What is Africa??? Africa is a continent located south of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, east of the Atlantic Ocean and west of the Indian Ocean. It is the second largest continent after Eurasia. Africa is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland Aafrica and adjacent islands. Africa has an area of 29.2 million km², with about 30.3 million km² of islands, thus covering 6% of the total surface area of the Earth and 20.4% of the land surface. There are 55 states, 4 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories (islands) on the territory of Africa. Aafrica is considered the ancestral home of mankind: it was here that the oldest remains of early hominids and their probable ancestors were found. hominid
The African continent crosses the equator and several climatic zones; it is the only continent that stretches from the northern subtropical climate zone to the southern subtropical one. Due to the lack of permanent rainfall and irrigation, as well as glaciers or aquifers, mountain systems of natural climate regulation are practically not observed anywhere except for coasts. African studies View of Africa from space
extreme points. Northern Cape Blanco (Ben Secca, Ras Engela, El Abyad) Cape Blanco Southern Cape Igolny Cape Igolny Western Cape Almadimys Almadi Eastern Cape Ras Hafun Cape Ras Hafun Aafrika covers an area of 30.3 million km². The length from north to south is 8 thousand km, from west to east in the northern part 7.5 thousand km.
Inland waters. Africa is home to the second longest river in the world, the Nile, which flows from south to north. Other major rivers are the Niger in the west, the Congo in central Africa, and the Zambezi, Limpopo and Orange rivers in the south. River NileNiger CongoZambezi Limpopo Orange The largest lake Victoria. Other large lakes are Nyasa and Tanganyika, located in lithospheric faults. One of the largest salt lakes is Lake Chad, located on the territory of the state of the same name. Lake Victoria Nyasa Tanganyika of lithospheric Chad
Climate. Africa is the hottest continent on the planet. The reason for this is the geographical location of the continent: the entire territory of Africa is located in hot climatic zones. It is in Africa that the hottest place on Earth Dallol is located, and the highest temperature on Earth (+58.4 ° C) was recorded. heavy rainfall and no change of seasons. To the north and south of the equatorial belt are subequatorial belts. Here, humid equatorial air masses dominate in the summer (rainy season), and in winter the dry air of tropical trade winds (dry season). To the north and south of the subequatorial belts are the northern and southern tropical belts. They are characterized by high temperatures with low rainfall, which leads to the formation of deserts. Gulf of Guinea rainy season In the north is the largest desert on Earth, the Sahara, in the south, the Kalahari Desert. The northern and southern extremities of the mainland are included in the corresponding subtropical belts. Sahara Kalahari
Flora. The flora of the tropical, equatorial and subequatorial zones is diverse. Ceiba, piptadenia, terminalia, combretum, brachistegia, isoberlinia, pandanus, tamarind, sundew, pemphigus, palm trees and many others grow everywhere. The savannas are dominated by low trees and thorny shrubs (acacia, terminalia, bush).
The arrival of Europeans in Africa. The penetration of Europeans into Africa began in the 18th and 16th centuries; The greatest contribution to the development of the continent at the first stage was made by the Spaniards and the Portuguese after the completion of the Reconquista. Already at the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese actually controlled the western coast of Africa and launched an active slave trade in the 16th century. Following them, almost all Western European powers rushed to Africa: the Dutch, Spain, Denmark, France, England, Germany. Reconquest of the Slave Trade The slave trade with Zanzibar gradually led to the colonization of East Africa; Morocco's attempts to seize the Sahel failed. Zanzibar Sahel All North Africa (except Morocco) became part of the Ottoman Empire by the beginning of the 17th century. With the final division of Africa between the European powers (1880s), the colonial period began, forcibly introducing Africans to industrial civilization. Morocco Ottoman Empire 1880s-colonial period Berlin Conference (1884)
David Livingston. African studies. David Livingston was born March 19, 1813 in Blantyre, near Glasgow; together with devout parents and four brothers and sisters, he lived in a modest one-room apartment. At the age of 10, he went to work at a local textile factory, where he had to work from 6 am to 8 pm, and after that he still studied at night school. The boy's academic success was so outstanding that he was soon accepted into a local college, and he began to practice medicine. At that time, the idea of training medical missionaries was gaining more and more popularity - after all, they could simultaneously provide both physical and spiritual support to the compassionate; Livingston fully shared this idea. He decided he had found his calling. At the non-conformist London Missionary Society's training center in Essex, many looked askance at the strange loner, whose rough manners were more likely to deter than attract converts, and by the end of his probationary period he was nearly expelled. Only one teacher stood up for him, thanks to whom Livingston was able to continue his medical education in London at the expense of the Society. In 1840 he received a medical degree and was accepted as a member of the Society. At first, he intended to go to China, but this proved impossible due to the tensions leading up to the Opium War. The proposal to go to the West Indies did not suit him, but Livingston agreed to go to Africa.
Brief Biography Born in Blantyre, Scotland Received a medical degree Crossed Africa from coast to coast The Great Zambezi Expedition Began exploration of the Central African river system Met GM Stanley at Ujiji Died near Lake Bangweolo.
Across Africa from coast to coast. From September 1854 to 1856, David Livingstone undertook a journey during which the first known European crossed the African continent. He traveled 6435 km from Central Africa to the west coast and then east with all the necessary equipment and kept a diary every day. The President of the Royal Geographical Society called this expedition the greatest triumph of geographical exploration of our era. The journey was carried out with minimal expense and without any help from England; Livingston's only assistants were 19 porters, who were sent with him by the leader of the tribe who stabbed Sekeletu. At the beginning of November 1855, Livingston undertook the next journey, 1610 km long along the left bank of the Zambezi, this time, accompanied by 100 porters, stabbed. The traveler deviated from the intended route only for two weeks, having sailed in a canoe to the waterfall on the Zambezi, known as Mosi - ao - Tunya - Thundering Smoke. According to his diary entries, it can be judged that at first the waterfall did not make a special impression on him, he strongly underestimated its size. However, he later named it Victoria and gave a vivid description of this miracle of nature, which must be admired by angels in their flight.
The Great Zambezi Expedition. Despite the obvious discontent on the part of the London Missionary Society, England welcomed Livingston as a national hero. He was awarded honorary titles, he spoke to numerous audiences and soon received considerable funds from the sale of his book Travel and Exploration in South Africa. When the traveler proposed to equip another expedition, the participants of which were to sail along the Zambezi and organize a research station on the Batoko plateau, the influential people who listened to him could not imagine how much he was in the clouds. Livingston believed that the Zambezi was a kind of God's way, intended to open Africa to Christian civilization and trade; therefore the British government and the London Missionary Society readily provided funds for the expedition. This time he led a research party, which included a geologist, an artist and an engineer. Livingston himself left the Society, received a state salary and the post of British consul in Quelimane.
From the very beginning, the journey did not go as planned. Ma Robert, a ship built specifically for sailing from the mouth of the Zambezi to Kafue, turned out to be unsuitable for this purpose, and Livingston spoiled relations with his three companions. One refused to participate in the expedition at the very beginning, he dismissed the other two later. Having started their journey in the Zambezi delta in April 1858, the expedition reached Tete only in September. Two months later, Livingston's omission showed up: he did not study part of the riverbed. Before them lay an insurmountable obstacle for the ships - Kebra Bassa. The national hero of England, Livingston, made an unforgivable mistake, but faith in divine destiny led him forward; but for the British government, the missionary Society and the rest of the expedition, this argument was not convincing enough. After that, Livingston changed the route of travel, went along the Shire River and explored Malawi. Later, he went to explore Lake Bangweolo, near which he died on May 1, 1873, never knowing that thanks to the reports of Stanley (a journalist from the New York Herald) in England, he was again treated as a hero. The embalmed body of Livingston was brought home for burial with state honors in Westminster Abbey.
Questions: 1. What is Aafrica? 2. What is its largest value? (Among continents) 3. Does Africa cross the equator? 4. What is the name of the science that studies the culture, economic, political and social problems of Africa? 5. What is the name of the southernmost point in Africa? 6. What is the largest lake in Africa? 7. In what part of the world are the Limpopo, Zambezi and Orange rivers located? 8. What was the name of the man who made the great Zambezi expedition? 9. What country is the Sphinx in? 10. What is it?
Colonization
Africa - Process
European
colonization
African
continent.
Colonial politics
Great Britainthe most aggressive
another direction
colonial policy
British expansion
carried out by the UK.
became South Africa,
Having occupied Egypt in 1882
where they were opened
In 1885 they occupied Khartoum -
gold deposits
the capital of Sudan.
and diamonds.
War of English troops and tribes
Muhammad Ahmed.
Associations he leads
tribes repeatedly inflicted
defeat to the British. War
dragged on. Despite
huge military superiority
conquerors, conquest of Sudan
ended only in 1898.
Diamond mining in the area
The last pockets of resistance
kimberley
were suppressed in 1904. In the same years, it developed
creator activity
British colonial
empire in the South
Africa by Cecil Rhodes. His dream was to build an iron
the road that should have
cross all of Africa from
Cape Town to Cairo. hindrance
these plans
turned out to be republics
Transvaal and Orange.
Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902.
Ended with joining
Boer Republics to the British Empire.
In 1910, the British possessions on
southern Africa were merged into
dominion - Union of South Africa.
S. Rhodes France
Active
colonial
politics in Africa
conducted by France.
In 1881 she
captured Tunisia.
B1894-1896 France
conquered Madagascar, and
in 1912 -
Morocco. Part
territory of this
countries went under
the power of Spain.
Germany
In 1885 there was
the German
East African
company that
anchored in the coastal
strip of Africa
1800 km long.
Germany succeeded
capture part of the Southwestern and Eastern
Africa, Togo and Cameroon. Italy
Italy has a foothold on the east coast
Africa, founding the colonies of Somalia and Eritrea.
In the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1895-1896. Italy
was defeated and had to
only renounce their claims, but also
pay Ethiopia an indemnity.
As a result of the war with Turkey in 1911-1912. she
seized her possessions - Tripolita-chish and
Cyrenaica (modern Libya).
Policies pursued by metropolitan countries in Africa
1.2.
3.
4.
pros
pulled up the lands of Africa to an acceptable
global level
introduction of new products, products
global market, which contributes
economic development in general;
-the development of medicine (since the colonists
had to deal with strangers
diseases);
-globalization (with the interaction of colonies and
cultural exchange takes place in the metropolis,
dissemination of languages, literature, scientific
knowledge, etc.) pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
for the colonists.
A good chance to start a new life.
Opportunity to make a career
In time there will be a chance
apply for citizenship
metropolises
There is South Africa, where blacks are quite
increase their GDP, sit in
parliaments, participate in
international projects, accept
football world championships Minuses
- oppression of the native population
-depletion of the wealth of the conquered lands
- colony wars
slide 2
"Terra Incognita"
- There were legends - one more colorful than the other - about huge lifeless deserts, impenetrable jungles, mighty rivers - Niger, Congo, Zambezi, huge mysterious lakes inside the continent ... In a word, south of the equator stretched continuous "terra incognita" - "uncharted land". She was waiting for her explorers.
slide 3
Discovery and exploration of the mainland
slide 4
Vasco da Gama
- While H. Columbus was in full confidence that he reached India by sea, Vasco da Gama did this. The Cape of Good Hope, from where he began his journey, justified its name: the greatest geographical problem was solved, a sea route was found from Europe to India, bypassing Africa. At the same time, the knowledge of Europeans about the east coast of Africa was significantly replenished.
slide 5
- Vasco da Gama
slide 6
Mungo Park
- The veil of uncertainty began to gradually subside only at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The pioneers were the English travelers. The first among them was Mungo Park. He traced the course of the Niger in sufficient detail, but never got to its origins.
Slide 7
Heinrich Barth
- The German scientist Heinrich Barth studied the shores of Lake Chad and found out that many rivers flow into it, but none flow out; moreover, it has no permanent shores. He devoted 6 years to the study of the Sahara desert. He came to the conclusion that many centuries ago the Sahara was rich in water and vegetation.
Slide 8
David Livingston (1813-1873)
- The "Livingston period" of African exploration, which spanned about three decades, is characterized by the fact that almost all the unclear questions, the answers to which served as the basis for compiling the modern map of Central Africa south of the equator, were resolved precisely then. This happened thanks to the travels of Livingston himself or research, one way or another connected with his scientific activities, with his discoveries, or with geographical conjectures expressed by him.
Slide 9
- David Livingston
Slide 10
Victoria Falls Opening date - 1855. The height of the waterfall is -119 m.
slide 11
Victoria Falls
slide 12
Russian explorers of Africa
- Vasily Vasilyevich Junker occupies a special place among Russian researchers. He traveled through Central and East Africa at the end of the 19th century, collected interesting information about the nature and life of the population of these regions of the mainland, and carried out topographic work.
- What is the mainland?
- What continents do you know? Show them on the map.
- Which continents are the southern continents?
- Are all the southern continents located entirely in the southern hemisphere?
- Problem task: P Why do we refer Africa, Australia, South America, Antarctica to the southern continents?
- Physical and geographical position of the mainland.
- Relief, tectonic structure, minerals.
- Climate.
- Inland waters.
- Soils.
- natural areas. Flora and fauna.
- Population. Economic activity.
- States and capitals
- 1. Find out the features of the geographical position of Africa.
- 2. Learn to characterize the GP of the mainland.
- 3. Study the history of the discovery and exploration of the mainland.
"Introduction"
What did the poet want to tell us in these
a) "stunned by the roar and
stomp",
b) “clothed in flames and smokes”?
Has anything been said about
"Kinship" of Eurasia with Africa?
Deafened by the roar and stomp,
Clothed in flames and smokes,
About you, my Africa, in a whisper
Seraphim speak in heaven.
About your deeds and fantasies,
Listen to the animal soul
You are on the tree of ancient Eurasia
Giant hanging pear.
1. Africa is almost in the middle
intersected by the equator
2. Most of it lies between the tropics, so Africa is the hottest continent.
3. Africa is the second largest continent after Eurasia.
4. About ½ of the territory of Africa is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts.
- The position of the continent in relation to the equator.
- The position of the mainland in relation to the prime meridian.
- Extreme points, their coordinates.
- The length of the mainland from N to S and from W to E in degrees and kilometers.
- Mainland area.
- The position of the mainland in relation to the seas and oceans.
- The position of the continent in relation to other continents.
- Conclusion: about the features of the physical and geographical position of the mainland
EXTREME POINTS
1 . North - Cape Ras Engel
Geographical coordinates
37gr. NL and 10 gr. o.d.
2. South - Cape Agulhas
Geographical coordinates
36 gr. S and 20 gr. o.d.
3. Western - Cape Almadi
Geographical coordinates
15 gr. s.sh and 16 gr. h.d.
4. Eastern - Cape Ras Hafun
Geographical coordinates
12 gr. s.sh and 52 gr. o.d.
Determine the size of the mainland
1. Distance from north to south
20 meridian in degrees and km
32 + 37 = 69 (degrees)
69 x 111 = 7659 (km)
2. Distance from west to east along the 10th parallel in degrees and km
15 + 52 = 67 (degrees)
67 x 109.6 = 7343.2 (km)
3. Compare distances,
draw conclusions
- Extreme northern point - Cape Ben-Seka 37ºN. 9ºE
- Extreme southern point - Cape Agulhas 35 ºS. 20ºE
- Extreme western point - Cape Almadi 15ºN. 18ºW
- Extreme eastern point - Cape Ras Hafun 10ºN. 52ºE
Mainland length
N-S
37º +35º =72º
111 km * 72 º = 7992 km
Z - V
1) 52 º +18 º =69 º
2) 110 km * 70 º = 7700 km
Africa - continent located south of Mediterranean And Red seas, east of Atlantic Ocean and west of indian ocean . It is the second largest continent after Eurasia . Also called Africa part of the world , consisting of mainland Africa and adjacent islands. The area of Africa is 30,065,000 km², or 20.3% of the land area, and with islands - about 30.2 million km², thus covering 6% of the total surface area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth and 20.4% of the land surface. In Africa there are 53 states, 4 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories (island).
Fizminutka
The giraffe has spots spots everywhere:
On the forehead, ears, neck, elbows,
There are on the noses, on the stomachs,
Knees and socks.
History of African exploration
The initial stage of the exploration of Africa
Africa has long attracted the attention of the peoples of Southern Europe and Southwest Asia. These peoples knew the northern and eastern African coasts well. The search for the Portuguese sea route to India expanded the acquaintance of Europeans with the coast of Africa.
The second stage of the study of Africa - travel XV - XVII centuries.
ships Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama -
Portuguese traveler
Vasco da Gama route
In 1498, the Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama, completing the opening of the sea route to India, circled South Africa, passed along the eastern coast of the mainland, crossed the Indian Ocean for the first time among Europeans and reached the coast of India.
Third stage - modern
DAVID LEVINGSTON (1813-1873)
Europeans began to explore the interior of Africa only in the 19th century, when the rapidly developing countries of Europe needed lands where they could extract cheap industrial raw materials and profitably sell finished goods.
In the middle of the 19th century, English explorer David Levingston made several trips inland. He crossed South Africa from west to east, explored the Zambezi River, discovered a large beautiful waterfall on it, which he named after Queen Victoria of England.
He gave a description of the upper reaches of the Congo River, Lake Nyasa.
Russian exploration of Africa
travelers and scientists
Russian researchers made a great contribution to the study of the nature and life of the peoples of Africa. They set themselves the goal of studying distant, unexplored countries and making the collected scientific materials the property of all mankind.
VASILY VASILIEVICH YUNKER
Traveled in Central and East Africa in the late 19th century. He collected interesting information about the nature and life of the population of these regions of the mainland.
Conducted topographic work, conducted hydrological and meteorological observations. Wrote the book Travels in Africa.
A significant contribution to the study of the northeastern part of the mainland at the end of the 19th century was made by Yegor Petrovich Kovalevsky, Alexander Vasilyevich Eliseev and other Russian researchers.
Eliseev A.V.
Kovalevsky E.P.
In 1926-1927. An expedition was organized to the northeastern part of the mainland to study the cultivated plants of Africa. It was headed by the prominent scientist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov.
More than 6000 samples of cultivated plants were collected. Vavilov established that Ethiopia is the birthplace of valuable (hard) varieties of wheat.
Expedition time
Researchers
Vasco da Gama
Ser 19th century
results
David Livingston
Late 19th century
The outlines of the mainland in the south are determined
V.V. Junker
Late 19th century
Explored South Africa, the Zambezi and Congo rivers, discovered the Victoria Falls
Explored Central and East Africa, collected information about the nature and population of these areas
E.P. Kovalevsky and A.V. Eliseev
N.I. Vavilov
Study of the northeastern part of the mainland
The study of cultivated plants of the northeastern part of the mainland
FIXING
1. What are the features of the geographical position of the mainland?
2. What is the size of the mainland?
3. How indented is the coastline?
4. What geographical features separate Africa from Europe
and Asia?
5. Name the extreme points of Africa
6. What Russian researchers studied the mainland?
7. What contribution did David Levingston make to African exploration?
- Complete task 1, 3 in the contour map on page 4.
- Table
Presentation done
geography teacher of gymnasium No. 18
Magnitogorsk 2011
History of African exploration
Initial stage (2nd millennium BC - before the 6th century)
The beginning of the study of Africa dates back to ancient times. The ancient Egyptians explored the northern part of the continent, moving along the coast from the mouth of the Nile to the Gulf of Sidra, penetrated into the Arabian, Libyan and Nubian deserts. Around the 6th c. BC e. The Phoenicians made long sea voyages around Africa. In the 6th c. BC e. Carthaginian Hanno the navigator undertook a voyage along the western coast of the continent. According to the inscription on the plate, left by him in one of the temples of Carthage, he reached the inner part of the Gulf of Guinea, where the Europeans penetrated after almost two thousand years. During the period of Roman rule and later, fishing ships reached the Canary Islands, Roman travelers penetrated deep into the Libyan desert (L. K. Balb, S. Flaccus). In 525, the Byzantine merchant, navigator and geographer Cosmas Indikoplov climbed up the Nile River, crossed the Red Sea and traveled around the coast of East Africa. He left a 12-volume work, which served as the only source of information about the Nile River and adjacent territories for its time.
The second stage is the Arab campaigns (7-14 centuries)
After the conquest of North Africa (seventh century), the Arabs crossed the Libyan desert and the Sahara desert many times, began to explore the Senegal and Niger rivers, and Lake Chad. In one of the earliest geographical reports of Ibn Khordadbeh in the 9th c. contains information about Egypt and trade routes to this country. At the beginning of the 12th c. Idrisi showed North Africa on a map of the world, which was far superior in accuracy to maps that existed then in Europe. Ibn Battuta in 1325-49, leaving Tangier, crossed northern and eastern Africa, visited Egypt. Later (1352-53) he passed through the Western Sahara, visited the city of Timbuktu on the Niger River and then returned back through the Central Sahara. The essay he left contains valuable information about the nature of the countries he visited and the customs of the peoples inhabiting them.
The third stage - travel 15-17 centuries.
In 1417-22, the Chinese naval commander Zheng He, in one of his many campaigns, passed through the Red Sea, rounded the Somali peninsula and, moving along the eastern coast, reached the island of Zanzibar. In the 15-16 centuries. the study of Africa was associated with the search for a sea route to India by the Portuguese. In 1441 N. Trishtan reached Cape Blanc. D. Dias in 1445-46 rounded the extreme western point of Africa, which he called the Green Cape. In 1471 Fernando Po discovered the island named after him. In 1488 B. Dias discovered the extreme southern point of Africa, calling it the Cape of Storms (subsequently renamed the Cape of Good Hope); in 1500, not far from this cape, B. Dias died during a storm. Based on the reports of B. Dias, the route to India was developed by the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama. In 1497-98, heading to India from Lisbon, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and passed along the east coast to 3 ° 20 "S (city of Malindi). the mouth of the Nile, and then passed along the southwestern coast of the Red Sea to the city of Suakin. By the end of the 16th century, the contours of the continent were established. In the 17th century, in the interior of Africa, south of the equator, Lake Tana was discovered by Portuguese travelers (1613 ) and Nyasa (1616), explored the sources of the Blue Nile and the lower course of the Congo River.In the west of the continent, the French expedition of A. Bru in the 17th century explored the Senegal River, the British - the Gambia River.
The fourth stage is the expeditions of the 18th-20th centuries.
From the end of the 18th century the desire to master new rich sources of natural resources stimulated the study of Africa by English, French and German travelers. Expeditions are concentrated in the interior regions of the continent. The British create a special "Association for the Promotion of the Discovery of the Interior of Africa", which organized a number of important expeditions. M. Park in 1795-97 and 1805-06 studied the upper reaches of the Niger River, W. Audney, D. Denham and H. Clapperton in 1822-23 crossed the Sahara from north to south (from the city of Tripoli to Lake Chad) and proved that the river Niger does not originate from this lake. Crossing the Sahara in 1827-28 was made by the French traveler R. Caille. In 1830 an English expedition explored the lower reaches and mouth of the Niger River (R. Lender and D. Lender).
At the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century. the study of South Africa begins, the first explorer of which was the English traveler J. Barrow. In 1835, E. Smith explored the Limpopo River; in 1868, S. Ernskain passed along its tributary, the Olifants.
The geographical and geological study of the Blue Nile basin was carried out in 1847-48 by the Russian expedition of E. P. Kovalevsky, the first of the Russian travelers who described Abyssinia. In the middle of the 19th century French (A. Lenan de Belfont and D "Arno) and German expeditions (F. Vernet) worked in the White Nile basin. The highest point of the mainland, Mount Kilimanjaro, was discovered in 1848-49 by German missionaries I. Krapf and I. Rebman. The English expedition of J. Speke and R. F. Burton discovered Lake Tanganyika in 1856-59. In 1858, Lake Victoria was discovered by J. Speke, who later (1860-63) established, together with J. Grant, that the Nile River originates from this lake.
A great contribution to the study of Africa was made by the Scottish traveler D. Livingston, who in 1849 discovered Lake Ngami, was the first European to cross South Africa from west to east (1853-56), simultaneously examining a significant part of the Zambezi River basin and discovering the world's largest Victoria Falls (1855). ). In 1867-71 he explored the southern and western shores of Lake Tanganyika and discovered Lake Bangweulu. In Europe, Livingston's expedition was considered lost, and the journalist G. M. Stanley, who met with Livingston in 1871 on Lake Tanganyika, set out to look for him. Further, together they examined the northern part of this lake and found out that it was not connected with the Nile. Another expedition in search of Livingston in 1873 was led by the English sailor and traveler VL Cameron. However, his help came too late, because by that time Livingston had died of a fever. Cameron continued his journey and in 1874 reached Lake Tanganyika and discovered its outlet - the Lukuga River.
The fourth stage is the expeditions of the 18th-20th centuries. (continuation)
The Sahara was explored by the German travelers G. Rolfs, who in 1865-67 was the first European to cross Africa from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (the city of Tripoli) to the Gulf of Guinea (the city of Lagos), and G. Nachtigal, who made a trip to the Lake Chad region in 1869-74. He was the first European to reach the Vadai highlands and collected extensive material on the nature and population of the interior regions of Central Africa. He later published the three-volume Sahara and Sudan (1879-89). Russian biologist, doctor and traveler A. V. Eliseev in 1881, while still a student, went to Egypt, traveled up the Nile to Siut, and then wandered around Arabia for two months. Three years later, he again visited Africa, from the city of Tripoli he moved to Algeria, passed through the Sahara, visited Morocco; many geographical works belong to his pen, including those about Africa. The Russian traveler VV Junker in 1876-78 made a great journey through Central Africa, during which he made geographical and ethnographic observations, specified the hydrography of the sources of the White Nile River. On the next expedition in 1879-86 he explored the watershed of the Nile and Congo rivers; he summarized the results of his observations in the book Travels in Africa (1877-78 and 1879-86) (1949). In 1896-1900, the Russian traveler A.K. Bulatovich visited Ethiopia three times, surveyed the poorly studied southwestern and western regions of the country, and was the first European to cross the mountainous region of Kaffa. The territory of modern Angola and Mozambique was studied by the Portuguese A. A. Serpa Pinto (1877-79), who discovered the sources of the Cunene and Cubango rivers, E. Brito Capelo and R. Ivensh (1877-79), who crossed the continent from west to east.
As a result of geographical research by the end of the 19th century. four great African rivers were studied: the Nile, Niger, Congo and Zambezi. At the beginning of the 20th century huge natural resources of the African continent are revealed.
