Reader's conference "Defenders of the Fatherland in works of fiction"
Goals and objectives of the event: Students should know:
On the attitude of the authors of works to important events in Russian history, expressed in works of different genres
O moral values different eras
Various ways of expressing a patriotic idea
The content of literary texts or fragments selected for discussion, as well as their authors
Learners should be able to:
Analyze the proposed fragments of literary texts
Connect images, thoughts, feelings that fill the text with their own personal experience
Describe the hero
To identify in the images of heroes the general and individual
represent a generalized collective image of the defender of the Fatherland
Students will have experience:
Public speaking and expressive reading
Comparison of works of different genres
Presenter 1:
The word "Fatherland" has the same root as the words "father", "father's house", "father's land", "Fatherland". This means that the Fatherland is our Motherland, the country in which we live. And the one who defends our Motherland is the defender of the Fatherland.
Host 2:
About the exploits, about valor, about the glory of the defenders of the Fatherland, many works have been created in various forms of art (literature, painting, music, folk art, cinema, theater). They glorify the greatness and beauty, strength and power, nobility, kindness and spiritual wealth of the Russian people. Ancient epics have survived to this day, glorifying the courage of Russian knights and heroes, cantatas of the Petrine era, battle, historical paintings artists of the 19th-20th centuries, soldiers' songs that instilled in the soldiers confidence in their abilities, hope for success in battles.
Presenter 1:
Russian composers, artists, writers and poets constantly turn to the topic of defending the Motherland in their work. Images of Ivan Susanin, Alexander Nevsky, heroes Patriotic War 1812, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 are vividly and truthfully reflected in various works of art. Thus, the defender of the Fatherland is one of the main images in art.
Lead 2.
What kind of a defender of the Fatherland is he?
Presenter 1:
What image of the defender is created, captured in the art of the word and in the visual arts?
Lead 2.
Let's remember which literary heroes defended Russia.
Presenter 1:
Who does not respect his kinship,
he humiliates himself.
And who is ashamed of his ancestors,
he will be put to shame through it.
Centuries, replacing each other, go
Heroes in ancient epics live.
More than once they defended Russia from enemies,
They shed their blood for their land.
Many generations have changed since then.
But the memory of them in Russia has been preserved.
Lead 2.
What is he, a Russian hero?
How is he depicted in verbal folk art (epics)?
Presenter 1:
The following definition is given in Ozhegov's dictionary: "A hero is a hero of Russian epics, performing military feats."
The main characters of the epics - heroes - brave and noble warriors fighting both mythical monsters and the enemies of their country.
Lead 2
What heroes do you know?
What epics did you read about them?
Member 1.
Most of the epics are dedicated to three heroes - Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich.
Singing heroes, defenders of the Motherland, epics called for a feat for the glory of the Fatherland, raised the spirit of the people in difficult years for the country, instilled courage in people. And the famous hero, Ilya Muromets, whom the Russian army considers their patron, is the personification of all the best in the Russian people: great physical strength is combined in him with even greater inner strength and greatness of his spirit, unwillingness to kill, but only to protect and protect the Russian land. Such a hero can unite all those living in Russia, all those who love their country.
Lead 1.
What epics are dedicated to Ilya Muromets?
Retell them, read from the book a description of the image of the hero.
Member 1.
Healing of Ilya Muromets
In the city of Murom, in the village of Karacharovo, lives Ilya, a peasant son. For thirty years he has been sitting in a seat and cannot get up, because he does not control his arms or legs. One day, when his parents leave and he is left alone, two passers-by stop under the windows and ask Ilya to open the gate for them and let them into the house. He replies that he cannot get up, but they repeat their request. Then Ilya rises, lets the kalik in, and they pour him a cup of honey drink. Ilya's heart warms up, and he senses strength in himself. Ilya thanks the kaliks, and they tell him that from now on he, Ilya Muromets, will be a great hero and he will not face death in battle: he will fight with many powerful heroes and defeat them. But the Kaliki do not advise Ilya to fight with Svyatogor, because the earth itself wears Svyatogor through force - he is so portly and powerful. Ilya should not fight with Samson the hero either, because he has seven angel hairs on his head. Kaliki also warn Ilya not to enter into single combat with the Mikulov family, for this family loves mother earth, and with Volga Seslavich, because Volga wins not by force, but by cunning. Kaliki teach Ilya how to get a heroic horse: you need to buy the first stallion that comes across, keep it in a log house for three months and feed it with selected millet, then walk through the dew for three nights in a row, and when the stallion starts jumping over a high tyn, you can ride it.
Kaliki leave, and Ilya goes to the forest, to a clearing that needs to be cleared of stumps and snags, and copes with it alone. The next morning, his parents go into the woods and find that someone has done all the work for them. At home, they see that their weak son, who for thirty years could not get up from his place, walks around the hut. Ilya tells them about how he recovered. Ilya goes to the field, sees a frail brown stallion, buys him and takes care of him the way he was taught. Three months later, Ilya mounts a horse, takes a blessing from his parents and leaves for an open field.
Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber
After standing for matins in Murom, Ilya sets off on his journey in order to be in time for mass in the capital city of Kiev. On the way, he liberates Chernigov from the siege and alone defeats an entire enemy army. He refuses the offer of the townspeople to become governor in Chernigov and asks to show him the way to Kiev. They answer the hero that this road is overgrown with grass and no one has been driving along it for a long time, because at the Black Dirt, near the Smorodina River, not far from the glorious Levanid Cross, the Nightingale the Robber, Odikhmantyev’s son, sits in a damp oak, and with his cry and whistle kills every living thing in the area. But the hero is not afraid of meeting with the villain. He drives up to the Smorodina River, and when the Nightingale the Robber begins to whistle like a nightingale and scream like an animal, Ilya knocks out the right eye of the robber with an arrow, fastens it to the stirrup and rides on.
When he passes by the dwelling of a robber, his daughters ask their husbands to help their father out and kill the peasant peasant. They grab onto the horns, but the Nightingale the Robber convinces them not to fight with the hero, but to invite them into the house and generously bestow, if only Ilya Muromets would let him go. But the hero does not pay attention to their promises and takes the captive to Kiev.
Prince Vladimir invites Ilya to dine and learns from him that the hero was driving a straight road past Chernigov and the very places where the Nightingale the Robber lives. The prince does not believe the hero until he shows him the captured and wounded robber. At the request of Prince Ilya, he orders the villain half-heartedly to whistle like a nightingale and roar like an animal. From the cry of the Nightingale the Robber, the domes on the towers curl up and people die. Then Ilya Muromets takes the robber to the field and cuts off his head.
Member 2.
Ilya Muromets is the most beloved epic hero. He is endowed with extraordinary strength and great courage. Ilya is not afraid to go into battle alone with an enemy thousands of times greater than his number. Always ready to stand up for mother earth, for the Russian faith.
The student reads the image of Ilya Muromets from epics.
Member 1.
Dobrynya Nikitich is no less favorite hero of the Kievan epic cycle. He is as strong and powerful as Ilya, he also enters into an unequal battle with the enemy and defeats him. But, in addition, it has a number of other advantages: an excellent swimmer, a skilled harpman, plays chess. Of all the heroes, Dobrynya Nikitich is closest to the prince. He comes from a noble family, smart and educated, a skilled diplomat. But, above all, Dobrynya Nikitich is a warrior and defender of the Russian land.
Retelling of the epic.
Dobrynya and the Serpent
A great disaster has come. The monstrous many-headed Serpent began to raid Russia, kidnapping both innocent civilians and glorious warriors who could not resist him. Dobrynya Nikitich decided to fight the Serpent. He did not listen to his mother, who warned him not to go far into the open field, to the Sorochinskaya mountain, where small snakes crawl. She has not yet ordered to bathe in the Puchai River.
The heroic son does the opposite. He rides into an open field, reaches the Sorochinskaya mountain, tramples on kites and rescues captured fellow countrymen. After that, he is in no hurry to go home. "His heroic heart sweated." Slowly, Dobrynya drives up to the Puchai River, undresses and dives, saying that her mother was wrong: she taught that the river is ferocious, and she is “meek, myrrh, she’s like a rain puddle!”. At the same moment, a black cloud covers the sky, blows are heard, similar to thunder. This is the angry Serpent Gorynych flying. He gloatingly discovers the hero naked and unarmed and shouts to him that now Dobrynya is in his hands.
Dobrynya swims ashore with one wave. His clothes were stolen by the Serpent, there is no horse. There was only one downy cap left. But the hero’s cap is not simple either - “by weight, that cap; yes, three whole pounds. And the hero launches them at the Serpent with such force that he immediately knocks back twelve trunks to the villain. The monster falls on the grass. Dobrynya throws him on his back, jumps on his chest and takes out a damask knife, which he always carried with him on a pectoral cross. The serpent begs for mercy, conjures not to kill him and offers an agreement: he no longer flies to Holy Russia, does not take Orthodox people in full, Dobrynya does not appear on Sorochinskaya Mountain and does not trample on serpents.
Dobrynya agrees and releases the Serpent. He is instantly carried away under the clouds.
However, the monster did not keep his word. It was enough for him, flying over Kiev, to lay eyes on the niece of Prince Vladimir Zabava, so that all Gorynych's oaths were forgotten. He descends to the ground, grabs the maiden and carries her to his vile hole.
In desperation, Prince Vladimir calls out a cry, calling on all the heroes to save Zabava Putyatichna. The bogatyrs point to Dobrynya, noticing that he has an agreement with the Serpent. And Alyosha Popovich says that he will release Knyazev's niece "without a fight, bloodshed."
However, Dobrynya himself is well aware that a difficult battle lies ahead. He returns from the prince, with his valiant head bowed. To his mother's anxious questions about whether they offended him, whether they surrounded him with a cup at the feast, whether some fool laughed at him, he replies that this is not the point at all. He is worried about the great service to be performed for Prince Vladimir. The wise mother Efimya Alexandrovna advises her son to go to the upper room and get a good night's sleep.
Dobrynya wakes up full of heroic strength. He washes his face white, equips himself for a campaign against the Serpent. At the stable, he chooses Bourque, an old, but faithful and still kind horse, whom he lovingly waters and feeds. Then he saddles the horse - for a long time and very carefully: “Burka saddled in a Cherkassy saddle, / He put sweatshirts on sweatshirts, / He put felt on sweatshirts, / He put a Cherkasy saddle on felts, / He pulled up twelve tight girths, / He is the thirteenth laid down for the sake of the fortress ... "
The mother handed her son a silk whip, punishing when the snakes wrap around Bourk's legs so that the horse cannot move from its place, it is stronger to whip him from behind and in front with this whip.
And so it happened. The serpents stuck to Bourk's legs, wrapped around him and hobbled him. Dobrynya beat the horse with a silk whip in time. Burushka began to jump up, shake the bastards off his feet and trampled them all to the last.
At this time, the Serpent crawled out of the hole and turned to Dobrynya with the question of why he again rolled up to the Sorochinsky mountain and, against the persuasion, trampled on his kites? Dobrynya answered him with righteous anger: “Damn you carried yes through Kiev-grad!” After that, the hero offered the opponent to return Zabava Putyatichna back without a fight and bloodshed. However, the monster rushed into battle.
They fight without a break for three days, and no one achieves an advantage. Dobrynya feels that her strength is running out, and at this time she hears a voice coming from heaven: “Young Dobrynya son Nikitinich! / You fought with the Serpent for three days, / Fight with the Serpent for another three hours: / You will beat the Serpent and that damned one!
Dobrynya obeys. Gathering the last of his strength, he desperately fights for another three hours. Finally, the Serpent falls exhausted and dies. A sea of blood erupts from his wounds. Dobrynya wants to leave the battlefield, but again she hears a heavenly command: not to leave just like that, but to take a spear and that there is an opportunity to beat the earth with it in the damp, saying: “part, mother earth<…>you devour this blood and all the snake's.
Dobrynya, forgetting about fatigue, does everything. The earth parted and absorbed the poisonous blood. Dobrynya goes to the snake's lair, where she finds forty captive kings, princes, kings and princes, not counting the multitude of ordinary people. He releases everyone from the dungeon into the wild. Then he takes out Zabava Putyatichna with a bow and escorts her to Kiev, noting that it was for her sake that he undertook this whole dangerous campaign: “For you, I have now wandered, / You will go to the city to Kiev, / Ay to the affectionate prince to Vladimir" .
Member 2.
In the epic "Dobrynya and the Serpent", the hero enters into single combat with the twelve-headed Serpent and defeats him in a fair duel. The insidious Serpent, violating the contract, kidnaps the niece of the prince, Zabava Putyatichna. It is Dobrynya who goes to rescue the captive. He acts as a diplomat: he frees the Russian people from captivity, concludes a peace treaty with the Serpent, rescues Zabava Putyatichna from the snake's hole.
Epics of the Kiev cycle in the images of Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich show the mighty, indestructible strength and power of the entire Russian people, their ability to resist foreigners, to protect the Russian land from nomadic raids. It is no coincidence that Ilya and Dobrynya are so loved by the people. After all, for them, serving the Fatherland, the Russian people is the highest value in life.
Lead 1.
What other hero do we know?
What epics about Alyosha Popovich can we remember?
Member 3.
Alyosha Popovich is a folklore collective image of a hero in the Russian epic epic. Alyosha Popovich, as the youngest, is the third in importance in the heroic trinity, along with Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich.
Alyosha Popovich is the son of the Rostov priest Leonty (rarely Fedor). Alyosha Popovich is considered his countryman in Piryatin (Poltava region). According to local legend, he often visited the Piryatinsky fairs, helped people and had heroic strength.
Alyosha Popovich is distinguished not by strength (sometimes his weakness is even emphasized, his lameness is indicated, etc.). He is characterized by daring, onslaught, sharpness, resourcefulness, cunning. He knew how to play the harp. Alyosha is ready to deceive even his named brother Dobrynya, infringing on his marital rights (Alyosha spreads a false rumor about the death of Dobrynya in order to marry his wife Nastasya Nikulishna). In general, Alyosha is boastful, puffy, crafty and evasive; his jokes are sometimes not only cheerful, but also insidious, even evil; his comrades-heroes from time to time express their censure and condemnation to him. In general, the image of Alyosha is characterized by inconsistency and duality.
Sometimes the traits characteristic of Volga Svyatoslavich are transferred to Alyosha: his birth is accompanied by thunder; Alyosha the baby asks to swaddle him not with swaddling clothes, but with chain mail; then he immediately asks his mother for blessings to walk around the wide world: it turns out that he can already sit on a horse and wield it, use a spear and a saber, etc. Alyosha Popovich’s cunning and dexterity is akin to Volga’s “cunning-wisdom”, and his jokes and tricks are close to Volga's magical transformations.
Alyosha Popovich's wife in epics about him and the sister of the Zbrodovichs (Petrovichs, etc.) becomes Elena (Petrovna), she is also Elenushka, Alena, Alyonushka (Volga's wife is also called Elena). This female name it seems to match up with the name of Alyosha Popovich (variants of Olyosha, Valyosha and Yeleshenka) - Elena and Alyonushka, and thus the "eponymous" married couple is formed. In one version of the epic about Alyosha and the sister of the Zbrodovichs, the brothers cut off Alyosha's head for disgracing their sister (in other versions of this plot, Alyosha is also in danger, but everything ends well).
Member 4.
The most archaic story associated with Alyosha Popovich is his battle with Tugarin. Alyosha Popovich strikes Tugarin on the way to Kiev or in Kiev (a variant is known in which this duel occurs twice). Tugarin threatens Alyosha Popovich to suffocate him with smoke, cover him with sparks, burn him with fire-flames, shoot him with firebrands or swallow him alive. The fight between Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin often takes place near the water (Safast River). Sometimes, having defeated Tugarin, Alyosha cuts and scatters his corpse across the open field.
Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin ZmeevichThe young bogatyr Alyosha Popovich and his servant Ekim drive up to a stone on which it is written where three roads lead: to Tugarin, to Vuyandin and to Prince Vladimir of Kiev. Well done decide to go to Vladimir.
Vladimir is having a feast in Kiev. The prince places Alyosha in a place of honor. Alyosha Popovich sees thirty bogatyrs being carried to Tugarin's house. He is seated next to the wife of Prince Vladimir, and Tugarin puts his head on her chest.
Tugarin and Alyosha are brought half a bucket of wine each. Alyosha drinks slowly, and Tugarin drinks in one go. Alyosha Popovich is served a white swan on a platter and Tugarin too. The hero eats little and gives half to his servant, and Tugarin Zmeevich swallows the swan in one fell swoop. Turning to the servant, Alyosha Popovich recalls that his father, priest Leonty of Rostov, had a voracious dog that choked on a swan bone and died. And with Tugarin, Alyosha concludes, tomorrow it will be the same. Alyosha also recalls his father's greedy cow - she also choked on a bone. And again he says that the same thing will happen to Tugarin. Tugarin Zmeevich, hearing these words, with annoyance throws a damask knife at Alyosha, but the nimble servant Ekim picks up the knife on the fly. The bogatyr challenges Tugarin to a fight.
The whole city vouches that Tugarin will win, but Prince Vladimir vouches for Alyosha.
The hero asks the servant to see if Tugarin has already left for the field. Ekim sees that Tugarin is flying on paper wings, and around him are fiery snakes. Alyosha goes to church and prays to God that the rain will wet Tugarin's paper wings.
A menacing cloud comes, and Tugarin Zmeevich falls to the ground: his wings are wet. Alyosha Popovich drives up to Tugarin, and he threatens to burn the hero with fire, suffocate him with smoke. In response, Alyosha reproaches Tugarin: “Why are you, Tugarin, leading the force behind you?” Surprised, Tugarin Zmeevich turns around and Alyosha cuts off his head.
The hero sticks Tugarin's head on a spear, mounts his horse and rides to the city. The princess, Vladimir's wife, seeing Alyosha from afar, expresses the hope that it was Tugarin who won and is taking Alyosha's head with him.
Arriving at the prince's chambers, Alyosha Popovich throws his head out the window and mockingly shouts to the princess to take Alyosha's head. The prince offers honors to the hero. Alyosha replies to this that if the prince and princess had not been his uncle and aunt, he would have called the prince a pimp, and the princess - even worse.
Host 2:
One of the remarkable works of literature about the Great Patriotic War is the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". During the years of the war with the Nazis, the image of a simple soldier Vasily Terkin acquires a deeper content and scope of artistic generalization to the image of a defender of the Fatherland.
How does the reader first meet the hero of the poem, Vasily Terkin? How does he appear to us?
Member 3:
The first acquaintance of the reader with the hero occurs in the chapter "At rest". Already here we see Terkin sociable person, an interesting storyteller, an experienced, "to his board" guy.
Reading an excerpt from the chapter "On a halt"
Terkin - who is he?
Let's be frank:
Just a guy himself
He is ordinary, etc.
Presenter 1:
What qualities of Vasily Terkin did you like?
Member 4:
In the second chapter "Before the battle", describing the period of the retreat of the Russian army, such qualities of the hero Tvardovsky as cheerfulness, fortitude, unshakable confidence in victory are revealed.
Soldiers followed us
Leaving the captive region.
I have one political conversation
Repeated:
-Cheer up!
Let's not get carried away, let's break through
We will live - we will not die,
The time will come - we will return back,
What we have given, we will return.
Member 3:
The third chapter of the poem "Crossing" demonstrates the courage and heroism of Terkin, who swims across the river in order to convey an important report to the commander. We see a hero who adequately overcomes difficulties, does not lose his presence of mind in a moment of danger, philosophically perceives the possibility of death
Crossing, crossing!
Left bank, right bank.
The snow is rough, the edge of the ice ...
To whom is memory, to whom is glory,
Who is dark water.
No sign, no trace
Member 5:
The following chapters add individual touches to the image. We note the hero’s resilience, love of life (“Terkin is wounded”, “Death and the Warrior”), we see restraint, modesty (“About the award”), resourcefulness (“Who shot?”), The ability to have fun and rejoice (“Accordion”) .
Presenter 1:
Tvardovsky gave his hero national features, that is, in the image of a specific soldier, he generalized the spiritual and moral forces of the people. What qualities do you think could be equally inherent in the Russian defender of the Fatherland from antiquity to the 20th century?
Member 6:
This is patience and resourcefulness, ingenuity and enthusiasm, diligence and lack of despondency in difficult situation. For example, we read the following lines in the chapter "Two Soldiers":
He takes the saw himself:
-Well, well ... -
And drank in his hands,
A well-raised pike,
She led with a sharp back.
She led, hung meekly.
Terkin squints
- Here you go.
Look, grandfather, wiring,
we will divorce her, etc.
Russian immediately comes to mind folk tale about how a soldier cooked soup from an ax - here the same ingenuity, the ability to do a lot with your own hands.
Member 7:
In other chapters, for example, such as "Duel", "Terkin is wounded", also underlined national characteristics nature of Vasily Terkin, associated with the historical fate of the Russian hero, who inherits the features of epic heroes, characters of oral folk art.
The brave guy fights to the death,
So the smoke is raw
Like the whole country-power
Sees Terkin:
- Hero!
Host 2:
So we see that main character poems - a simple Russian man, an ordinary soldier, a real defender of his homeland, whose courage, fortitude, quickness of mind and sparkling sense of humor cannot but arouse sympathy in the reader. This is how the defender of the Fatherland appears before us in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky.
Presenter 1:
Serving the Fatherland, its defense is the sacred duty of a citizen. Such civic qualities as duty were laid down for centuries and formed the mentality of the people. That is why the defenders of the Fatherland are folk heroes, which entered the literature and remain loved by many generations of readers.
Sofia Bisilova
Project work of 2nd grade students "The image of the defender of the Fatherland through time"
1. Introduction
Relevance of the topic
Purpose of the study
Research objectives
Object and subject of research
Research methods
Hypothesis Issues
2. Main body
2.1. Analysis of the literature on the research problem
1. Introduction.
Relevance of the topic.
Topic « Defenders of the Fatherland» especially relevant in our time when children draw information from the Internet and television programs about force as aggression and terrorism.
Our country has long been famous defenders who guarded the borders of the Motherland. Many glorious warriors and ordinary people who have accomplished feats have glorified Russia since ancient times. from time to time. learning about defenders of the Fatherland we generate feelings of pride and love.
Purpose of the study: study of the image of the defender of the Fatherland through time
Research objectives:
To study and systematize documentary sources about Heroes defenders;
Conduct a survey among students elementary school on the topic of "Russia, Motherland, Fatherland";
Watch how it changes the image of the defender through time.
Object of study. History of our Motherland.
Subject of study. .
Research methods:
Analysis of fiction and Internet sources on this topic;
Descriptive Method (observation, classification, generalization);
Questioning.
Hypothesis. Is an ordinary schoolboy capable of a heroic deed
Problematic issues:
What famous battles were in the history of our Motherland?
How do we understand the words "Hero", « Defender» ?
Is an ordinary schoolboy capable of a heroic deed?
2. The main part.
To answer all questions we:
Learned to analyze material
Describe historical events
Learned to draw conclusions.
To search for answers, we had necessary:
Watch feature films and documentaries;
Get acquainted with historical dates;
To meet with library worker;
Conduct a survey.
(Student 1)
The theme of our project« The image of the defender of the Fatherland through time»
We were interested to know if the the image of the defender of the Fatherland through time.
In our study, we studied and systematized documentary sources about Heroes defenders, analyzed fiction and Internet sources on this topic, conducted a survey among primary school students classes.
And here's what we found out:
First defenders- these are Russian heroes Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. It is they defended frontiers of native land from enemies.
V image ancient Russian heroes embodied folk concepts of high moral qualities, which a true hero should have
One of the most important qualities of a hero is a sense of justice and consciousness of his duty - to stand for the truth.
Alexander Nevskiy. The Russian commander, the Grand Duke of Vladimir, at the age of 20 he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (Battle of the Neva, 1240, and at 22 - the German "knights of the Livonian Order (Battle on the Ice, 1242).
Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky created a people's militia against the Polish invaders. On November 4, 1612, Moscow was liberated from the invaders.
Mikhail Kutuzov. Renowned commander. Distinguished himself in the Russian-Turkish, Russian-French war
Alexander Suvorov. Suvorov is a brilliant commander, one of the most beloved by the Russian people. Soldiers loved Suvorov. Suvorov himself also left behind a book "The Science of Winning"
Fedor Ushakov is a famous Russian commander who did not know defeat. Ushakov did not lose a single ship in battle, not a single one of his subordinates was captured. In 2001, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized as a righteous warrior Feodor Ushakov
Illustrious Admiral Nakhimov for paternal care for subordinates was called "father benefactor". For a good word "Fall of Stepanych" the sailors were ready to go through fire and water. Nakhimov personally checked the quality of soldiers' rations.
Georgy Zhukov. Famous Russian commander of the Great Patriotic War. Zhukov became a holder of more than 60 awards from various countries of the world.
Konstantin Rokossovsky stood at the origins of the largest operations of the Great Patriotic War. He was successful both in offensive and defensive operations (Battle of Stalingrad, Kursk Bulge, Bobruisk offensive operation, Berlin).
(Student 3)
In our study, we were interested in whether an ordinary person is capable of a feat on defense of the motherland?
Ivan Susanin was a serf, he lived in the village of Domnino, not far from the city of Kostroma. In the late winter of 1613, the Polish-Lithuanian detachment tried to find a way to the royal village and capture the Russian tsar. Nearby they met the headman Ivan Susanin and ordered to show the way. Ivan Susanin agreed, but led them in the opposite direction, and sent his messenger to the king with a warning of danger. When the enemies discovered the deception, Ivan Susanin was severely tortured and brutally killed. The composer M. I. Glinka dedicated his opera to the great Russian hero Ivan Susanin, and a monument was also erected.
(Student 3)
We continued to study the exploits of ordinary people. Alexander Matrosov (1924-1943)- an ordinary rifle regiment, Hero of the Soviet Union, a soldier who covered a fascist machine gun.
Sasha's letter from the front goes to his orphanage. “I am writing to you from the area where the Nazis were recently. You can't even imagine what these bastards have done on Russian soil. I saw a well into which fascist fiends threw sixteen children under the age of 12. I saw a charred warehouse where the Germans burned 265 women, old people and children. February 27, 1943. There was a fierce battle near the village of Chernushki, Pskov region. The soldiers came under heavy machine-gun fire from the enemy. Enemy machine-gun fire hindered the advance of our troops. Rushing forward, with his chest, with his heart, Matrosov lay down on the enemy's firing point and drowned out. The way forward was open.
(Student 4)
In our study, we asked ourselves - “Are adults only defend the motherland?» It turned out not only...
Children are the heroes of the Great Patriotic War
War is not a child's business. It should be so, but this war was special. The war was called the Great Patriotic because, what all, "from small to large", climbed defense of the motherland. Many young patriots died in battles with the enemy, and four of them - Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Lenya Golikov and Zina Portnova - were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. They were often written about in newspapers, books were dedicated to them. And even the streets and cities of our Great Motherland - Russia were called by their names.
Before the war, they were the most ordinary boys and girls. They studied, helped the elders, played, ran, jumped, broke their noses and knees. The time has come - they showed how huge a small children's heart can become when a sacred love for the Motherland and hatred for its enemies flare up in it. Little heroes of the big war. They fought next to the elders - fathers, brothers. At sea, like Borya Kuleshin. In the sky, like Arkasha Kamanin. In a partisan detachment, like Lenya Golikov. In the Brest Fortress, like Valya Zenkina. In the Kerch catacombs, like Volodya Dubinin. In the underground, like Volodya Shcherbatsevich.
And not for a moment did their young hearts tremble! Their grown-up childhood was filled with such trials that even a very talented writer could come up with them, it would be hard to believe. But it was. It was in the history of our great country, it was in the fate of its little guys - ordinary boys and girls.
(Student 5)
AND modern kids do things. Schoolchildren from the Krasnodar Territory Roman Vitkov and Mikhail Serdyuk rescued an elderly woman from a burning house. Heading home, they saw a burning building. Having run into the yard, the schoolchildren saw that the veranda was almost completely engulfed in fire. Roman and Mikhail rushed to the shed for the tool. Grabbing a sledgehammer and an ax, knocking out a window, Roman climbed into the window opening. An elderly woman slept in a smoky room. It was possible to take out the victim only after breaking the door.
From the theoretical part of our study, we made conclusions:
Each of us can become defender of his fatherland. Now we are still children, but it will take a little time and we will become soldiers and we will defend your homeland.
Appearance defender in time changes, and his inner qualities, such as courage, courage, honor, kindness, justice will be transmitted through time from generation to generation.
(Student 1)
Practical part.
Among elementary school students, we conducted a survey, where there were such questions:
1. What feelings does the word Russia, Motherland, Fatherland evoke in you?
2. What qualities of a person do you consider important?
3. When I hear the word Motherland, I imagine ...
4. Who should defend the motherland?
(Student 2)
We found out that the word Russia, Motherland, Fatherland evokes a feeling of pride and love, and such a concept as "indifference" absent in elementary school students. Guys consider kindness, courage and responsibility to be important qualities of a person. When they hear the word Motherland, they represent their city, and the Motherland everyone must protect.
(Student 3)
3 Conclusion.
In conclusion, we concluded that we are proud of our defenders. They were and remain « through time» loyal to the Motherland and ready for any risk, for any danger, will stand to the death to the end. Our Motherland cannot be defeated. The younger generation is proud of their homeland, will remember, honor and know the history of Russia, grow up as a worthy replacement.
1. Encyclopedia for children. Russian history. Moscow "Avanta +" 1997 2. S. Alekseev stories about Suvorov
3. The most famous battles in world history. Encyclopedia for children
4. https://www.google.ru/shkolazhizni.ru
5. https://www.google.ru/Frufact.org
6. folklor.igraemsdetmy.ru
7. http://www.zyorna.ru
Many works in various art forms (epics, painting, music, literature, cinema and theater) have been created about the exploits, valor, and glory of the defenders of the Fatherland. They glorify the strength, power, courage, nobility and spiritual wealth of the Russian people. Ancient epics have survived to this day, telling about the courage of Russian knights-bogatyrs, cants of the Petrine era, soldiers' songs. Russian composers, artists, writers and poets in their work constantly turn to the theme of defending the Motherland. The image of Ivan Susanin, Alexander Nevsky, the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War of the years are vividly and truthfully displayed in various works of art.
Our glory is the Russian state! Monument to A. V. Suvorov on the Saint Gotthard Pass in Switzerland. Sculptor D. Tugarinov. V. Vereshchagin "The End of the Battle of Borodino"
No wonder the whole of Russia remembers the day of Borodin! M. I. Kutuzov. Artist N. Yash
In many works of Russian literature, the theme of patriotism is key. And this theme is connected with the images of the defenders of the Fatherland, the heroes who gave their lives for the Motherland. “Borodino” by M. Yu. Lermontov was no exception.
The strong and unshakable Russian spirit, which is shown in the poem, helps to protect the Motherland, shield it from the enemy. Not only Lermontov in his work draws images of the defenders of the Motherland, but A. T. Tvardovsky in "Vasily Terkin" described the heroism, courage and great love for his country Vasily Terkin, the image
Which became the collective image of the Soviet soldier.
In the second chapter "Crossing", in order to deliver an important report to the command, Terkin swims across the river, the bridge over which is destroyed. He puts his life in danger, but the soldier is not afraid of the icy abyss.
The poet shows that all this is done by the simplest Russian person, once again proving the idea of the strength of the Russian character. Another important thought that runs through the entire poem is the thought of the infinite modesty of the Russian soldier.
After all, none of these simple heroes are waiting for awards. For them, the liberation of the country from the invaders is more important. The images of the defenders of the fatherland can also be found in the work ancient Russian literature- "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". The campaign of the Grand Duke and his squad is the best way to show love for the native land and the people, for the sake of which the prince's squad goes to fight against the Polovtsians. Of course, Prince Igor was also motivated by selfish thoughts, in particular, to acquire the glory of the liberator of the earth, but the author (and after him, we) justifies him.
After all, the main thing in his campaign was still the desire to liberate Russia. Thus, all three works are imbued with love for the native land, the desire to protect it, even at the cost of one's own life. And in “Borodino”, and in “Vasily Terkin”, and in “The Word” everyone is ready to give his life for the liberation of the Motherland and the happiness of future generations.
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Literature about the Great Patriotic War went through several stages in its development. In 1941-1945. it was created by writers who went to war in order to support the patriotic spirit of the people with their works, unite them in the fight against a common enemy, and reveal the feat of a soldier. The motto of the time is "Kill him!" (enemy) permeated this literature - a response to the tragic events in the life of a country that had not yet raised questions about the causes of the war and could not connect 1937 and 1941 in one plot, could not know the terrible price that the people paid for the victory in this war. The most successful, which entered the treasury of Russian literature, was the "Book about a fighter" - A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin". A. Fadeev's "Young Guard" about the feat and death of young Krasnodon residents touches the soul with the moral purity of the heroes, but it is bewildering with the popular description of the life of young people before the war and the methods of creating images of the Nazis. The literature of the first stage was descriptive, non-analytical in spirit.
The second stage in the development of the military theme in literature falls on 1945-1950. These are novels, stories, poems about victory and meetings, about salutes and kisses - too jubilant and triumphant (for example, S. Babaevsky's novel "The Cavalier of the Golden Star"). They didn't tell the terrible truth about the war. In general, M. Sholokhov's excellent story "The Fate of a Man" (1957) concealed the truth about where former prisoners of war ended up after returning home.
The real truth about the war was written in the 60s-80s, when those who fought themselves, sat in the trenches, commanded a battery, fought for a "span of land", and were captured came to literature. The literature of this period was called "the literature of lieutenants" (Yu. Bondarev, G. Baklanov, V. Bykov, K. Vorobyov, B. Vasiliev, V. Bogomolov). Lieutenant writers wrote not about victories at the fronts, but about defeats, encirclement, the retreat of the army, about stupid command and confusion at the top. The analytical spirit of the "Sevastopol Tales" entered the domestic literature on the war of the 20th century.
In 1965, the Novy Mir magazine published V. Bykov's story Kruglyansky Bridge, which made a hole in popular literature about the war. ... The operational group of the partisan detachment is given the task of setting fire to the Kruglyansky bridge, which connects the two banks: on one side - the Germans, on the other - the bloodless partisans. The bridge is guarded day and night by German sentries. Major Britvin noticed that every morning a wagon with cans of milk for the Germans, driven by a little boy, drove over the bridge. An ingenious idea dawned on the major: to pour milk secretly from the boy, fill the can with explosives and, when the wagon was in the middle of the bridge, set fire to the fuse fuse ... Explosion. No bridge, no horse, no little boy... Mission accomplished, but at what cost? “War is an occasion to talk about a good and a bad person” - these words of Vasil Bykov express the essence of the new tasks solved by literature about the war - to give a ruthless, sober analysis of time and human material. “The war forced many to open their eyes in amazement ... involuntarily and unexpectedly, very often we were witnesses of the fact that the war tore off the lush veils ... A lover of loud and correct phrases sometimes turned out to be a coward. An undisciplined fighter accomplished a feat ”(V. Bykov). The writer is convinced that historians should deal with war in the narrow sense, while the writer's interest should be focused exclusively on moral issues: “who is a citizen in military and civilian life, and who is a self-seeker?”, “the dead do not have shame, but the survivors before the dead?” and others.
The "Literature of Lieutenants" made the picture of the war all-encompassing: the front line, captivity, the partisan region, the victorious days of 1945, the rear - this is what K. Vorobyov, V. Bykov, E. Nosov, A. Tvardovsky resurrected in high and low manifestations.
The story of K. D. Vorobyov (1919--1975) “Killed near Moscow”. It was printed in Russia only in the 80s. were afraid of the truth. The title of the story, like a blow of a hammer, is precise, brief, immediately raising the question: by whom? The military leader and historian A. Gulyga wrote: “In this war, we lacked everything: cars, fuel, shells, rifles ... The only thing we did not regret was people.” The first and second chapters are expositional. The Germans are pressing the army to Moscow, and the Kremlin cadets are sent to the front line, "boyishly loudly and almost joyfully" reacting to the flying junkers, in love with Captain Ryumin - with his "arrogantly ironic" smile, a tightened and slender figure, with a stack of with a twig in his hand, with a cap slightly shifted to the right temple. Alyosha Yastrebov, like everyone else, "carried in himself an irrepressible, hidden happiness", "the joy of a flexible young body." The landscape also corresponds to the description of youth, freshness in the guys: “...Snow is light, dry, blue. He gave off the smell of Antonov apples ... something cheerful and cheerful was communicated to his feet, as if with music. They ate biscuits, laughed, dug trenches and rushed into battle. And they had no idea about the impending disaster. “Some kind of soul-searching smile” on the lips of the NKVD major, the lieutenant colonel’s warning that 240 cadets would not receive a single machine gun alerted Alexei, who knew Stalin’s speech by heart that “we will beat the enemy on his territory.” He figured out the deception. “There was no place in his soul where the incredible reality of war would lie down,” but the reader guessed that the cadet boys would become hostages of the war. The plot of the plot is the appearance of reconnaissance aircraft. Sashka's whitened nose, an inexorable feeling of fear not from the fact that cowards, but from the fact that the Nazis do not expect mercy.
Ryumin already knew that “the front has been broken in our direction,” a wounded soldier told about the true situation there: “Although darkness has perished there, there are still more alive! Now we're wandering." “Like a blow, Alexei suddenly felt an agonizing feeling of kinship, pity and closeness to everything that was around and nearby, ashamed of the painfully welling tears” - this is how Vorobyov describes the psychological state of the protagonist.
The appearance of political instructor Anisimov gave rise to hope. He "called on the Kremlin to perseverance and said that communications were being pulled here from the rear and neighbors were coming." But it was another deception. The mortar shelling began, shown by Vorobyov in naturalistic detail, in the suffering of Anisimov wounded in the stomach: “Cut off ... Well, please, cut off ...”, he begged Alexei. An "unnecessary tearful cry" accumulated in Alexei's soul. A man of "rapid action", Captain Ryumin understood: nobody needs them, they are cannon fodder to divert the attention of the enemy. "Only forward!" - Ryumin decides to himself, leading the cadets into the night battle. They didn't yell "Hurrah! For Stalin!" (like in the movies), something "wordless and hard" was torn from their chests. Alexey no longer "shouted, but howled." The patriotism of the cadets was expressed not in a slogan, not in a phrase, but in an act. And after the victory, the first in their lives, the young, ringing joy of these Russian boys: “... They smashed it to smithereens! Understand? Rip!”
But the German air attack began. The artist K. Vorobyov amazingly depicted the hell of war with some new images: “trembling of the earth”, “dense carousel of aircraft”, “rising and falling fountains of explosions”, “waterfall fusion of sounds”. The words of the author, as it were, reproduce Ryumin's passionate inner monologue: “But only night could lead the company to this line of final victory, and not this bashful little baby of the sky - day! Oh, if Ryumin could drive him into the dark gates of the night!..”
The climax occurs after the attack of tanks, when Yastrebov, who was running from them, saw a young cadet clinging to a hole in the ground. “A coward, a traitor,” Aleksey suddenly and terribly guessed, still not connecting himself with the cadet in any way. He suggested that Alexei report upstairs that he, Yastrebov, had shot down the cadets. “Shkurnik,” Alexei thinks of him, threatening to be sent to the NKVD after their argument about what to do next. In each of them, fear of the NKVD and conscience fought. And Aleksey realized that “death has many faces”: you can kill a comrade, thinking that he is a traitor, you can kill yourself in a fit of despair, you can throw yourself under a tank not for the sake of a heroic deed, but simply because instinct dictates it. K. Vorobyov-analyst explores this diversity of death in war and shows how it happens without false pathos. The story strikes with laconism, chastity of the description of the tragic.
The denouement comes unexpectedly. Alexei crawled out from under cover and soon found himself on a field with stacks and saw his own people, led by Ryumin. Before their eyes, a Soviet hawk was shot in the air. "Bastard! After all, all this was shown to us in Spain a long time ago! Ryumin whispered. “…We can never be forgiven for this!” Here is a portrait of Ryumin, who realized the great crime of the high command in front of the hawk, the boys, their gullibility and love for him, the captain: listening to something and trying to comprehend the thought eluding him ... "
And Alexei was also expecting a duel with a tank. Good luck: the tank caught fire. “The dumbfounded surprise at what he witnessed during these five days of his life” will sooner or later subside, and then he will understand who was to blame for the retreat, for the death of the purest and brightest. He just won’t understand why the gray-haired generals there, near Moscow, sacrificed their “children”.
In Vorobyov's story, three truths seemed to collide: the "truth" of bloody fascism, the "truth" of cruel Stalinism, and the lofty truth of young men who lived and died with one thought: "I am responsible for everything!"
The story "It's us, Lord." In this story, the autobiographical hero of K. Vorobyov appears before the reader under the name of Sergei, captured in the Klin region - there, to the west, after the defeat of the company, Alexei Yastrebov moved. The story of the Nazi captivity tells not only about the horrors and atrocities of the Nazis. She is the answer to those who considered the captured traitors.
Two years spent by Sergei in captivity became the basis of the plot of the story about suffering and the will to live.
Here the prisoners are being driven along the highway from Solnechnogorsk to Volokolamsk.
Each line begins with a paragraph and each yells: "killed."
The Kaunas camp was a transit point. The prisoners were met by SS men armed with shovels, and with “inhuman whooping, they crashed into the thick of the prisoners and began to kill. Blood spattered, skin cut off by an oblique blow of a shovel flew in small pieces. Captain Nikolaev died in Sergei's arms, whose skull had been cut open by a shovel. Naturalism in the description of atrocities forces the reader not to "hear", but to "see" what has been done. There is no hyperbole in the story. This is ordinary everyday fascism, and the atrocities and cruelty of nonhumans is the norm for those who have forgotten the universal law of attitude towards prisoners. ...Sergey walked the road of captivity, marked by terrible signs. Here the prisoners are begging: “Aunt, take out at least a raw potato ... a crust ...” An old woman who threw raw cabbage leaves to the prisoners was killed. Here is Kolya with purple legs from gangrene, yearning for his mother, dying. Here Sergei himself was thrown by the Germans under the bunk, stripped naked. Here the prisoners are being transported for four days without water, bread and air in boarded-up wagons. Here one persuades another hangman: “Get up, spruce fool! Breaking it people? Anchichrists! Get up, come on!"
Sergei did not want to die, did not let him take his leg: “I will still fight!” The solution comes in the death camp, which was not guarded, because the prisoners had sticks in their hands, without which they could not move. The wax candles of the fingers reached for the sparse grass to chew on. He still fled, wandered through the swamps without bread, fell into the hands of the police and called himself: Russinovsky (from the word "Rus"). Rushed to his homeland. The source of Sergei's courage is his love for Russia and hatred for fascism. He did not have a chance to experience Stalin's captivity, because he was attached to a partisan detachment.
The title of the story - "This is us, Lord" - a groan, a prayer that helped the prisoners.
The story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov". Vasily Vladimirovich Bykov (b. 1924) has a special style, his own theme. art space his works are narrowed down to the size of a fishing line, a farm. There are few actors. The situation “two in the steppe” suggests a special artistic conflict not between the “Germans” and the “Soviet warrior”, but between their own. And both heroes stand before moral choice leading either to the rise or fall of the personality. For Bykov, it is important that the hero makes his choice without witnesses, alone with himself. Choice does not depend on shame in front of others.
The story "Sotnikov" in its time (70s) caused great discussions. Recall the plot: Sotnikov and Rybak, two partisans who voluntarily agreed to go to the nearest villages under conditions of encirclement and get food for the detachment, were captured by the Germans, interrogated and received an offer to serve as policemen. Sotnikov rejected the possibility of salvation and was hanged, and Rybak put on the uniform of a policeman and, having executed his comrade with his own hand (“the trap” was prepared for him by the Germans), wanted to hang himself, but he was prevented.
The meaning of the disputes around the story boiled down to the fact that what kind of hero Sotnikov, if he did not have time to fire a single shot, and what kind of traitor Rybak, honestly dragged his comrade on him and found a way to save his life, so that later he could go to his own and take revenge on the Germans. It turned out to be difficult to understand the collision of the story, because in life we try to find a way out of a critical situation, clinging to the common logic: "There are no hopeless situations." To understand the behavior of the characters and give a final assessment, you need to carefully read the text and the psychological picture of both characters. Rybak sincerely and fiercely hates the Nazis - no one argues with that. But here are the “details” that compromise him: he was surprised that the sick Sotnikov volunteered to go on reconnaissance (are there no others?), He was surprised that a friend was wearing a cap in the winter (you can take a hat from any peasant, because we protect him!). He drags the wounded Sotnikov on himself, but there was a moment of weakness, he wanted to leave his friend, but the thought prevented him: “What will they say in the forest?” The hero’s internal monologue clarifies the type of person with the surname Rybak: “During his long service in the army, he developed a somewhat dismissive feeling towards weak, sickly, all sorts of losers who, for one reason or another, could not do something, did not know how. ..” Everything was simple for a fisherman in the war. “The goal of the struggle was obvious, but he didn’t really think about other circumstances,” writes V. Bykov about the hero. "Other circumstances" - captivity - turned out to be beyond his power.
Pathological pity for his young body, complete indifference to those who suffered nearby, moral deafness - all this led to the fall of Rybak. Sotnikov, in his thoughts about Rybak, accurately diagnosed: "as a person and citizen, of course, he lacked something." Firstly, he did not understand the logic of fascism, “which, grabbing its victim by the little finger, will not stop until it swallows it whole”, and secondly, did not think that he, already a spiritually dead person, would have to be a witness execute yours.
In the logic of Rybak's self-justification, the burden falls on circumstances, and not on a person who has no right to compromise with evil. There are circumstances in life, the author, who himself went through the war, believes, when there can be only one simple, clear and honest way out - death. And the "owner" of such a decision is the person himself and his conscience.
Sotnikov is a more traditional character for military literature, but the inner monologues of the hero can be considered an undoubted success of the writer, which, in contrast to the fisherman's condition, help to understand the beauty of the last hours of the hero's life. “God, if only to endure,” because he is not a superman. But Sotnikov is a man of ideas, he also does not want to die like a beast that is being led to the slaughter. “Every death in the struggle must affirm something, deny something, and, if possible, complete what life did not have time to complete.” He entered the sphere of spirituality when he had a dream about himself, a child, and a father who said: "There was fire, and there was the highest justice in the world." Not on earth, in heaven. And Sotnikov understood: it was in his power to leave the world in good conscience. This was the last favor, the last luxury, which, as a reward, life gave him.
Vasil Bykov, with his story, once again reminds us that it is not a matter of labels: a traitor or a hero, but whether a person has retained a person in himself.
The story of E.I. Nosov "Red Wine of Victory". In a short story, Yevgeny Ivanovich Nosov (b. 1925) draws a hospital near Moscow, where the wounded are lying, brought from the fields of the war, which was already going on outside of Russia. The protagonist, on behalf of whom the story is being told, at first cannot get used to the whiteness of bedside tables and sheets, to the whiteness of plasters and faces without blood. White, white, white ... There, in the war, he fought, but here he made a discovery: how vulnerable, ordinary, "serial" are all. But acquaintance with the wounded and the medical staff gradually destroys this idea. And Kopeshkin, and Sasha Samokhodka, and Bugaev, and aunt Zina, and sister Tanya - they are all beautiful and individual. Kopeshkin keeps looking out the window, trying to make out the forest and the field, perhaps the same as in his village. Sweet Tanya takes pity on Mihai, whose arm was amputated. Aunt Zina helps him recover in the toilet, does not disdain. A self-propelled gun, a cripple, everyone dreams of a “girl”. “I suddenly felt that the hospital clock had struck some other, new time ... Something immediately burned me inside with booming jolts, a tense vein on my temple swelled into the pillow,” says the protagonist on the eve of May 9.
On this day, when all the nurses and doctors will think about how to make it festive in the ward for the seriously wounded, when the whole country will prepare for salutes and marches, an old photographer will come to the hospital ... So what? This is natural, such a day needs to be captured! But here's how to capture - that's the whole point.
The photographer had real wealth in his chest: brand-new tunics with shiny buttons, cubans, medals to choose from, a painted tank on the canvas, shirt-fronts, whole arms and legs. Why does the author accompanies the actions of the clever old man with remarks: “he shook his tunic like a magician”, “quickly pulled it on”, “joking ... grimacing in a smile”, “glanced at Kopeshkin with a tenacious glance”? What did the author want to say with this climactic scene in the story? Much. During the holiday, you can do anything: drink painkillers, dress up ... But if a masquerade begins on a national scale: we dress up cripples and freaks so that they do not spoil our view and do not remind us of what we have experienced, if we transfer the center of gravity of the war to heroism, to lined tanks and planes - what happens? Colorful scenery for film versions about the happy end of the war. The temptation is great - to hide everyone who is in wheelchairs, on crutches, without arms, without legs. To photograph them as such good fellows and send the photographs to all magazines and newspapers, and then all of them, en masse, to the island of Valaam, away from the healthy, well-fed, prosperous ... E. Nosov guessed in this photo performance the emerging trend of varnishing life: the facade of the Stalinist empire should be flawless - only white-toothed smiles on posters, only in full height victorious heroes who liberated Europe. The old photographer did not look far, honestly earned a fee, but the falsification of the war had already begun. The photographers will be followed by the authors of "White Birch" and "Chevalier of the Golden Star", artists, screenwriters. Borodukhin, a soldier, understood everything: “Corpse-eater,” and spat.
The story ends with the sad death of a soldier Kopeshkin, who so dreamed of returning to his village, to his family, to a small house with a birch tree under the window. “I stared numbly at the whipped pillow, at its indifferent, idle whiteness, and suddenly, with piercing obviousness, I realized that its owner was already nothing ... He was not just taken out of the ward - he was not at all. No!..” So E. Nosov, with his story, affirmed a very important idea: the truth of life and the truth of art must be in harmony, and one should never forget that festive wine, the wine of victory, is always red - in the past, and in the present, and in the future: it contains the blood of our soldiers.
Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" is the most amazing, most life-affirming work, from which, in fact, the military theme began in our art. It will help us understand why, nevertheless, despite Stalinism and the slave state of the people, the great victory over the brown plague took place.
"Vasily Terkin" is a poem-monument to a Russian soldier, which was erected long before the end of the war. You read it and, as it were, immerse yourself in Pushkin's element of a living, natural, precise word, flavored with humor, tricks ("And what time of the year is it better to die in the war?"), Colloquial speech, giving the language astringency ("and at least spit in her face" ), phraseological units ("here's your cover now"). Through the language of the poem, a cheerful, honest people's consciousness is transmitted to themselves and others.
The content of the poem is truly encyclopedic, it is enough to write out the titles of the chapters: “On a halt”, “Before the battle”, “Crossing”, “Terkin is wounded”, “About the award”, “Accordion”, “Death and the warrior”, “On the way to Berlin” , "In the bath". Vasily Terkin will be led from battle to respite, from the crossing to the trench, from life to death, from death to resurrection, from Smolensk land to Berlin. And the movement along the roads of war in the bath will end. Why in a bath, and not with a victorious red banner at the Reichstag? How does plowing, haymaking, any sweaty work end in the village? Banya. By a brilliant conjecture, the son of a peasant, Tvardovsky, came to such a truly folk finale of the poem. Bath because the most sweaty work for the people - the war - has ended. In the bath because you can see all the scars and scars on the body of a soldier who won the war.
For all the epic predestination of the plot, the lyrical beginning triumphs in the poem, telling the story a piercing note of love and kindness, goodwill towards a person, be he Terkin, be an old veteran, be a friend's wife, be a nurse, be a general. Love is dissolved in every line of the poem.
Tvardovsky showed his hero in full growth. He is distinguished by kindness, humor, sensitivity, benevolence, inner strength. He accepts everything as it is, is not busy only with himself, does not lose heart and does not panic ("Before the fight"). He is not alien to the feeling of gratitude, the consciousness of unity with his people, not the statutory "understanding of duty", but the heart. He is savvy, brave and merciful to the enemy ("Duel"). All these features can be summarized in the concept of Russian national character. Tvardovsky emphasized all the time: "he is an ordinary guy." Ordinary in its moral purity, inner strength and poetry. It is such heroes, not supermen, who are able to charge the reader with cheerfulness, optimism and “good feelings” for people, country, nature, everything that is called life.
The name of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky, the greatest Soviet poet, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, is widely known in our country.
Freedom, humor, truthfulness, prowess, naturalness of immersion in the elements folk life and popular speech conquered and conquer the readers of Tvardovsky.
His poems enter the mind of the reader from childhood: “Country Ant”, “Terkin in the next world”, “House by the road”, “Beyond the distance”, lyrics, etc.
Alexander Tvardovsky is one of the most dramatic figures in literature and Soviet reality of the mid-20th century, a great national poet.
During the war years, A. Tvardovsky created his most famous poem "Vasily Terkin". His hero has become a symbol of the Russian soldier, his image is an extremely generalized, collective, folk character in its best manifestations. And at the same time, Terkin is not an abstract ideal, but a living person, a cheerful and crafty interlocutor. His image combines the richest literary and folklore traditions, modernity, and autobiographical features that make him related to the author (it’s not for nothing that he is from Smolensk, and in the monument to Terkin, which is now decided to be erected on Smolensk land, it was not by chance that it was decided to designate the portrait resemblance of the hero and its creator).
If you asked me why Vasily Terkin became one of my favorite literary heroes, I would say: "I like his zest for life." Look, he is at the front, where every day is death, where no one is "bewitched by a foolish fragment, from any stupid bullet." Sometimes he freezes or starves, has no news from his relatives. And he does not lose heart. Live and enjoy life
Terkin is the soul of a soldier's company. No wonder comrades like to listen to his playful and even serious stories. Here they lie in the swamps, where the wet infantry even dreams of "at least death, but on dry land." It's raining. And you can’t even smoke: the matches are soaked. The soldiers curse everything, and it seems to them, "there is no worse trouble." And Terkin grins and begins a long discussion. He says that as long as a soldier feels the elbow of a comrade, he is strong. Behind him is a battalion, regiment, division. And then the front. What is there: all of Russia! Last year, when a German rushed to Moscow and sang "My Moscow", then it was necessary to twist. And now the German is not at all the same, "now the German is not a singer with this last year's song." And we think to ourselves that even last year, when it was completely sick, Vasily found words that helped his comrades. He has such a talent. Such a talent that, lying in a wet swamp, comrades laughed: it became easier on the soul. But most of all I like the chapter "Death and the Warrior", in which the wounded hero freezes and it seems to him that death has come to him. And it became difficult for him to argue with her, because he was bleeding and wanted peace. And why, it seemed, to hold on to this life, where all the joy is in either freezing, or digging trenches, or being afraid that they will kill you ... But Vasily is not like that to easily surrender to Kosoy.
"A book about a fighter" was very necessary at the front, it lifted the spirit of the soldiers, encouraged them to fight for the Motherland to the last drop of blood.
Terkin is both a fighter, a hero who performs fantastic feats, described with the hyperbolic nature inherent in the folklore type of narration (for example, in the chapter "Who shot?" He shoots down an enemy plane with a rifle), and a man of extraordinary stamina - in the chapter "Crossing" it is told about the feat - Terkin swims across the icy river to report that the platoon is on the right bank - and a craftsman, a jack of all trades. The poem was written with that amazing classical simplicity, which the author himself designated as a creative task:
Terkin embodies the best features of the Russian soldier and the people as a whole. A hero named Vasily Terkin first appears in the poetic feuilletons of the Tvardov period of the Soviet-Finnish war (1939-1940). The words of the hero of the poem:
The poem is built as a chain of episodes from the military life of the protagonist, which do not always have a direct event connection with each other. Terkin tells young soldiers about the everyday life of the war with humor; says that he has been fighting since the very beginning of the war, he was surrounded three times, was wounded. The fate of an ordinary soldier, one of those who bore the brunt of the war on his shoulders, becomes the personification of the national fortitude, the will to live. Terkin swims across the icy river twice to re-establish contact with advancing units; Terkin occupies a German dugout alone, but comes under fire from his own artillery; on the way to the front, Terkin finds himself in the house of old peasants, helping them with the housework; Terkin steps into hand-to-hand combat with the German and, with difficulty, overcoming, takes him prisoner. Unexpectedly for himself, Terkin shoots down a German attack aircraft from a rifle; Terkin reassures the envious sergeant:
Terkin takes over command of the platoon when the commander is killed and breaks into the village first; however, the hero is again seriously wounded. Lying wounded in the field, Terkin converses with Death, who persuades him not to cling to life; in the end, he is discovered by the fighters, and he tells them:
In the image of Vasily Terkin, the best moral qualities of the Russian people are combined: patriotism, readiness for a feat, love for work.
The character traits of the hero are interpreted by the poet as traits of the collective image: Terkin is inseparable and inseparable from the militant people. It is interesting that all fighters - regardless of their age, tastes, military experience - feel good with Vasily; wherever he appears - in battle, on vacation, on the way - contact, friendliness, mutual disposition are instantly established between him and the fighters. Literally every scene is about it. The fighters listen to Terkin's playful bickering with the cook at the first appearance of the hero:
In the field of view of A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem "Vasily Terkin" is not only the front, but also those who work in the rear for the sake of victory: women and the elderly. The characters of the poem not only fight - they laugh, love, talk with each other, and most importantly - dream of a peaceful life. The reality of war is united by what is usually incompatible: tragedy and humor, courage and fear, life and death.
The poem "Vasily Terkin" is distinguished by a kind of historicism. Conventionally, it can be divided into three parts, coinciding with the beginning, middle and end of the war. The poetic comprehension of the stages of the war creates a lyrical chronicle of events from the chronicle. A feeling of bitterness and sorrow fills the first part, faith in victory - the second, the joy of the liberation of the Fatherland becomes the leitmotif of the third part of the poem. This is explained by the fact that A.T. Tvardovsky created the poem gradually, throughout the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
The theme of war is deeply and fully revealed in the works of the great writer of the 20th century Mikhail Sholokhov.
Mikhail Sholokhov, everyone opens it in their own way. Everyone likes their hero of Sholokhov's stories. This is understandable. After all, the fate of the heroes, the problems raised by Sholokhov, are in tune with our time.
In the midst of the Great Patriotic War, Sholokhov "started work on the novel" They Fought for the Motherland. "The first chapters began to be published in newspapers in 1943, and then came out as a separate edition. The published chapters tell about the dramatic period of the retreat of Russian troops under the onslaught of superior forces Russian soldiers retreated with heavy fighting, and then stood to death near Stalingrad.
The novel simply and truthfully reproduces the heroism of Soviet soldiers, front-line life, comradely conversations, unbreakable friendship sealed with blood. The reader closely got to know and fell in love with the worker-miner Pyotr Lopakhin, the combine operator Ivan Zvyagintsev, the agronomist Nikolai Streltsov, the Siberian armored fighter Akim Borzykh, the corporal Kochetygov .. Very different in character, they are connected at the front by male friendship and boundless devotion to the Motherland .
Nikolai Streltsov is oppressed by the retreat of his regiment and personal grief: before the war, his wife left, he left his children with his old mother. This does not prevent him from fighting heroically. In battle, he was shell-shocked and deaf, but he escapes from the hospital to the regiment, in which only twenty-seven people remained after the battles: “The blood from my ears has stopped flowing, the nausea has almost stopped. Why would I lie there ... And then, I just could not stay there. The regiment was in a very difficult situation, there were not many of you left ... How could I not come? After all, even a deaf person can fight next to his comrades, right Petya?”
Pyotr Lopakhin "... wanted to hug and kiss Streltsov, but a hot spasm suddenly squeezed his throat ...".
Ivan Zvyagintsev, before the war, a combine operator, a hero, a simple-hearted man, seeks to console Streltsov, complains to him about his supposedly unsuccessful family life. Sholokhov describes this story with humor.
The words of the division commander Marchenko - "let the enemy temporarily triumph, but victory will be ours" - reflected the optimistic idea of the novel, its chapters, published in 1949.
Sholokhov's meeting with General Lukin led to the appearance of a new hero in the novel - General Streltsov, brother of Nikolai Streltsov. In 1936, Lukin was repressed, in 1941 he was released, restored to his rank and sent to the army. Lukin's 19th Army took on the attack of Goth's 3rd Panzer Group and part of the divisions of Strauss's 9th Army west of Vyazma. During the week, Lukin's army held back the German advance. General Lukin was seriously wounded and taken prisoner during the battle. He courageously endured all the hardships of captivity.
In the novel, General Streltsov, who returned from "places not so remote" to his brother's house, is resting. Unexpectedly, he was summoned to Moscow: “Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov remembered me! Well, let's serve the Motherland and our Communist Party!”
All battle episodes produce a strong emotional impact. Here we see how "one hundred and seventeen fighters and commanders - the remnants of a regiment brutally battered in recent battles - walked in a close column," how the soldiers retained the regimental banner.
Lopakhin is grieving over the death of Lieutenant Goloshchekov, who fought heroically. Sergeant Major Poprishchenko said at Goloshchekov’s grave: “Maybe you, Comrade Lieutenant, can still hear our walk ...” With admiration, Lopakhin says about Kochetygov: “How did he set fire to the tank? The tank had already crushed him, half-filled him, and crushed his entire chest. He was bleeding from his mouth, I saw it myself, and he got up in the trench, dead, got up, on his last breath! And he threw a bottle ... And lit it!
Chef Lisichenko evokes warm feelings, who uses every opportunity to be at the forefront. Lo-pakhin asks him: "... where is the kitchen and what are we going to eat today by your grace?" Lisichenko explains that he filled the boiler with cabbage soup and left two wounded men to look after the cabbage soup. “Here I’ll howl a little, I’ll support you, and when it’s time for dinner, I’ll crawl into the forest, and hot food will be delivered if possible!”
Lopakhin knocked out a tank and shot down a heavy bomber during the battle.
During the retreat, Streltsov worries: “... with what eyes do the inhabitants see us off ...” Lopakhin also worries about this, but answers: “They beat us? So, they hit right. Fight better, sons of bitches!”
Combine operator Zvyagintsev sees burning ripe bread for the first time in the steppe. His soul was "worn out". He speaks to the co-los: “You are my dear, how smoked you are! You stink of smoke - like a gypsy ... That's what the damned German, his ossified soul, did to you.
Descriptions of nature in the novel are linked to the military situation. For example, before Streltsov’s eyes there is a killed young machine gunner who fell between blooming sunflowers: “Maybe it was beautiful, but in war external beauty looks blasphemous ...”
It is appropriate to recall one meeting between Sholokhov and Stalin, which took place on May 21, 1942, when Sholokhov arrived from the front to celebrate his birthday. Stalin invited Sho-lokhov to his place and advised him to create a novel in which "truthfully and vividly ... both the heroes of the soldiers and the brilliant commanders, participants in the current terrible war ... were depicted ... ". In 1951, Sholokhov admits that "the image of the great commander is not obtained."
Based on the novel "They Fought for the Motherland", S. Bondarchuk staged a film approved by Sholokhov himself.
The novel "They Fought for the Motherland" deeply reveals the Russian national character, which clearly manifested itself in the days of severe trials. The heroism of the Russian people in the novel is devoid of outwardly brilliant manifestation and appears before us in the modest attire of everyday life, battles, transitions. Such an image of the war leads the reader to the conclusion that the heroic is not in individual deeds, although they are very bright, calling for them, but the whole front-line life is a feat.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov is a remarkable master of the word, who managed to create monumental canvases of folk life, penetrate into peace of mind a person, he conducts a serious conversation with the reader "without the slightest concealment, without the slightest falsity."
