Presentation on the topic: " Elite culture»Elite culture is a culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by principled closeness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency.
The origin of the term Historically, elite culture arose as the antithesis of mass and its own meaning; it manifests its main meaning in comparison with the latter. The essence of elite culture was first analyzed by H. Ortega y Gasset ("The Dehumanization of Art", "The Rise of the Masses") and K. Manheim ("Ideology and Utopia", "Man and Society in the Age of Transformations", "Essay on the Sociology of Culture") who considered this culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the basic meanings of culture and having a number of fundamentally important features, including the way of verbal communication - the language developed by its speakers, where special social groups - clergymen, politicians, artists - use special languages closed to the uninitiated, including Latin and Sanskrit.
Features of "Elite culture" The subject of an elite, high culture is a person - a free, creative person, capable of carrying out conscious activity. The creations of this culture are always personally colored and designed for personal perception, regardless of the breadth of their audience, which is why the wide distribution and millions of copies of the works of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Shakespeare not only do not diminish their importance, but, on the contrary, contribute to the widespread dissemination of spiritual values. In this sense, the subject of elite culture is a representative of the elite.
At the same time, objects of high culture that retain their form - plot, composition, musical structure, but change the presentation mode and appear in the form of replicated products, adapted, adapted to an unusual type of functioning for themselves, as a rule, go into the category of mass culture. In this sense, we can talk about the ability of the form to be the bearer of the content. In the field of music, the form is fully meaningful, even its insignificant transformations (for example, the widespread practice of translating classical music into an electronic version of its instrumentation) lead to the destruction of the integrity of the work. In the area of visual arts the translation of an authentic image into a different format - reproduction or digital version (even when trying to preserve context - in a virtual museum) leads to a similar result.
Elite culture consciously and consistently opposes the culture of the majority in all its historical and typological varieties - folklore, folk culture, the official culture of a particular estate or class, the state as a whole, the cultural industry of a technocratic society of the 20th century. etc. Philosophers consider elite culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the basic meanings of culture and possessing a number of fundamentally important features: Thus, elite culture is the culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by fundamental secrecy, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency.
complexity, specialization, creativity, innovation; the ability to form a consciousness ready for active transformative activity and creativity in accordance with the objective laws of reality; the ability to concentrate the spiritual, intellectual and artistic experience of generations; the presence of a limited range of values recognized as true and "high"; a rigid system of norms accepted by this stratum as obligatory and unswerving in the community of "initiates"; individualization of norms, values, evaluation criteria of activity, often principles and forms of behavior of members of an elite community, thus becoming unique; the creation of a new, deliberately complicated cultural semantics, which requires special training and an immense cultural outlook from the addressee; the use of a deliberately subjective, individually creative, "defamatory" interpretation of the ordinary and familiar, which brings the subject's cultural assimilation of reality closer to a mental (sometimes artistic) experiment on it and, in the extreme, replaces the reflection of reality in an elite culture with its transformation, imitation with deformation, penetration into meaning - conjecture and rethinking of the given; semantic and functional "closeness", "narrowness", isolation from the whole national culture, which turns the elite culture into a kind of secret, sacred, esoteric knowledge, taboo for the rest of the masses, and its carriers turn into a kind of "priests" of this knowledge, the chosen of the gods , "Servants of the muses", "keepers of secrets and faith", which is often played out and poeticized in the elite culture.
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Elite culture
Eckardt G.A., teacher of history, MAOU "Secondary School No. 1"
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The subject of an elite, high culture is a person - a free, creative person capable of carrying out conscious activity. The creations of this culture are always personally colored and designed for personal perception, regardless of the breadth of their audience, which is why the wide distribution and millions of copies of the works of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Shakespeare not only do not diminish their importance, but, on the contrary, contribute to the widespread dissemination of spiritual values. In this sense, the subject of elite culture is a representative of the elite.
Elite culture is the culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by fundamental closeness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency
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Peculiarities:
complexity, specialization, creativity, innovation;
the ability to form a consciousness ready for active transformative activity and creativity in accordance with the objective laws of reality;
the ability to concentrate the spiritual, intellectual and artistic experience of generations;
the presence of a limited range of values recognized as true and "high";
a rigid system of norms accepted by this stratum as obligatory and unswerving in the community of "initiates";
individualization of norms, values, evaluation criteria of activity, often principles and forms of behavior of members of an elite community, thus becoming unique;
the creation of a new, deliberately complicated cultural semantics, which requires special training and an immense cultural outlook from the addressee;
the use of a deliberately subjective, individually creative, "defamatory" interpretation of the ordinary and familiar, which brings the subject's cultural assimilation of reality closer to a mental (sometimes artistic) experiment on it and, in the extreme, replaces the reflection of reality in elite culture with its transformation, imitation with deformation, penetration into meaning - conjecture and rethinking of the given;
semantic and functional "closeness", "narrowness", isolation from the whole national culture, which turns elite culture into a kind of secret, sacred, esoteric knowledge, taboo for the rest of the masses, and its carriers turn into a kind of "priests" of this knowledge, the chosen of the gods , "Servants of the muses", "keepers of secrets and faith", which is often played up and poeticized in the elite culture.
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Plot: Russian writer Andrei Gorchakov comes to Italy in search of biographical traces of the serf musician Pavel Sosnovsky, who once visited these places. The search for signs of the emigration days of the musician's life is what connects Gorchakov with the translator Yugenia, who is helplessly trying to understand the reason for the melancholy of a Russian friend through a volume of poems by Arseny Tarkovsky. Soon Gorchakov begins to realize that the musician's story is partly his own story: in Italy he feels like a stranger, but he can no longer return home. A painful numbness seizes the hero, homesickness turns into illness ...
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Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people's relations to nature, among themselves and to themselves. Culture characterizes the peculiarities of consciousness, behavior and activities of people in specific spheres of social life. The word culture itself has come into use in European social thought since the second half of the 18th century.
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Initially, the concept of culture meant the impact of man on nature, as well as the upbringing and training of man himself. In German classical philosophy, culture is the area of human spiritual freedom. Many unique types and forms of cultural development were recognized, located in a certain historical sequence and forming a single line of human spiritual evolution. In the late XIX - early XX century, culture began to see primarily a specific system of values, arranged according to their role in the life and organization of society. At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of "local" civilizations - closed and self-sufficient cultural organisms undergoing similar stages of growth, maturation and death (Spengler) - became widely known. This concept is characterized by the opposition of culture and civilization, which was considered as final stage development of a given society.
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The variety of types of culture can be considered in two aspects: diversity: culture on a scale of humanity, emphasis on socio-cultural supersystems, internal diversity: culture of a separate society, cities, emphasis on subcultures. Within the framework of a separate society, one can distinguish: a high (elite) folk (folklore) culture, at their basis - a different level of education of individuals and mass culture, to the formation of which was led by the active development of the media.
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Popular culture forms another, the one that is called high, or - elite. Popular culture is an indicator of many aspects of society's life and, at the same time, is a collective propagandist and organizer of society's moods. Within mass culture, there is a hierarchy of values and a hierarchy of persons. Weighted rating system and, conversely, scandalous brawls, a fight for a seat at the throne. Popular culture is a part of the general culture, separated from the elite culture only by a large number of consumers and social demand.
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The masses are the embodiment of herd, uniformity, stereotyped "D. Bell
American sociologist
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Mozart's music in the Philharmonic Hall remains a phenomenon of elite culture, and the same melody in a simplified version, which sounds like a mobile phone ringing tone, is a phenomenon of mass culture. So, in relation to the subject of creativity - perception, one can distinguish folk culture, elite and mass.
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Elitism and mass character have equal relation as to the phenomena of Culture. In mass culture itself, one can distinguish, for example, a spontaneously emerging culture under the influence of a mass of external factors: a totalitarian culture imposed on the masses by one or another totalitarian regime and supported by it in every possible way. The art of socialist realism is one of the main varieties of such art. It is also possible to focus attention on the functioning and modification of traditional forms of art and the emergence of new ones. The latter include photography, cinema, television, video, various types of electronic arts, computer art, and their various interconnections and combinations.
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A specific feature of the twentieth century. was the spread of mass culture, mainly due to the developing means of mass communication. The Purpose of Mass Culture What is Popular Culture for? In order to implement the principle of complementarity, when the lack of information in one communication channel is replaced by an excess of it in another. This is how mass culture is opposed to fundamental culture. Mass culture is characterized by anti-modernism and anti-avant-gardism. If modernism and the avant-garde strive for a complicated writing technique, then mass culture operates with an extremely simple technique worked out by the previous culture. If modernism and the avant-garde are dominated by the orientation towards the new as the main condition for their existence, then mass culture is traditional and conservative, as it is addressed to a huge readership, viewer and listener.
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Popular culture emerged in the twentieth century. not only through technological advances that have led to so many sources of information, but also through the development and strengthening of political democracies. It is known that the most developed is mass culture in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. All culture is declared to be mass, and in fact the whole culture is elite. It sounds paradoxical, but it is.
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Popular culture emerged in the twentieth century. not only through technological advances that have led to so many sources of information, but also through the development and strengthening of political democracies.
It is known that the most developed is mass culture in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. All culture is declared to be mass, and in fact the whole culture is elite. It sounds paradoxical, but it is.
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Popular culture, being one of the brightest manifestations of the socio-cultural life of modern developed communities, remains a relatively unintelligible phenomenon from the point of view of the general theory of culture. Interesting theoretical foundations for the study of the social functions of culture. In accordance with the concept, two areas can be distinguished in the morphological structure of culture: ordinary culture, mastered by a person in the process of his general socialization in the living environment (primarily in the processes of upbringing and general education), and specialized culture, the development of which requires special (professional) education. An intermediate position between these two areas with the function of a translator of cultural meanings from a specialized culture to the everyday consciousness of a person is occupied by mass culture. Since decay primitive society, the beginning of the division of labor, social stratification in human collectives and the formation of the first urban civilizations, a corresponding differentiation of culture arose, determined by the difference in social functions of different groups of people associated with their way of life, material resources and social benefits, as well as the emerging ideology and symbols of social prestige. These differentiated segments of the general culture came to be called social subcultures.
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The third social subculture is elite. This word usually means the special sophistication, complexity and high quality of cultural products. Its main function is the production of social order (in the form of law, power, structures of the social organization of society and legitimate violence in the interests of maintaining this organization), as well as the ideology that substantiates this order (in the forms of religion, social philosophy and political thought). The elite subculture is distinguished by: a very high level of specialization; the highest level of social aspirations of the individual (love of power, wealth and fame is considered the "normal" psychology of any elite).
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The main manifestations and directions of mass culture of our time Among the main manifestations and directions of mass culture of our time, the following can be distinguished: the industry of "subculture of childhood", pursuing the goals of explicit or camouflaged standardization of the content and forms of raising children, introducing into their consciousness the skills of social and personal culture, the foundations of the basic values that are officially promoted in a given society; a mass general education school closely associated with the attitudes of the "subculture of childhood", introducing students to the basics of scientific knowledge, philosophical and religious ideas about the world around them, to the historical socio-cultural experience of the collective life of people, to the value orientations adopted in the community. the mass media, broadcasting current relevant information to the general population, “explaining” to an ordinary person the meaning of events, judgments and actions of figures from various specialized spheres of public practice and interpreting this information in the “necessary” angle for the customer engaging this media, i.e. actually manipulating the minds of people and shaping public opinion on certain issues in the interests of their customer.
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a system of national (state) ideology and propaganda, "patriotic" education, controlling and shaping the political and ideological orientations of the population and its individual groups, manipulating the consciousness of people in the interests of the ruling elites. mass political movements (party and youth organizations, manifestations, demonstrations, propaganda and election campaigns.), initiated by the ruling or opposition elites with the aim of involving the general population in political actions. mass social mythology (national chauvinism and hysterical "patriotism", social demagogy, populism, extrasensory perception, "spy mania", "witch hunt"), simplifying a complex system of human value orientations and a variety of shades of world outlook to elementary dual oppositions ("ours are not ours "), replacing the analysis of complex multifactorial causal relationships between phenomena and events, appeals to simple and, as a rule, fantastic explanations (world conspiracy, intrigues of foreign special services," barabashka ", aliens)
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reflections, from efforts to rationalize the problems that concern them, gives an outlet to emotions in their most infantile manifestation; entertainment industry, which includes popular artistic culture), mass staged and spectacular performances (from circus sports to erotic), professional sports (as a spectacle for fans), structures for organizing recreational activities (corresponding types of clubs, discos, dance floors, etc. etc.) and other types of mass shows. the industry of recreational leisure, physical rehabilitation of a person and correction of his bodily image, which, in addition to the objectively necessary physical recreation of the human body; the industry of intellectual and aesthetic leisure, which introduces people to popular science knowledge, scientific and artistic amateurism, develops general "humanitarian erudition" among the population, actualizing views on the triumph of enlightenment and humanity.
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Genres of mass culture An essential feature of a mass culture product must be entertaining in order for it to be commercially successful, to be bought and the money spent on it made a profit. Amusement is set by the strict structural conditions of the text. Subject and stylistic texture of mass culture products. may be primitive from the point of view of an elite fundamental culture, but it should not be badly done, but on the contrary, in its primitiveness it should be perfect - only in this case it will be guaranteed reader and, therefore, commercial success. a plot with intrigue and twists and turns and, most importantly, a distinct division into genres.
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We can say that genres of mass culture should have a rigid syntax - an internal structure, but at the same time they may be poor semantically, they may lack deep meaning. The texts of mass literature and cinema are structured in the same way. Why is this needed? This is necessary so that the genre can be recognized immediately; and the expectation should not be violated. The viewer shouldn't be disappointed. A comedy should not spoil a detective story, and a thriller plot should be exciting and dangerous. That is why stories within mass genres are so often repeated. Repetition is a property of myth - this is the deep kinship between mass and elite culture. The actors in the minds of the viewer are identified with the characters. A hero who died in one film seems to be resurrected in another, just as archaic mythological gods died and were resurrected. After all, movie stars are the gods of modern mass consciousness. A variety of mass culture texts are cult texts. Their main feature is that they penetrate so deeply into the mass consciousness that they produce intertexts, but not in themselves, but in the surrounding reality. Thus, the most famous cult texts of Soviet cinema - "Chapaev", "Adjutant of His Excellency", "Seventeen Moments of Spring" - provoked endless quotes in the mass consciousness and formed anecdotes about Chapaev and Petka, about Stirlitz. That is, cult texts of mass culture. form around themselves a special intertext reality. After all, it cannot be said that the jokes about Chapaev and Stirlitz are part of the internal structure of these texts themselves. They are part of the structure of life itself, linguistic, elements Everyday life language. Elite culture, which in its internal structure is built in a complex and sophisticated way, cannot influence the extra-textual reality in such a way. It is true that some modernist or avant-garde technique is mastered by the fundamental culture to such an extent that it becomes a cliché. Then it can be used by popular culture texts. As an example, we can cite the famous Soviet cinematographic posters, where the huge face of the main character of the film was depicted in the foreground, and in the background little people were killing someone or just flickering. This change, distortion of proportions is a stamp of surrealism. But the mass consciousness perceives it as realistic, although everyone knows that there is no head without a body, and that such space is, in essence, absurd.
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