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Animalism, animalism - art style
Animalistics (Animalistic genre), another name - Animalism (from Lat. animal - animal) - a genre of fine arts, the main object of which are animals, mainly in painting, photography, sculpture and graphics. Animalism combines natural science and artistic principles. The main task of the animalist can be both the accuracy of the image of the animal and artistic and figurative characteristics, including decorative expressiveness or endowing animals with human features, actions and experiences (for example, fables).
From sculpture, animalistic ceramics are widespread.
Animalism, animalistics - history
Stylized figures of animals are found among the monuments of the animal style (en), in the art of the Ancient East, Africa, Oceania, ancient America, in the folk art of many countries. Artists working in the animalistic genre are called animalists.
Animalism, animalistics - representatives
Yi Yuanji (c. 1000 - c. 1064) - Chinese artist, especially famous for his skill in drawing monkeys
- Zhu Zhanji (1398-1435) - Chinese emperor and master of drawing dogs and monkeys.
- Frans Snyders (1579-1657) - Flemish painter.
- Jan Wildens (1586-1653) - Flemish painter.
- Jan Faith (1611-1661) - Flemish painter and printmaker.
- Paulus Potter (1625-1654) - Dutch painter.
- David Koninck (1636-1699) - Flemish painter.
- Mori Sosen (森 狙 仙) (1749-1821) - Japanese master of drawing monkeys
- Jacques Laurent Agassay (1767-1849) - Swiss painter.
- Karl Kuntz (1770-1830) - German painter and printmaker.
- Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) - French painter and graphic artist.
- Pyotr Klodt (1805-1867) - Russian sculptor.
- Philippe Rousseau (1816-1887) - French painter.
- Joseph Wolf (1820-1899) - German graphic artist and painter.
- Brighton Riviere (1840-1820) - English painter.
- Heinrich von Zugel (1850-1941) - German painter.
- August Gaul (1869-1921) - German sculptor.
- Franz Mark (1880-1916) - German expressionist painter.
- Vasily Vatagin (1883-1969) - Russian painter and sculptor.
- Evgeny Charushin (1901-1965) - Russian graphic artist, Honored Artist of the RSFSR.
- Konstantin Flerov (1904-1980) - Russian paleontologist, graphic artist and painter, Doctor of Science.
- Nikolai Kondakov (1908-1999) - Russian biologist, illustrator, Ph.D.
- Ryen Purtvliet (1932-1995) - Dutch illustrator.
- Robert Bateman (born 1930) is a Canadian animal painter.
Animalism, animalistics - works
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In the visual arts, it is perhaps the oldest in history. Our ancestors scraped out images of animals with sharp stones on the walls of their caves. The proof of this is in France.
Many centuries have passed since then. Painting, drawing and sculpture have acquired a rich history, and the animalistic genre - paintings by famous artists testify to this - has become less popular. However, despite the emergence of new objects of image, such as people, architecture, landscapes and much more, animalism has not ceased to be in demand among both artists and art lovers.
Animalistic genre in the visual arts: paintings depicting the animal world
Animalism is the depiction of animals on objects of art. This genre is not limited to drawing and painting, but is actively used in a number of other types of art. Many artists and critics consider animalism to be the most universal genre in the world, since images of animals are characteristic of people of all eras and cultures.
Images of animals are also characteristic of works of art created in a different genre. For example, the famous painting by Shishkin "Morning in a pine forest". Shishkin is the greatest landscape painter in the history of Russian art, and Morning in a Pine Forest is undoubtedly a landscape, but with elements of the animalistic genre. It is worth noting that Shishkin did not paint his famous bears, they were made by the animal artist Konstantin Savitsky.
This practice was extremely popular among animalists. For example, Frans Snyders - one of the most famous artists of the animalistic genre - often drew animals in paintings by Rubens. It is noteworthy that not all artists, even the most famous ones, could cope with the depiction of animals and birds.
History of the animalistic genre
The image of animals is the most ancient ardor for which did not fade until the Renaissance and the centralization of the focus on man with his classical ideals. It is noteworthy that in the era of classicism, animals were depicted on vases, mosaics and frescoes with enviable regularity.
Our early ancestors, scraping the figures of those animals they hunted and those they escaped from on the stone walls of their rough dwellings, sought to systematize life and the environment, teach descendants, and pay tribute to nature. It is worth noting that the figures of animals were often depicted in much more detail than the figures of human hunters. This early animalism is commonly referred to as the animal style.
Later, in the culture of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and other regions, it was popular to depict deities in the form of animals or to deify the representatives of the fauna themselves. Thus, images of animals appeared on objects of worship, walls of tombs and jewelry.
Oddly enough, the animalistic genre in the visual arts began to take on modern features precisely during the Renaissance - an era when painting was predominantly religious. Although it is worth noting that most of the genres took shape thanks to the Renaissance.
Animalistic genre: artists
The first representatives of the animalistic genre in art are the Chinese artist Yi Yuanji (early 11th century), famous for depicting monkeys, and the Chinese emperor Xuande from (mid-15th century), who painted monkeys and dogs as a hobby.
In Renaissance Europe, the animalistic genre was developed by one of the greatest representatives of the Northern Renaissance, Albrecht Durer. While his contemporaries wrote religious subjects, Dürer actively studied flora and fauna; his watercolors, drawings and lithographs indicate that one of the pillars of Renaissance art was interested in the animalistic genre. The paintings of famous artists of that time rarely deviated from the accepted norms of painting, but even on the canvases of Leonardo and Raphael, albeit rarely, animals and birds still appear.
The most prominent and famous animal painter is the Flemish painter Frans Snyders. He is especially famous for his still lifes with hunting trophies.
Animalism in painting
During the Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism and subsequent styles, animalism was never not only dominant, but even a popular genre. However, talented animal painters were able to secure a decent living by collaborating with other artists such as Frans Snyders.
Aristocrats and the bourgeoisie, especially in England, ordered images of leading horses at races or their favorites. Many portraits of the same Baroque era featured people with pets. In a military portrait, it was necessary to depict the leaders on horseback. Often, many aristocrats preferred to be portrayed in the saddle. The animalistic genre in painting was popular among the bourgeoisie, especially with regard to images of hunting and game caught.
Animalistic genre in sculpture
Images of animals in sculpture are very popular all over the world. From Capitoline Wolf and Braunschweig Lion to Bronze Horseman and Berlin Bear, animal sculptures often become symbols of cities and historical events.
Especially among animal sculptors, Antoine-Louis Bari stands out, who worked in the era of romanticism. His sculptures are characterized by drama and energy characteristic of romantics. Bari, however, was an unusually talented sculptor who studied in detail the anatomy and plasticity of animals. According to him, the image of an animal in motion requires special observation, because anatomy alone is not enough here. Each animal has its own plasticity, manner of movement and characteristic habits that must be captured in order for the image to turn out natural.
Other types of animalism
The animalistic genre has not bypassed photography either. Today, many professional photographers and talented amateurs pay attention to the natural beauty and strength of animals. This is especially true against the background of modern environmental problems and the desire of many people and organizations to pay attention to them and prevent possible disasters that threaten us with the loss of beautiful and charming animal species, such as the Amur tiger, panda, koala and western gorilla.
The name of this genre comes from the Latin word "anima" - "animal". It includes works of painting, sculpture, graphics, arts and crafts and folk art depicting animals. An animal painter must combine a great love and sensitivity to nature with the observation of a scientist.
The fauna was of great importance in the life of primitive man. The most ancient artists left on the walls of the caves colorful drawings of deer, bison and mammoths, which are still striking in their authenticity. In the 1st millennium BC. NS. magic figurines of birds and animals made of clay, metal, bones gave rise to the so-called animal style in the art of the Scythian tribes from the Carpathians to the borders of Western China. The immediacy of the living form combined with the ornamental composition of the compositions will remain for a long time in the decorative and applied art of many peoples.
Images of animals achieve unrivaled monumentality and grandeur in Ancient Egypt. After all, the Egyptians considered many animals to be gods. Sphinxes, humanoid deities with the heads of animals and birds, embodied the connection between human and animal principles in nature. The same idea of the unity of the world prompted the ancient inhabitants of Peru and Mexico to combine figures of people and animals in bizarre groups in the adornments of decorative vessels.
In Ancient Japan and Ancient China, images of animals became a common motif in decorative and monumental compositions. The most essential in each image is invariably noted. The main achievement of the art of ancient Crete was dynamism, which pervaded all generalized images - from a bull to flying fish. In the countries of Ancient Mesopotamia, figures and heads of bulls, lions, horses were decorated with dishes, weapons, carved seals and musical instruments.
The reliefs of palaces in ancient Nineveh and Susa convey with amazing power the character of animals, especially lions, which in hunting scenes are depicted as worthy rivals of powerful kings.
For the artists of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, man becomes the main object of art; images of animals do not play a significant role in ancient art.
The wounded lioness. Fragment of the relief "Big, lion hunt" from the palace of King Ashurbanapal in Nineveh. 669 - c. 663 BC NS. Limestone. British museum. London.
In their desire to reflect the real world in all its diversity, artists of the European Renaissance widely practice life-style sketches of animals, images of which are found in sculpture, frescoes and easel paintings. One of the first to turn to such images in the 15th century. A. Pisanello, and in the XVI century. Leonardo da Vinci and Albrecht Durer created remarkable in strength and accuracy drawings of animals.
In Holland of the 17th century. the image of animals stands out as a separate genre. Its founders A. Cape and P. Potter masterfully show domestic animals against the backdrop of farms and pastures. Each animalist chooses a favorite range of themes and images. In the XIX century. the outstanding sculptor A. L. Bari reflected his admiration for the love of freedom and the peculiar grace of animals in dynamic groups of predators. And K. Troyon, who was close to the artists of the Barbizon school, painted poetic landscapes with cows and sheep, surrounded by peaceful countryside. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. the Swede B. Liljefors depicts wild animals in their natural habitat, the French sculptor F. Pompon shows interest in the decorative and plastic qualities of birds and animals, and the German painter F. Mark in his works revives the heroic images of wild animals.
V.A.Serov. Illustration for the fable by I. A. Krylov "The Lion and the Wolf" Graphite pencil, ink, pen. State Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow.
The first animal painter in Russia was in the 18th century. I.F. Groot. In the XIX century. N. Ye. Sverchkov, E. A. Lansere and especially P. K. Klodt (sculptural groups on the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg) achieve great expressiveness in the images of horses. The highest achievement of the Russian animalistic genre is the virtuoso graphic illustrations for the fables of I. A. Krylov, performed by V. A. Serov ... They combine the sharpness of nature sketches of animals with gentle humor.
P. Potter. Farm. 1649. Oil on canvas. State Hermitage. Leningrad.
The creativity of Soviet animalists in painting, easel and park sculpture, as well as in book graphics, is distinguished by a deep understanding of the natural world. The oldest sculptor and graphic artist V.A.Vatagin, with scientific observation, conveys the attractive liveliness of his feathered and four-legged heroes. The sculptor I. S. Efimov prefers decorative solutions. In the fairy-tale illustrations by Yu. A. Vasnetsov and other masters, the traditions of folk decorative art are reflected, the images of which still live in woodcarving, bone, stone, folk clay toys and embroidery.
V.A.Vatagin. Mammoths. 1946. Wood.
Animal image
Knowledge of the anatomy, life and habits of an animal is a prerequisite for creating a complete image. This knowledge is acquired gradually, and one should not miss a single opportunity to replenish it.
Drawing from a living nature is the main way of knowing an animal.
Impressions gleaned directly from life are the only, irreplaceable, truly living material for the artist's further creative work.
It is better to start acquaintance with drawing an animal with a training sketch. The sketch conveys in the most general and scanty lines various poses, moments of movement and proportions of the animal, as well as its individual parts. When sketching, you should not pay attention to the details, you also don't need to shade. A sketch is the quickest way to capture your first impressions of nature on paper.
The line is the main element of the sketch, it should be applied to the paper easily and freely, while maintaining clarity. For sketches, it is best to use smooth thin paper and a medium-soft pencil. On rough paper, the soft pencil line breaks into dots, smears more easily and loses its sharpness. It is better for a beginner to draw light lines without blackening them: in this case, you can leave the wrong lines without erasing, and replace them with more correct ones, and at the end of the sketch, erase the unnecessary; Thus, the beginner gets used to using the rubber band less often and not to shag the paper in vain: not all paper can endure the rubber band.
For the first acquaintance with some animal or bird, it is convenient to take a medium-sized sheet of paper and start sketching from the upper left side, on one sheet - several, following the changing poses of nature (do not make them too small - there should be five sketches on the sheet or six).
Do not scatter during work. Having chosen a nature, you should focus on it as seriously and as long as possible.
One should strive for the beauty of the line, and for the sharp and correct expression of the character of the depicted, that is, the semantic content of the sketch.
A genre of fine art associated with the depiction of animals in painting, graphics, sculpture and decorative arts. Is one of the oldest painting genres ... The main activity of the ancient man was hunting. The study of the nature of the animal, its habits was of practical value. All this was reflected in the rock and wall paintings of primitive people.
An artist who specializes in this genre is called animalist... He focuses on the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, but at the same time conveys its anatomical mood with scientific accuracy.
In book graphics, illustrations for fairy tales, fables, allegorical and satirical works, the animal is often "humanized", that is, endowed with features inherent in people, actions and experiences, dresses in costumes.
For sculpture and small plastic arts, decorative and folk art (woodcarving, bone, stone, clay toys, embroidery), the decorative expressiveness of the figure, silhouette, texture, color of the animal is especially important. In Russian art, a large group of artists has formed who have created vivid images of animals: E. Lancere, P. Klodt, V. Serov, V. Vatagin, I. Efimov, E. Charushin, E. Rachev, Yu. Vasnetsov and others.
EXAMPLES:
V.A.Vatagin. Young Antelopes. "Sketch of an elephant." "Stpayc". "Giraffe". Pencil on paper
The most important thing in sketches of animals is the transfer of their characteristic features. For example, for an elephant, the main thing is its massiveness, a leisurely gait. The artist made a sketch of an elephant with soft, wide, unhurried lines. These lines have different lighting - somewhere they are bright, somewhere they are barely noticeable. This technique in drawing helps to convey the volume of an object.
In the work of Vatagin one can find peculiar portraits of animals. For example, a drawing of a beautiful giraffe. Her huge shiny eyes, quivering lips, graceful ears, high neck are admirable!
Young antelopes are graceful and flexible. The artist admires their graceful forms. With love, he draws the lines of the neck, smoothly merging into the body. The line seems to flow from the bottom of the muzzle to the ear and again falls on the neck. An unusually expressive sketch of an ostrich! The bird goes on the offensive: powerful wings spread, a quick step of strong legs, and it even seems that you can hear its cry.
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Slide captions:
The artist's attitude to the natural world. Animalistic genre Auth.Kotin V.V. Fine art teacher MOBU Secondary School No. 54, N-Novgorod
History of origin Primitive people painted animals and hunting scenes Depicting animals, man conveyed either wildness or victory over him to man
The animal is the source of life for man .. It is inextricably linked with the animal world and depends on it.
In the process of evolutionary development, mankind has mastered new forms of communication with the animal world: in a tamed animal, a person found a defender of his well-being and a devoted friend. In the ancient world, images of animals were symbolic of the Sphinxes, the personification of the unity of animal and man. In Assyrian culture, the image of a winged bull with the head of a man, in Greek, a centaur. The cat symbolized wisdom and grace, lion-strength and fury.
An animal becomes not only a source of material existence for man, but also a means of his spiritual development, the embodiment of beauty and perfection. The image of an animal occupies a significant place in the visual arts. A separate genre appeared, which was named animalistic.
Animal painters A whole galaxy of animal painters celebrates the wonderful world of wildlife. Rembrandt. Lying lion Rembrandt. Elephants
Animals in the works of VA Vatagin are humanized, they are endowed with certain human traits and feelings inherent in humans (arrogance, severity, significance, concentration, melancholy, etc.) Leopard. Ink, Puma feather. Ink, pen
It is very difficult to depict an animal from nature. Therefore, the artist must watch them for hours. Tiger. Pencil head of a tiger. Pencil Behemoth. Pencil
V. Serov. Greyhound V.Vatagin Tiger.Waterrel A.Ivanov. Horse sketch
Images of animals in literary works Animalism is associated not only with the visual arts, but also with literature. Very often we see specific human traits in the images of animals, which are either praised or denounced by the author. The fox is cunning, quirky, the hare is cowardly, the bear is strict, but fair. Russian tales
Wonderful drawings for Krylov's fables were made by Russian artist Valentin Serov. There is a gullible crow with cheese, and a sly fox, and a clumsy quartet in which they play “the prankster Monkey, Donkey, Goat and clubfoot Bear”.
Test Yourself 1. What do you know about the animalistic genre? 2. Name the animal artists. 3. What can you say about the drawings of animals made by V. Serov, V. Vatagin? 4. Do you like to draw animals? What's your favorite animal?
On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes
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