Elite art
Kochanova Polina Grade 10
MBOU "Secondary school No. 14 Pod'yapolskoe"
Motto:"Art for art"
Goal:Self-expression
In modern culture, films by Fellini, Tarkovsky, books by Kafka, Belle, paintings by Picasso, music by Duval, Schnittke are considered elite. However, sometimes elite works become popular (for example, films by Coppolo and Bertolucci, works by Salvador Dali and Shemyakin)
Pablo Picasso - the genius of contemporary art
- In Spain, in the small town of Malaga, on October 25, 1881, a baby was born. The birth was difficult, the born boy could not breathe. Cigarette smoke was blown into his nose to open his lungs. Thus began the life of the world's youngest "smoker" and at the same time the greatest artist of the nineteenth century, Pablo Picasso.
- The boy's unusual talent began to manifest itself in early childhood. His first word was "pencil" and he learned to draw before speaking.
Pablo Picasso can rightfully be called one of the most amazing and inimitable artists. He was always different, but always shocking. The famous paintings of Picasso are an extraordinary tandem of traditional painting and original art. He was so devoted to his works that he did not notice his stylistic inconstancy. Pablo Picasso skillfully combined such extraordinary materials as metal, stone, plaster, charcoal, pencil or oil paints on canvas. The magnificent artist did not stop at anything. Perhaps that is why Picasso's paintings are so surprising with their emotionality and courage.
Top 10 most famous paintings by Pablo Picasso
10. Old guitarist
The painting was painted in 1903 after Picasso's friend Carlos Casagemas committed suicide. At this time, the artist treats with understanding those who have stumbled, humiliated by fate and poverty. This painting was created in Madrid and the distorted style used is reminiscent of El Greco. Shown here is a curved blind man holding a large brown guitar. Brown goes beyond the general color scheme of the painting. Not only in fact, but also symbolically, the guitar fills the entire space around the old man, who, it seems, ignoring blindness and poverty, completely surrendered himself to music.
9. Girl in front of the mirror
In the painting, written in March 1932, we see the image of Picasso's French mistress, Maria Theresa Walter. The style of this painting is called Cubism. The idea behind Cubism is to take an object, break it down into simpler pieces, and then, from multiple perspectives, recreate those pieces on canvas. In The Girl in Front of the Mirror, you can see the image of vanity. The picture at first glance seems quite simple, but if you look closely, you can find various deep symbols in all parts of the picture.
8. Guernica
Perhaps this is one of the most famous pictures of Picasso. This is not just a common picture, but also a strong political statement. Here, the artist criticizes the Nazi bombing of the Basque city of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. The painting is 3.5 meters high and 7.8 meters long and constitutes a powerful indictment against the war. The painting style used is a combination of pastoral and epic in black and white. Guernica is a scrupulous depiction of the tragedies of war and the suffering of civilians.
7. Three musicians
The title of the painting is based on the title of the series, which was completed by Picasso in 1921 at Fontainebleau near Paris. This is a rather large painting in size - its width and height are more than 2 meters. It uses the synthetic style of Cubism, which transforms a piece of art into a sequence of planes, lines and arcs. Each painting under this title depicts Harlequin, Pierrot and a monk. It is believed that these three symbolic heroes are Picasso himself, Guillaume Apollinaire and Max Jacob, respectively. Apollinaire and Jacob were very good friends of Picasso during the 1910s. Some historians, however, believe that Three Musicians is Picasso's belated answer to Matisse and his Piano Lesson.
- Seated woman.
Maria Teresa Walter
Like "Gernika", this work of art was also created in 1937. Picasso's muse was Maria Teresa Walter, and he created many of her calm images. Many believe that this picture resembles a queen from a deck of playing cards - such imagery is often designed using stripes. The work is also done in a cubist style along with the polarization of red and green colors.
5. Dora Maar with a cat
In the painting, which was painted by Picasso in 1941, his Croatian mistress is shown sitting on a chair with a small cat on her shoulder. During his relationship with Dora Maar, which lasted ten years, Picasso painted her portraits many times. Dora herself was a surrealist photographer. This painting is considered one of the least aggressive depictions of Dora Maar, as well as one of the most expensive paintings in the world. In the composition, Picasso showed exceptional attention to detail, many of which are symbolic.
4. Blue nude
"Blue Nude" is one of the earliest masterpieces of Picasso. It was painted in 1902. This painting is from the blue period of Picasso. During this time, Picasso used a pale, cool blue as the dominant color in his paintings and sketches. In most of his paintings during the blue period, strong emotions are reflected using one color. The "blue nude" sits with her back to us in the fetal position. The painting offers no connotation and its emotions are not clear.
3. Avignon maidens
This masterpiece was painted in 1907 and is one of the most typical examples of Cubism in painting. The painting goes beyond traditional composition and presentation. Picasso innovatively uses distorted female bodies and geometric shapes. None of the figures are depicted with traditional femininity, and the women appear slightly menacing. It took Picasso nine months to complete this painting. This painting also reflects the influence of African art.
- Nude, green
leaves and bust
Written in 1932, the painting again depicts Picasso's mistress, Maria Teresa Walter. The canvas, measuring about one and a half meters in length and height, was completed in one day. This painting is considered one of Picasso's greatest achievements during the interwar period. She creates illusions and is considered very sexy.
1. Crying woman
Canvas, painted in oils, "Weeping Woman" was created by Picasso in 1937. It is believed that this painting is a continuation of the theme of the tragedy depicted in Guernica. By painting a crying woman, Picasso focused directly on the human aspect of suffering and created a unique and universal image. This painting completed a series that Picasso painted in protest. The model for the painting (as well as for the entire series) was Dora Maar, who worked as a professional photographer.
These were the most famous paintings by Pablo Picasso.
Thanks for attention!
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Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the aggregate of people's relations to nature, among themselves and to themselves. Culture characterizes the peculiarities of consciousness, behavior and activities of people in specific spheres of social life. The word culture itself has come into use in European social thought since the second half of the 18th century.
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Initially, the concept of culture meant the impact of man on nature, as well as the upbringing and training of man himself. In German classical philosophy, culture is the area of \u200b\u200bhuman spiritual freedom. Many unique types and forms of cultural development were recognized, located in a certain historical sequence and forming a single line of human spiritual evolution. In the late 19th - early 20th century, culture began to see primarily a specific system of values, arranged according to their role in the life and organization of society. At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of "local" civilizations - closed and self-sufficient cultural organisms undergoing similar stages of growth, maturation and death (Spengler) - became widely known. This concept is characterized by the opposition of culture and civilization, which was considered as the last stage in the development of a given society.
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The variety of types of culture can be considered in two aspects: diversity: culture on a scale of humanity, emphasis on socio-cultural supersystems, internal diversity: culture of a separate society, cities, emphasis on subcultures. Within the framework of a separate society, one can distinguish: high (elite) folk (folklore) culture, based on the different level of education of individuals and mass culture, which was formed by the active development of the media.
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Popular culture forms a different one, the one that is called high, or - elite. Mass culture is an indicator of many aspects of the life of society and at the same time a collective propagandist and organizer of society's moods. Within mass culture, there is a hierarchy of values \u200b\u200band a hierarchy of persons. A weighted system of ratings and, on the contrary, scandalous fights, a fight for a seat at the throne. Popular culture is a part of the general culture, separated from the elite culture only by a large number of consumers and social demand.
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The masses are the embodiment of herd, uniformity, stereotyped "D. Bell
american sociologist
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Mozart's music in the Philharmonic Hall remains a phenomenon of elite culture, and the same melody in a simplified version, which sounds like a mobile phone ringing tone, is a phenomenon of mass culture. So, in relation to the subject of creativity - perception, one can distinguish folk culture, elite and mass.
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Elitism and mass character have an equal relation as to the phenomena of Culture. In mass culture itself, one can distinguish, for example, a spontaneously emerging culture under the influence of a mass of external factors: a totalitarian culture imposed on the masses by one or another totalitarian regime and supported by it in every way. The art of socialist realism is one of the main varieties of such art. It is also possible to focus on the functioning and modification of traditional arts and the emergence of new ones. The latter include photography, cinema, television, video, various types of electronic arts, computer art, and their various interconnections and combinations.
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A specific feature of the twentieth century. was the spread of mass culture, mainly due to the developing means of mass communication. The Purpose of Mass Culture What is Popular Culture for? In order to implement the principle of complementarity, when the lack of information in one communication channel is replaced by an excess of it in another. This is how mass culture is opposed to fundamental culture. Mass culture is characterized by anti-modernism and anti-avant-gardeism. If modernism and the avant-garde strive for a complicated writing technique, then mass culture operates with an extremely simple technique worked out by the previous culture. If modernism and the avant-garde are dominated by the attitude towards the new as the main condition for their existence, then mass culture is traditional and conservative, as it is addressed to a huge readership, viewer and audience.
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Popular culture emerged in the 20th century. not only through technological advances that have led to so many sources of information, but also through the development and strengthening of political democracies. It is known that the most developed is mass culture in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. All culture is declared to be mass, and in fact the whole culture is elitist. It sounds paradoxical, but it is.
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Popular culture emerged in the twentieth century. not only through technological advances that have led to so many sources of information, but also through the development and strengthening of political democracies.
It is known that the most developed is mass culture in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. All culture is declared to be mass, and in fact the whole culture is elitist. It sounds paradoxical, but it is.
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Popular culture, being one of the brightest manifestations of the socio-cultural life of modern developed communities, remains a relatively unintelligible phenomenon from the point of view of the general theory of culture. Interesting theoretical foundations for the study of the social functions of culture. In accordance with the concept, two areas can be distinguished in the morphological structure of culture: ordinary culture, mastered by a person in the process of his general socialization in the living environment (primarily in the processes of upbringing and general education), and specialized culture, the development of which requires special (professional) education. An intermediate position between these two areas with the function of a translator of cultural meanings from a specialized culture to the everyday consciousness of a person is occupied by mass culture. Since the disintegration of primitive society, the beginning of the division of labor, social stratification in human collectives and the formation of the first urban civilizations, a corresponding differentiation of culture arose, determined by the difference in social functions of different groups of people associated with their way of life, material resources and social benefits, as well as the emerging ideology and symbols of social prestige. These differentiated segments of the general culture came to be called social subcultures.
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The third social subculture is elite. This word usually means the special sophistication, complexity and high quality of cultural products. Its main function is the production of social order (in the form of law, power, structures of the social organization of society and legitimate violence in the interests of maintaining this organization), as well as the ideology that substantiates this order (in the forms of religion, social philosophy, and political thought). The elite subculture is distinguished by: a very high level of specialization; the highest level of social aspirations of the individual (love of power, wealth and fame is considered the "normal" psychology of any elite).
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The main manifestations and directions of mass culture of our time Among the main manifestations and directions of mass culture of our time, the following can be distinguished: the industry of "subculture of childhood", pursuing the goals of explicit or camouflaged standardization of the content and forms of raising children, introducing into their consciousness the skills of social and personal culture, the foundations of basic value attitudes officially promoted in a given society; a mass general education school closely associated with the attitudes of the "subculture of childhood", introducing students to the basics of scientific knowledge, philosophical and religious ideas about the world around them, to the historical socio-cultural experience of the collective life of people, to the value orientations adopted in the community. the mass media, broadcasting current relevant information to the general population, "explaining" to an ordinary person the meaning of events, judgments and actions of figures from various specialized spheres of public practice and interpreting this information in the "necessary" angle for the customer engaging this media, i.e. actually manipulating people's minds and shaping public opinion on certain issues in the interests of their customer.
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a system of national (state) ideology and propaganda, "patriotic" education, controlling and shaping the political and ideological orientations of the population and its individual groups, manipulating people's consciousness in the interests of the ruling elites. mass political movements (party and youth organizations, manifestations, demonstrations, propaganda and election campaigns.), initiated by the ruling or opposition elites with the aim of involving the general population in political actions. mass social mythology (national chauvinism and hysterical "patriotism", social demagoguery, populism, extrasensory perception, "spy mania", "witch hunt"), simplifying a complex system of human value orientations and a variety of shades of world outlook to elementary dual oppositions ("ours are not ours "), replacing the analysis of complex multifactorial causal relationships between phenomena and events, appeals to simple and, as a rule, fantastic explanations (world conspiracy, intrigues of foreign special services," barabashka ", aliens)
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reflections, from efforts to rationalize the problems that concern them, gives an outlet to emotions in their most infantile manifestation; entertainment industry, which includes popular artistic culture), mass staged and spectacular performances (from circus sports to erotic), professional sports (as a spectacle for fans), structures for organizing recreational activities (corresponding types of clubs, discos, dance floors, etc. etc.) and other types of mass shows. the industry of recreational leisure, physical rehabilitation of a person and correction of his bodily image, which, in addition to the objectively necessary physical recreation of the human body; the industry of intellectual and aesthetic leisure, which introduces people to popular science knowledge, scientific and artistic amateurism, develops general "humanitarian erudition" among the population, actualizing views on the triumph of enlightenment and humanity.
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Genres of mass culture An essential feature of a mass culture product must be entertaining in order for it to be commercially successful, to be bought and the money spent on it made a profit. Amusement is set by the strict structural conditions of the text. Subject and stylistic texture of mass culture products. may be primitive from the point of view of an elite fundamental culture, but it should not be badly done, but on the contrary, in its primitiveness it should be perfect - only in this case it will be guaranteed readership and, therefore, commercial success. Mass literature needs a clear a plot with intrigue and twists and turns and, most importantly, a distinct division into genres.
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We can say that genres of mass culture should have a rigid syntax - an internal structure, but at the same time they may be poor semantically, they may lack deep meaning. The texts of mass literature and cinema are structured in the same way. Why is this needed? This is necessary so that the genre can be recognized immediately; and the expectation should not be violated. The viewer shouldn't be disappointed. A comedy shouldn't spoil a detective story, and a thriller plot should be exciting and dangerous. That is why stories within mass genres are so often repeated. Repetition is a property of myth - this is the deep kinship between mass and elite culture. The actors in the minds of the viewer are identified with the characters. A hero who died in one film, as it were, is resurrected in another, just as archaic mythological gods died and were resurrected. After all, movie stars are the gods of modern mass consciousness. A variety of mass culture texts are cult texts. Their main feature is that they penetrate so deeply into the mass consciousness that they produce intertexts, but not in themselves, but in the surrounding reality. Thus, the most famous cult texts of Soviet cinema - "Chapaev", "Adjutant of His Excellency", "Seventeen Moments of Spring" - provoked endless quotes in the mass consciousness and formed anecdotes about Chapaev and Petka, about Stirlitz. That is, cult texts of mass culture. form around themselves a special intertext reality. After all, it cannot be said that the jokes about Chapaev and Stirlitz are part of the internal structure of these texts themselves. They are part of the structure of life itself, linguistic, elements of the daily life of the language. An elite culture, which in its internal structure is built in a complex and sophisticated way, cannot influence the extra-textual reality in this way. It is true that some modernist or avant-garde technique is mastered by the fundamental culture to such an extent that it becomes a cliché. Then it can be used by popular culture texts. As an example, we can cite the famous Soviet cinematographic posters, where the huge face of the main character of the film was depicted in the foreground, and in the background little people were killing someone or just flickering. This change, distortion of proportions is a stamp of surrealism. But the mass consciousness perceives it as realistic, although everyone knows that there is no head without a body, and that space is, in essence, ridiculous.
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Elite culture
Eckardt G.A., teacher of history, MAOU "Secondary School No. 1"
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The subject of an elite, high culture is a person - a free, creative person capable of carrying out conscious activities. The creations of this culture are always personally colored and designed for personal perception, regardless of the breadth of their audience, which is why the wide distribution and millions of copies of the works of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Shakespeare not only do not diminish their importance, but, on the contrary, contribute to the widespread dissemination of spiritual values. In this sense, the subject of elite culture is a representative of the elite.
Elite culture is the culture of the privileged groups of society, characterized by fundamental closeness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency
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Features:
complexity, specialization, creativity, innovation;
the ability to form consciousness, ready for active transformative activity and creativity in accordance with the objective laws of reality;
the ability to concentrate the spiritual, intellectual and artistic experience of generations;
the presence of a limited range of values \u200b\u200brecognized as true and "high";
a rigid system of norms accepted by this stratum as obligatory and unswerving in the community of "initiates";
individualization of norms, values, evaluation criteria of activity, often principles and forms of behavior of members of an elite community, thus becoming unique;
the creation of a new, deliberately complicated cultural semantics that requires special training and an immense cultural outlook from the addressee;
the use of a deliberately subjective, individually creative, "defamatory" interpretation of the ordinary and familiar, which brings the subject's cultural assimilation of reality closer to a mental (sometimes artistic) experiment on it and, in the extreme, replaces the reflection of reality in elite culture with its transformation, imitation with deformation, penetration into meaning - conjecture and rethinking of the given;
semantic and functional "closeness", "narrowness", isolation from the whole national culture, which turns elite culture into a kind of secret, sacred, esoteric knowledge, taboo for the rest of the masses, and its carriers turn into a kind of "priests" of this knowledge, the chosen of the gods , "Servants of the muses", "keepers of secrets and faith", which is often played out and poeticized in the elite culture.
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Plot: Russian writer Andrei Gorchakov comes to Italy in search of biographical traces of the serf musician Pavel Sosnovsky, who once visited these places. The search for signs of the emigration days of the musician's life - this is what connects Gorchakov with the translator Yugenia, who is helplessly trying to understand the reason for the melancholy of a Russian friend through a volume of poetry by Arseny Tarkovsky. Soon Gorchakov begins to realize that the musician's story is partly his own story: in Italy he feels like a stranger, but he can no longer return home. A painful numbness seizes the hero, homesickness turns into illness ...
Elite culture
Elite culture is a high culture, opposed to mass culture by the type of influence on the perceiving consciousness, preserving its subjective characteristics and providing a meaning-forming function. The subject of an elite, high culture is a person - a free, creative person capable of carrying out conscious activities. The creations of this culture are always personally colored and designed for personal perception, regardless of the breadth of their audience. In this sense, the subject of elite culture is a representative of the elite.
People with a high educational level and developed aesthetic taste become consumers of elite culture. Many of them are themselves creators of works of art or their professional researchers. First of all, we are talking about writers, artists, musicians, art historians, literary and art critics. This circle also includes connoisseurs and connoisseurs of art, regular visitors to museums, theaters and concert halls.
The elite culture is not understandable to the crowd, therefore it stands apart, meeting the needs of a particular group of the population. The famous "Diaghilev Russian Seasons" in Paris, the teachings of F. Nietzsche, the world of rockers, the club of great athletes, scientific and creative associations - all these are products of an elite culture. They are created by real professionals, each of them is a difficult product for mass perception.
Elite culture arose as the antithesis of the mass culture and its meaning manifests itself in comparison with the latter. The essence of elite culture was first analyzed by H. Ortega y Gasset and K. Mannheim, who considered this culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the main meanings of culture and having a number of fundamentally important features, including the way of verbal communication - the language developed by it speakers, where special social groups - clergymen, politicians, artists - use special languages \u200b\u200bthat are closed to the uninitiated, including Latin and Sanskrit.
To give a clear difference between elite culture and mass culture, one can mention the music of the great L. Beethoven. Its performance in the Philharmonic Hall is interesting only for true connoisseurs of the classics, but the ordinary audience of music lovers will prefer to hear a mass consumption product reproduced in a simplified form, sounding, for example, on a CD or in a mobile phone.
Most of the works of elite culture are initially avant-garde or experimental. They use artistic means that will become clear to the mass consciousness after a few decades. Sometimes experts even call the exact term - 50 years. In other words, examples of elite culture are half a century ahead of their time.
The emergence of the elite In ancient Greece, the intellectual elite was distinguished as a special professional group - the custodian and bearer of higher knowledge. rabble, intellectual elite. During the Renaissance, F. Petrarch divided people into rabble, despicable people - these are uneducated fellow citizens, smug ignoramuses - and the intellectual elite. The theory of elites The theory of elites is formed at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries (Poretto)
The theory of elites, in any social group there is the highest privileged stratum According to the theory of elites, in any social group there is the highest privileged stratum, which carries out the functions of managing and developing culture. Elite The elite is the most capable of spiritual activity, gifted with high moral and aesthetic inclinations, a part of society, which ensures progress. Elite is characterized by a high degree of activity and productivity. It is usually opposed to mass.
The theory of elites Elite stable patterns of thinking The elite is able to develop stable patterns of thinking, assessments and forms of communication, standards of behavior, preferences and tastes. elite culture A vivid example of the development of such samples and standards is the elite culture
Elite art Elite art was especially widespread at the beginning of the 20th century. art of true aesthetic pleasure It manifested itself in the variety of directions of modernism (abstractionism, cubism, surrealism, etc.), which focused on the creation of art of pure form, the art of true aesthetic pleasure, devoid of any practical meaning and social significance.
