Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (real name Dzhugashvili) was born on December 21 (old style 9) December 1879 (according to other sources, December 18 (old style 6), 1878), in the Georgian city of Gori in the family of a shoemaker.
After graduating from the Gori Theological School in 1894, Stalin studied at the Tiflis Theological Seminary, from where he was expelled for revolutionary activities in 1899. A year earlier, Iosif Dzhugashvili had joined the Georgian Social Democratic organization Mesame Dasi. Since 1901 he has been a professional revolutionary. At the same time, the party nickname "Stalin" was assigned to him (for his inner circle he had a different nickname - "Koba"). From 1902 to 1913 he was arrested and deported six times and fled four times.
When in 1903 (at the Second Congress of the RSDLP) the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Stalin supported the leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin, and, on his instructions, set about creating a network of underground Marxist circles in the Caucasus.
In 1906-1907, Joseph Stalin participated in organizing a number of expropriations in the Transcaucasus. In 1907 he was one of the leaders of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP.
In 1912, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, Stalin was introduced in absentia to the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Participated in the creation of the newspapers "Pravda", "Star".
In 1913, Stalin wrote the article "Marxism and the National Question", which brought him the authority of an expert on the national question. In February 1913 he was arrested and exiled to the Turukhansk region. In 1916, due to a hand injury received in childhood, he was declared unfit for military service.
Since March 1917, he participated in the preparation and conduct of the October Revolution: he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), was a member of the Military Revolutionary Center for leading an armed uprising. In 1917-1922 he was People's Commissar for Nationalities.
During the Civil War, he carried out responsible assignments from the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Soviet government; was a member of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council (RVS) of the Republic, a member of the RVS of the Southern, Western and Southwestern fronts.
When on April 3, 1922, a new position was established at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - the General Secretary of the Central Committee, Stalin was elected the first Secretary General.
This initially purely technical post was used and turned by Stalin into a post with high powers. Its hidden strength lay in the fact that it was the general secretary who appointed the grass-roots party leaders, thanks to which Stalin formed a personally loyal majority in the middle link of the party members. In 1929, his 50th birthday was celebrated on a national scale for the first time. Stalin remained in the position of General Secretary until the end of his life (since 1922 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), since December 1925 - the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, since 1934 - Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, since 1952 - the CPSU).
After the death of Lenin, Stalin declared himself the only successor to the work of the late leader and his teachings. He proclaimed a course towards "building socialism in one single country." In April 1925, at the XIV Conference of the RCP(b), the new theoretical and political orientation was formalized. Stalin, quoting a number of Lenin's statements of various years, emphasized that it was Lenin, and not anyone else, who discovered the truth about the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country.
Stalin carried out the forced industrialization of the country and the forced collectivization of peasant farms, which was. The kulaks were liquidated as a class. The department of the central registry of the OGPU in the certificate of the eviction of kulaks determined the number of special settlers at 517,665 families with a population of 2,437,062 people. The death toll during these resettlements to areas poorly adapted for living is estimated at at least 200,000 people.
Outwardly political activity Stalin adhered to the class line of fighting the "capitalist encirclement" and supporting the international communist and workers' movement.
By the mid-1930s, Stalin had concentrated all the fullness of state power in his hands and, in fact, became the sole leader of the Soviet people. The old party leaders - Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Rykov and others, who were part of the anti-Stalinist opposition, were gradually expelled from the party, and then physically destroyed as "enemies of the people." In the second half of the 1930s, a regime of the most severe terror was established in the country, which reached its climax in 1937-1938. The search for and destruction of "enemies of the people" affected not only the highest party bodies and the army, but also broad sections of Soviet society. Millions of Soviet citizens were illegally repressed on far-fetched, unsubstantiated charges of espionage, sabotage, and sabotage; exiled to camps or executed in the cellars of the NKVD.
With the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, Stalin concentrated all political and military power in his hands as Chairman of the State Defense Committee (June 30, 1941 - September 4, 1945) and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR. At the same time, he took the post of People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR (July 19, 1941 - March 15, 1946; from February 25, 1946 - People's Commissar of the USSR Armed Forces) and was directly involved in drawing up plans for military operations.
During the war, Joseph Stalin, together with US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, initiated the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition. He represented the USSR in negotiations with countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition (Tehran, 1943; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, 1945).
After the end of the war, during which the Soviet army liberated most of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, Stalin became the ideologist and practitioner of creating the "world socialist system", which was one of the main factors in the emergence of the Cold War and the military-political confrontation between the USSR and the USA .
June 27, 1945 Stalin was awarded the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.
On March 19, 1946, during the restructuring of the Soviet government apparatus, Stalin was approved as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
After the end of the war in 1945, the regime of Stalinist terror resumed. Totalitarian control over society was again established. Under the pretext of fighting "cosmopolitanism," Stalin carried out one purge after another, and anti-Semitism actively flourished.
However, Soviet industry developed rapidly, and by the early 1950s the level industrial production already 2 times higher than the level of 1940. The standard of living of the rural population remained extremely low.
Stalin paid special attention to improving the defense capability of the Soviet Union and the technical re-equipment of the army and navy. He was one of the main initiators of the implementation of the Soviet "atomic project", which contributed to the transformation of the USSR into one of the two "superpowers." She refused to return to the USSR. The move to the West and the subsequent publication of Twenty Letters to a Friend (1967), in which Alliluyeva recalled her father and life in the Kremlin, caused a worldwide sensation. For some time she stopped in Switzerland, then lived in the USA. In 1970, she married the American architect Wesley Peters, gave birth to a daughter, soon divorced, but.
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Cities, towns, districts, squares, metro stations, mountain peaks, universities...
Cities
Stalin
(Bulgarian Stalin) People's Republic of Bulgaria 1949 1956 Varna
Stalinabad USSR, Tajik SSR 1929 1961 Dushanbe
Stalingrad USSR, RSFSR 1925 1961 Volgograd
Staliniri USSR, Georgian SSR, South Ossetian Autonomous Okrug 1934 1961 Tskhinval
Stalino USSR, Ukrainian SSR 1924 1961 Donetsk
Stalinogorsk USSR, RSFSR, Tula region 1934 1961 Novomoskovsk
Stalinsk USSR, RSFSR 1932 1961 Novokuznetsk
Stalinisi USSR, Georgian SSR 1931 1934 Khashuri
Orashul-Stalin
(rum. Oraşul Stalin) Socialist Republic of Romania 1950 1960 Brasov
Stalin
(Alb. Stalin) People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1950 1990 Kuchova
Stalinogrud
(Polish Stalinogrud) Polish People's Republic 1953 1956 Katowice
Stalinstadt
(German: Stalinstadt) German Democratic Republic 1953 1961 Eisenhüttenstadt
Stalinvarosh
(Hungarian Sztblinvbros) Hungarian People's Republic 1951 1961 Dunaujváros
Other settlements
Settlement ... Territory ......... Appropriation ... .... Deprivation ....... Modernity
Stalino settlement USSR, Uzbek SSR, Andijan region 1924 1961 Shakhrikhan
Stalinist settlement USSR, RSFSR, Moscow region 1939 1961 Vostochny (Moscow region)
Stalinist village of the USSR, RSFSR, Tula region Podlesny
Stalinist settlement of the USSR, Kazakh SSR, Akmola region Aksu
Stalinka village of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Poltava region Chervonozavodskoye
Stalindorf settlement of the USSR, RSFSR, Stalingrad region Primorsky
Stalingrad village of the USSR, Kazakh SSR, Kustanai region Volgograd
Stalindorf settlement of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Dnepropetrovsk region, Nikopol district Zhovtneve (as part of the village of Loshkarevka
Stalinskoe settlement of the USSR, Kirghiz SSR, Chui region Belovodskoe
Stalino settlement USSR, Turkmen SSR, Mary region Murgap
Stalin's winery village of the USSR, RSFSR, Mordovian ASSR Dachny
Stalinist
(settlement of the factory named after Stalin) settlement of the USSR, RSFSR, Moscow region Pervomaisky (district of the city of Korolev)
Stalindorf village USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Dnepropetrovsk region Izluchistoye
Stalinaul village USSR, RSFSR, Dagestan ASSR Leninaul
Stalinaul village USSR, RSFSR, Dagestan ASSR Atlanaul
Stalinweg village USSR, RSFSR, Crimean ASSR Arbuzovo
Stalino village USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Odessa region Poznanka 1st
Stalino village USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Odessa region Chervonoznamenka
Stalinovka village USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Cherkasy region Yavorovka
Stalinaul village USSR, RSFSR, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Meskets
Stalindorf village USSR, RSFSR, Amur region Zarechnoye
Stalinfeld
(Yiddish סטאלינפעלד) village of the USSR, RSFSR, Jewish Autonomous Region Oktyabrskoe
Stalinskoe village USSR, RSFSR, Bashkir ASSR Magash
Stalino village USSR, Kazakh SSR, Alma-Ata region, Taldy-Kurgan district
Stalin village of the USSR, Tajik SSR Pasaryk
Stalinesti village USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Chernivtsi region Stalnovtsy
Stalingrad village USSR, RSFSR, Stalingrad region Oktyabrsky
Stalinka village USSR, RSFSR, Omsk region Lugovoe
Stalinka village USSR, RSFSR, Penza region Krasnaya Polyana
Stalino village USSR, Azerbaijan SSR Chayly
Stalinskoe village USSR, Ukrainian SSR, Donetsk region Kommunarovka
Stalinchilyar village USSR, RSFSR, Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Stalinchilyar
Stalin Factory USSR, RSFSR, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Evenk National District Osharovo
Novo-Stalinsk settlement of the USSR, RSFSR, Novosibirsk region
Peaks
Name....Height.......Mountain system......Location...Assigned...Renaming..
Modern name
Stalin Peak 7495 m Pamir Tajikistan 1932 1962 Ismail Samani Peak
Stalin
(Bulgarian Stalin) 2925 m Rila Bulgaria 1949 1962 Musala
Stalin's Shtit
(Czech. Stalinův štнt / Slovak. Stalinov štнt) 2655 m High Tatras Slovakia 1949 1959 Gerlachovský Shtit
Mount Stalin
(eng. Mount Stalin) 2807 m Canadian Rockies Canada, British Columbia 1987 Mount Peck (eng. Mount Peck)
Stalinsky district
Astrakhan, RSFSR, until 1956 (abolished)
Baku, AzSSR, 1931-1960 - Sabail district
Voronezh, RSFSR, became part of the Left Bank District in 1957
Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod), RSFSR, until 1956 - became part of the Sormovsky district
Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR, 1929-1961 - Zhovtnevy district
Zlatoust, RSFSR, until 1957 (abolished)
Ivanovo, RSFSR, since 1961 Pervomaisky district
Irkutsk, RSFSR, since 1961 Oktyabrsky district
Kazan, RSFSR, since 1956 Privolzhsky district
Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR - until 1955 (abolished)
Kirov, RSFSR, since 1957 (according to other sources - since 1962) Oktyabrsky district
Kirovabad (Ganja), AzSSR - until 1956 (abolished)
Komsomolsk-on-Amur, RSFSR, in 1943-1956 (abolished)
Kopeysk, RSFSR, until 1957 (abolished)
Krasnodar, RSFSR, since 1961 Oktyabrsky district
Krasnoyarsk, RSFSR, 1938-1961 - Central District
Kuibyshev (Samara), RSFSR, until 1962 - Oktyabrsky district
Kursk, RSFSR, until 1956, became part of the Industrial District
Leningrad (St. Petersburg), RSFSR, 1952-1957 - Vyborgsky district
Magnitogorsk, RSFSR, before 1960 (discontinued)
Makhachkala, RSFSR - Leninsky district
Minsk, BSSR, 1938-1961 - Zavodskoy district
Moscow, RSFSR, 1930-1961 - later, before the reform of the administrative division of the 1990s, - Pervomaisky district
Nizhny Tagil, RSFSR, until 1957 (abolished)
Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, since 1961 Zhovtnevy district, now Primorsky district
Omsk, RSFSR, since 1961 Sovetsky district
Orsk, RSFSR, until 1958 (discontinued)
Perm, RSFSR, since 1961 Sverdlovsk region
Rostov-on-Don, RSFSR, 1931-1961 - Pervomaisky
Rybinsk, RSFSR, 1939-1947 (abolished)
Saratov, RSFSR - Zavodskoy or Oktyabrsky district
Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), RSFSR, until 1932-1956 - became part of the Leninsky, Kirovsky and Zheleznodorozhny districts
Sevastopol, Ukrainian SSR (since 1954 - RSFSR), until 1961 - Leninsky district
Smolensk, RSFSR, until 1956 (abolished)
Stavropol, RSFSR, until 1956 (abolished)
Stalingrad (Volgograd), RSFSR, 1948-1961 - Central District
Taganrog, RSFSR, since 1961 Oktyabrsky district
Tashkent, UzSSR, until 1956 (abolished)
Ulyanovsk, RSFSR, since 1958 Zasviyazhsky district
Ufa, RSFSR, 1936-1944 - the area went to the newly formed city of Chernikovsk
Khabarovsk, RSFSR, since 1961 Industrial district
Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR, since 1961 Moskovsky district
Chelyabinsk, RSFSR - Central District
Chernikovsk, RSFSR, 1952-1956 - the district was abolished simultaneously with the inclusion of the city into Ufa
Yaroslavl, RSFSR, 1936-1961 - Leninsky district
Raionul Stalin - district of Bucharest, Romania
Metro stations
Stalinskaya metro station, 1944-1961 - Semyonovskaya metro station, Moscow.
Stalinskaya metro station, 1955 (renamed before opening) - Narvskaya metro station, Leningrad.
Zavod Stalin metro station, 1943-1956 — Avtozavodskaya metro station, Moscow
Metro station Izmailovsky park of culture and rest named after Stalin, 1944-1948 — Partizanskaya metro station, Moscow
squares
Stalin Square:
Barnaul, RSFSR (1953-1956) - October Square
Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, (1944-1961) - European Square
Krivoy Rog, Ukrainian SSR – Liberation Square
Makhachkala, RSFSR, – Lenin Square
Novodvinsk, RSFSR - Lenin Square
Novosibirsk, RSFSR, — Lenin Square
Khabarovsk, RSFSR (until 1957) - Lenin Square
Plac Stalina in Polish cities:
Krakow (Nova Huta district) – Plac Centralny
Lublin – Plac Litewski
Poznań – Plac Mickiewicza
Czestochowa – Plac Biegańskiego
Stalinplatz, 1946-1956 - Schwarzenbergplatz, Vienna, Austria
Stalinplatz - Universitätsplatz, Rostock, Germany
Stalinovo nбměstн — Palackйho nбměstн, Bruntal, Czech Republic
Stalinovo nаmestie, 1945-1962 - Nаmestie SNP, Bratislava, Slovakia
Piața I.V. Stalin - Piaţa Charles de Gaulle, Bucharest, Romania
parks
Stalinsky Square, until 1961 - Leninsky Square in Lipetsk
Izmailovsky PKiO named after Stalin, 1932-1961 - Izmailovsky Park in Moscow
Parcul I.V. Stalin - Herăstrău Park, Bucharest, Romania
Stalin Park - Harbin, China
Square named after Stalin - Oryol
Regions, administrative, municipal units
Stalin region, 1925-1961 - Donetsk region, Ukrainian SSR
Stalinsky district - in the Stalin region, Ukrainian SSR; abolished
Stalindorf national Jewish district in the Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukrainian SSR; abolished in 1940
Stalindorf district, 1940-1944 - Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukrainian SSR
Stalinsky district:
Kazakh SSR, Akmola region (1930-1961); now Akkol district
Kirghiz SSR (until 1961); now Moskovsky district
RSFSR, Jewish Autonomous Region (until 1961); now Oktyabrsky district
RSFSR, Krasnodar Territory, from December 31, 1934 to December 12, 1960 (renamed Leningradsky District)
Ukrainian SSR, Dnepropetrovsk region (1944 - ????)
Turkmen SSR, Mary region (1935-1961); now Murgap etrap
Uzbek SSR, Andijan region (1926-1961); now Shakhrikhan district
Regiunea Stalin, 1950-1960 - an area in central Romania
Geographic Township of Stalin, until 1986 - Hansen Township, Ontario, Canada
Other objects
White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin
Shadrinsk auto-aggregate plant im. I. V. Stalin (Shadrinsk, RSFSR)
Plant named after Stalin (ZiS), 1931-1959 - Plant named after Likhachev (ZiL), Moscow, Russia
Stalinovy zбvody, 1946-1962 - a chemical factory in Zaluzhi near the city of Most, Czech Republic
The Stalin Tunnel is a railway tunnel in Vladivostok.
Poznań Steel Works named after Stalin
Leningrad Metal Plant named after Stalin
Stalin's bridge
Stalin bridge in Grozny.
universities
Belarusian Polytechnic Institute I. V. Stalin
Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute. I. V. Stalin
Moscow Mining Institute. I. V. Stalin
Moscow Institute became them. I. V. Stalin
Moscow Machine Tool Institute. I. V. Stalin [source not specified 129 days]
Tbilisi State University I. V. Stalin
Stalin Academy of Armored and Motorized Troops
I. V. Stalin Communist University of the Workers of the East
Crimean Medical Institute
Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze
Locomotive, steel and engineer Lenin
Seven years of revolutions and war that have flown over the Yuzovsky factories and mines have left so many bloody wounds in the history of the region, myths that have not been destroyed to this day, legends that have not been exposed, that it is perhaps worth setting aside a field for a separate study for this period. We will start with a document that has already become a textbook for local historians, but little known to most townspeople - the minutes of the meeting of the plenum of the Yuzovsky District Council (then there were no regions, but only the district) dated March 8, 1924, at which it was decided to rename Yuzovka to Stalin, and the Yuzovsky District respectively in Stalin. Chairman of the district executive committee comrade. Shkadinov justified this decision in the following way: “... The executive committee received a lot of applications from workers, workers and villagers with a proposal on how to perpetuate the memory of comrade. Lenin. Under the conditions of our district, where the steel industry predominates, and the revolution itself, which, in the words of Comrade. Lenin, a locomotive made of steel, on which Comrade was a machinist. Lenin, the executive committee believes that the symbol that characterizes our great leader Comrade. Lenin - will be "Steel", and decided to call the city of Yuzovka - the city of Stalin, and the district and the plant - Stalin's.
Such is the revolutionary style and impulse. I wonder how the Yuz Bolsheviks would get out, trying to get rid of the damned capitalist-imperialist name of their city, if Comrade. Lenin lived longer? Tellingly, the city somehow, in a natural way, added the letter “o” to the name - “StalinO”. And of course, Joseph Stalin, who stood at the helm of the state, is simply not sideways here ... Only one circumstance is confusing: if the name of the city was in no way connected with the “Kremlin mountaineer”, why was it changed to “Donetsk” 37 years later?
The city is a comfortable life
By the mid-20s, Yuzovka-Stalino continued to be just a huge steppe territory, fancifully decorated with mine heaps and factory pipes, in the shade of which workers' settlements huddled, and near the brainchild of Yuz, the English colony was dying, and the wind drove garbage along the lines of the New World blown through. Urban planning had only to lay claim to this territory. After all, if, according to Le Corbusier, the streets of European cities were drawn by the tail of a donkey carrying products from suburban villages, then most of the Yuzovsky streets were drawn by the feet of miners - from mines to taverns and from the latter to their homes. In a word, the authorities of the young city of Stalin faced the most important problem of uniting the villages into one whole with networks of streets, transport and household infrastructures. The last one was tough. With the exception of the British part, there was no running water in Yuzovka, as well as sewerage. Stalin (o) stank in the literal sense. Moreover, sewage septic tanks were located almost in the center of the city - on the site of the former Cossack barracks. When in the late twenties they began to build buildings on this site industrial institute The townspeople breathed a sigh of relief. The newspaper "Dictatorship of Labor" cited the opinion of one of the old-timers - "... Earlier in this place, it was, you take your nose into a fist and run - past."
The American writer Theodore Dreiser, who visited Stalino in 1927, noted long queues at water distribution points that received water from the village of Peski, where in 1924 a dam was built and two pumps with a capacity of 5000 buckets per hour were installed. But four more years had passed since his visit before the city had a water supply network. And in 1933, the sewer.
The thirties, when the priority industrial and economic problems of the development of the city were solved, the hands reached the city construction. In 1932, the first master plan for Donetsk was adopted. He relied on the decisions of 1926, which determined the boundaries of the city, which included not only the original factory settlements of the Novorossiysk society, but also the Don side - the lands of the disbanded Don Army Region. The main, but dubious acquisition was Rykovka (Rykovsky mines), the population of which was famous for its especially violent temper, and even in the early 30s they could afford to fight almost legally with law enforcement officers. Aleksandrovo-Grigorievka, a settlement in the north, about which the same “Dictatorship of Labor” wrote in 1929, entered the city - “A gang of four Lukyanchenko brothers has been rampaging here for many years. The workers ask - isn't it time to send them to Solovki?"
The general plan of the city of Stalino also took into account the first tram artery, which connected the plant and the railway station with a permanent transport connection and finally determined Artema Street, the former First Line, which Donetsk cannot forget to this day, as the main street of the city.
In the thirties, the quality of urban life grew rapidly. Residents of Maslovka, Aleksandrovka, Vetka, Putilovka, Rykovka and Rutchenkovka began to feel like residents of no locality, but of one city - a community united by industrial, commercial, cultural, transport and social interests. The city of Stalino confidently built quarters of houses, theaters, hotels, office buildings, shops, restaurants. And now on the advertising poster of that time we see an invitation to meet New Year to the sounds of a jazz band.
Between past and future
How should Yuz legacy be perceived in such an environment? That's right - like a dark past. Yes, it was. The city of Stalino was the brainchild of socialist life - a life of well-organized (compared to pre-revolutionary) life, wide and bright streets, new squares and parks. In a sense, it was a special city - unlike many old cities, it had nothing to regret in the past. Architecture, transport, culture, sports - everything that does not let a city person get bored and feel deprived after the completion of compulsory work to earn their daily bread, all this came with Soviet power.
The first result of the existence of the new city was summed up by a literary and ideological action - in 1937, a book by a local journalist Ilya Gonimov "Old Yuzovka" was published. The word "old" was used in the sense of "former", and this reality appeared before the readers in all its leaden abomination. The social experiment of the Bolsheviks in the Donetsk steppes had the character of an understandable tangible reality - all the best is only ahead, in the future. Naturally, light and communist. In the light of what has been said, there is nothing surprising that the very name "Stalino" has long been associated not with steel, but with the name of the General Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. This is how the writer Alexandra Kataeva-Venger recalled her childhood in Stalino: “The main city of Donbass was then called Stalino, and this also aroused delight and, as it were, strengthened the feeling of belonging. The inhabitants of the city - at least those girls and boys that I had to deal with - were proud of it. Of course, the only way - the city of Stalin in the country of Stalin in the era of Stalin! It must be admitted that in 1924 the Yuz party members guessed right with the renaming of the city.
The two-year occupation by the Nazi troops made adjustments to the life of the city. The population was reduced to a minimum, all the mines were flooded, the plant froze in its pit near Kalmius with a dead ichthyosaur. The destruction was colossal. Seven years after the liberation of the city, German, Romanian and even Japanese prisoners of war worked to restore industrial facilities and housing stock. On the other hand, a new station was built, and the buildings of the late Stalin era - the regional traumatology, the Ministry of the Coal Industry, Dongiproshakht, the Drama Theater - became the main signs of the mining capital, rivals to which appeared only in our times, and even then ...
Renouncing Stalin
By the time of Stalin's death, the city of Stalino had become a powerful center not only of industry, but also of the urban life of the new system. It was already difficult to recognize the former Yuzovka in him. Of course, here and there unsightly settlements were still emerging, road construction had not yet acquired a finished look, the water supply, gas, and energy facilities of the city suffered from internal diseases generated by the pace of construction of the regional center. A special article is the urban transport of Donetsk. To this day, we feel the consequences of a poorly thought-out strategy for moving the city one way or another, traffic interchanges suggested themselves in the central regions, but, alas, they were not created in the 50-60s, when it was still possible to do it painlessly. However, this can be said about almost any metropolis of the former USSR. As well as about the signature feature of Donetsk - the presence of large industrial facilities almost in the very center. By the way, in the mid-1920s, the question of the demolition of the Yuzovsky Metallurgical Plant was raised. But for a completely different reason - the engineers of the old school pointed out that Yuz generally put the enterprise in an extremely inconvenient place from an economic point of view. But the plant remained, and all generations of Donetsk residents, approaching the Central Department Store, habitually sniff the air - yeah, the smoking room is still smoking!
... one fine (or not so) November day in 1961, the city of Stalino turned into the city of Donetsk. Along with the old name, signs of the Stalin era disappeared from life - massiveness and solidity in architecture, industrial discipline, confidence in the correctness not only of the course chosen by the country, but also of one's own life. The Soviet Union was approaching the peak of its prosperity, and nothing bothered the people of Donetsk yet. They had a large city known throughout the country, and they were still proud of it. A time of doubt lay ahead of them. Doubts and difficult thoughts.
11.08.2010 - 11:13
Everyone is submissive to love - including the people who make history. Sometimes cruel tyrants, sending people to their deaths by the thousands, turn out to be the most reverent and tender husbands. But basically dictators are too cruel and merciless even with loving and beloved women...
Poor Kato
Little is known about the personal life of Joseph Stalin. He carefully destroyed any documents and evidence relating to his love and family relationships.
Historians have to rely only on what he nevertheless decided to leave to posterity, and on rare eyewitness accounts who sin with inaccuracies and sometimes outright lies - in the name of saving lives.
But still, some facts are known reliably. The first wife of Joseph Dzhugashvili, who did not yet have a significant party pseudonym Stalin, was a young Georgian girl Ekaterina (Kato) Svanidze. Joseph was then only 26 years old, but he already had a reputation as a fiery revolutionary who did not spare his belly in the name of the ideas of universal equality and fraternity. True, the means by which the Bolsheviks achieved their goal turned out to be bloody - death and destruction trailed behind them like a train ... But in those days it only gave the aura of romantics to these gloomy and merciless young people who went through exile, prisons, escapes ...
They considered themselves noble knights - for example, Joseph Dzhugashvili came up with the nickname Koba - in honor of literary hero, a robber who robbed the rich and gave money to the poor.
16-year-old Kato was the sister of the same fanatical revolutionary Alexander Svanidze, who had nothing against marriage to Soso Dzhugashvili, who had great authority among the Caucasian freedom fighters. In 1904, Soso and Kato got married and settled in a small poor room - poor and ragged. At the same time, huge funds expropriated from the rich passed through the hands of Dzhugashvili - but they all went to the needs of the party. Koba himself practically did not appear at home - his life is too complicated and stressful, in which everything is subordinated to the service of the revolution, but by no means to the family hearth and beloved woman. Kato spends all her time alone, cleaning up their miserable shack and figuring out what to make their meager dinner out of.
In 1907, Kato and Soso had a son, Yakov. The life of a woman became even harder, and she, torn by childbirth, fell ill with typhus. Soso had no money for treatment. The weakened body could not cope with the disease, and Kato died ... Soso sincerely experienced her death, and according to eyewitnesses, he began to destroy his enemies with redoubled fury. And little Yakov ended up in the family of Kato's parents, with whom he lived until the age of 14 ...
Tenderness of a tyrant
The stern revolutionary was left alone. He had to go through a lot of terrible and cruel events, go through exile, prisons, escapes again ... He went into the service of the revolution, and there was no time left for his personal life. A new love in his heart flared up after the victory of the Bolsheviks, in the 20s ...
Young Nadenka (she was 23 years younger than Stalin), the daughter of the revolutionary Sergei Alliluyev, gave her heart to this silent, gloomy and legendary man. He came to the house of an old comrade-in-arms, sparingly talked about all the horrors that he had to endure in life, and she listened with bated breath ... Everything happened according to the old scheme: “She fell in love with him for torment, and he loved her for compassion for him." But nevertheless, they sincerely loved each other, although in those harsh years, various sentimental tendernesses were considered a weakness characteristic only of the unfinished bourgeoisie.
In 1921, their son Vasily was born, and at the same time Yakov was brought from Georgia - Stalin finally had a real family. But the old story was repeated again - Koba did not have time for ordinary human joys. He inexorably walked towards his goal, destroying enemies along the way, and he had no time to deal with all sorts of cute family nonsense and sentimentality. At the same time, Nadia was an ordinary weak woman - not a fiery revolutionary, not a fanatic of serving the ideals of Marxism. They even wanted to expel her from the AUCPB at one time, as "a ballast who is not interested in the party." But at the same time, Stalin, a man who has already achieved power and all the heights of position that were possible in the USSR, lives with Nadezhda and loves her and her children very much - Vasya and little Svetlana, who was born in 1925.
Very little is known about their relationship, and very little written evidence of their love remains - short lines of letters with which they did not indulge each other - people who dream of a world revolution are not up to trifles. But even in these mean lines one can see both Nadezhda's love for “dear Joseph” and tenderness for “Tatka” (that was her childhood nickname), unexpected for the bloody image of Stalin.
“As soon as you find yourself 6-7 free days, roll straight to Sochi. I kiss my Tatka. Your Joseph. “Tatka! How did you get there, what did you see, did you see the doctors, what is the opinion of the doctors about your health, write ... We will open the Congress on the 26th ... Things are going well. I really miss you, Tatochka, I'm sitting at home alone, like an owl ... Well, goodbye ... come soon. Kisses".
“Tatka! Forgot to send you money. I am sending them with a comrade who is leaving today ... Your Joseph "("cap" and "nogo" - this is how their daughter Svetlana pronounced the words "strongly" and "a lot").
But, as often happens, tender feelings woke up mainly during separation, and when lovers were nearby, friction constantly arose. They were especially aggravated by the fact that Nadezhda had almost no one to communicate with, except for Stalin, and he could not devote much time and attention to her. And the reasons for the loneliness of the first lady of the state lay in her special position. Stalin's secretary Boris Bazhanov recalled: “When I met Nadya, I had the impression that there was some kind of emptiness around her - she somehow had no female friends at that time, and the male audience was afraid to approach her - suddenly Stalin if he suspects that they are courting his wife, he will die. I had a clear feeling that the wife of an almost dictator needs the most basic human relations.
But the relationship with the closest and only person was very difficult. The same Bazhanov, who became friends with Nadia, wrote: “Her life at home was difficult. Stalin was a tyrant at home. Constantly restraining himself in business relations with people, he did not stand on ceremony with his family. More than once, Nadya told me, sighing: “The third day she is silent, does not talk to anyone and does not answer when they turn to him; an unusually difficult person” ... One can only imagine how hard it was for her to experience all this ...
"My personal life is hard" ...
The circumstances of the death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva are still and, most likely, forever shrouded in uncertainty. She committed suicide on November 8, 1932 by shooting herself in the temple. According to the official version, Nadezhda died of appendicitis. But even then, when the general public did not know that she had committed suicide, rumors spread about the suspicious circumstances of Alliluyeva's death.
For example, the Western press put forward the following versions: “Hirst's newspapers publish new messages in which they again convey rumors that Stalin's wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, did not die of appendicitis, but was poisoned. According to this version, she always herself tried the products from which they prepared dinner for her husband. She recently tasted poisoned foods sent by the 'conspirators' and ended up poisoning herself." ("New Russian word New York, December 3, 1932).
But in the USSR they whispered muffledly that it was Stalin himself who killed her. True, those who knew him closely did not believe this. It is difficult to imagine that a man who loved his wife so much could kill her himself. To torment - yes, to bring to tears - yes, but to kill the only beloved woman and the mother of your children is completely different ...
After the death of his wife, Stalin wrote to his mother: “Hello, my mother. I received your letter. I'm healthy, don't worry about me - I'll stand my share ... The children bow to you. After the death of Nadia, my personal life is hard. But never mind, a courageous person must always remain courageous.”
It is hard to imagine that a person is lying to his mother on such a serious issue as the death of his wife ... Most likely, her death was a complete surprise for him and shocked him very much, maybe even broke him, making him a truly cruel person. Stalin never married again, although, of course, he could choose any, the most beautiful, women as his wife. But he preferred to remain alone, never showing his true feelings to anyone else and not becoming attached to anyone ...
Let me remind you that I also talked about Stalin's personal pilot and bodyguard
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Without any exaggeration, the figure of Joseph Stalin is one of the most discussed and bright among all the heads of our state who have held this post at different times. Many are interested in the smallest details. For example, where Stalin was born, what was his life path, how he came to power and how his personal life developed. Let's get acquainted with the biography of this great man. Consider what is the role of Stalin in history. His personality is assessed in two ways by historians, as well as by modern society.
Where and when was Stalin born?
The birthplace of the future leader is the small town of Gori, located in eastern Georgia. Stalin's birthday is December 21, 1879. He was born into a poor family. His older sister and brother died in infancy, Joseph is the third child, the only one who managed to survive.
Health in childhood
As a child, Soso (that's what his mother called him) showed problems with the limbs (two toes of his left foot grew together), as well as problems with the skin on his back and face. To all the congenital troubles, an accident was added that happened to seven-year-old Joseph - he was hit by a phaeton, which led to a malfunction of the left hand.
To all the troubles, the boy was beaten by his father, one of which caused a serious head injury, which left its mark on the psycho-emotional state of the future leader of the country.
Parents
Father Vissarion was a shoemaker by profession. He often drank, which led to fits of rage, which were accompanied by domestic violence. The situation became especially acute when Stalin was born. Vissarion beat his wife and little son Joseph, who once even tried to defend his mother and threw a knife at his father.
Soon, Vissarion's affairs began to decline even more and he began to drink more and more often. Having left his wife, he tried to keep his son with him, but his mother did not allow him to do this. When Joseph was eleven years old, his father died from a knife stab received in a drunken brawl.
Stalin's mother, Ekaterina Georgievna, was of peasant origin, her father was a gardener. She herself worked as a day laborer. The love for the only surviving child was boundless, despite the fact that she sometimes beat little Soso. With all her might, she tried to make up for that love for the boy, which he did not receive from his father. Working to exhaustion, she did everything so that her son would not need anything and be happy. Ekaterina Georgievna dreamed that Joseph would grow up as a worthy person and become a priest. But her hopes were in vain - her son devoted more and more time to spending time in the company of street hooligans, and not in the seminary.
Studying at the Theological Seminary
In 1888, at the request of his mother, Joseph Vissarionovich entered the Gori Orthodox School (in the city where Stalin was born). It was within the walls of this seminary that Stalin's acquaintance with Marxism and his entry into the ranks of the underground revolutionaries took place. Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili was a capable student, all the subjects he studied were easy. He began to lead an illegal circle of Marxists, where he was engaged in propaganda.
He was not destined to graduate from the seminary, as his mother wanted, he was expelled from the school for absenteeism.
Road to Power
Stalin began his revolutionary path (you already know his birthday) in the early 1900s. Then he was actively engaged in propaganda activities, as a result of which his authority in society grew. Already not only in the city where Stalin was born, it was known about him, but also far beyond its borders. During this period, Joseph Dzhugashvili met Vladimir Lenin and other famous revolutionaries. Repeatedly, Stalin was sent into exile and imprisoned, from which he always found a way to escape. In 1912, his surname Dzhugashvili changed to the pseudonym "Stalin". So he is known to his contemporaries. Many do not know his real name.
During these years, Joseph Vissarionovich became the editor-in-chief of the Pravda newspaper. It was there that Lenin saw in him his assistant in resolving revolutionary issues. In 1917, for special merits, Stalin was appointed Lenin People's Commissar for Nationalities in the Council of People's Commissars.
After it ended Civil War, on which Stalin showed professional qualities, he began, in fact, to govern the state (Lenin at that time was already mortally ill). Joseph Stalin cracked down on all his opponents and those who claimed the post of head of the USSR.
In 1930, Joseph Vissarionovich concentrated all power in the USSR around himself, which led to upheavals and restructuring within the country. These years of Stalin's rule were accompanied by mass repressions and collectivizations, when all the villagers were driven to collective farms, people were starved. Food was taken from the peasants and sold abroad. Industrial enterprises were built with this money. In this way, the Soviet Union became the second in terms of industrial production, but at what cost ...
By the fortieth year, Comrade Stalin became the sole ruler of the state. A strong leader of the country, he possessed a unique capacity for work, knew how to manage people, aim them at solving the most important issues for her. Stalin was characterized by the ability to quickly make decisions on any issues and control all the processes that took place within the country.
Stalin's achievements
Historical experts highly appreciate Stalin's achievements, even though they were often not obtained in the most humane way. Under the leadership of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, the USSR defeated the enemy in the Great Patriotic War, industrialization, mechanization in agriculture. Nuclear weapons appeared in the Soviet Union, which helped it become a real superpower and have colossal authority in world geopolitics.
Negative points of government
Of course, in addition to achievements, the time of Stalin's rule is characterized with a lot of negative aspects that are perceived by modern society as terrible, inhumane. Endemic repressions, dictatorial regime, violence and terror - this is what the years of Stalin's rule are for many historical experts. He is also accused of suppressing the scientific direction of the Soviet Union, which was accompanied by the persecution of doctors and engineers, which led to harm to the development of culture and science in the state.
Although the reign of Comrade Stalin ended a long time ago, his political activities are discussed to this day. The head of the Soviet Union is accused of a famine of people, which led to millions of victims. But, despite all this, in many cities he is an honorary citizen posthumously, and many people still revere and respect him as a decisive and intelligent ruler, calling him a great Leader.
Stalin's personal life
Not much is known about the personal life of the leader; he destroyed all the evidence relating to him and the relationship. Historians managed to reconstruct only a small part of the events family life former ruler of the state.
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili was married twice. The first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze (Kato). The future spouses were introduced by brother Kato, who in those years studied with Stalin at the theological seminary. Three days later, his mother met his future wife and received a blessing from her. On July 16, 1906, their secret marriage took place (in the city where Stalin was born), because even then, due to revolutionary activities, his position was illegal.
After 9 months, the couple had a son, Jacob. But just a month later, Catherine fell ill with typhus and died. Then the harsh Stalin devoted his life to serving the country and the revolution, and decided on a second marriage only 14 years later.
Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who was much younger than her husband. She gave birth to a son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana. In addition, she took upon herself the upbringing of Stalin's first son, Yakov, who until that time lived with his grandmother.
In 1932, the children became orphans, and Stalin became a widower for the second time. Nadezhda shot herself on the basis of another family quarrel. After that, Joseph Vissarionovich never married again.
The fate of Stalin's children
The son from his first marriage, Yakov, was captured by the Germans during the war. There is a version that the German side offered Joseph Stalin to exchange his son for a field marshal, to which the leader replied: “I don’t change soldiers for field marshals.” In 1943, Yakov was shot while trying to escape from the camp.
Vasily Stalin was an officer in the Soviet army, served in command positions during the war, after which he was the head of the Air Force for the Moscow region. After the death of his father, Vasily was arrested and released in 1960, and two years later he died of alcohol poisoning.
The only daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, was a Soviet philologist-translator. In 1967, she left the Soviet Union and emigrated to the United States, asking for political asylum. Passed away in 2011.
Until the age of 11, the Stalin family raised Artem Sergeev, who was the son of a revolutionary and Stalin's ally, Fyodor Sergeev, who died in a railway accident. Joseph Stalin raised him on a par with his own children. Artem devoted himself to the army, in 1981 he retired with the rank of major general of artillery. Passed away in 2008.
Death of a leader
The great leader died on March 5, 1953 from a cerebral hemorrhage at one of his many dachas (Blizhnaya dacha) in the Kuntsevsky district. An autopsy showed that Stalin, during the years of his life on his feet, suffered several ischemic strokes, which were the result of heart disease, as well as disorders related to the mental state.
There are also versions that his enemies, who had a negative attitude towards the political activities of the head of state, were involved in the death of the leader. Historical studies claim that these people deliberately did not let doctors near Stalin, who could help him and put the leader on his feet.
Farewell to the leader
Stalin's funeral took place on March 9, 1953 in the Hall of Columns. Beria, Khrushchev, Malenkov spoke at the funeral meeting. On the street, during the funeral of Stalin, there was a stampede that led to the death of people, the number of victims is unknown.
The embalmed body was placed in the Mausoleum. Lenin” and was there until 1961. On the night of November 1, the body was taken out and reburied near the Kremlin wall, and then a monument was erected at the burial site.
