Pechorin's tragedy, its essence and problems. What is Pechorin's tragedy? Several interesting compositions

And his generation (based on the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time")

The novel "A Hero of Our Time" can hardly be attributed to instructive and edifying literature. Rather, it arouses interest in that the author asks philosophical questions, but does not answer them himself, giving the reader the opportunity to decide for himself what is true and what is not. The protagonist of the novel, on the one hand, is the focus of “the vices of the entire generation in their full development,” and on the other, a person who, in many respects, stood a step higher than most representatives of the generation of young people of that time. That is why Pechorin is lonely. He is looking for a person who could somehow oppose him, understand him.

Pechorin was an aristocrat by birth, received a secular upbringing. Coming out of the care of relatives, "set off into the big world" and "began to enjoy all the pleasures madly." The frivolous life of the Aris Tokrat soon became disgusting for him, and reading books, like Onegin, got bored. After the "uproarious history in St. Petersburg," Pechorin was exiled to the Caucasus.

Drawing the appearance of his hero, the author emphasizes with a few strokes his aristocratic origin: "pale, noble forehead", "small aristocratic hand", "dazzlingly pure white". Pechorin is a physically strong and hardy person: "broad shoulders proved a strong build, capable of enduring all the difficulties of nomadic life ... invincible neither by the debauchery of metropolitan life, nor by emotional storms." In the portrait of the hero, internal qualities are also reflected: contradiction and secrecy. Is it not surprising that, "despite the light color of his hair, his mustache and eyebrows are black"? His eyes did not laugh when he laughed.

“Born for a lofty goal,” he is forced to live in agonizing inaction or to waste his energy on actions that are unworthy of a real person. Even sharp adventures cannot satisfy him. Love only brings disappointment and grief. He causes grief to those around him, and this deepens his suffering. Remember the fate of Bela, Grushnitsky, Princess Mary and Vera, Maxim Maksimych.

Pechorin is trying to put the people around him on the same level with himself. But they do not stand up to such comparisons: the generation is simply not ready, not capable of any changes, and all the dark human sides are revealed. Testing people, the hero sees their baseness, inability to do noble deeds, and this oppresses him and destroys his soul. Pechorin, in the depths of his soul, believes in a person, studies him and, not finding support for his faith, suffers. This is a person who has not found a lofty goal for himself. Precisely high, because such strong, strong-willed natures do not attract ordinary everyday goals. The only thing he mastered was the ability to see through people. And he wants to change this world. Pechorin sees the path to perfection in "communicating with suffering." Everyone who meets him is subjected to a harsh, uncompromising test.

Pechorin not only makes people rise higher in spiritual development, but also tries to understand himself. He is looking for the ideal of purity, nobility, spiritual beauty. Perhaps this ideal is embedded in Bela? Alas. Disappointment again. The girl could not rise above the servile love for Pechorin. Pechorin appears to be an egoist, thinking only about his feelings - Bela quickly bored him, love dried up. Nevertheless, the death of the girl deeply wounded the hero, changed his life. Probably, he no longer kept entries in the diary and hardly fell in love with anyone else.

Gradually, we begin to understand Pechorin's ways, we see how different he is from the rest of the heroes, how deep his feelings are. The image of Pechorin is presented most widely through the perception of other people: Maksim Maksimych, Princess Mary, etc. Pechorin and Maksim Maksimych do not have mutual understanding. Between them there is not and cannot be a true feeling of attachment. Friendship between them is impossible due to the limitations of one and the doom to loneliness of the other. If everything that passed is sweet for Maksim Maksimych, then for Pechorin it is painful. Pecho-rin leaves, realizing that the conversation will not bring them closer, but, on the contrary, will intensify the bitterness that has not yet subsided.

But not all representatives of the Pechorin, and therefore Lermontov, generation have lost the ability to feel, not all have become gray and immoral. Pechorin awakened the soul of Princess Mary, who could fade away because of Grushnitsky's facelessness. The girl fell in love with Pechorin, but he does not accept her feelings, not wanting to deceive. He cannot and does not want to live quietly, calmly, content with peaceful joys. Here once again Pechorin's egoism manifested itself, leaving Mary alone with a soulless society. But this girl will never fall in love with the self-righteous dandy being drawn.

In a socially close circle, Pechorin is not loved, and some simply hate. They feel his superiority and their inability to resist him. Society hides its depravity and deceit. But all the tricks to disguise themselves are in vain: Pechorin sees the falsity of the same Grushnitsky, a frivolous and dishonorable man. Pechorin is testing him too, hoping that there, in the depths of his soul, there is at least a drop of honesty and nobility. But Grushnitsky could not overcome his petty pride. That is why Pechorin is so cruel in a duel. Rejection of society painfully wounds Pechorin. He does not strive for enmity, tries to enter the circle of people close to him in social status. But they cannot understand Lermontov's hero, just like others who do not belong to this circle. But all who nevertheless turned out to be closer to Pecho-rin leave his life. Of these, Werner is too naive, although the egocentrism of Pechorin, who does not recognize friendship, played an important role in their relationship. They did not become friends. By the will of fate, he remains without Vera. Pechorin's only "worthy interlocutor" is his diary. With him, he can be completely frank, not hide his vices and merits. At the end of the book, the hero enters into a struggle not with people, but with fate itself. And it comes out victorious, thanks to courage, will and thirst for the unknown.

However, along with the wealth of mental strength and talent of the hero, Lermontov reveals in Pechorin such qualities that sharply reduce his image. Pechorin is a cold egoist, he is indifferent to the suffering of others. But the author's most serious accusation against Pechorin is that his hero has no life purpose. Thinking about the question of the purpose of his life, he wrote in the "journal": "And, it is true, it existed and, it is true, I had a high assignment, because I feel immense strength in my soul."

At all times, the attitude towards Pechorin was not unambiguous. Some saw, others did not see in him a "hero of the time." But there is a certain mystery hidden in this image. Pechorin cannot be predicted or comprehended. Its distinctive feature is that, understanding the nothingness of the surrounding world, he does not humble himself, but fights, seeks. Loneliness makes him a colorless person, like the rest. There are many negative features in him: he is cruel, selfish, unmerciful to people. But at the same time (which is important!) Does not judge anyone, but gives everyone the opportunity to open their souls, to show good qualities. But if this does not happen, then he is merciless.

Pechorins are rare. Not everyone can look at the world soberly, appreciate it and ... not accept it as it is. Do not accept all the evil, cruelty, heartlessness and other vices of humanity. Not many can rise up, fight and seek. Not everyone is given this.

The tragedy of Pechorin is that he could not realize his spiritual and physical strength, his life is wasted.

Analyzing the image of Pechorin, VG Belinsky said: “This is Onegin of our time, a hero of our time. Their dissimilarity is much less than the distance between Onego and Pechora. " Onegin is a reflection of the era of the 20s, the era of the Decembrists; Pecho-rin is the hero of the third decade of the "cruel century". Both of them are thinking intellectuals of their time. But Pechorin lived in a difficult era of social oppression and inaction, and Onegin - in a period of social revival and could be a Decembrist. Pechorin did not have this opportunity. Therefore Belinsky says: "Onegin is bored, but Pechorin is suffering."

In the novel "A Hero of Our Time" Lermontov introduces the reader to the image of a person who has absorbed the most characteristic qualities of the generation of the 30s of the XIX century. The novel examines the problem of the "superfluous person" on the example of the main character, Pechorin.
Pechorin is a very difficult and contradictory person. His life bears the imprint of a tragedy. This is both the tragedy of a person rejected by society, and the tragedy of a crippled soul. What is this tragedy and what are its origins and causes?
Pechorin is placed in conditions in which his extraordinary personality cannot fully reveal himself and express himself, and therefore is forced to waste his strength on unnecessary small intrigues, bringing people only misfortune. Pechorin is forced to play the role of an egoist, that is, to be “unwillingly selfish”, and to suffer because of this himself.
This is the tragedy of the hero.
Pechorin stands out from the general mass of the people around him. He is smart, straightforward and perceptive. Lie and pretense, hypocrisy and cowardice are alien to him. He is not satisfied with an empty and monotonous existence in pursuit of petty, insignificant interests. Pechorin does not want to go along with everyone with the flow. With his intelligence and strength of character, he is capable of the most decisive and daring actions. If he directed his activities towards good, lofty goals, he could achieve a lot. But fate and life ordered differently. As a result, Pechorin appears before us as an egoist who lives in the world in order to dispel his boredom at the expense of the misfortunes of others. He lives not with his heart, but with his mind. His soul is half dead. “I have become a moral cripple,” Pechorin confesses to Princess Mary. Pechorin is full of contempt and hatred for people. He loves to study the psychology of people in various situations, not empathizing or sympathizing, but completely indifferent. Pechorin brings nothing but misfortune to those around him. It is his fault that smugglers suffer, Bela dies, the life of Vera and Princess Mary is destroyed, Grushnitsky dies. “I played the role of an ax in the hands of fate,” Pechorin writes in his diary. What prompted the hero to act cruel, selfish? Most likely a desire to dispel boredom. Pechorin did not think that behind each of his unbridled actions there was a living person with a soul and heart, with his own feelings and desires. Pechorin did everything for himself and nothing for others. “I look at the sufferings and joys of others only in relation to myself,” Pechorin admits. Here is how he explains his actions in relation to Princess Mary: "... There is an immense pleasure in the possession of a young, barely blossoming soul ... I feel this insatiable greed in me." It is not for nothing that Princess Mary thinks Pechorin is worse than a murderer.
What made the hero so? Possessing outstanding qualities, Pechorin from childhood stood out from the crowd of peers, friends and other people. He put himself above others, and society put him below. Society does not tolerate those who are not like everyone else, it cannot come to terms with the existence of an extraordinary, somehow outstanding personality. And yet people did not manage to bring Pechorin to their average level, but they managed to cripple his soul. Pechorin became secretive, envious, rancorous. "And then despair was born in my chest - not that despair that can be cured with the barrel of a gun, but cold, powerless despair, covered with courtesy and a good-natured smile."
Using Pechorin as an example, Lermontov shows the inevitable conflict between a thinking person and society, the confrontation between a strong personality and a gray, faceless crowd, the problem of an “extra person”.
But is it possible to unambiguously call the hero a cruel egoist.
"... If I am the cause of the misfortune of others, then I myself am no less unhappy! .. I ... am very deserving of regret," Pechorin believes. Indeed, torturing others, Pechorin himself suffers no less. If he is an egoist, then a suffering egoist. Genuine human feelings have not completely died in him. An example is the attitude towards Faith. Indeed, his feelings for this woman are genuine. Pechorin, in essence, is a deeply unhappy person. He is lonely and incomprehensible.
People shun him, feeling some kind of unkind power in him. Pechorin lives without a goal, without aspirations, wasted on empty intrigues, unnecessary passions. But despite this, his heart is still able to love, his soul - to feel, and his eyes - to cry. At the end of the chapter "Princess Mary" we see Pechorin crying like a child. We see an unhappy, lonely person who has not found his place in life, repents of his actions, a person who causes pity and compassion.
The image of Pechorin is a tragic image of a thinking, strong person. Pechorin is a child of his time, in him Lermontov concentrated the main typical vices of his generation, namely: boredom, individualism, contempt. Lermontov portrayed a person who is in a struggle with society and with himself and the tragedy of this person.

What is Pechorin's tragedy?

Approximate text of the essay

The novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" was created in the era of government reaction, when every free thought, every living feeling was suppressed. This bleak decade has given birth to a new type of people - disillusioned skeptics, "suffering selfishness" devastated by the aimlessness of life. Such is Lermontov's hero.

He is endowed with a sharp analytical mind, strength of character, a kind of charm, in his soul "immense strength" lurks. But there is a lot of evil on his conscience. With enviable constancy, not wanting it himself, Pechorin causes suffering to the people around him. How does Lermontov relate to his hero? The writer tries to understand the essence and origins of the tragedy of Pechorin's fate. He confronts his hero with different people: mountaineers, smugglers, "water society". And everywhere the eccentricity, the strength of Pechorin's personality is revealed. He eagerly seeks applications for his extraordinary abilities, "immense mental strength", but the historical reality and psychological characteristics of his character doom him to tragic loneliness. The thirst for action, interest in life, fearlessness and determination push him to "Taman" in search of dangerous adventures that end in the destruction of the well-established world of "peaceful smugglers". The hero's attempt to find natural, simple happiness in the love of the mountain woman Bela also ends in failure. Pechorin frankly confesses to Maxim Maksimych that "the love of a savage is little better than the love of a noble lady; the ignorance and innocence of one is as annoying as the coquetry of the other."

A man like Pechorin cannot be satisfied with the love of a simple girl. He strives for something more. His rich and complex inner world is not able to comprehend neither the beautiful "savage" Bela, nor the good-natured Maksim Maksimych. It is the story of the old staff captain that first introduces us to this mysterious hero. For all his sympathy for Pechorin, Maxim Maksimych was able to notice only some of the oddities of the "thin ensign". He is outraged by Pechorin's seeming indifference after Bela's death. And only from a casual remark that "Pechorin was ill for a long time, was thin", one can guess about the true strength of his experiences.

In the story "Maksim Maksimych" the author gives an opportunity to look closely at Pechorin's original appearance, which reveals the complexity and contradictions of his inner world. Noteworthy is the rare combination of blond hair and black eyes, broad shoulders and pale thin fingers. But his look is especially striking: his eyes "did not laugh when he laughed." The author concludes: "This is a sign of either an evil disposition, or deep and constant sadness." The diary of the hero, his sincere and fearless confession helps to understand the riddle of Pechorin's nature. The stories "Taman", "Princess Mary" and "Fatalist" show that Pechorin, possessing outstanding abilities, does not find use for them. This is especially clearly manifested in the relationship of the hero with people of his circle, with the "water society" of Pyatigorsk. Pechorin is head and shoulders above the empty adjutants and pompous dandies who "drink - but not water, walk a little, drag only in passing ... play and complain of boredom."

Grigory Aleksandrovich perfectly sees the insignificance of Grushnitsky, who dreams of "becoming the hero of the novel" with the help of a soldier's overcoat. In the actions of Pechorin, one can feel a deep mind and a sober logical calculation. Mary's entire plan of seduction is based on the knowledge of the "living strings of the human heart." This means that Pechorin is well versed in people, skillfully using their weaknesses. In a conversation with Werner, he confesses: "From the storm of life, I took out only a few ideas - and not a single feeling. I have long been living not with my heart, but with my head." Yet, contrary to his own assertions, Pechorin is capable of a sincere great feeling, but the hero's love is complex. So, his feeling for Vera awakens with renewed vigor precisely when there is a danger of losing forever the only woman who understood him. Pechorin's love is high, but tragic for himself and disastrous for those who love him. Bela dies, Mary suffers, Vera is unhappy. The story with Grushnitsky is an illustration of the fact that Pechorin's immense forces are wasted on small and unworthy goals. We see the same in the stories "Bela" and "Taman". Pechorin's interference in the life of the mountaineers ruins Bela and her father, makes Azamat a homeless abrek, deprives Kazbich of his beloved horse. Because of Pechorin's curiosity, the unreliable world of smugglers is crumbling. Grushnitsky was shot in a duel, Vulich's life was tragically cut short.

What made Pechorin an ax in the hands of fate? "The hero himself is trying to find an answer to this question, analyzing his actions, his attitude to people. Probably, the reason for Pechorin's tragedy is largely rooted in the system of his views, which we get acquainted with in the diary. He is not believes in friendship, because “of two friends, one is always a slave to the other.” By his definition, happiness is “saturated pride.” This initially incorrect statement pushes him into a frantic pursuit of “lures of passions,” which, in fact, is the meaning of his life.

Grigory Alexandrovich admits in his diary that he looks at the sufferings and joys of people as food that supports his strength. This reveals his boundless egoism, indifference to people, which are manifested in all his actions. This is Pechorin's huge guilt before those to whom he caused evil and suffering, and before himself for his mediocre life.

But let's try to understand the reasons for such a Pechorin outlook on life. Undoubtedly, this is connected with the reality of the 30s of the XIX century, when the hopes for radical transformations in the country were killed, when the young noble intelligentsia, not seeing the possibility of applying their forces, wasted their lives. Pechorin's talent, his sophisticated analytical mind raised him above people, leading to individualism, forcing him to close in the circle of his own experiences, breaking his ties with society. This, I think, is Pechorin's trouble, the tragedy of his fate.

Lermontov has long been worried about creating the image of a noble hero of the 30s, the era of the "gloomy decade", when any harmless thought was pursued and any living feeling was suppressed. The poet's sad thoughts about the fate of progressive people after the Decembrist social life appear in many lyric poems:

Sadly I look at our generation,
His future is either empty, or dark ...

In the late 1930s, Lermontov created the novel A Hero of Our Time, in which he reproduces, in his words, “a portrait, but not one face: this is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development”. Readers of Russia learned from the novel the bitter truth about their contemporaries, about a society that makes the best people of their time "moral cripples."

Such is Grigory Pechorin - the main character of the novel, a tragic hero of the 30s of the XX century. Pechorin is a man of great willpower, intelligent, talented, energetic. He is young, handsome, rich. Everything in him suggests that this is an extraordinary nature. But his mind, abilities, energy do not find use for themselves, are wasted. His heart is empty and cold to everything. The hero lives without a goal, without hope, without love. He is tired of everything, the world has become boring, he despises even himself. “Maybe I'll die somewhere on the road! Well? die so die. The loss to the world is small; and I myself am already pretty bored, ”says Pechorin.

What hopelessness emanates from these words, what tragedy is felt from a wasted life. And further Pechorin says quite definitely: “I run through all my past in my memory and ask myself involuntarily; why did I live? For what purpose was I born? .. And, it is true, it existed, and, it is true, there was a high purpose for me, because I feel immense strength in my soul ... But I did not guess this purpose, I was carried away by the lures of empty and thankless passions, from I went out in their furnace, hard and cold as iron, but I have lost forever the ardor of noble aspirations, the best light of life. "

In the first years of his youth, there were fervent hopes and hobbies. There was a belief in the possibility of accomplishing a life feat. Thought painted lofty ideals, immense forces prompted action to achieve these ideals. And Pechorin went to fight. He performed, but could not stand the battle. Very soon there was "only fatigue, as after a night battle with a ghost, and a vague memory filled with regrets ..."

In the conditions of his life, Pechorin did not see the goal, did not find an application for himself. The old was alien to him, and the new was unknown. Such a disagreement with reality leads the hero to apathy, and he grows old from a young age, fading in inaction. Having lost the meaning in life, Pechorin hardened, became callous, selfish. He brings only misfortune to the people he has to deal with. According to Belinsky, “he is frantically chasing life,” but it all boils down to small and insignificant goals: to find out the secret of the smugglers, to make Princess Mary and Bela fall in love with himself, to defeat Grushnitsky.

Thus, in the hands of fate, Pechorin turns into an instrument of evil; the smugglers flee to another place, leaving the old woman and the poor blind boy to fend for themselves; Bela's father and Bela herself are killed; takes the path of crime Azamat; kills innocent people Kazbich; Grushnitsky dies; Princess Mary's heart is "broken"; offended by Maxim Maksimych.

Despite the fact that Pechorin is a strong, strong-willed, gifted person, he, by his own just definition, is a “moral cripple”. His character and all his behavior is extremely contradictory. This is clearly reflected in his appearance, reflecting, according to Lermontov, the inner appearance of a person. Drawing a portrait of Pechorin, the author emphasizes the strangeness of his hero. Pechorin's eyes "did not laugh when he laughed." The gait "was careless and lazy, but I noticed that he did not wave his arms - a sure sign of a certain reticence of character." On the one hand, Pechorin has a "strong build," and on the other, "nervous weakness." Pechorin is about 30 years old, and "there is something childish in his smile."

Maxim Maksimych was also amazed at Pechorin's strangeness, contradictions in his character: “In the rain, in the cold, hunting all day; everyone will be chilled, tired, but he has nothing. And another time he sits in his room, smells of the wind, assures that he has caught a cold; shutter knocks, he shudders and turns pale, and in my presence he went to

Boar one on one ... "

This inconsistency of Pechorin is revealed in the novel, revealing, according to Lermontov's definition, the “illness” of the generation of that time. "My whole life, Pechorin himself points out," there was only a chain of sad and unsuccessful contradictions to my heart or reason. " How do they manifest themselves?

First, in his attitude to life. On the one hand, Pechorin is a skeptic, a disappointed person who lives “out of curiosity,” on the other, he has a huge thirst for life and activity. Secondly, rationality fights in him with the requirements of feeling, mind and heart. Pechorin says: “I have long been living not with my heart, but with my head. I weigh, analyze my own passions and actions with strict curiosity but without participation. "

The contradictions in Pechorin's nature are also reflected in his attitude towards women. He himself explains his attention to women, the desire to achieve their love by the need for his ambition, which, according to his definition, “is nothing but a thirst for power, but my first pleasure,” he says further to subordinate everything that surrounds me to my will: arouse feelings of love, devotion and fear to oneself - isn't it the first sign and the greatest triumph of power? " But Pechorin is not such a heartless egoist. He is capable of emotional outbursts. This is evidenced by his attitude towards Vera. Having received her last letter, Pechorin, like a madman, jumped out onto the porch, jumped on his Circassian ... and set off with all his might, on the way to Pyatigorsk ... “If it is possible to lose her forever,” he writes, Vera has become the most dear to me in the world, - dearer than life, honor, happiness! " Left without a horse in the steppe, he "fell on the wet grass and, like a child, wept." This inconsistency does not allow Pechorin to live life to the fullest. With bitter feeling, he regards himself as a "moral cripple" whose better half of his soul "dried up, evaporated, died". The most terrible contradiction: "the immense powers of the soul" and petty, unworthy of Pechorin's actions; he seeks to "love the whole world" - and brings people only evil and misfortune; the presence of noble, high aspirations and small feelings that rule the soul; thirst for the fullness of life and complete hopelessness, the awareness of their doom.

The sufferings of Pechorin are intensified by the fact that, according to him, two people live in his soul: one does deeds, and the other judges him. The traumatism of the suffering egoist lies in the fact that his mind, his powers do not find a worthy application. Pechorin's indifference to everything and everyone, to "human joys and misfortunes" is not so much his fault as a heavy cross. He sometimes despises himself for his "minor weaknesses, bad passions", but the evil that he unwittingly inflicts on everyone who comes his way. But "insatiable greed", forcing to look "at the sufferings and joys of others only in relation to himself, as food that supports mental strength", has already become the essence of his nature. Pechorin feels this greed in himself, regardless of his own will. Having managed to get used to everything, having forgotten how to really feel, the hero of Lermontov's time evokes acute regret that his life "becomes empty day by day."

Who is to blame for the fact that Pechorin has turned into "clever uselessness", into a "superfluous person"? Pechorin himself answers this question in the following way: “My soul is spoiled by the light,” that is, by that secular society, according to whose laws he lived and from which he could not get away.

"The tragedy of Pechorin," wrote Belinsky, "is primarily in the contradiction between the lofty" nature and the pitiful actions. "

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