The Divine Comedy is the greatest monument of Italian literature, a real medieval encyclopedia of scientific, political, philosophical, moral and theological knowledge.
The Divine Comedy (Italian Commedia, later Divina Commedia) is a poem written by Dante Alighieri in the period from 1308 to 1321.
This is an allegorical description of the human soul with its vices, passions, joys and virtues. These are living human images and vivid psychological situations.
For seven centuries the immortal work of the great Dante has inspired poets, artists, composers to create numerous works of art.
According to Catholic beliefs, the afterlife consists of hell, where condemned sinners go forever, purgatory - the abode of sinners who atone for their sins - and paradise - the abode of the blessed.
Audiobook in italianYear of issue: 2006
Dante Alighieri
Executor: Librivox volunteers
Genre: Poem
Publisher: LibriVox
Language: Italian
A type: audiobook
Audio codec: MP3
Audio bitrate: 128 kbps
The size: 588 MV
Description:The Divine Comedy (Italian Commedia, later Divina Commedia) is a poem written by Dante Alighieri in the period from 1307 to 1321.
According to myths and legends in the Western countries of the early Middle Ages, the afterlife consists of hell, where condemned sinners go forever, purgatory - the abode of sinners who atone for their sins - and paradise - the abode of the blessed.
Dante describes with extreme accuracy the structure of the afterlife, with graphic certainty fixing all the details of its architectonics. In the opening song, Dante tells how, having reached the middle of his life, he once lost his way in a dense forest and, as the poet Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. Upon learning that Virgil was sent to Beatrice, Dante surrenders himself without trepidation to the leadership of the poet.
La Divina Commedia, originalmente Commedia, e un poema di Dante Alighieri, capolavoro del poeta fiorentino, considerata la piu importante testimonianza letteraria della civilta medievale e una delle piu grandi opere della letteratura universale.
E diviso in tre parti chiamate cantiche: Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso; il poeta immagina di compiervi un viaggio ultraterreno.
Il poema, pur continuando i modi caratteristici della letteratura e dello stile medievali (ispirazione religiosa, fine morale, linguaggio e stile basati sulla percezione visiva e immediate delle cose), tende a una rappresentazione ampia e drammatica lonta della realta, tipallita dramatica lonta della realta, tipallita Medioevo, tesa a cristallizzare la visione del reale.
Inferno: Canti I-V - AlessiaInferno: Canti VI-X - Andrea Bellini
Inferno: Canti XI-XV - Anna Maria
Inferno: Canti XVI-XX - Maria Borgoses
Inferno: Canti XXI-XXV - Daniele
Inferno: Canti XXVI-XXX - Francessco
Inferno: Canti XXXI-XXXIV - Alessia
Purgatorio: Canti I-V - Ray Beale
Purgatorio: Canti VI-XI - Martina
Purgatorio: Canti XII-XVI - Maria Borgoses
Purgatorio: Canti XVII-XXI - Martina
Purgatorio: Canti XXII-XXVII - Raphael
Purgatorio: Canti XXVIII-XXXII - Alessia
Paradiso: Canti I-V - Tudats
Paradiso: Canti VI-XI - Martina
Paradiso: Canti XII-XVI - Maria Borgoses
Paradiso: Canti XVII-XXI - Barbara Ruma
Paradiso: Canti XXII-XXVII - Raphael
Paradiso: Canti XXVIII-XXXIII - Alessia
Download
=================
Part 1 (286 MB)
Part 2 (286 MB)
Part 3 (16.2 MB)
=================
Dante Alighieri "Divine Comedy"
Dante Alighieri
Transfer: M.L. Lozinsky
Genre: epic poem
Publisher: Science (Moscow)
Series: Literary monuments
Language:Russian
Format: DjVu
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 654
The size: 8.2 MB
Description: The poem of the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "The Divine Comedy" is an immortal monument of the XIV century, which is the greatest contribution of the Italian people to the treasury of world literature. In it, the author solves theological, historical and scientific problems.
In this edition, Dante's poem is presented in the best of all existing Russian translations - the translation by Mikhail Lozinsky. In 1946, Lozinsky's translation was awarded the State Prize of the first degree. The appendix contains an article by I. N. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. The book contains illustrations by Sandro Botticelli.
Download
Domenico Mekelino "Dante with his book"
Monument to Dante in Florence
"The Divine Comedy"The Divine Comedy is Dante's latest work, which is, at the same time, a masterpiece of poetic art, an encyclopedia of botany, astronomy, social history, a deep philosophical and mystical work.
The numerical harmony of the "Divine Comedy" is striking: it is built on a constant combination of three (divine triad) and tens (perfection).
The work has three parts - "Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise" - thirty-three songs each, although "Hell" contains one more additional song, so their total number is 100. Beatrice appears in the work in the 30th song of "Purgatory" (3 and 10), that is, 64 songs from the beginning (6 and 4 in total 10). Before her - 63 songs, and after her - 36.
The poet's journey through the three worlds is the symbolic path of humanity in its quest for truth.
Dante's guide in "Hell" and "Purgatory" is the poet Virgil - a symbol of ancient wisdom, then he is replaced by Beatrice, who in the poem symbolizes
Divine wisdom. Betrice leads Dante through the heavenly spheres of "Paradise", but when they reach Empyrean - the tenth, immaterial sky, Beatrice takes her place in the Rose of Paradise, and Bernard of Clairvaux, the spiritual patron of the Templar Order, becomes Dante's last guide. Bernard supports Dante during his mystical ascent. There is no information about Dante's connection with the Templars. However, we can definitely say that if he was not a Templar, he was friendly with the order.
The work has three parts - "Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise" - thirty-three songs each, although "Hell" contains one more additional song, so their total number is 100. Beatrice appears in the work in the 30th song of "Purgatory" (3 and 10), that is, 64 songs from the beginning (6 and 4 in total 10). Before her - 63 songs, and after her - 36.
"Comedy" has several layers: it is the poet's personal drama, and an allegorical description of the history of Florence, and a description of the world: in the first part Dante talks about inorganic nature, in Purgatory - about living nature, and expounds his metaphysical views in "Paradise" ...
The poet's journey through the three worlds is the symbolic path of humanity in its quest for truth.
Dante describes with extreme accuracy the structure of the afterlife, with graphic certainty fixing all the details of its architectonics. In the introductory song, Dante tells how, having reached the middle of his life, he once got lost in a dense forest and, as the poet Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. Upon learning that Virgil was sent to Beatrice, Dante surrenders himself without trepidation to the leadership of the poet.
Paradise
In the earthly paradise, Virgil is replaced by Beatrice, seated on a chariot drawn by a vulture (an allegory of the triumphant church); she prompts Dante to repentance, and then lifts him, enlightened, to heaven. The final part of the poem is devoted to Dante's wanderings in heavenly paradise. The latter consists of seven spheres encircling the earth and corresponding to seven planets (according to the then widespread Ptolemaic system): the spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, etc., followed by the spheres of fixed stars and a crystal one, - Empyreus is located behind the crystal sphere, - the infinite the region inhabited by the blissful, contemplating God, is the last sphere that gives life to all that exists. Flying through the spheres, led by Bernard, Dante sees the Emperor Justinian, introducing him to the history of the Roman Empire, teachers of faith, martyrs for the faith, whose shining souls form a sparkling cross; Ascending higher and higher, Dante sees Christ and the Virgin Mary, angels and, finally, the “heavenly Rose” is revealed to him - the seat of the blessed. Here Dante participates in the highest grace, achieving communication with the Creator.
"Comedy" is Dante's last and most mature work. The poet did not realize, of course, that through his lips in "Comedy" they "spoke ten silent centuries", that he summed up in his work the entire development of medieval literature.
In "Hell" the poet plunges into the depths of human vices. Moreover, the sins punished in the highest circles of "Hell" are rather material in nature, while those that are a crime against the spirit are punished most heavily. At the very bottom, in the icy lake, Cocytus Dante placed Lucifer, who broke his spiritual union with God and became the cause of all subsequent atrocities. "Light without the warmth of love is the root defect of Lucifer."
In Purgatory, Dante gains the hope that one can get rid of all sins by starting a long ascent. Here they can cleanse themselves of the same sins that were punished in "Hell", however, in the circles of Purgatory, sinners are in constant upward movement - they are conscious and move towards the goal.
The structure of the world and the place of man in it
Dante's idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the world goes back to the neoplatonic currents of medieval philosophy, in particular, to the teachings of Dionysius the Areopagite.
The Beginning of Everything in Dante appears Empyreus - the immaterial celestial sphere, the tenth heaven, Paradise. It is set in motion by nine angelic orders. The impulse of movement is transmitted to the Prime Mover - the ninth, crystalline sky, from which it spreads to all creations below. The farther the spheres are from the Prime Mover, the more inert they are.
Man, as God's creation, is also endowed with divine power, but he lost his perfection after the Fall, and now his task is to return to God. God gave this chance to mankind by sending his Son to earth.
“Redemption, therefore, does not come by a sacrificial path, not by repentance and prayer, not by faithfulness to church dogmas. Quite the opposite, it is achieved by fearlessness, wisdom and dignity of a person who has dedicated himself to serving humanity. The poet decided to go all the way of sinful humanity to show people this the path of redemption of the sinful nature of man, which would correspond to the greatness and dignity of man, is the path to God. But it is precisely this that is the philosophical, ethical, aesthetic, poetic, civil, and not only the theological substantiation of the principles of the new humanism. God's curse is removed by earthly means, mortal you can reach the heavenly throne, and there are no victories forbidden to the spirit of man! " And a variant in Italian, for gourmets
DANTE ALIGHIERI
La divina commedia
La vita di Dante
La struttura della Divina Commedia
I personaggi della Divina Commedia
La Lingua di Dante
DANTE ALIGHIERI
Quali sono le tappe fondamentali della vita? La nascita
Nasce a Firenze nel maggio del 1265. Suo padre è Alighiero, uomo appartenente alla piccola nobilta è di modeste condizioni sociali; sua madre è Donna Bella, che rnuore presto, quando Dante è ancora bambino. II padre si risposa con Donna Lapa, che da a Dante due fratellastri.
L "incontro con Beatrice
A nove anni Dante conosce Beatrice, la rivede solo nove anni dopo e se ne innamora. Ma Beatrice sposa Simone de "Bardi che appartiene ad una ricca famiglia di banchieri. Nonostante questo, la morte di Beatrice a soli 25 anni, causa in Dante un profondo dolore.
II matrimonio
Nel 1285 sposa Gemma Donati, con cui era fidanzato per volontà paterna.
La partecipazione alla vita di Firenze
Dante è molto impegnato nella vita politica di Firenze, città guelfa; per essa combatte in diverse occasioni contro città ghibelline (i guelfi sono i sostenitori del Papa, mentre i Ghibellini i sostenitori degli interessi imperiali).
I guelfi a loro volta sono divisi tra bianchi e neri: i bianchi rappresentano la borghesia e il popolo grasso, i neri rappresentano i proprietari terrieri ed il popolo minuto.
I bianchi sono anche ostili ad ogni intervento del Pontefice negli affari di Firenze; i neri invece favoriscono i suoi interessi.
Dopo alterne vicende, soprattutto dopo l "intervento di Bonifacio VIII, i neri vincono
e prendono il governo della città.
Dante, che è bianco viene condannato all "esilio.
L "esilio
Comincia cosi per Dante un lungo periodo durante il quale viene costretto a girovagare per l "Italia ospitato presso le principali corti nobiliari dell" epoca.
"- a Verona (1304-1306) presso i Signori della Scala
- in Lunigiana (1306-1307) presso i marchesi Malaspina
- nel Casentino (1307-1308) presso i conti Guidi
- a Lucca, Verona e infme Ravenna (1313-1321) presso i Da Polenta. A Ravenna Dante chiama intorno a sè figli e nipoti e questo gli rende più sopportabile il soggiorno nella città.
La morte
Muore a Ravenna nel 1321 in seguito ad una febbre di origine malarica.
Secondo una leggenda, gli ultimi 13 canti del Paradiso, appena ultimati, non vengono
divulgati e non vengono trovati. E "Dante stesso che appare in sogno ai suoi figli e
indica loro il luogo dove sono conservati.
Qual è la sua opera principale?
L "opera più famosa di Dante è la DIVINA COMMEDIA.
Cos "è la Divina Commedia.
Poema di 1233 versi endecasillabi disposti in terzine. L "opera è scrittain volgare perchè destinata ad un pubblico vasto e non ai soli intellettuali; mescola livelli stilistici differenti, adegua il linguaggio alla varietà degli aspetti e dei caratteri umani che rappresenta.
E "intitolata Comniedia perchè dopo un inizio pauroso (Inferno) si conclude felicemente (Paradiso) ;. nella sua biografia dantesca Boccaccio la definirà" divina "aggettivo aggiunto al titolo a partire dal" 500. 1
Il poema è diviso in tre cantiche: Inferno, Purgatorio e Paradiso di 33 canti ciascuna con un canto d "introduzione all" opera inserito all "inizio dell" Infemo, per un totale di 100 canti.
Seguendo la tradizione medievale Dante assegna un particolare significato ai numeri:1 e 3 sono i simboli della Trinità; 9 è quadrato di 3; 10 (7 + 3) è numero perfetto, di cui 100 è multiplo; 7 sono i giomi della Creazione. Questi numeri tornano in tutta l "opera.
Il poema descrive il viaggio immaginario di Dante nel mondo ultraterreno (Inferno:regno della dannazione; Purgatorio: regno dell "espiazione; Paradiso: regno della beatitudine), affinchè la sua narrazione aiuti gli uomini a redimersi dal peccato e a riconquistare lo stato di purezza.
L "insegnamento di Dante è volto dunque a risvegliare la coscienza dell" uomo che, attraverso la luce della ragione si allontanerà dal male.
II viaggio inizia la notte del Venerdl Santo dell "8 aprile 1300 e dura 7 giorni.
Dante immagina di trovarsi in una selva oscura (simbolo della condizione di errore e di peccato) dalla quale cerca diallontanarsi. Il cammino è impedito da tre fiere 2
: una lonza (invidia o lussuria), un leone (superbia), una lupa (cupidigia); in aiuto di Dante si presenta il poeta latino Virgilio che gli si offre come guida (ragione) e gli rivela che il viaggio è voluto da Dio. Virgilio poiche è pagano, lo accompagnerà solo attraverso l "Inferno ed il Purgatorio; da qui Beatrice (teologia-rivelazione) sarà la sua guida fino all" Empireo, dove sarà affidato a San Bernardo che lo accompagnerà alla visione di Dio.
Significati dell "opera
Dante dichiara che la sua opera racchiude più sensi:
-il senso letterale, cioè la pura e semplice narrazione dei fatti, cosi come sono immaginati dall "autore, cioè un viaggio ultraterreno attraverso luoghi misteriosi, ora terribili ora affascinanti, durante il quale i poeta incontra di defunti angeli e santi.
-il significato allegorico: il viaggio nel suo complesso simboleggia I "itinerario dell" anima umana verso la salvezza.
-il significato morale: attraverso gli insegnamenti morali che emergono dalla lettura, indica agli uomini l "importanza di una vita virtuosa, ispirata a grani ideali.
II viaggio di Dante e la struttura dell "Uiiiverso dantesco
_________________________________
1
Boccaccio è un altro grande scrittore dell "epoca, la cui opera piu famosa è il Decameron.
2
Belva o animale selvaggio
Il percorso di Dante
Dante dapprima scende nell "Inferno, accompagnato da Virgilio. Egli descrive l" ambiente, i dannati che incontra e le pene eterne che vengono inflitte, soffermandosi spesso a parlare con alcuni di essi.
Dal fondo dell "Inferno, attraverso un cammino oscuro, egli giunge nell" emisfero opposto, dove s "innalza la montagna del Purgatorio. Virgilio lo accompagna tra i peccatori di questo regno, che scontano am una pena temporanea, con la prospet cospetto di Dio.
Nel Paradiso terrestre, sulla vetta della collina del Purgatorio, Dante incontra Beatrice, che rappresenta la Grazia Divina e che sarà la sua guida nell "ultima parte del suo viaggio attraverso i cieli del Paradiso. Dopo molti colloqui con le anime beate, Dante giunge alla visione della Trinità Divina.
La terra
Dante, come i suoi contemporanei, pensava che la terra fosse immobile al centrodell "universo.
Era divisa in 2 emisferi:
-l "emisfero boreale o delle terre emerse che ha al centro Gerusalemme.
-l "emisfero australe o delle acque, in cui, nel punto opposto a Gerusalemme, si innalza la montagna del purgatorio, in cui ha in cima il Paradiso Terrestre.
L "Inferno
E "un" immensa voragine dalla forma di cono rovesciato, formato dalla caduta di Lucifero che, dopo la ribellione a Dio, precipitò flno al centro della Terra dove si conficcò. Il terreno della cavità fuoriusci nell "emisfero australe, formando la montagna del Purgatorio.
L "Inferno è diviso in 9 cerchi, ciascuno dei quali ospita una particolare categoria di dannati. Esso è circondato dal fiume Acheronte, attraverso il quale vengono traghettate le anime dei dannati. Il settimo, l" ottavo e il a nono cerorochio suddivisi in gironi o bolge.
Nell "Inferno le anime sono punite secondo la legge del" contrappasso ", cioè una pena che corrisponde, per somiglianza o per contrasto, al peccato commesso in vita. Cosi, ad esempio, i golosi che in vita hanno cercato i piaceri della gola e la vita lussuosa sono condannati a essere sferzati da una violentissima pioggia nera mista a grandine ea neve, con i piedi immersi in un fango freddo, mentre Cerbero, un mostro mitologico a forma di cane con tre teste, latra contro di loro.
Il Purgatorio
Dopo essere misteriosamente uscito dall "Inferno attraverso un" cammino oscuro ", Dante, semper accompagnato da Virgilio, giunge su una spiaggia dove vede in lontananza un" alta collina: è il monte del Purgatorio.
Dante immagina un "isola, unico punto fermo nell" immensità dell "oceano disabitato che copre tutta la metà meridionale della sfera terrestre, una montagna a forma di cono con la punta smussata. La parte inferiore del monte e la spiaggia costituisl " Antipurgatorio, nel quale stanno coloro che si pentirono dei loro peccati all "ultimo nomento e che debbono attendere un tempo più o meno lungo prima di essere ammessi al Purgatorio. In cima c" è il Paradiso Terrestato dove le d anime potrano espere aver solo i loro peccati.
Il Purgatorio è diviso in 7 cornici, enormi gradini in ciascuno dei quali si espia uno del sette vizi capitali in ordine decrescente di gravità. I vizi sono suddivisi in tre zone: nella prima espiano coloro che vollero il male del prossimo (superbi, invidiosi iracondi); nella seconda si espia l "accidia, cioè l" insufficiente intensità di amore verso Dio; nella terza zona sono puniti gli avari e i prodighi, i golosi e i lussuriosi.
Il Paradiso
Il Paradiso è strutturato in 9 cieli. Essi corrispondono a nove sfere che ruotano intorno alla Terra secondo un movimento provocato dalle intelligenze angeliche. Le sfere trascinano con sè anche gli astri che vi si trovano: Luna, Mercurio, Venere, Sole, Marte, Giove, Satumo, Cielo delle Stelle Fisse (le dodici costellazioni dello zodiaco), Cristallino e Primo Mobile. Al di là dei nove cieli si estende 1 "Empireo: cielo immobile, infinito dove risiedono Dio e i beati, disposti in una Candida Rosa.
STILE ED EREDITÀ
L "opera di Dante è 1" espressione della cultura e del gusto medievali. Infatti il \u200b\u200bpoeta rappresenta lo stretto e costante rapporto di Dio con gli uomini, la missione terrena affidata all "umanita, che ha come scopo finale la patria celeste.
Tipicamente medievale è anche la convinzione che il messaggio di un "opera letteraria comprende, oltre all" esplicito senso letterale, altri significati profondi. I suoi testi quindi per mezzo di allegorie, ossia di rappresentazioni di concetti attraverso immagini e fatti concreti, svelano gli intenti didattici e filosofici dell "autore.
The Divine Comedy is the greatest monument of Italian literature, a real medieval encyclopedia of scientific, political, philosophical, moral and theological knowledge.
The Divine Comedy (Italian Commedia, later Divina Commedia) is a poem written by Dante Alighieri in the period from 1308 to 1321.
This is an allegorical description of the human soul with its vices, passions, joys and virtues. These are living human images and vivid psychological situations.
For seven centuries the immortal work of the great Dante has inspired poets, artists, composers to create numerous works of art.
According to Catholic beliefs, the afterlife consists of hell, where condemned sinners go forever, purgatory - the abode of sinners who atone for their sins - and paradise - the abode of the blessed.
Audiobook in italianYear of issue: 2006
Dante Alighieri
Executor: Librivox volunteers
Genre: Poem
Publisher: LibriVox
Language: Italian
A type: audiobook
Audio codec: MP3
Audio bitrate: 128 kbps
The size: 588 MV
Description:The Divine Comedy (Italian Commedia, later Divina Commedia) is a poem written by Dante Alighieri in the period from 1307 to 1321.
According to myths and legends in the Western countries of the early Middle Ages, the afterlife consists of hell, where condemned sinners go forever, purgatory - the abode of sinners who atone for their sins - and paradise - the abode of the blessed.
Dante describes with extreme accuracy the structure of the afterlife, with graphic certainty fixing all the details of its architectonics. In the opening song, Dante tells how, having reached the middle of his life, he once lost his way in a dense forest and, as the poet Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. Upon learning that Virgil was sent to Beatrice, Dante surrenders himself without trepidation to the leadership of the poet.
La Divina Commedia, originalmente Commedia, e un poema di Dante Alighieri, capolavoro del poeta fiorentino, considerata la piu importante testimonianza letteraria della civilta medievale e una delle piu grandi opere della letteratura universale.
E diviso in tre parti chiamate cantiche: Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso; il poeta immagina di compiervi un viaggio ultraterreno.
Il poema, pur continuando i modi caratteristici della letteratura e dello stile medievali (ispirazione religiosa, fine morale, linguaggio e stile basati sulla percezione visiva e immediate delle cose), tende a una rappresentazione ampia e drammatica lonta della realta, tipallita dramatica lonta della realta, tipallita Medioevo, tesa a cristallizzare la visione del reale.
Inferno: Canti I-V - AlessiaInferno: Canti VI-X - Andrea Bellini
Inferno: Canti XI-XV - Anna Maria
Inferno: Canti XVI-XX - Maria Borgoses
Inferno: Canti XXI-XXV - Daniele
Inferno: Canti XXVI-XXX - Francessco
Inferno: Canti XXXI-XXXIV - Alessia
Purgatorio: Canti I-V - Ray Beale
Purgatorio: Canti VI-XI - Martina
Purgatorio: Canti XII-XVI - Maria Borgoses
Purgatorio: Canti XVII-XXI - Martina
Purgatorio: Canti XXII-XXVII - Raphael
Purgatorio: Canti XXVIII-XXXII - Alessia
Paradiso: Canti I-V - Tudats
Paradiso: Canti VI-XI - Martina
Paradiso: Canti XII-XVI - Maria Borgoses
Paradiso: Canti XVII-XXI - Barbara Ruma
Paradiso: Canti XXII-XXVII - Raphael
Paradiso: Canti XXVIII-XXXIII - Alessia
Download
=================
Part 1 (286 MB)
Part 2 (286 MB)
Part 3 (16.2 MB)
=================
Dante Alighieri "Divine Comedy"
Dante Alighieri
Transfer: M.L. Lozinsky
Genre: epic poem
Publisher: Science (Moscow)
Series: Literary monuments
Language:Russian
Format: DjVu
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 654
The size: 8.2 MB
Description: The poem of the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "The Divine Comedy" is an immortal monument of the XIV century, which is the greatest contribution of the Italian people to the treasury of world literature. In it, the author solves theological, historical and scientific problems.
In this edition, Dante's poem is presented in the best of all existing Russian translations - the translation by Mikhail Lozinsky. In 1946, Lozinsky's translation was awarded the State Prize of the first degree. The appendix contains an article by I. N. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. The book contains illustrations by Sandro Botticelli.
Download
Domenico Mekelino "Dante with his book"
Monument to Dante in Florence
"The Divine Comedy"The Divine Comedy is Dante's latest work, which is, at the same time, a masterpiece of poetic art, an encyclopedia of botany, astronomy, social history, a deep philosophical and mystical work.
The numerical harmony of the "Divine Comedy" is striking: it is built on a constant combination of three (divine triad) and tens (perfection).
The work has three parts - "Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise" - thirty-three songs each, although "Hell" contains one more additional song, so their total number is 100. Beatrice appears in the work in the 30th song of "Purgatory" (3 and 10), that is, 64 songs from the beginning (6 and 4 in total 10). Before her - 63 songs, and after her - 36.
The poet's journey through the three worlds is the symbolic path of humanity in its quest for truth.
Dante's guide in "Hell" and "Purgatory" is the poet Virgil - a symbol of ancient wisdom, then he is replaced by Beatrice, who in the poem symbolizes
Divine wisdom. Betrice leads Dante through the heavenly spheres of "Paradise", but when they reach Empyrean - the tenth, immaterial sky, Beatrice takes her place in the Rose of Paradise, and Bernard of Clairvaux, the spiritual patron of the Templar Order, becomes Dante's last guide. Bernard supports Dante during his mystical ascent. There is no information about Dante's connection with the Templars. However, we can definitely say that if he was not a Templar, he was friendly with the order.
The work has three parts - "Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise" - thirty-three songs each, although "Hell" contains one more additional song, so their total number is 100. Beatrice appears in the work in the 30th song of "Purgatory" (3 and 10), that is, 64 songs from the beginning (6 and 4 in total 10). Before her - 63 songs, and after her - 36.
"Comedy" has several layers: it is the poet's personal drama, and an allegorical description of the history of Florence, and a description of the world: in the first part Dante talks about inorganic nature, in Purgatory - about living nature, and expounds his metaphysical views in "Paradise" ...
The poet's journey through the three worlds is the symbolic path of humanity in its quest for truth.
Dante describes with extreme accuracy the structure of the afterlife, with graphic certainty fixing all the details of its architectonics. In the introductory song, Dante tells how, having reached the middle of his life, he once got lost in a dense forest and, as the poet Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. Upon learning that Virgil was sent to Beatrice, Dante surrenders himself without trepidation to the leadership of the poet.
Paradise
In the earthly paradise, Virgil is replaced by Beatrice, seated on a chariot drawn by a vulture (an allegory of the triumphant church); she prompts Dante to repentance, and then lifts him, enlightened, to heaven. The final part of the poem is devoted to Dante's wanderings in heavenly paradise. The latter consists of seven spheres encircling the earth and corresponding to seven planets (according to the then widespread Ptolemaic system): the spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, etc., followed by the spheres of fixed stars and a crystal one, - Empyreus is located behind the crystal sphere, - the infinite the region inhabited by the blissful, contemplating God, is the last sphere that gives life to all that exists. Flying through the spheres, led by Bernard, Dante sees the Emperor Justinian, introducing him to the history of the Roman Empire, teachers of faith, martyrs for the faith, whose shining souls form a sparkling cross; Ascending higher and higher, Dante sees Christ and the Virgin Mary, angels and, finally, the “heavenly Rose” is revealed to him - the seat of the blessed. Here Dante participates in the highest grace, achieving communication with the Creator.
"Comedy" is Dante's last and most mature work. The poet did not realize, of course, that through his lips in "Comedy" they "spoke ten silent centuries", that he summed up in his work the entire development of medieval literature.
In "Hell" the poet plunges into the depths of human vices. Moreover, the sins punished in the highest circles of "Hell" are rather material in nature, while those that are a crime against the spirit are punished most heavily. At the very bottom, in the icy lake, Cocytus Dante placed Lucifer, who broke his spiritual union with God and became the cause of all subsequent atrocities. "Light without the warmth of love is the root defect of Lucifer."
In Purgatory, Dante gains the hope that one can get rid of all sins by starting a long ascent. Here they can cleanse themselves of the same sins that were punished in "Hell", however, in the circles of Purgatory, sinners are in constant upward movement - they are conscious and move towards the goal.
The structure of the world and the place of man in it
Dante's idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the world goes back to the neoplatonic currents of medieval philosophy, in particular, to the teachings of Dionysius the Areopagite.
The Beginning of Everything in Dante appears Empyreus - the immaterial celestial sphere, the tenth heaven, Paradise. It is set in motion by nine angelic orders. The impulse of movement is transmitted to the Prime Mover - the ninth, crystalline sky, from which it spreads to all creations below. The farther the spheres are from the Prime Mover, the more inert they are.
Man, as God's creation, is also endowed with divine power, but he lost his perfection after the Fall, and now his task is to return to God. God gave this chance to mankind by sending his Son to earth.
“Redemption, therefore, does not come by a sacrificial path, not by repentance and prayer, not by faithfulness to church dogmas. Quite the opposite, it is achieved by fearlessness, wisdom and dignity of a person who has dedicated himself to serving humanity. The poet decided to go all the way of sinful humanity to show people this the path of redemption of the sinful nature of man, which would correspond to the greatness and dignity of man, is the path to God. But it is precisely this that is the philosophical, ethical, aesthetic, poetic, civil, and not only the theological substantiation of the principles of the new humanism. God's curse is removed by earthly means, mortal you can reach the heavenly throne, and there are no victories forbidden to the spirit of man! " And a variant in Italian, for gourmets
DANTE ALIGHIERI
La divina commedia
La vita di Dante
La struttura della Divina Commedia
I personaggi della Divina Commedia
La Lingua di Dante
DANTE ALIGHIERI
Quali sono le tappe fondamentali della vita? La nascita
Nasce a Firenze nel maggio del 1265. Suo padre è Alighiero, uomo appartenente alla piccola nobilta è di modeste condizioni sociali; sua madre è Donna Bella, che rnuore presto, quando Dante è ancora bambino. II padre si risposa con Donna Lapa, che da a Dante due fratellastri.
L "incontro con Beatrice
A nove anni Dante conosce Beatrice, la rivede solo nove anni dopo e se ne innamora. Ma Beatrice sposa Simone de "Bardi che appartiene ad una ricca famiglia di banchieri. Nonostante questo, la morte di Beatrice a soli 25 anni, causa in Dante un profondo dolore.
II matrimonio
Nel 1285 sposa Gemma Donati, con cui era fidanzato per volontà paterna.
La partecipazione alla vita di Firenze
Dante è molto impegnato nella vita politica di Firenze, città guelfa; per essa combatte in diverse occasioni contro città ghibelline (i guelfi sono i sostenitori del Papa, mentre i Ghibellini i sostenitori degli interessi imperiali).
I guelfi a loro volta sono divisi tra bianchi e neri: i bianchi rappresentano la borghesia e il popolo grasso, i neri rappresentano i proprietari terrieri ed il popolo minuto.
I bianchi sono anche ostili ad ogni intervento del Pontefice negli affari di Firenze; i neri invece favoriscono i suoi interessi.
Dopo alterne vicende, soprattutto dopo l "intervento di Bonifacio VIII, i neri vincono
e prendono il governo della città.
Dante, che è bianco viene condannato all "esilio.
L "esilio
Comincia cosi per Dante un lungo periodo durante il quale viene costretto a girovagare per l "Italia ospitato presso le principali corti nobiliari dell" epoca.
"- a Verona (1304-1306) presso i Signori della Scala
- in Lunigiana (1306-1307) presso i marchesi Malaspina
- nel Casentino (1307-1308) presso i conti Guidi
- a Lucca, Verona e infme Ravenna (1313-1321) presso i Da Polenta. A Ravenna Dante chiama intorno a sè figli e nipoti e questo gli rende più sopportabile il soggiorno nella città.
La morte
Muore a Ravenna nel 1321 in seguito ad una febbre di origine malarica.
Secondo una leggenda, gli ultimi 13 canti del Paradiso, appena ultimati, non vengono
divulgati e non vengono trovati. E "Dante stesso che appare in sogno ai suoi figli e
indica loro il luogo dove sono conservati.
Qual è la sua opera principale?
L "opera più famosa di Dante è la DIVINA COMMEDIA.
Cos "è la Divina Commedia.
Poema di 1233 versi endecasillabi disposti in terzine. L "opera è scrittain volgare perchè destinata ad un pubblico vasto e non ai soli intellettuali; mescola livelli stilistici differenti, adegua il linguaggio alla varietà degli aspetti e dei caratteri umani che rappresenta.
E "intitolata Comniedia perchè dopo un inizio pauroso (Inferno) si conclude felicemente (Paradiso) ;. nella sua biografia dantesca Boccaccio la definirà" divina "aggettivo aggiunto al titolo a partire dal" 500. 1
Il poema è diviso in tre cantiche: Inferno, Purgatorio e Paradiso di 33 canti ciascuna con un canto d "introduzione all" opera inserito all "inizio dell" Infemo, per un totale di 100 canti.
Seguendo la tradizione medievale Dante assegna un particolare significato ai numeri:1 e 3 sono i simboli della Trinità; 9 è quadrato di 3; 10 (7 + 3) è numero perfetto, di cui 100 è multiplo; 7 sono i giomi della Creazione. Questi numeri tornano in tutta l "opera.
Il poema descrive il viaggio immaginario di Dante nel mondo ultraterreno (Inferno:regno della dannazione; Purgatorio: regno dell "espiazione; Paradiso: regno della beatitudine), affinchè la sua narrazione aiuti gli uomini a redimersi dal peccato e a riconquistare lo stato di purezza.
L "insegnamento di Dante è volto dunque a risvegliare la coscienza dell" uomo che, attraverso la luce della ragione si allontanerà dal male.
II viaggio inizia la notte del Venerdl Santo dell "8 aprile 1300 e dura 7 giorni.
Dante immagina di trovarsi in una selva oscura (simbolo della condizione di errore e di peccato) dalla quale cerca diallontanarsi. Il cammino è impedito da tre fiere 2
: una lonza (invidia o lussuria), un leone (superbia), una lupa (cupidigia); in aiuto di Dante si presenta il poeta latino Virgilio che gli si offre come guida (ragione) e gli rivela che il viaggio è voluto da Dio. Virgilio poiche è pagano, lo accompagnerà solo attraverso l "Inferno ed il Purgatorio; da qui Beatrice (teologia-rivelazione) sarà la sua guida fino all" Empireo, dove sarà affidato a San Bernardo che lo accompagnerà alla visione di Dio.
Significati dell "opera
Dante dichiara che la sua opera racchiude più sensi:
-il senso letterale, cioè la pura e semplice narrazione dei fatti, cosi come sono immaginati dall "autore, cioè un viaggio ultraterreno attraverso luoghi misteriosi, ora terribili ora affascinanti, durante il quale i poeta incontra di defunti angeli e santi.
-il significato allegorico: il viaggio nel suo complesso simboleggia I "itinerario dell" anima umana verso la salvezza.
-il significato morale: attraverso gli insegnamenti morali che emergono dalla lettura, indica agli uomini l "importanza di una vita virtuosa, ispirata a grani ideali.
II viaggio di Dante e la struttura dell "Uiiiverso dantesco
_________________________________
1
Boccaccio è un altro grande scrittore dell "epoca, la cui opera piu famosa è il Decameron.
2
Belva o animale selvaggio
Il percorso di Dante
Dante dapprima scende nell "Inferno, accompagnato da Virgilio. Egli descrive l" ambiente, i dannati che incontra e le pene eterne che vengono inflitte, soffermandosi spesso a parlare con alcuni di essi.
Dal fondo dell "Inferno, attraverso un cammino oscuro, egli giunge nell" emisfero opposto, dove s "innalza la montagna del Purgatorio. Virgilio lo accompagna tra i peccatori di questo regno, che scontano am una pena temporanea, con la prospet cospetto di Dio.
Nel Paradiso terrestre, sulla vetta della collina del Purgatorio, Dante incontra Beatrice, che rappresenta la Grazia Divina e che sarà la sua guida nell "ultima parte del suo viaggio attraverso i cieli del Paradiso. Dopo molti colloqui con le anime beate, Dante giunge alla visione della Trinità Divina.
La terra
Dante, come i suoi contemporanei, pensava che la terra fosse immobile al centrodell "universo.
Era divisa in 2 emisferi:
-l "emisfero boreale o delle terre emerse che ha al centro Gerusalemme.
-l "emisfero australe o delle acque, in cui, nel punto opposto a Gerusalemme, si innalza la montagna del purgatorio, in cui ha in cima il Paradiso Terrestre.
L "Inferno
E "un" immensa voragine dalla forma di cono rovesciato, formato dalla caduta di Lucifero che, dopo la ribellione a Dio, precipitò flno al centro della Terra dove si conficcò. Il terreno della cavità fuoriusci nell "emisfero australe, formando la montagna del Purgatorio.
L "Inferno è diviso in 9 cerchi, ciascuno dei quali ospita una particolare categoria di dannati. Esso è circondato dal fiume Acheronte, attraverso il quale vengono traghettate le anime dei dannati. Il settimo, l" ottavo e il a nono cerorochio suddivisi in gironi o bolge.
Nell "Inferno le anime sono punite secondo la legge del" contrappasso ", cioè una pena che corrisponde, per somiglianza o per contrasto, al peccato commesso in vita. Cosi, ad esempio, i golosi che in vita hanno cercato i piaceri della gola e la vita lussuosa sono condannati a essere sferzati da una violentissima pioggia nera mista a grandine ea neve, con i piedi immersi in un fango freddo, mentre Cerbero, un mostro mitologico a forma di cane con tre teste, latra contro di loro.
Il Purgatorio
Dopo essere misteriosamente uscito dall "Inferno attraverso un" cammino oscuro ", Dante, semper accompagnato da Virgilio, giunge su una spiaggia dove vede in lontananza un" alta collina: è il monte del Purgatorio.
Dante immagina un "isola, unico punto fermo nell" immensità dell "oceano disabitato che copre tutta la metà meridionale della sfera terrestre, una montagna a forma di cono con la punta smussata. La parte inferiore del monte e la spiaggia costituisl " Antipurgatorio, nel quale stanno coloro che si pentirono dei loro peccati all "ultimo nomento e che debbono attendere un tempo più o meno lungo prima di essere ammessi al Purgatorio. In cima c" è il Paradiso Terrestato dove le d anime potrano espere aver solo i loro peccati.
Il Purgatorio è diviso in 7 cornici, enormi gradini in ciascuno dei quali si espia uno del sette vizi capitali in ordine decrescente di gravità. I vizi sono suddivisi in tre zone: nella prima espiano coloro che vollero il male del prossimo (superbi, invidiosi iracondi); nella seconda si espia l "accidia, cioè l" insufficiente intensità di amore verso Dio; nella terza zona sono puniti gli avari e i prodighi, i golosi e i lussuriosi.
Il Paradiso
Il Paradiso è strutturato in 9 cieli. Essi corrispondono a nove sfere che ruotano intorno alla Terra secondo un movimento provocato dalle intelligenze angeliche. Le sfere trascinano con sè anche gli astri che vi si trovano: Luna, Mercurio, Venere, Sole, Marte, Giove, Satumo, Cielo delle Stelle Fisse (le dodici costellazioni dello zodiaco), Cristallino e Primo Mobile. Al di là dei nove cieli si estende 1 "Empireo: cielo immobile, infinito dove risiedono Dio e i beati, disposti in una Candida Rosa.
STILE ED EREDITÀ
L "opera di Dante è 1" espressione della cultura e del gusto medievali. Infatti il \u200b\u200bpoeta rappresenta lo stretto e costante rapporto di Dio con gli uomini, la missione terrena affidata all "umanita, che ha come scopo finale la patria celeste.
Tipicamente medievale è anche la convinzione che il messaggio di un "opera letteraria comprende, oltre all" esplicito senso letterale, altri significati profondi. I suoi testi quindi per mezzo di allegorie, ossia di rappresentazioni di concetti attraverso immagini e fatti concreti, svelano gli intenti didattici e filosofici dell "autore.
Calling his poem a "comedy", Dante uses medieval terminology: comedyas he explains in a letter to Kangrande, - any poetic work of the middle style with a frightening beginning and a happy ending, written in the vernacular (in this case, the Tuscan dialect of Italian); tragedy - any poetic work of high style with an admirable and calm beginning and a terrible end, written in Latin. The word "divine" does not belong to Dante, as the poem was later called by Giovanni Boccaccio. The Divine Comedy is the fruit of the entire second half of Dante's life and work. This work most fully reflected the poet's worldview. Dante appears here as the last great poet of the Middle Ages, a poet who continues the line of development of medieval literature.
A similar plot of "excursion through hell" was present in ancient Slavic literature several centuries earlier - in the Journey of the Mother of God. However, the story of the night journey and the ascension of the Prophet (Isra and Miraj) really directly influenced the creation of the poem, its plot and structure. The similarity of the description of the miraj with the "Comedy" and the enormous influence it had on the poem was first studied by the Arabist from Spain Miguel Asin-Palacios in 1919. This description spread from the Muslim-conquered part of Spain across Europe, being translated into the Romance languages, and then underwent careful study of the poet. Today this version of Dante's fruitful acquaintance with this Muslim tradition is recognized by the majority of Dante scholars.
Manuscripts
About eight hundred manuscripts are known today. In our time, it is difficult to establish with complete certainty the links between various manuscripts, in particular, due to the fact that some Romance languages \u200b\u200bwere used in their writing by many educated people outside the areas of their real distribution; therefore, we can say: from a philological point of view in this context, the case of "Comedy" is one of the most difficult in the world. In the second half of the 20th century, an extensive discussion on this topic developed in the scientific world; investigated stemma codicum in various traditions of manuscripts of regions and cities of Italy and the role of stemma codicum in the precise determination of the time and place of compilation of manuscripts. Many codicologists have spoken out on this topic.
Renaissance editions
First editions
The very first edition of The Divine Comedy was printed in Foligno on 5-6 April 1472 by Johannes Numaister, a master from Mainz, and a native of Evangelista Mae (as follows from the text in the colophon). However, the inscription "Evangelista May" can be identified with the patron saint of Foligno Emiliano Orfini or with the typographer Evangelista Angelini. By the way, the Foligno edition is the first book ever printed in Italian. In the same year, two more editions of The Divine Comedy were published: in Jesi (or in Venice, this has not been finally established), the typographer is Federigo de Conti from Verona; and in Mantua, printed by the Germans Georg and Paul Butzbach under the direction of the humanist Colombino Veronese.
Editions of the Quattrocento era
From the middle of the 16th century to 1500, 15 incunabula editions of the Divine Comedy were published. They can be divided into two groups: the first - obtained as a result of reproduction of the issue from Foligno (four editions), the second - derivatives from the Mantuan edition (eleven editions); the second group also includes the most popular version of its time, which was destined to have many reprints and great success even in subsequent centuries, especially in the 16th century: we are talking about a release edited by the Florentine humanist Christopher Landino (Florence, 1481).
Editions of the Cinquecento era
The era of the Cinquecento opens with the famous and prestigious edition of the poem, which is destined to establish itself as an ideal model and become the basis of all editions of the Divine Comedy of subsequent centuries, up to the 19th century. This is the so-called le terze rime (Terza rima) edited by Pietro Bembo, published in the prestigious printing house of those years Aldo Manuzio (Venice, 1502); a new edition of it was released in 1515. For a whole century, there are 30 editions of "Comedy" (twice as many as in the previous century), most of which were printed in Venice. Among them, the most famous: the edition of Lodovico Dolce, printed in Venice by Gabriel Jolito de Ferrari in 1555; this edition was the first to use the title "Divine Comedy" rather than just "Comedy"; edition by Antonio Manetti (Florence, after 1506); edition with commentary by Alessandro Vellutello (Venice, Francesco Marcolini, 1544); and finally a publication under the direction of the Accademia della Crusca (Florence, 1595).
Russian translations
- AS Norov, "An excerpt from the third song of the poem Hell" ("Son of the Fatherland", 1823, No. 30);
- F. Fan-Dim, "Hell", translation from Italian (St. Petersburg, 1842-48; prose);
- DE Min "Inferno", translation of the size of the original (Moscow, 1856);
- DE Min, "The first song of Purgatory" ("Russian vest.", 1865, 9);
- V. A. Petrova, "The Divine Comedy" (translated with Italian tertsins, St. Petersburg, 1871, 3rd edition 1872; translated only "Hell");
- D. Minaev, "Divine Comedy" (Lpts. And St. Petersburg. 1874, 1875, 1876, 1879, translated not from the original, tertsin); reprinted - M., 2006
- PI Veinberg, “Hell”, song 3, “Vestn. Heb. ", 1875, No. 5);
- VV Chuiko, "Divine Comedy", prose translation, three parts published in separate books, St. Petersburg, 1894;
- M. A. Gorbov, Divine Comedy Part Two: From Explained. and note. M., 1898. ("Purgatory");
- Golovanov N. N., "The Divine Comedy" (1899-1902);
- Chyumina O. N., "The Divine Comedy". SPb., 1900 (reprinted - M., 2007). Half Pushkin Prize (1901)
- M. L. Lozinsky, The Divine Comedy (, Stalin Prize);
- B. K. Zaitsev, “The Divine Comedy. Hell ”, interlinear translation (1913-1943, first publication of individual songs in 1928 and 1931, first complete publication in 1961);
- A. A. Ilyushin (created in the 1980s, first partial publication in 1988, full edition in 1995);
- V. S. Lemport, "The Divine Comedy" (1996-1997);
- V.G. Marantzman, (St. Petersburg, 2006)
Time of action
In the 5th moat of the 8th circle of hell (21 cantos) Dante and Virgil meet a group of demons. Their leader Khvostach says that there is no further road - the bridge collapsed:
To go out all the same, if you like,
Step this shaft, where the trail is,
And you will come out freely with the nearest comb.
Twelve hundred and sixty six years
Yesterday, five o'clock late,
Leak since there is no road here. (Translated by M. Lozinsky)
By the last term, you can calculate when the conversation between Dante and Khvostach took place. The first terzine of "Hell" says: Dante found himself in a gloomy forest, "having passed the earthly life halfway." This means that the events in the poem take place in 1300 from the birth of Christ: they believed that life lasts 70 years, while Dante was born in 1265. If we subtract the 1266 years indicated here from the year 1300, it turns out that the bridge collapsed at the end of Christ's earthly life. According to the Gospel, at the time of his death there was a strong earthquake - because of him the bridge collapsed. The Evangelist Luke pointed out that Jesus Christ died at noon; can be counted five hours ago, and now it is clear that the conversation about the bridge takes place at 7 a.m. on March 26 (April 9), 1300 (according to Dante, the death of Christ took place on March 25, 34, according to the official church version - on April 8, 34).
According to the rest of the temporary instructions of the poem (changes of day and night, the location of the stars), Dante's entire journey lasted from March 25 to March 31 (April 8 to April 14) in 1300.
1300 is a significant church date. In this year, declared a jubilee, a pilgrimage to Rome, to the graves of the apostles Peter and Paul, was equated with a complete remission of sins. Dante could well have visited Rome in the spring of 1300 - this is evidenced by his description in 18 songs of real events that took place in this city -
So the Romans, to the influx of the crowd,
In the year of the anniversary, did not lead to a jam,
Divided the bridge into two paths
And one by one the people go to the cathedral,
Looking to the castle wall,
And on the other they go towards, up the hill. (Lane M. Lozinsky)
and in this holy place make your wonderful journey in the world of souls. In addition, the day of the beginning of Dante's wanderings carries a spiritual and renovationist meaning: March 25 is the day of God's creation of the world, the day of Christ's conception, the actual beginning of spring, and, for the Florentines of that time, the beginning of the New Year.
Structure
The Divine Comedy is extremely symmetrical. It splits into three parts - kantiki: "Hell", "Purgatory" and "Paradise"; each of them includes 33 songs, which in total with the opening song gives the number 100. Each part is divided into 9 sections plus an additional tenth; the whole poem consists of terzin - stanzas, consisting of three lines, and all its parts end with the word "stars" ("stelle"). It is interesting how Dante, in accordance with the symbolism of "ideal numbers" - "three", "nine" and "ten", used by him in "New Life", has in "Comedy" a very personally significant part of the poem - Beatrice's vision in the thirtieth the song "Purgatory".
- First, the poet associates it with the thirtieth song (a multiple of three and ten);
- Second, he places Beatrice's words in the very middle of the song (from verse seventy-third; the song has only one hundred and forty-five verses);
- Thirdly, before this place in the poem there are sixty-three songs, and after it - thirty-six more, and these numbers consist of the numbers 3 and 6 and the sum of the numbers in both cases gives 9 (Dante was the first to meet Beatrice at the age of 9).
This example reveals Dante's amazing compositional talent, which is truly amazing.
This tendency towards certain numbers is explained by the fact that Dante gave them a mystical interpretation - so the number 3 is associated with the Christian idea of \u200b\u200bthe Trinity, the number 9 is 3 squared, the number 33 should remind of the years of the earthly life of Jesus Christ, the number 100, that is 10 multiplied by itself is a symbol of perfection, etc.
Plot
According to Catholic tradition, the afterlife consists of hellwhere the condemned sinners go forever, purgatory - the abode of sinners who atone for their sins, and raya - the abode of the blessed.
Dante details this representation and describes the structure of the afterlife, recording with graphic certainty all the details of its architectonics.
Introductory part
In the opening song, Dante tells how he, having reached the middle of his life, once got lost in a dense forest and, as the poet Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. It is particularly interesting here who sent Virgil to help Dante. This is how Virgil talks about it in 2 cantos:
... Have three blessed wives
You have found words of protection in heaven
And a wondrous path is foretold to you. (Translated by M. Lozinsky)
So, Dante, having learned that Virgil was sent by his love to Beatrice, not without trepidation surrenders to the leadership of the poet.
Hell
Hell looks like a colossal vortex, consisting of concentric circles, the narrow end of which rests on the center of the earth. Having passed the threshold of hell, inhabited by the souls of insignificant, indecisive people, they enter the first circle of hell, the so-called limb (A., IV, 25-151), where the souls of virtuous pagans who did not know the true God, but who approached this knowledge and for then delivered from hellish torments. Here Dante sees outstanding representatives of ancient culture - Aristotle, Euripides, Homer, etc. In general, hell is characterized by a large presence of ancient subjects: there is a Minotaur, centaurs, harpies - their semi-animal nature, as it were, outwardly reflects the sins and vices of people; on the map of hell, the mythical rivers Acheron, Styx and Phlegeton, the guardians of the circles of hell - the carrier of the souls of the dead through Styx Charon, guarding the gates of hell Cerberus, the god of wealth Plutos, Phlegius (son of Ares) - the carrier of souls through the Stygian swamp, the furies (Tisiphon, Megera and Alekto ), the judge of hell is the king of Crete Minos. The "antiquity" of hell is intended to emphasize that ancient culture is not marked by the sign of Christ, it is pagan and, as a result, carries a charge of sinfulness.
The next circle is filled with the souls of people who once indulged in unbridled passion. Among those worn by the wild whirlwind, Dante sees Francesca da Rimini and her lover Paolo, who have fallen victim to the forbidden love for each other. As Dante, accompanied by Virgil, descends lower and lower, he becomes a witness to the torment of gluttons, forced to suffer from rain and hail, misers and profligates, tirelessly rolling huge stones, angry, bogged down in a swamp. They are followed by heretics and heresiarchs engulfed in eternal flame (among them Emperor Frederick II, Pope Anastasius II), tyrants and murderers floating in streams of boiling blood, suicides turned into plants, blasphemers and rapists burned by a falling flame, deceivers of all kinds, torment which are very diverse. Finally, Dante penetrates the last, 9th circle of hell, intended for the most terrible criminals. Here is the abode of traitors and traitors, of whom the greatest - Judas Iscariot, Brutus and Cassius - are gnawed by Lucifer with his three mouths, an angel who once rebelled against God, the king of evil, doomed to imprisonment in the center of the earth. The last song of the first part of the poem ends with the description of the terrible appearance of Lucifer.
Purgatory
After passing a narrow corridor connecting the center of the earth with the second hemisphere, Dante and Virgil come to the surface of the earth. There, in the middle of the island surrounded by the ocean, a mountain rises in the form of a truncated cone - a purgatory, like hell, consisting of a series of circles that narrow as they approach the top of the mountain. The angel guarding the entrance to purgatory lets Dante into the first circle of purgatory, having previously inscribed on his forehead with a sword seven P (Peccatum - sin), that is, the symbol of the seven deadly sins. As Dante rises higher and higher, passing one circle after another, these letters disappear, so when Dante, having reached the top of the mountain, enters the "earthly paradise" located at the top of the last, he is already free from the signs inscribed by the guardian of purgatory. The circles of the latter are inhabited by the souls of sinners who atone for their sins. Here the proud are purified, forced to bend under the burden of the weights pressing on their backs, envious, angry, careless, greedy, etc. Virgil brings Dante to the gates of paradise, where he, as he did not know baptism, has no access.
Paradise
In the earthly paradise, Virgil is replaced by Beatrice, seated on a chariot drawn by the vulture (an allegory of the triumphant church); she prompts Dante to repentance, and then lifts him, enlightened, to heaven. The final part of the poem is devoted to Dante's wanderings in heavenly paradise. The latter consists of seven spheres encircling the earth and corresponding to seven planets (according to the then widespread Ptolemaic system): the spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, etc., followed by the spheres of fixed stars and the crystal one, - the empyrean is located behind the crystal sphere, - the infinite the area inhabited by the blessed ones who contemplate God is the last sphere that gives life to all that exists. Flying through the spheres, led by Bernard, Dante sees the Emperor Justinian, introducing him to the history of the Roman Empire, teachers of faith, martyrs for the faith, whose shining souls form a sparkling cross; Ascending higher and higher, Dante sees Christ and the Virgin Mary, angels and, finally, the “heavenly Rose” is revealed to him - the abode of the blessed. Here Dante participates in the highest grace, achieving communication with the Creator.
"Comedy" is Dante's last and most mature work.
Analysis of the work
The concept of Hell in The Divine Comedy
In front of the entrance there are pitiful souls who did not do good or evil during their lifetime, including the "bad flock of angels" who were neither with the devil nor with God.
- 1st circle (Limb). Unbaptized babies and virtuous non-Christians.
- 2nd circle. Voluptuous (fornicators and adulterers).
- 3rd circle. Gluttons, gluttons.
- 4th circle. Misers and profligates (love of overspending).
- 5th circle (Stygian swamp). Angry and lazy.
- 6th circle (city of Dit). Heretics and false teachers.
- 7th circle.
- 1st belt. Abusers over neighbor and over his property (tyrants and robbers).
- 2nd belt. Abusers over themselves (suicides) and over their property (players and motes, that is, senseless destroyers of their property).
- 3rd belt. Abusers of a deity (blasphemers), against nature (sodomites) and art (covetousness).
- 8th circle. Who deceived the distrustful. It consists of ten ditches (Zlopazuhi, or Evil Crevices), which are separated from each other by shafts (rolls). Towards the center, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Evil Crevices slopes, so that each next ditch and each next rampart are located slightly lower than the previous ones, and the outer, concave slope of each ditch is higher than the inner, curved slope ( Hell
, XXIV, 37-40). The first shaft adjoins the circular wall. In the center there is a gaping depth of a wide and dark well, at the bottom of which lies the last, ninth, circle of Hell. From the foot of the stone heights (v. 16), that is, from the circular wall, to this well go with radii, like the spokes of a wheel, stone ridges, crossing ditches and ramparts, and above the ditches they bend in the form of bridges, or arches. In the Evil Crevices, deceivers are punished who deceived people not connected with them by special bonds of trust.
- 1st moat. Pimps and seducers.
- 2nd ditch. Flatterers.
- 3rd moat. Holy merchants, high-ranking clergymen who sold church positions.
- 4th ditch. Soothsayers, fortunetellers, astrologers, witches.
- 5th ditch. Bribe-takers, bribe-takers.
- 6th ditch. Hypocrites.
- 7th ditch. The thieves .
- 8th ditch. Crafty advisors.
- 9th ditch. Instigators of discord (Mohammed, Ali, Dolchino and others).
- 10th ditch. Alchemists, false witnesses, counterfeiters.
- 9th circle. Who deceived those who trusted. Icy Lake Cocytus.
- Cain's Belt. Traitors to relatives.
- Antenor's Belt. Traitors to the homeland and like-minded people.
- Tolomey's belt. Traitors to friends and companions.
- Giudecca Belt. Traitors to benefactors, majesty of the Divine and Human.
- In the middle, in the center of the universe, frozen into an ice floe (Satan) torments traitors to the majesty of the earth and heaven (Judas, Brutus and Cassius) in his three mouths.
Building a model of Hell ( Hell , XI, 16-66), Dante follows Aristotle, who in his Ethics (Book VII, Ch. 1) refers to the 1st category the sins of incontinence (incontinenza), to the 2nd - the sins of violence ("violent bestiality "or matta bestialitade), to the third - sins of deception (" malice "or malizia). Dante has 2-5th circles for the incontinent (basically these are mortal sins), 7th circle for rapists, 8-9th for deceivers (8th - just for deceivers, 9th - for traitors). Thus, the more material the sin is, the more forgivable it is.
Heretics - apostates from the faith and deniers of God - are singled out separately from the crowd of sinners filling the upper and lower circles, in the sixth circle. In the abyss of the lower Hell (A., VIII, 75), three ledges, like three steps, are located three circles - from the seventh to the ninth. In these circles, malice is punished, wielding either force (violence) or deception.
The concept of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy
The three holy virtues - the so-called "theological" ones - are faith, hope and love. The rest are four "basic" or "natural" (see note. Ch., I, 23-27).
Dante depicts him as a huge mountain, towering in the southern hemisphere in the middle of the Ocean. It looks like a truncated cone. The coastal strip and the lower part of the mountain form the Precleaner, and the upper one is surrounded by seven ledges (seven circles of the Purgatory proper). On the flat top of the mountain lies the desolate forest of Earthly Paradise, where Dante reunites with his beloved Beatrice before the pilgrimage to Paradise.
Virgil expounds the doctrine of love as the source of all good and evil and explains the gradation of the circles of Purgatory: circles I, II, III - love for "someone else's evil", that is, ill will (pride, envy, anger); circle IV - insufficient love for true good (despondency); circles V, VI, VII - excessive love for false goods (greed, gluttony, voluptuousness). The circles correspond to the biblical deadly sins.
- Precleaner
- The foot of Mount Purgatory. Here the newly arrived souls of the dead await access to Purgatory. Those who died under church excommunication, but who repented of their sins before death, wait for a period thirty times longer than the time that they spent in "conflict with the church."
- First ledge. They were reckless, slow to repentance until the hour of death.
- Second ledge. The negligent, who died a violent death.
- Valley of Earth Lords (does not apply to Purgatory)
- 1st circle. Proud.
- 2nd circle. Envious people.
- 3rd circle. Angry.
- 4th circle. Lazy.
- 5th circle. Misers and profligates.
- 6th circle. Gluttony.
- 7th circle. Voluptuous.
- Earthly paradise.
The concept of Paradise in the Divine Comedy
(in brackets - examples of personalities given by Dante)
- 1 sky (Moon) - the abode of those who observe duty (Jephthah, Agamemnon, Constance of Norman).
- 2 sky (Mercury) is the abode of the reformers (Justinian) and the innocent victims (Iphigenia).
- 3 sky (Venus) - the abode of lovers (Karl Martell, Kunitza, Folco of Marseilles, Dido, "Rhodopean", Rahab).
- 4 sky (Sun) is the abode of sages and great scientists. They form two circles ("round dance").
- 1st circle: Thomas Aquinas, Albert von Bolstedt, Francesco Graziano, Peter of Lombards, Dionysius the Areopagite, Paul Orosius, Boethius, Isidore of Seville, Bede the Venerable, Ricard, Seager of Brabant.
- 2nd circle: Bonaventure, Franciscans Augustine and the Illuminati, Gugon, Peter the Eater, Peter of Spain, John Chrysostom, Anselm, Aelius Donat, Raban Mavr, Joachim.
- 5 sky (Mars) is the abode of warriors for their faith (Joshua, Judas Maccabee, Roland, Gottfried of Bouillon, Robert Guiscard).
- 6 sky (Jupiter) - the abode of just rulers (biblical kings David and Hezekiah, emperor Trajan, king Guglielmo II the Good and the hero of the "Aeneid" Riphean).
- 7 sky (Saturn) - the abode of theologians and monks (Benedict of Nursia, Peter Damiani).
- 8 sky (sphere of stars).
- 9 sky (Prime mover, crystal sky). Dante describes the structure of celestial inhabitants (see Ranks of Angels).
- 10 sky (Empyrean) - The Flaming Rose and the Radiant River (the heart of the rose and the arena of the heavenly amphitheater) is the abode of the Divine. Blessed souls are seated on the banks of the river (the steps of the amphitheater, which is divided into 2 more semicircles - the Old Testament and the New Testament). Mary (the Mother of God) is at the head, under her are Adam and Peter, Moses, Rachel and Beatrice, Sarah, Rebekah, Judith, Ruth, etc. Sitting opposite John, under him are Saint Lucia, Francis, Benedict, Augustine and others.
Science and technology in the "Divine Comedy"
In the poem, Dante gives quite a few references to the science and technology of his era. For example, the issues considered within the framework of physics are raised: the force of gravity (Hell - Canto Thirty, lines 73-74 and Hell - Canto thirty-four, lines 110-111); the anticipation of the equinoxes (Hell - Canto thirty-one, lines 78-84); the origin of earthquakes (Hell - Canto three, lines 130-135 and Purgatory - Canto twenty-one, line 57); large landslides (Hell - Canto Twelve, lines 1-10); the formation of cyclones (Hell - Canto Nine, lines 67-72); Southern Cross (Purgatory - Canto One, lines 22-27); rainbow (Purgatory - Canto twenty-five, lines 91-93); the water cycle (Purgatory - Canto 5, lines 109-111 and Purgatory - Canto 20, lines 121-123); the relativity of motion (Hell - Canto thirty-one, lines 136-141 and Paradise - Canto twenty, lines 25-27); the spread of light (Purgatory - Canto Two, lines 99-107); two speeds of rotation (Purgatory - Eighth Canto, lines 85-87); lead mirrors (Hell - Canto twenty-three, lines 25-27); reflection of light (Purgatory - Canto Fifteen, lines 16-24). There are indications of military devices (Hell - Eighth Canto, lines 85-87); combustion as a result of friction between tinder and flint (Hell - Canto fourteen, lines 34-42), mimetism (Paradise - Canto three, lines 12-17). When looking at the technology sector, one can see references to shipbuilding (Hell — Canto twenty-one, lines 7-19); Dutch dams (Hell - Canto Fifteen, lines 4-9). There are also references to mills (Hell - Singing of the Wind, lines 46-49); glasses (Hell - Canto thirty-three, lines 99-101); clock (Paradise - Tenth Canto, lines 139-146 and Paradise - Twenty-fourth Canto, lines 13-15), as well as a magnetic compass (Paradise - Canto Twelve, lines 29-31).
Reflection in culture
The Divine Comedy has been a source of inspiration for many artists, poets and philosophers for seven centuries. Its structure, plots, ideas were very often borrowed and used by very many later creators of art, receiving a unique and often different interpretation in their works. The influence exerted by Dante's work on the entire human culture in general and its individual types in particular is enormous and in many ways invaluable.
Literature
West
Author of a number of translations and adaptations of Dante Jeffrey Chaucer in his works and directly refers to Dante's work. John Milton, who is well acquainted with his works, has repeatedly quoted and used references to Dante's work in his works. Milton views Dante's point of view as a separation of secular and spiritual power, but in relation to the period of the Reformation, similar to the political situation analyzed by the poet in the XIX song of "Hell". The moment of Beatrice's condemning speech in relation to corruption and corruption of confessors (Paradise, XXIX) is adapted in the poem Lucidas, where the author condemns the corruption of the clergy.
TS Eliot used the lines "Hell" (XXVII, 61-66) as an epigraph to "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915). In addition, the poet refers heavily to Dante in (1917), Ara vus prec (1920) and
The Divine Comedy is the greatest monument of Italian literature, a real medieval encyclopedia of scientific, political, philosophical, moral and theological knowledge.
The Divine Comedy (Italian Commedia, later Divina Commedia) is a poem written by Dante Alighieri in the period from 1308 to 1321.
This is an allegorical description of the human soul with its vices, passions, joys and virtues. These are living human images and vivid psychological situations.
For seven centuries the immortal work of the great Dante has inspired poets, artists, composers to create numerous works of art.
According to Catholic beliefs, the afterlife consists of hell, where condemned sinners go forever, purgatory - the abode of sinners who atone for their sins - and paradise - the abode of the blessed.
Audiobook in italianYear of issue: 2006
Dante Alighieri
Executor: Librivox volunteers
Genre: Poem
Publisher: LibriVox
Language: Italian
A type: audiobook
Audio codec: MP3
Audio bitrate: 128 kbps
The size: 588 MV
Description:The Divine Comedy (Italian Commedia, later Divina Commedia) is a poem written by Dante Alighieri in the period from 1307 to 1321.
According to myths and legends in the Western countries of the early Middle Ages, the afterlife consists of hell, where condemned sinners go forever, purgatory - the abode of sinners who atone for their sins - and paradise - the abode of the blessed.
Dante describes with extreme accuracy the structure of the afterlife, with graphic certainty fixing all the details of its architectonics. In the opening song, Dante tells how, having reached the middle of his life, he once lost his way in a dense forest and, as the poet Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. Upon learning that Virgil was sent to Beatrice, Dante surrenders himself without trepidation to the leadership of the poet.
La Divina Commedia, originalmente Commedia, e un poema di Dante Alighieri, capolavoro del poeta fiorentino, considerata la piu importante testimonianza letteraria della civilta medievale e una delle piu grandi opere della letteratura universale.
E diviso in tre parti chiamate cantiche: Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso; il poeta immagina di compiervi un viaggio ultraterreno.
Il poema, pur continuando i modi caratteristici della letteratura e dello stile medievali (ispirazione religiosa, fine morale, linguaggio e stile basati sulla percezione visiva e immediate delle cose), tende a una rappresentazione ampia e drammatica lonta della realta, tipallita dramatica lonta della realta, tipallita Medioevo, tesa a cristallizzare la visione del reale.
Inferno: Canti I-V - AlessiaInferno: Canti VI-X - Andrea Bellini
Inferno: Canti XI-XV - Anna Maria
Inferno: Canti XVI-XX - Maria Borgoses
Inferno: Canti XXI-XXV - Daniele
Inferno: Canti XXVI-XXX - Francessco
Inferno: Canti XXXI-XXXIV - Alessia
Purgatorio: Canti I-V - Ray Beale
Purgatorio: Canti VI-XI - Martina
Purgatorio: Canti XII-XVI - Maria Borgoses
Purgatorio: Canti XVII-XXI - Martina
Purgatorio: Canti XXII-XXVII - Raphael
Purgatorio: Canti XXVIII-XXXII - Alessia
Paradiso: Canti I-V - Tudats
Paradiso: Canti VI-XI - Martina
Paradiso: Canti XII-XVI - Maria Borgoses
Paradiso: Canti XVII-XXI - Barbara Ruma
Paradiso: Canti XXII-XXVII - Raphael
Paradiso: Canti XXVIII-XXXIII - Alessia
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Dante Alighieri "Divine Comedy"
Dante Alighieri
Transfer: M.L. Lozinsky
Genre: epic poem
Publisher: Science (Moscow)
Series: Literary monuments
Language:Russian
Format: DjVu
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 654
The size: 8.2 MB
Description: The poem of the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "The Divine Comedy" is an immortal monument of the XIV century, which is the greatest contribution of the Italian people to the treasury of world literature. In it, the author solves theological, historical and scientific problems.
In this edition, Dante's poem is presented in the best of all existing Russian translations - the translation by Mikhail Lozinsky. In 1946, Lozinsky's translation was awarded the State Prize of the first degree. The appendix contains an article by I. N. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. The book contains illustrations by Sandro Botticelli.
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Domenico Mekelino "Dante with his book"
Monument to Dante in Florence
"The Divine Comedy"The Divine Comedy is Dante's latest work, which is, at the same time, a masterpiece of poetic art, an encyclopedia of botany, astronomy, social history, a deep philosophical and mystical work.
The numerical harmony of the "Divine Comedy" is striking: it is built on a constant combination of three (divine triad) and tens (perfection).
The work has three parts - "Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise" - thirty-three songs each, although "Hell" contains one more additional song, so their total number is 100. Beatrice appears in the work in the 30th song of "Purgatory" (3 and 10), that is, 64 songs from the beginning (6 and 4 in total 10). Before her - 63 songs, and after her - 36.
The poet's journey through the three worlds is the symbolic path of humanity in its quest for truth.
Dante's guide in "Hell" and "Purgatory" is the poet Virgil - a symbol of ancient wisdom, then he is replaced by Beatrice, who in the poem symbolizes
Divine wisdom. Betrice leads Dante through the heavenly spheres of "Paradise", but when they reach Empyrean - the tenth, immaterial sky, Beatrice takes her place in the Rose of Paradise, and Bernard of Clairvaux, the spiritual patron of the Templar Order, becomes Dante's last guide. Bernard supports Dante during his mystical ascent. There is no information about Dante's connection with the Templars. However, we can definitely say that if he was not a Templar, he was friendly with the order.
The work has three parts - "Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise" - thirty-three songs each, although "Hell" contains one more additional song, so their total number is 100. Beatrice appears in the work in the 30th song of "Purgatory" (3 and 10), that is, 64 songs from the beginning (6 and 4 in total 10). Before her - 63 songs, and after her - 36.
"Comedy" has several layers: it is the poet's personal drama, and an allegorical description of the history of Florence, and a description of the world: in the first part Dante talks about inorganic nature, in Purgatory - about living nature, and expounds his metaphysical views in "Paradise" ...
The poet's journey through the three worlds is the symbolic path of humanity in its quest for truth.
Dante describes with extreme accuracy the structure of the afterlife, with graphic certainty fixing all the details of its architectonics. In the introductory song, Dante tells how, having reached the middle of his life, he once got lost in a dense forest and, as the poet Virgil, having saved him from three wild animals blocking his path, invited Dante to make a journey through the afterlife. Upon learning that Virgil was sent to Beatrice, Dante surrenders himself without trepidation to the leadership of the poet.
Paradise
In the earthly paradise, Virgil is replaced by Beatrice, seated on a chariot drawn by a vulture (an allegory of the triumphant church); she prompts Dante to repentance, and then lifts him, enlightened, to heaven. The final part of the poem is devoted to Dante's wanderings in heavenly paradise. The latter consists of seven spheres encircling the earth and corresponding to seven planets (according to the then widespread Ptolemaic system): the spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, etc., followed by the spheres of fixed stars and a crystal one, - Empyreus is located behind the crystal sphere, - the infinite the region inhabited by the blissful, contemplating God, is the last sphere that gives life to all that exists. Flying through the spheres, led by Bernard, Dante sees the Emperor Justinian, introducing him to the history of the Roman Empire, teachers of faith, martyrs for the faith, whose shining souls form a sparkling cross; Ascending higher and higher, Dante sees Christ and the Virgin Mary, angels and, finally, the “heavenly Rose” is revealed to him - the seat of the blessed. Here Dante participates in the highest grace, achieving communication with the Creator.
"Comedy" is Dante's last and most mature work. The poet did not realize, of course, that through his lips in "Comedy" they "spoke ten silent centuries", that he summed up in his work the entire development of medieval literature.
In "Hell" the poet plunges into the depths of human vices. Moreover, the sins punished in the highest circles of "Hell" are rather material in nature, while those that are a crime against the spirit are punished most heavily. At the very bottom, in the icy lake, Cocytus Dante placed Lucifer, who broke his spiritual union with God and became the cause of all subsequent atrocities. "Light without the warmth of love is the root defect of Lucifer."
In Purgatory, Dante gains the hope that one can get rid of all sins by starting a long ascent. Here they can cleanse themselves of the same sins that were punished in "Hell", however, in the circles of Purgatory, sinners are in constant upward movement - they are conscious and move towards the goal.
The structure of the world and the place of man in it
Dante's idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the world goes back to the neoplatonic currents of medieval philosophy, in particular, to the teachings of Dionysius the Areopagite.
The Beginning of Everything in Dante appears Empyreus - the immaterial celestial sphere, the tenth heaven, Paradise. It is set in motion by nine angelic orders. The impulse of movement is transmitted to the Prime Mover - the ninth, crystalline sky, from which it spreads to all creations below. The farther the spheres are from the Prime Mover, the more inert they are.
Man, as God's creation, is also endowed with divine power, but he lost his perfection after the Fall, and now his task is to return to God. God gave this chance to mankind by sending his Son to earth.
“Redemption, therefore, does not come by a sacrificial path, not by repentance and prayer, not by faithfulness to church dogmas. Quite the opposite, it is achieved by fearlessness, wisdom and dignity of a person who has dedicated himself to serving humanity. The poet decided to go all the way of sinful humanity to show people this the path of redemption of the sinful nature of man, which would correspond to the greatness and dignity of man, is the path to God. But it is precisely this that is the philosophical, ethical, aesthetic, poetic, civil, and not only the theological substantiation of the principles of the new humanism. God's curse is removed by earthly means, mortal you can reach the heavenly throne, and there are no victories forbidden to the spirit of man! " And a variant in Italian, for gourmets
DANTE ALIGHIERI
La divina commedia
La vita di Dante
La struttura della Divina Commedia
I personaggi della Divina Commedia
La Lingua di Dante
DANTE ALIGHIERI
Quali sono le tappe fondamentali della vita? La nascita
Nasce a Firenze nel maggio del 1265. Suo padre è Alighiero, uomo appartenente alla piccola nobilta è di modeste condizioni sociali; sua madre è Donna Bella, che rnuore presto, quando Dante è ancora bambino. II padre si risposa con Donna Lapa, che da a Dante due fratellastri.
L "incontro con Beatrice
A nove anni Dante conosce Beatrice, la rivede solo nove anni dopo e se ne innamora. Ma Beatrice sposa Simone de "Bardi che appartiene ad una ricca famiglia di banchieri. Nonostante questo, la morte di Beatrice a soli 25 anni, causa in Dante un profondo dolore.
II matrimonio
Nel 1285 sposa Gemma Donati, con cui era fidanzato per volontà paterna.
La partecipazione alla vita di Firenze
Dante è molto impegnato nella vita politica di Firenze, città guelfa; per essa combatte in diverse occasioni contro città ghibelline (i guelfi sono i sostenitori del Papa, mentre i Ghibellini i sostenitori degli interessi imperiali).
I guelfi a loro volta sono divisi tra bianchi e neri: i bianchi rappresentano la borghesia e il popolo grasso, i neri rappresentano i proprietari terrieri ed il popolo minuto.
I bianchi sono anche ostili ad ogni intervento del Pontefice negli affari di Firenze; i neri invece favoriscono i suoi interessi.
Dopo alterne vicende, soprattutto dopo l "intervento di Bonifacio VIII, i neri vincono
e prendono il governo della città.
Dante, che è bianco viene condannato all "esilio.
L "esilio
Comincia cosi per Dante un lungo periodo durante il quale viene costretto a girovagare per l "Italia ospitato presso le principali corti nobiliari dell" epoca.
"- a Verona (1304-1306) presso i Signori della Scala
- in Lunigiana (1306-1307) presso i marchesi Malaspina
- nel Casentino (1307-1308) presso i conti Guidi
- a Lucca, Verona e infme Ravenna (1313-1321) presso i Da Polenta. A Ravenna Dante chiama intorno a sè figli e nipoti e questo gli rende più sopportabile il soggiorno nella città.
La morte
Muore a Ravenna nel 1321 in seguito ad una febbre di origine malarica.
Secondo una leggenda, gli ultimi 13 canti del Paradiso, appena ultimati, non vengono
divulgati e non vengono trovati. E "Dante stesso che appare in sogno ai suoi figli e
indica loro il luogo dove sono conservati.
Qual è la sua opera principale?
L "opera più famosa di Dante è la DIVINA COMMEDIA.
Cos "è la Divina Commedia.
Poema di 1233 versi endecasillabi disposti in terzine. L "opera è scrittain volgare perchè destinata ad un pubblico vasto e non ai soli intellettuali; mescola livelli stilistici differenti, adegua il linguaggio alla varietà degli aspetti e dei caratteri umani che rappresenta.
E "intitolata Comniedia perchè dopo un inizio pauroso (Inferno) si conclude felicemente (Paradiso) ;. nella sua biografia dantesca Boccaccio la definirà" divina "aggettivo aggiunto al titolo a partire dal" 500. 1
Il poema è diviso in tre cantiche: Inferno, Purgatorio e Paradiso di 33 canti ciascuna con un canto d "introduzione all" opera inserito all "inizio dell" Infemo, per un totale di 100 canti.
Seguendo la tradizione medievale Dante assegna un particolare significato ai numeri:1 e 3 sono i simboli della Trinità; 9 è quadrato di 3; 10 (7 + 3) è numero perfetto, di cui 100 è multiplo; 7 sono i giomi della Creazione. Questi numeri tornano in tutta l "opera.
Il poema descrive il viaggio immaginario di Dante nel mondo ultraterreno (Inferno:regno della dannazione; Purgatorio: regno dell "espiazione; Paradiso: regno della beatitudine), affinchè la sua narrazione aiuti gli uomini a redimersi dal peccato e a riconquistare lo stato di purezza.
L "insegnamento di Dante è volto dunque a risvegliare la coscienza dell" uomo che, attraverso la luce della ragione si allontanerà dal male.
II viaggio inizia la notte del Venerdl Santo dell "8 aprile 1300 e dura 7 giorni.
Dante immagina di trovarsi in una selva oscura (simbolo della condizione di errore e di peccato) dalla quale cerca diallontanarsi. Il cammino è impedito da tre fiere 2
: una lonza (invidia o lussuria), un leone (superbia), una lupa (cupidigia); in aiuto di Dante si presenta il poeta latino Virgilio che gli si offre come guida (ragione) e gli rivela che il viaggio è voluto da Dio. Virgilio poiche è pagano, lo accompagnerà solo attraverso l "Inferno ed il Purgatorio; da qui Beatrice (teologia-rivelazione) sarà la sua guida fino all" Empireo, dove sarà affidato a San Bernardo che lo accompagnerà alla visione di Dio.
Significati dell "opera
Dante dichiara che la sua opera racchiude più sensi:
-il senso letterale, cioè la pura e semplice narrazione dei fatti, cosi come sono immaginati dall "autore, cioè un viaggio ultraterreno attraverso luoghi misteriosi, ora terribili ora affascinanti, durante il quale i poeta incontra di defunti angeli e santi.
-il significato allegorico: il viaggio nel suo complesso simboleggia I "itinerario dell" anima umana verso la salvezza.
-il significato morale: attraverso gli insegnamenti morali che emergono dalla lettura, indica agli uomini l "importanza di una vita virtuosa, ispirata a grani ideali.
II viaggio di Dante e la struttura dell "Uiiiverso dantesco
_________________________________
1
Boccaccio è un altro grande scrittore dell "epoca, la cui opera piu famosa è il Decameron.
2
Belva o animale selvaggio
Il percorso di Dante
Dante dapprima scende nell "Inferno, accompagnato da Virgilio. Egli descrive l" ambiente, i dannati che incontra e le pene eterne che vengono inflitte, soffermandosi spesso a parlare con alcuni di essi.
Dal fondo dell "Inferno, attraverso un cammino oscuro, egli giunge nell" emisfero opposto, dove s "innalza la montagna del Purgatorio. Virgilio lo accompagna tra i peccatori di questo regno, che scontano am una pena temporanea, con la prospet cospetto di Dio.
Nel Paradiso terrestre, sulla vetta della collina del Purgatorio, Dante incontra Beatrice, che rappresenta la Grazia Divina e che sarà la sua guida nell "ultima parte del suo viaggio attraverso i cieli del Paradiso. Dopo molti colloqui con le anime beate, Dante giunge alla visione della Trinità Divina.
La terra
Dante, come i suoi contemporanei, pensava che la terra fosse immobile al centrodell "universo.
Era divisa in 2 emisferi:
-l "emisfero boreale o delle terre emerse che ha al centro Gerusalemme.
-l "emisfero australe o delle acque, in cui, nel punto opposto a Gerusalemme, si innalza la montagna del purgatorio, in cui ha in cima il Paradiso Terrestre.
L "Inferno
E "un" immensa voragine dalla forma di cono rovesciato, formato dalla caduta di Lucifero che, dopo la ribellione a Dio, precipitò flno al centro della Terra dove si conficcò. Il terreno della cavità fuoriusci nell "emisfero australe, formando la montagna del Purgatorio.
L "Inferno è diviso in 9 cerchi, ciascuno dei quali ospita una particolare categoria di dannati. Esso è circondato dal fiume Acheronte, attraverso il quale vengono traghettate le anime dei dannati. Il settimo, l" ottavo e il a nono cerorochio suddivisi in gironi o bolge.
Nell "Inferno le anime sono punite secondo la legge del" contrappasso ", cioè una pena che corrisponde, per somiglianza o per contrasto, al peccato commesso in vita. Cosi, ad esempio, i golosi che in vita hanno cercato i piaceri della gola e la vita lussuosa sono condannati a essere sferzati da una violentissima pioggia nera mista a grandine ea neve, con i piedi immersi in un fango freddo, mentre Cerbero, un mostro mitologico a forma di cane con tre teste, latra contro di loro.
Il Purgatorio
Dopo essere misteriosamente uscito dall "Inferno attraverso un" cammino oscuro ", Dante, semper accompagnato da Virgilio, giunge su una spiaggia dove vede in lontananza un" alta collina: è il monte del Purgatorio.
Dante immagina un "isola, unico punto fermo nell" immensità dell "oceano disabitato che copre tutta la metà meridionale della sfera terrestre, una montagna a forma di cono con la punta smussata. La parte inferiore del monte e la spiaggia costituisl " Antipurgatorio, nel quale stanno coloro che si pentirono dei loro peccati all "ultimo nomento e che debbono attendere un tempo più o meno lungo prima di essere ammessi al Purgatorio. In cima c" è il Paradiso Terrestato dove le d anime potrano espere aver solo i loro peccati.
Il Purgatorio è diviso in 7 cornici, enormi gradini in ciascuno dei quali si espia uno del sette vizi capitali in ordine decrescente di gravità. I vizi sono suddivisi in tre zone: nella prima espiano coloro che vollero il male del prossimo (superbi, invidiosi iracondi); nella seconda si espia l "accidia, cioè l" insufficiente intensità di amore verso Dio; nella terza zona sono puniti gli avari e i prodighi, i golosi e i lussuriosi.
Il Paradiso
Il Paradiso è strutturato in 9 cieli. Essi corrispondono a nove sfere che ruotano intorno alla Terra secondo un movimento provocato dalle intelligenze angeliche. Le sfere trascinano con sè anche gli astri che vi si trovano: Luna, Mercurio, Venere, Sole, Marte, Giove, Satumo, Cielo delle Stelle Fisse (le dodici costellazioni dello zodiaco), Cristallino e Primo Mobile. Al di là dei nove cieli si estende 1 "Empireo: cielo immobile, infinito dove risiedono Dio e i beati, disposti in una Candida Rosa.
STILE ED EREDITÀ
L "opera di Dante è 1" espressione della cultura e del gusto medievali. Infatti il \u200b\u200bpoeta rappresenta lo stretto e costante rapporto di Dio con gli uomini, la missione terrena affidata all "umanita, che ha come scopo finale la patria celeste.
Tipicamente medievale è anche la convinzione che il messaggio di un "opera letteraria comprende, oltre all" esplicito senso letterale, altri significati profondi. I suoi testi quindi per mezzo di allegorie, ossia di rappresentazioni di concetti attraverso immagini e fatti concreti, svelano gli intenti didattici e filosofici dell "autore.
This term has other meanings, see Divine Comedy (disambiguation). Dante is depicted holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, this ... Wikipedia
The Divine Comedy - The first page of the "Divine Comedy" The Divine Comedy (Italian Commedia, later Divina Commedia) is a poem written by Dante Alighieri in the period from 1308 to 1321. Contents 1 History ... Wikipedia
The Divine Comedy - see Dante ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Divine Comedy (teleplay)
Divine Comedy (performance) - Divine Comedy ... Wikipedia
Divine Comedy (film) - Divine Comedy Genre TV show Director S. Obraztsov Starring Film Company Gosteleradiofond Duration 91 min ... Wikipedia
Divine Comedy (disambiguation) - Divine Comedy: Divine Comedy poem by Dante Alighieri. Divine Comedy (performance) a performance based on the play by Isidor Stock staged by the State Academic Central Puppet Theater named after S. V. Obraztsova. ... ... Wikipedia
Purgatory (Divine Comedy) - This term has other meanings, see Purgatory (meanings). Purgatory Mountain Plan. As in the case of Paradise, its structure is in the form 2 + 7 \u003d 9 + 1 \u003d 10, and each of the ten regions is different in nature from the other nine ... Wikipedia
Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture - Dante Alighieri and, in particular, the masterpiece of his work "Divine Comedy" for seven centuries have been sources of inspiration for many artists, poets and philosophers. The most typical examples are given below ... Wikipedia
Paradise (Divine Comedy) - Dante and Beatrice talk to the teachers of wisdom Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great, Peter of Lombard and Sieger of Brabant on the Sun Sphere (fresco by Philip F. ... Wikipedia
Hell (Divine Comedy) - Engravings by Gustave Dore, illustrating the Divine Comedy (1861 1868); here Dante got lost in Song 1 of Hell ... Wikipedia
Books
- Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri. Translated from Italian by M. Lozinsky. The appendix contains an article by I. N. Golenishchev-Kutuzov about Dante's "Divine Comedy". Poem by the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) ... Buy for 1500 rubles
- Divine Comedy, Alighieri Dante. 1998 edition. The preservation is excellent. The poem of the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "The Divine Comedy" is an immortal monument of the XIV century, which is the greatest ...
