threaten Loki. Then Loki tricked the giant into being late for the deadline. Seeing that he was deceived, the giant flew into a rage. The gods called for help Thor, and he killed the giant. Thus, Loki attempted to destroy the firmament and give Freya to the giants. Oda's wife is Freya. In The Younger Edda, the main thing in this myth is Loki's cunning (he turned into a mare and distracted the giant's horse from work). The main thing in the song is that the gods broke their oaths.
Then the gods sat down
to the thrones of might
and confer
sacred steels:
who is the firmament
attempted to destroy
and ode to wife
give to the giants?
Angry Thor
one started the battle -
he will not sit,
learning about this! -
were strong
oaths are violated,
that contract
that has been observed until now.
She knows
that Heimdall rumor Heimdall's rumor. - Many believe that we are talking about a horn, which Heimdall will trumpet before the death of the gods (see verse 46). Others believe that Heimdall laid down his hearing as Odin laid down his eye (see below).
hidden under a tree,
rising up to the sky;
sees that cloudy
flowing waterfall
from the Master's pledge, The Lord's pledge is Odin's eye, which he left as a pledge in the source of the sage Mimir, having received wisdom from him. Mimir was the brother of Bestla, Odin's mother. -
is that enough for you?
She conjured
secretly once,
when the prince of ases Prince of Ases - One.
looked into her eyes:
“What to ask me?
Why test?
I know, One,
where is your eye hidden:
he is hidden in the source
glorious Mimir! "
Every morning
Mimir drinks honey
from the Master's pledge -
is that enough for you?
29Verse 29 says that Odin paid the Völwe for her divination with rich gifts.
One gave her
necklaces and rings,
received in return
with the magic of divination, -
through all the worlds
her gaze penetrated her.
Valkyries have seen
from distant lands,
ready to hurry
ready for the tribe; Goths are warriors. The name of the tribe, famous for its belligerence, has become a household name.
Skuld with a shield,
Skogul is different
Gunn, Hild and Göndul
and Geirskogul.
Here are listed
maidens of Odin,
love to ride them
everywhere, to the Valkyries.
I saw, like Balder, Balder is a light god, the son of Odin and Frigg, brother of Thor. Stanzas 31–32 refer to the myth of his death that is preserved in the Younger Edda. Balder, beloved son of Odin and Frigga, was tormented by ominous dreams. He told the Aesir about them, and then Frigg took an oath from all things that they would not harm Balder. The gods were amused by the fact that they threw spears and stones at him, and nothing hurt him. Learning from Frigga that she did not take the oath only from the mistletoe's escape, Loki cut him off, persuading the blind god Hod to throw him at Balder, and directed Hod's hand. Balder was struck to death, and all the gods mourned for him. While his body lay on the fire, the god Hermod, at the request of Frigga, went to Hel to try to bring Balder back from her kingdom. But Hel made it a condition of his return - that all the living and the dead in the world mourn him. And everything alive and inanimate began to mourn for him. But in one cave sat a giantess named Tyokk and did not cry, and it was Loki. In verse 31, a peculiarly Icelandic feature is the description of the mistletoe as a tree growing in a field. Mistletoe only grows on trees, but Icelanders may not know how it grows (it is found in Norway, but not in Iceland).
bloody god
Odin's son
accepted his death:
slender over the field
stood, towering,
thin, lovely
mistletoe escape.
That escape became
thin and slender,
a destructive weapon
Höd abandoned him.
Baldr's soon
Brother Balder's brother is Vali, son of Odin and Rind. born, -
living the night
he began to fight.
He did not wash his palms,
i didn't scratch my hair,
until he killed
Baldr the killer;
mourned Frigga,
to Fensalir Fensalir is Frigg's abode. sitting,
Valhalla Valhalla is Odin's dwelling. sorrow -
is that enough for you?
34Verses 34 and 35 refer to Loki's punishment.
Then Vali wove.
terrible bond
strong bonds
tied up from the guts.
I saw the prisoner
under Hveralund, Hveralund - "hot springs grove". There are many such sources in Iceland.
similar appearance
with Loki the sinister; ... in an ominous appearance similar to Loki - that is, Loki himself.
there Sigyn Sigyn is Loki's wife. is sitting,
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is that enough for you?
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is that enough for you?
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of this kind
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is that enough for you?
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at Hel's palace.
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the fate of the mighty
glorious gods.
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age of storms and wolves
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One is talking.
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midgets moan
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is that enough for you?
