Greece: the cradle of European civilization
Cradle of European civilization, a country with a long history and great heritage: all these words are about Greece. This country is unique and interesting for tourists in many ways. No wonder our ancestors said that Greece has everything. It seems that the gods of the majestic Olympus have deliberately created a reserved corner where everyone can find what he wants.
A fifth of Greece lies on islands, about a thousand in number. It is washed by three seas: the Aegean, Mediterranean and Ionian. Ancient geographers said that the sea stretches to Greece with thousands of hands. It has the most indented coastline in the world, home to an incredible array of ports and beaches.
Most of Greece is covered with mountains. The most famous of them are Olympus (2917 m) in the Pindus massif, Falakron (2229 m), Kilini (2376 m) on the Peloponnese peninsula
In summer in Greece, the air warms up to 28 C, in July-August sometimes up to 40 C. Winter is rainy and quite cool, but the temperature drops below zero only in the northern mountains.
Greece is one of the Schengen countries, so it is quite easy for tourists from Russia to get a visa. In addition, the prices are quite democratic.
The state currency in Greece is the euro. Remember that banks and exchange offices are closed here on weekends and holidays.
To start your trip to Greece, of course, you should start from Athens: the capital and cultural center of the country. Tourists are attracted, first of all, by the Athenian Acropolis, symbolizing Ancient Greece, the temple of Athena Parthenos, located right there, the temple of the Erechtheion, on the site of which a dispute broke out between Poseidon and Athena for the right to rule over the city, the temple of Nika Apteros, where there was a statue of the goddess with wings so that luck does not leave Athens. Without leaving the city, you can see a lot of interesting things, feel yourself surrounded by revived myths of antiquity.
Do not linger in the city, because the equally fascinating suburb of Athens, where the marathon battle took place, the Peloponnese peninsula and the city of Olympia, the birthplace of the Olympic Games, fertile Macedonia and Mount Athos, and much, much more await you.
Greece is incredibly historically and culturally rich country. It makes no sense to talk about the types of recreation offered here: the local nature and climate allow absolutely everyone to find a pastime. There is not a single person in the world who, having visited Greece, was not satisfied. So why don't you join these lucky ones?
Why is antiquity called the "cradle of European culture"?
Ancient civilization, named from the Latin word "antiquus", which means ancient, inscribed golden pages in the history of world culture. The achievements of ancient culture are amazing, the whole European civilization is based on them. The history of world art is overflowing with memories of the ancient world, reproduction of ancient plots, themes of Greek and Roman mythology, history and everyday life to such an extent that antiquity is inextricably merged with the entire history of world artistic culture from the time when the ancient society ended its existence until the present day. ... Modern literary genres and philosophical systems, the principles of architecture and sculpture, the foundations of astronomy, mathematics, and natural science go back to antiquity. Antiquity, whose thousand-year history has accumulated priceless and unsurpassed treasures of the human spirit, has an unfading charm. Culturology: Textbook / Compiled by A.A. Radugin. M., 2007.S. 144 ..
If we briefly summarize the achievements of ancient culture, we can say that the Greeks and Romans gave to humanity:
1) exemplary (classical) languages \u200b\u200b- ancient Greek and Latin as components in all European languages, forming the basis of scientific, musical, political, legal and other vocabulary;
2) excellent literature, artistry and imagery of thinking;
3) in art - a role model, a school of artistic taste and aesthetic principles of mastering the world;
4) various applied arts;
5) science (gave rise to many branches of knowledge and scientific terminology);
6) examples of oratory, the greatest art of the word, dialogic;
7) democracy, freedom, various forms of power, political thinking;
8) samples of communication, education and upbringing;
9) original military art, created the ideals of heroism and patriotism;
11) physical culture, sports, approved the value of health, the cult of a healthy body;
12) Formed the theoretical basis of many areas of scientific knowledge, including philosophy, logic, philology, etc.
Thus, we can say that antiquity is considered the "cradle of European culture" because almost all the achievements of this civilization can be reduced to the ideas and images of ancient Greek culture. A retrospective look at European culture convinces us that much of Ancient Greece is the starting point.
List of used literature
1. Culturology / ed. G.V. Dracha. Rostov-on-Don. M. 1995.
2. Culturology: Textbook / Compiled by А.А. Radugin. M., 2007.
3. Culturology / ed. A.N. Markova. M. 2000.
If the XIV - XVI centuries. it is customary to call the Renaissance - the time of the second birth of the forgotten ancient heritage, then what period in the history of mankind should be called the Age of Birth - the time of the appearance of the most ancient culture? Who were they - those whom the Russian poet Valery Bryusov called with the beautiful name "teachers of teachers"?
There is no generally accepted answer to these questions, because the origins of human culture are lost in the mists of time. And nevertheless, as such, the century of the birth of ancient culture, we venture to name the VI century. BC e.
It was at this time that the secret knowledge that was dormant in the recesses of the Egyptian temples and ancient Babylonian ziggurats seemed to reach its critical mass and spill out. As if by magic, in different parts of the planet, great insights touched the best minds of mankind. Pythagoras in Ancient Greece, Buddha in Ancient India, Confucius in Ancient China - all of them in the 6th century. BC e. became Masters, led others, proclaimed teachings that existed for millennia and largely determined the future history of civilization.
However, upon closer examination, the history of Ancient Greece and Ancient China reveals strikingly much in common: written monuments in both languages \u200b\u200bappear in the 2nd millennium BC. e .; both languages, although changed, continue to exist to this day, and just as modern Greeks consider the language of Homer their language, so modern Chinese call the language of Confucius their native language; both peoples extremely early and dazzlingly illuminated the world with their philosophy and poetry, and both of them had an unprecedented impact on neighboring peoples both in the Far West and in the Far East. All this again and again leads to the thought: did not these peoples have one common Teacher? Didn't the legendary Atlantis, about which we read in Plato's dialogues, carry the name of the true Teacher of the Teachers into the depths of the sea?
It is not worth considering this thought only as a poetic hyperbole inherent in a scientific and artistic book. The largest modern authority in the history of science, the Dutch mathematician Bartel van der Waerden, in one of his last works, expresses and argues the hypothesis that in antiquity there was a highly developed tradition of mathematical research, which later became the foundation for Egyptian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greek and Indian mathematics. Van der Waerden traces this tradition to the Indo-European tribes, the creators of megalithic monuments of the 3rd - early 2nd millennium in Britain, who, during the period of settlement, spread mathematical knowledge to the most remote regions of Eurasia.
However, these questions lead us too far from the time of the forthcoming narrative, which itself is no less than 2500 years away from the present day. And if we talk about "old Europe", then there is no doubt that it was Ancient Greece that was destined to become the cradle of European civilization.
The very geographical position of Greece, washed by the sea and scattered in the sea, determined her this great mission (Fig. 1). Since ancient times, the sea has played a huge role in the history of mankind: it not only provides food, but also grants communication to people. The sea not only has a beneficial effect on the mind of one person, but also maintains the consciousness of community among a group of people - a people and a nation - and thereby contributes to the development of national culture. The sea unites people and calls them on the road. It is no coincidence that one of the ancient Greek names for the sea meant a road. And is it not from the ancient Greek "pontus" (πόντος - sea) that the Russian word "path" derives?
Figure: 1. The ancient world in the VI century. BC e.
All geographical names mentioned in the book are reflected on the map.
But a special sea is the Mediterranean. It washes three continents at once. Its azure waters caress and warm all living things. And its eastern part is completely unique - the Aegean Sea, which lies between the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. In the entire Aegean Sea, there is no point that is more than 60 km from the land - whether it be the mainland or the nearest island - just like in all of Greece there is no place that is more than 90 km from the sea.
Placers of islands, large and small, cover the Aegean Sea. Before you have time to sail away from one of them, a second appears on the horizon, then a third. The circle of the Cyclades - the peaks of a mountain range that once sunk under the water - and the carelessly scattered Sporades created ideal conditions for an ancient navigator for whom it was madness to lose sight of the coast. These islands became the pillars of an invisible bridge that linked Asia with Europe (Fig. 2).
Figure: 2. Samoina - Samos warship from the time of Pythagoras.
For the ancient Greeks, the Aegean Sea is not just a place for catching mullet or sardines, but it is also a path to other peoples and a different culture, it is a road to unprecedented works of art and fabulous oriental riches, it is a window into the unknown world of knowledge, kept by the sparse Eastern sages ... The sea is a journey to a magical wonderland led by the stars.
Since the VIII century. BC e. each large city-state of Hellas has its own colonies across the sea. These branches of a strong Hellenic tree appear everywhere: in southern Italy and along the shores of southern Gaul, in Iberia and North Africa, in the Nile delta and on the distant Pontus Euxine (Black Sea), where only one Miletus founded about a hundred settlements.
But - and this is the source of the Greek genius - discovering new lands in voyages, entering into direct contacts with the great Eastern civilizations, the Greeks knew how to find in themselves the ability to learn their lessons, and not to dismiss them. The Greeks not only absorbed the wisdom of great teachers, but also creatively refracted it, and most importantly, enriched it fabulously.
"Whatever the Greeks took from the barbarians, they always brought it to a higher perfection." These words of Plato from his posthumous dialogue "Epiminos", although they belong to a Hellenic, very accurately convey the essence of the intellectual relations between the East and Hellas. That is why it was the Eastern Greeks, and above all the Ionians and Aeolians, who laid the foundations of philosophy (Thales from Miletus), mathematics (Pythagoras from the island of Samos), lyric poetry (the poetess Sappho from the island of Lesbos). This is how a new original culture was born, and the ancient Eastern wisdom flowed over the invisible island bridge to Europe.
But mainland Greece, cut by mountain ranges and deep valleys, was more like a group of islands, each of which had its own life. Ridges like fortress walls protected the inhabitants of the valleys from the deadly whirlwinds of conquest that swept unhindered over the defenseless plains. Nature itself contributed to the emergence in Greece of hundreds of isolated city-states (in Greek polis: πόλις - city), tenaciously holding on to their political and economic independence.
Compared to the huge slave-owning despotism of the Ancient East, and even more so by today's standards, the size of these states was ridiculously small. For example, according to the calculations of Professor S. Ya. Lurie, the population of the Boeotian state of Khorsiy in the III century. BC e. was 64 people. However, Athens itself at its best had no more than two or three hundred thousand inhabitants.
Along a steep path (the Greeks did not like detours and laid paths straight, carving steps in the rocks), one could climb to the nearest summit and look out over their entire state, which lies below in the valley. On the other side of the ridge, in another valley, there was already another state. Such close proximity of different states inevitably led to endless conflicts. Alas, this was an incurable ulcer of the Greek people, which turned out to be fatal for them.
The small size of the Greek city-states stimulated practically the entire population to participate in public life. The free members of society were citizens, not disenfranchised subjects, as in the East. During the heyday in Athens, some public positions were filled annually by lot, the city practically did not know the layer of officials, and the highest legislative body was the assembly of citizens of the polis. So, in Greece, long before our era, an unprecedented form of political governance arose - democracy, or in Greek democracy (δημο-κρατία - from δημος, people and κρατέω - to rule), a form that today, two millennia later, is an alluring ideal for many peoples the world.
The ability to communicate at once for all residents of the state gave rise to the spirit of competition, which permeated all layers of social life in Hellas. Each holiday dedicated to any of the gods, and there were a great many gods in Ancient Greece, certainly ended with competitions of athletes, competitions of singers, dancers, musicians, poets, competitions of tragedians, comedians, artisans, beauty contests - both for women and men. At the time of the national Olympic or Pythian Games, the warring parties laid down their arms, crowds of people rushed along the roads of Greece to the place of competitions, life in the cities froze. The award to the winner was, as a rule, small - a laurel wreath or a basket of wine berries, but this award was always very honorable. In exceptional cases, a monument was erected to the winner or elected to responsible government positions. Thus, the greatest playwright of Hellas Sophocles (c. 496 - 406 BC) after his "Antigone" was elected a military leader and, I must say, with honor conducted a number of military operations.
A liberated mind, a sense of freedom and self-esteem gave rise to an explosive surge in the intellectual powers of Greece. Restless thought seethed in the narrow and sometimes dirty streets of the Greek city-states. Not in the pompous powers of the Ancient East with their monstrously huge pyramids, temples, statues, fantastic wealth, but in poverty, but in freedom a culture of unparalleled strength of intellect and spirit grew up. The triumph of human reason became the main wealth and unprecedented conquest of the Greek people.
Hellas poured into the ages like wine -
In a palace fresco, in a marble idol,
In a living verse, in a turned sapphire,
Revealing what was, is and is destined.
(V. Bryusov)
It was the Greeks who were the first of the ancient peoples who began to look for the secrets of the universe not in religious canons, but in the universe itself, surrounding man. And it was the Greeks who were the first to feel the aching joy of comprehending the truth.
Three times happy are the souls who are given
To rise to such truths and measure the starry sky.
In these two lines of the ancient Roman poet Ovid (43 BC - approx. 18 AD), there is another storehouse that the ancient Greeks owned (and which they generously endowed with the ancient Romans) - this is a subtle sense of beauty. With their mother's milk, the Greeks absorbed the colors of generous Hellas: the blue of the sky, the azure of the sea, the gold of the sea sand, the green of the rearing ridges, the shine of inaccessible rocks and again the blue of the sky. "The harmonious nature of this country, alien to any monstrous immensity, any monstrous extremes, - wrote V. G. Belinsky, - could not but have an influence on the feeling of proportionality and conformity, in a word, harmony, which was, as it were, innate to the Greeks."
No other people have been so richly and happily gifted by nature. Inclined to fun and pleasure, happily indulging in singing, dancing and gymnastic exercises, the Greeks at the same time had an inquiring mind and a lively desire for knowledge, an insightful and sober look at nature, devoid of the scholastic speculations of the Egyptian and Babylonian sages. The whole Greek culture is permeated with a sense of beauty and a sense of harmony. Artists idolized the beauty of the human body, poets sang the joy of life, but scientists, studying everything and testing everything in accordance with the laws of reason, thought not only in logical categories, but also in living images. The greatest philosopher Plato (428 or 427 - 348 or 347 BC) wrote gentle lyric poetry:
I throw this apple to you. Catch if you love
And give me the sweetness of your beauty ...
In general, science and art went hand in hand in Ancient Greece, and mathematics and music were called sisters.
Such were the ancient Greeks, who appeared in the horizon of history like a laughing sunbeam. Such was the great Greek culture, which Hegel likened to a rapidly flying rose.
Such is the wonderful land of Hellas,
Already dead, but lovely.
(J.G. Byron)
And yet, one should not forget about the two millennia separating us from Ancient Hellas. We admire the wisdom of the ancient Hellenes, who foresaw many paths of development and many fundamental problems of modern scientific knowledge, but we smile indulgently when we see their concrete results - modern natural science has gone too far ahead. The idea of \u200b\u200bsymmetry, put by the ancient Greeks as the basis for the structure of the atom, is in its pure form the idea of \u200b\u200bthe 20th century. - amazes us with its perspicacity, but its embodiment - the atoms themselves, conceived by Plato in the form of regular polyhedra - seems hopelessly naive today. We are captivated by the white marble masterpieces of Hellas, its delightful statues and impeccable temples, and we do not think that during the sacrifices, streams of blood flowed down their polished steps, and the serene azure of the cloudless sky was saturated with the smell of blood and burning fat.
In general, the dazzling light of the Greek intellectual and artistic genius did not penetrate in any way into the gloomy basements of their morals and superstitions, which were not only funny, but sometimes monstrously cruel. In order for spring to return to earth again, a magnificent wedding of the most noble Athenian woman, the wife of the first dignitary of the city, with a wooden statue of the god of fertility Dionysus, which was kept locked up all year especially for this occasion, was annually arranged in Athens; to rid the city of misfortunes there was a ritual of driving out "scapegoats", which often turned out to be the unfortunate inhabitants of the city: they were severely beaten with rods from sea bow, then burned and the ashes were scattered over the sea; the famous commander Themistocles on the eve of the Salamis battle sacrificed to the god Dionysus the Devourer three noble Persian youths, three handsome nephews of the Persian king, dressed for this occasion in luxurious, gold-embroidered clothes; the wise Democritus, the founder of materialism and the creator of the doctrine of atoms, urged girls during the regulation to run around the sown field three times so that it would endow the peasant with abundant seedlings. And so on, etc., etc.
Since then, the world has changed beyond recognition. But the strength and glory of ancient culture continues to shine through the centuries. Modern philosophers are walking along the two pillar roads of philosophy - the roads of Plato and Democritus: the wisdom of Pythagoras, the encyclopedic nature of Euclid, the sparkling ideas of Archimedes continue to delight and nourish modern mathematicians, the perfection of the Parthenon's lines and the divine beauty of Aphrodite of Milo inspire artists for two and a half millennia (Fig. 3) ...
Figure: 3. Nika of Samothrace is the personification of victory, which also became a symbol of a different take-off of Ancient Hellas. Marble. End of the 4th century BC e. Paris. Louvre.
And yet, how and why exactly in Greece, like Aphrodite from the foam of the sea, amazingly modern culture was born? For two millennia, the best minds of mankind have been trying to comprehend this incomprehensible phenomenon of the "Greek miracle". That is why we can only return to the beginning of the prologue and proudly state: Greece is the glory of human culture, Greece is the cradle of European civilization.
Ancient Greece is called the cradle of European civilization for a reason. This relatively small country has had a huge impact on the development of a wide variety of areas of human life. For example, the myths of Ancient Greece have not lost their relevance today. As in those days, they quite clearly reflect the inner world of man, the relationship of people with each other and with the forces of nature.
What does "Hellas" mean?
Another name that the Greeks called their homeland is Hellas. What is "Hellas", what is the meaning of this word? The fact is that this is how the Greeks called their homeland. The Greeks were called the Hellenes by the ancient Romans. Translated from their language, "Greek" meant "croaking". Apparently, this happened due to the fact that the ancient Romans did not like the sound of the Hellenic language. Translated from the ancient Greek word "Hellas" means "Morning dawn".
Cradle of European spiritual values
Many disciplines such as medicine, politics, art and literature originated in the territory of Ancient Greece. Scientists agree that human civilization could not have achieved modern development without the knowledge that Ancient Hellas possessed. It was on its territory that the first philosophical concepts were formed, with which all modern science operates. The spiritual values \u200b\u200bof European civilization were also laid here. Athletes from Ancient Greece were the first Olympic champions. The first ideas about the world around - both material and immaterial - were proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
Ancient Greece - the birthplace of science and art
If you take any branch of science or art, then it will somehow be rooted in the knowledge gained during the time of Ancient Greece. A great contribution to the development of historical knowledge was made by the scientist Herodotus. His works were devoted to the study of the Greco-Persian wars. The contribution to the development of mathematics by the scientists of Pythagoras and Archimedes is also enormous. invented a huge number of devices that were used primarily in military campaigns.
The lifestyle of the Greeks, whose homeland was Hellas, is also of interest to modern scientists. What it is like to live at the dawn of civilization is very vividly described in a work called The Iliad. This literary monument, which has survived to this day, describes the historical events of those times and the everyday life of the Hellenes. The most valuable thing in the Iliad is the reality of the events described in it.
Modern progress and Hellas. What is the “cradle of European civilization”?
The early period of the development of ancient Greek civilization is officially called the Dark Age. It falls on 1050-750 BC. e. This is the time when the Mycenaean culture has already collapsed - one of the most magnificent civilizations, which was already known for writing. However, the definition of "Dark Age" refers to the lack of information about this era rather than specific events. Despite the fact that writing was already lost then, it was at this time that the political and aesthetic properties that Ancient Hellas possessed began to appear. In this period of the beginning of the Iron Age, prototypes of modern cities already appear. On the territory of Greece, chiefs begin to rule over small communities. A new era is beginning in the processing and painting of ceramics.
The epics of Homer, which date back to 776 BC, are considered the beginning of the steady development of ancient Greek culture. e. They were written using the alphabet, which Hellas borrowed from the Phoenicians. The meaning of the word translated as "morning dawn" is justified in this case: the beginning of development completely coincides with the emergence of European culture.
Hellas experienced its greatest prosperity in the era that is commonly called classical. It dates back to 480-323 BC. e. It was at this time that philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Sophocles, Aristophanes lived. Sculptural works are becoming more and more complex. They begin to reflect the position of the human body not in statics, but in dynamics. The Greeks of that time loved to do gymnastics, used cosmetics, and did their hair.
Literary Hellas.
The emergence of the genres of tragedy and comedy, which also falls on the classical era in the history of Ancient Greece, deserves separate consideration. The tragedy reaches its peak in the 5th century BC. e. The most famous tragedies of this era are represented by Aeschylus and Euripides. The genre arose from ceremonies for the veneration of Dionysus, during which scenes from the life of a god were played out. At first, only one actor acted in the tragedy. Thus, Hellas is also the birthplace of modern cinema. This (as every historian knows) is another proof of the fact that the origins of European culture should be sought in the territory of Ancient Greece.
Aeschylus introduced a second actor to the theater, thus becoming the creator of dialogue and dramatic action. For Sophocles, the number of actors has already reached three. Tragedies revealed the conflict between man and unforgiving fate. Faced with the impersonal force that reigned in nature and in society, the protagonist recognized the will of the gods and obeyed it. The Greeks believed that the main goal of the tragedy is catharsis, or cleansing, which occurs in the viewer with empathy for its heroes.
Many of us have heard, listened and read the myths of Ancient Greece, about heroes and monsters, about gods and exploits, about Olympus and about fire. It is Greece that is rightfully considered the cradle of the entire Western European civilization.
Greek cuisine: moussaka, olives, feta cheese and wine This is an amazing country in which every city is filled with myths and legends. It is a country with a long history and rich cultural heritage. This is a country with a wonderful climate - this is a paradise reserved corner, which is worth visiting at least once in your life in order to get the opportunity to fully enjoy the excellent local culture, communication with the local population, getting acquainted with national dishes and other important moments.
The culture of Ancient Greece gave birth to general cultural values \u200b\u200bin literally all areas of the spiritual and material activities of mankind. Only three generations of cultural figures of ancient Greece created the art of high classics, laid the foundations of European civilization and role models for many millennia. Having mastered the cultural experience of Egypt and Babylon, Ancient Greece determined its own path both in the socio-political development of society, and in philosophical searches and artistic and aesthetic understanding of the world.
I would like to come to Greece, and for those who have visited once, come back here again and again, and it does not matter to mainland Greece or to the cozy Greek islands, here you will find a gentle clean sea, the best beaches, the healthiest and wholesome cuisine, close in spirit. and by faith they are very cordial friendly and hospitable people.
Greece is ideal for a vacation from May to October, although the rest of the time there is always something to do, something to see. A huge number of relics on the territory of the country will help to awaken in your minds a real interest in the history of mankind. Wonderful climate, warm sea, European service, excellent cuisine will leave the most pleasant memories.
Do you know what the secret of Greek cheerfulness and longevity is? In the ability to relax: from the heart, sincerely, enchanting and contagious. It is not for nothing that the term "Greek vacation" means a 100% successful, prosperous and varied vacation in Greece, where every season reveals its own charm to travelers, gives delight of discovery and unforgettable impressions. For example, resting in Greece in winter is absolutely not inferior to the usual travel in summer. It just becomes different: ski resorts, various excursion programs, pilgrimage - this is not all that Greece can boast of. Tourism in this amazing country does not stop developing, which the local government tirelessly cares about, investing considerable funds in the industry, realizing the importance of this area
Well, now let's figure out some of the nuances for general development
Geography: Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula in the southeastern part of Europe. In the north, it borders Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria, and in the east with Turkey. The southern shores are washed by the Mediterranean Sea, the western - by the Ionian and the eastern - by the Aegean. A fifth of Greece lies on islands, about a thousand in number. The largest of them are Crete, Rhodes, Corfu, Lesvos, Samos. Due to the large number of islands, Greece has a particularly long coastline (15.020 km), which is the longest in comparison with the rest of the Mediterranean countries.
Climate: Mild, Mediterranean. The average temperature in January is + 4 + 12 ° С, in July + 27 + 30 ° С. The swimming season on the mainland of Greece begins in mid-May and ends in mid-September. The average sea temperature in July is + 25 ° C. The holiday season on the islands begins earlier and lasts from April to mid-October.
The beach season in this country lasts from March to October
Time: 1 hour behind Moscow.
Flight: The duration of the flight from St. Petersburg to Greece is 3.5 - 4 hours.
state system: Greece is a republic. The head of state is the president.
Capital: Athens
Population: about 10.7 million people.
Language: Greek.
Religion: 98% - Greek Orthodox Church ..
Ground public transport in large cities is represented by buses and trolleybuses. Tickets are sold at newsagents or at terminal stops. If a passenger stands at a stop and sees an approaching bus of the desired route, he must vote, otherwise the driver will not stop.
You can rent a car at a car rental office (rent a car) or contact a travel agency. It is allowed to take the car to persons at least 21 years old. Moreover, in addition to international driving license, you must have at least a year of driving experience.
