It is the largest in Russia and worse in terms of the production of ferrous metals in the south of Ukraine's metallurgical base in the CIS. On the Russian scale, it ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of the Ural metallurgy is 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced in the former USSR.
She was the oldest in Russia. Ural use of imported Kuznetsk coal. One iron ore base was depleted that a significant part of the feed was imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbayskoye deposit), Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia.
The development of its own iron ore base is associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanium-bearing deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit (Chelyabinsk region), which accounts for more than half of the reserves of the iron ore region.
The largest companies for their acquisition are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Companies (GOK) and the Bakal mine. The largest centers of metallurgical metallurgy were created in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust and others.
Currently, two thirds of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high concentration of production, with the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works and steel structures occupying a special place.
It is the largest in the melting of cast iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.
The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines, and the largest companies are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsky.
The main companies of the Ural metallurgical bases are: OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK), Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant (Mechel steel company), Chusovoy Metallurgical Plant (CMW), Gubakha Koks (Gubakha Coke).
Largest metallurgical base state - Ural.
Almost half of the cast iron, steel and rolled products from Russia are produced here.
Ural, Central and Siberian metallurgical base of Russia
Imported coal (from Kuzbass and Karaganda) and ore from Kazakhstan, KMA and Magnitogorsk are used as raw materials. Most of the metals were dug up by giant companies in Magnitogorsk. Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novotroitsk.
The Ural metallurgical bases use their own iron ore (mainly the Kachkanar meliorovka), as well as imported iron ores at the Kursk magnetic anomalies and partly the Kustanay ore in Kazakhstan.
Coal is imported from the Kuznetsk basin and Karaganda (Kazakhstan). The largest plants throughout the entire cycle are located in the cities of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and others.
Ural metallurgical base ranks first in Russia in terms of production volumes black And non-ferrous metals. companies Ural metallurgy produces about 52% of iron and 56% of steel.
Ural metallurgical base is also the oldest in Russia. Manufacturing units and factories are forced to use imported ore as local iron ore is largely exhausted. Own iron ore from Kachkanar deposits does not cover the needs of the metallurgical industry in the Urals. The ore comes from Kazakhstan, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly and Karelia.
Large Ural metallurgical centers were created in the Urals near Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk and Yekaterinburg.
Approximately two-thirds of all sheet steel and cast iron Ural metallurgical base represent Chelyabinsk and Orenburg region. Full service companies are located along the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. Non-ferrous metallurgy is located on the western slopes. I would like to mention here Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, which is the first in Russia for iron smelting. In general, if you look at the companies in the Urals, we will see that most of them produce pipes for oil and gas pipelines.
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It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.
The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production, with the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupying a special place.
The Ural metallurgical base is the oldest and largest center of ferrous metallurgy in the country. The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals of the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR.
It is the oldest in Russia.
One of the features of the location of metallurgical enterprises is its unevenness, as a result of which metallurgical complexes are located in “clumps”.
Modern production is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (KM K OJSC) and West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMK).
The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. It is most profitable to create metallurgical enterprises near raw materials (Ural, Norilsk) or energy bases (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia), and sometimes between them (Cherepovets).
When locating a metallurgical enterprise, the availability of water, transport routes, and the need for environmental protection are also taken into account.
Ferrous metallurgy of Russia
Therefore, processing enterprises must be created in areas where such ores are mined.
The production of heavy metals, due to the low metal content in ores, is confined to the areas where they are mined. The Ural metallurgical base is a leader in the production of ferrous metals. The Ural base is distinguished by a wide variety of non-ferrous metallurgy industries. But more than 1/3 of non-ferrous metal ores are imported to the Urals.
The Central Metallurgical Base contains the bulk of the country's iron ore reserves.
Almost all ore is concentrated within one of the world's largest deposits - KMA. Iron ore is also mined on the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (Kostomuksha). Aluminum metal is smelted in Volkhov and Kandalaksha. It is developing on Kuznetsk coal and iron ore deposits of the Angara region and Gornaya Shoria.
They are used by two metallurgical enterprises in Novokuznetsk.
Currently, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed. The intensive development of metallurgy in the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ore. Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for direct reduction of iron was put into operation (Belgorod region).
The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.
The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Pipe metallurgy, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), also developed.
Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in introducing a blast-free metallurgical process. In general, crude ore production is about 80 million tons, i.e.
about 39% of Russian production. Metallurgical enterprises are not evenly distributed throughout the country. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other characteristics.
The overwhelming majority of the metal is produced by Magnitogorsk, Novo-Tagil, and other giant plants built during the first five-year plans (Ural-Kuznetsk complex).
The scale of development of metallurgical processing in the Central region is much more modest than in the Urals (22% of cast iron, 16% of steel, 17% of finished rolled products and 15% of all-Russian pipes). With the significant development of pigment metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), the main role is played by enterprises with a full cycle.
Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important sectors of the Russian national economy. The central metallurgical base covers almost the entire European part of the country.
The center has sharply increased its importance in recent years, has overtaken the Urals in the production of rolled metal, and in the near future may even overtake the Urals in the production of ferrous metals.
Ferrous metallurgy
The largest metallurgical centers of the Urals are Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk.
Important centers of metallurgy in the Urals are Yekaterinburg, Perm, Izhevsk and Zlatoust. The Siberian base occupies the southern part of Western and Eastern Siberia and is of great future importance, based on its own resources.
The largest center of the Siberian metallurgical base is Novokuznetsk
The emerging Far Eastern metallurgical base, which has significant resources for the development of the industry, is represented by one pig metallurgy center in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
During the lesson, users will be able to get an idea of the topic “Geography of the metallurgical complex.” Iron ore and coal are sent to a metallurgical plant, where they are smelted into metal.
The oldest and most important ferrous metal production region is the Urals. 40% of steel and rolled products produced in our country are produced here.
The largest metal production center here is the city of Cherepovets. Based on Kuzbass coal and its own iron ore, a large metallurgical plant was formed here in Novokuznetsk. The second branch of the metallurgical complex is non-ferrous metallurgy.
Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is developing using its own raw materials, because Russia is one of the largest countries in terms of reserves of non-ferrous metal ores.
The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanarsky Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Baikal Mining Administration.
The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines; the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsk.
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Ferrous metallurgy is a huge industry that represents a number of different industries for the extraction of raw materials, smelting steel, pig iron and for the production of rolled products. Ferrous metallurgy, which serves as the basis for the development of construction and technology. Manganese, alloy metal ores, iron ore, coking coal are raw materials for ferrous metal mining.
There are three types of metallurgical metallurgy:
first Metallurgy of the entire cycle (characterized by the presence of almost all stages of production in one company).
second Ferrous metallurgy (a type of production in which one of the stages is allocated to a separate production or is associated with waste processing).
third Small metallurgy (i.e. metallurgical workshops in the structure of large machine-building complexes).
It should be noted that the geographical location of companies depends on the type of metallurgy. So, small metallurgy is located in the centers of large processing centers.
The pork industry is usually associated with the recycling of scrap metal, both in the industrial and steel industry in the concentration area or in the large engineering base, with a large amount of scrap metal in the production process.
The production of ferroallites is the improvement of the quality of iron products by adding alloyed metals, which give these products the necessary properties.
Ferroalloy production is material intensive and energy intensive, so companies are optimally located in areas where cheap energy is linked to alloy metal sources.
Metallurgy of the entire cycle is characterized by fuel efficiency and material consumption (fuel and raw materials account for 90% of the cost of production).
Therefore, it makes sense to find full-time jobs in low-cost areas or accessible raw materials.
Black coal coke is a fuel for metallurgy. The main fuel bases for the ferrous metallurgy are:
In the Pechora basin (northern regions).
In Kuzbass (Western Siberia).
In the city of Shakhty (North Caucasus).
In the South Jakut sub-basin (Far East).
In the Karaganda basin (Kazakhstan).
Donbass (Ukraine).
In Tkvarchele and Tkibuli (Georgia).
Iron ores are raw materials for iron metallurgy.
The main functions in the CIS are:
Tagil-Kushvinskaya deposit group of the Sverdlovsk region, Bakalskaya group of Chelyabinsk, Orsk-Khalilskaya group of the Orenburg region (Ural).
Abakan, Teysk, Irbin (Eastern Siberia).
Mountain Shoria (Western Siberia).
Kerch, Priazovsky, Krivorozhovskoe (Ukraine).
Dashkesan (Armenia).
Sokolovo-Sarbaiskoye and Lisakovskoye fields (Kazakhstan).
Garinskoye, Aldan (Far East).
Olenegorsk, Kovdorskoye, Kostomuksha (northern region).
The Ural metallurgical base is the first base of the Russian Federation.
There are two main principles for locating metallurgical enterprises in the Urals.
The first principle is in the field of fuel. Since there was never coal in the Urals, wood products, namely coal, were mainly consumed as fuel. Chusovoy, Alapaevsk, Nevyansk, Nizhny Tagil became the first centers of metallurgy in the Urals. In the 18th-19th centuries. Century. The first metallurgical plants were created, which still retain their metallurgical specialization.
The second principle is the location of companies in the field of raw materials.
With development in 30 years. In the 20th century, the mountains in the magnetic company of these industries began to actively position themselves near iron mines.
The largest centers of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia
This period includes the construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, which is the largest in Europe.
We see that the metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high specific gravity in the smelting of steel, cast iron and rolled products. Metallurgy of the entire cycle includes the following plants: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsko-Khalilovsky and
Novotroitsk (Orenburg region). The largest ferroalloy centers in Russia are located in the Urals (Chelyabinsk, Serov), as well as in pipeline production centers (Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk).
The pig-breeding industry includes factories Ashi, Zlatoust, Satka (all Chelyabinsk region), Alapaevsk, Chusovoy, Revda, Yekaterinburg (all Sverdlovsk region). Backyard furnace is well developed in large technical centers in the Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk regions. The Ural metallurgical base has its own problems: lack of fuel and significant depletion of raw materials.
Most of the ore was brought here from the Sokolvo-Sarbay deposit and from KMA, but coal comes from Karaganda and Kuzbass.
The Central Metallurgical Base is considered the second largest metallurgical base in Russia. It is located in the Central Black Earth Region and the Central Economic Region. Here, the development of metallurgy is based on the sole disposal of KMA iron ore (with an estimate of 16.7 billion Euros).
tons). The metallurgical center of the Russian Federation specializes in the extraction of iron ore and its enrichment. All enterprises include two large industrial complexes: Novoiskolsky and Lipetsk. It should be noted that the integrated Novoiskolskaya HPP was built under a German license; this technology consists of direct reduction of iron without the use of a blast furnace. Oil refineries are located in Elektrostal, Moscow, Orel and Tula. The central metallurgical base has its own problems, of which the main one is the lack of fuel.
Coal must be imported from Kuzbass, Vorkuta and Donbass.
The third metallurgical base of our country is the West Siberian base. Here, the development of metallurgy is facilitated by the presence of raw materials (iron ore from Mount Shora) and fuel (Kuzbass) near the Trans-Siberian Railway. On the other hand, the distance of the base from the main consumers in the Central European regions has complicated its development. Therefore, the lower levels of industry are dominated by coal mining and export.
Metallurgy of the entire cycle - Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant. Novosibirsk is the center of cast iron metallurgy. Ferrol water is produced in the Novokuznetsk region.
Cherepovets is the largest metallurgical center in the country. A unique complete bicycle plant in Cherepovets, located at the intersection of the main fuel (Pechersk coal mine) and the base for raw materials (iron ore of the Kola Peninsula).
The main task of the plant is to supply metal structures and construction bases in the central and northwestern economic regions with metal.
Among the CIS countries, the largest metallurgical base is the Southern Metallurgical Base of Ukraine. The basis of its development is Donbass coal, as well as iron ore from Kerch and Krivoy Rog.
The southern metallurgical base is characterized by a high level of development of the upper levels of industry. For metallurgy of the entire cycle, care combines Dnepropetrovsk, Makeevka, Donetsk and Stakhanov. But Kramatorsk, Zaporozhye and Gorlovka are located to supply metallurgical centers with fuel.
There are also several large metallurgical companies in Kazakhstan, their development is associated with the presence of their own fuel and raw materials bases (Karaganda basin, Sokolovo-Sarbaiskoye, AAAT, Lisakovsky deposits).
The metallurgical base of Kazakhstan is characterized by a high specific gravity at the lower levels of the industry, and the resulting raw materials are sent primarily to the Urals. Metallurgy of the entire cycle is a combination of Temirtau.
Large centers for the production of ferromalls are located in Temirtau, Aktobe, Pavlodar.
Metallurgical production in Georgia was based on coal from Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli. Iron ore is supplied to metal plants from Dashkesan. There is a metallurgical plant in Rustavi throughout the entire cycle. Zestafoni has a large ferroalloy production center.
Metallurgical complex of Russia - main centers of metallurgy and problems
Main article: Metallurgical base
Central metallurgical base in Russia - an area of early development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated.
The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.
Compound
The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works)
Lipetsk) and the Novotula plant (Tula), the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality metallurgy). Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for direct reduction of iron was put into operation (Belgorod region). The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in introducing a blast-free metallurgical process. Coal bases include: Kiev-Pechora Lavra, Kuzbass, Novotulsky plant, as well as the Lena basin.
The advantages of this process: high concentration of interconnected production - from pelletizing raw materials to releasing the final product; high quality metal products; continuity of the technological process, which facilitates the connection of all technological sections of metallurgical production into one highly mechanized line; significantly greater capacity of the enterprise, which does not require coke for steel smelting.
The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore of the Russian Federation and over 21% of raw ore production.
Quite large enterprises operate here - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plants (Karelia). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.
The central metallurgical base uses iron ores from the Kursk magnetic anomaly (enriched at the Stoilensky, Mikhailovsky and Lebedinsky enrichment plants), the Kola Peninsula (Olenegorsky GOK), Karelia (Karelian pellet) and scrap metal from Central Russia. Coking coal is supplied from the Pechora and Kuznetsk basins, and partly from the Donbass.
Characteristics
The intensive development of metallurgy in the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ore.
Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. The main reserves of iron ores of the KMA in category A+B+C are about 32 billion tons. General geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 32-37%, reach a trillion tons.
Large explored and exploited KMA deposits are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.).
The ores lie at a depth of 50 to 700 m and have an ore body thickness of 70 to 350 m. Costs per 1 ton of iron in commercial ore are almost half lower than in Krivoy Rog ore, and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. KMA is the largest area for open-pit iron ore mining. In general, crude ore production is about 80 million tons, i.e.
about 39% of Russian production.
Large full-cycle plants are represented in the cities of Cherepovets (Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant Severstal), Lipetsk (Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant), Tula (Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant), Stary Oskol (Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant), where production is carried out using “blast-free” technologies, not so large pigment plants metallurgy in the cities of Orel, Elektrostal, Moscow (Hammer and Sickle), St. Petersburg (Kirov Plant), Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, Kulebaki.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is located in the north of the base - aluminum smelters in the cities of Volkhov, Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, as well as the Severnickel copper-nickel plant (Monchegorsk).
Non-ferrous metallurgy plants:
- nickel - in the cities of Orsk, Verkhniy Ufaley, Rezh;
- copper - in the cities of Mednogorsk, Kyshtym, Karabash, Revda, Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad;
- titanium - Verkhnaya Salda, Berezniki;
- zinc - Chelyabinsk zinc plant;
- aluminum - Severouralsk and (less significant) Yekaterinburg.
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The role and significance of non-ferrous metallurgy and a brief description of the world's reserves of non-ferrous metal ore.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the leading branches of heavy industry in the national economy. This is one of the first places in the world for exiting the non-ferrous metallurgy industry. Saving increases the amount of aluminum used: copper, zinc, nickel, lead, molybdenum, tungsten, mercury, antimony, cobalt, cadmium, niobium, titanium, magnesium, gold, silver, platinum, palladium and other non-ferrous, rare and precious metals.
Non-ferrous metallurgy, in addition to other raw materials, is the basis of the industrial power of our country, and its products contribute to scientific and technological progress in almost all sectors of the national economy.
During the years of Soviet power, former operational mines, metallurgical plants and enterprises for processing non-ferrous metals were experimented with.
In 1931, a copper plant from Krasnouralsk was put into operation, and in 1932 it was the first-born of the aluminum industry of the USSR - Volkhov Aluminum, in 1933
- born in the nickel industry, Ufa Nickel factory, in 1934 - head of Chikment, in 1935 - Chelyabinsk Zinc and many other companies. In 1939, the existing aluminum plant in the Urals was put into operation; The Magnitogorsk copper smelter began operating. In 1938, he produced the first copper mineral and metallurgical plant, Balkhash.
Before 1940
domestic non-metallic metallurgy has reached one of the leading positions in the world both in terms of production volume and technical level. The domestic metallurgy industry has completely abandoned the import of aluminum, zinc and partially copper.
In the Far East, in Novokuznetsk, Siberia and the Urals, the Norilsk mining complex was built - a theological aluminum plant.
In the post-war five-year period, non-ferrous metallurgy developed rapidly. Plants were built in the north, Balkhash, Zyryansky, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Altyn-Topkan, Sumgait and Kanaker aluminum plants and many others.
By the end of 1970
using modern technologies, including the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant in Norilsk, the Nikolaev Aluminum Plant, a number of mining and processing plants for the production of copper, lead and zinc and tungsten ore in Kazakhstan and the Far East.
Many copper-molybdenum compounds are Erdenet in the Mongolian People's Republic, a joint Soviet-Mongolian company. Extensive measures were taken to introduce new technological processes and high-performance equipment.
The production of non-ferrous metals is constantly growing.
The production of zinc, lead, titanium, copper, nickel, cobalt, precious metals and other alloying elements is increasing. The development of non-ferrous metals advanced rapidly in the nineties.
The main products of non-ferrous metallurgy in Bulgaria are copper, lead, and zinc.
Hungary has large reserves of high-quality bauxite (second in France).
The main products of the non-ferrous metallurgy in Hungary are aluminum and aluminum. It not only meets aluminum requirements, but also exports bauxite, alumina and aluminum.
Copper ores were developed in the former Germany. There are small deposits of tin ore. The main products of the non-ferrous metallurgy in Germany are aluminum and copper.
In Germany, the production of secondary copper is almost 1.5 times higher than in ores.
Poland's main products in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy are copper, zinc, lead, and aluminum.
Romania has significant reserves of copper and lead zinc.
Copper, lead and rare metals are smelted in the republic.
The Czech Republic and Slovakia have small deposits of lead zinc, copper, tin, tungsten and gold.
The products are consumed mainly in the country, but the needs are not fully met.
Yugoslavia has significant reserves of copper, lead, zinc, antimony, mercury, molybdenum ores and bauxite.
The Republic of Cuba has large reserves, relatively rich in nickel plating (one of the first cities in the world).
The main reserves of aluminum raw materials - bauxite - are concentrated in the intestines of Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, and Suriname.
Australia is the largest supplier of bauxite, accounting for 36% of global production and 79% of developed world production.
In the copper ore reserve, the first places were taken by the USA, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, and Canada. Among the promising new suppliers of copper raw materials is Mexico.
Ore reserves are concentrated in the USA, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Peru, Morocco and other countries, as well as zinc ore reserves in Canada, Australia, USA, Peru, Japan and Mexico.
The largest reserves of nickel ore are Canada, New Caledonia, and Australia. Important reserves of tungsten ores are available in the USA, South Korea, and Brazil. The main area for cobalt reserves and mining is the Zaire and Zambia "copper belt".
The main reserves of intestinal gold are found in South Africa. Significant amounts of silver reserves are available in the USA, Mexico, and Canada. The largest share of uranium reserves and production is in the USA, Canada, South Africa and Australia. The main areas of concentration of vanadium reserves and production are deposits located in South Africa and Western Australia.
The largest consumer of non-ferrous metals among developed countries is the United States of America, and since 1970 Japan has been the second largest consumer of aluminum, copper, tin and zinc.
This is a consequence of Japan's rapid industrialization process in the 1960s. The USA uses aluminum for 40% of total world consumption, it leads 36%, copper, zinc and tin - 26% each.
The lack of primary raw materials is compensated by processing the corresponding residues.
Mining from the ocean floor may become important in the future.
In the United States, technology has been developed to use ocean concrete components containing manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt.
It produces 40 million tons of various metals.
This is primarily aluminum (17 million tons). The aluminum industry is represented by two geographically separated production units:
1st - the production of alumina (Al oxide) gravitates towards countries that mine bauxite;
2nd - aluminum production is close to sources of cheap electricity, mainly in developed countries. The main countries for bauxite mining are Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Russia, Brazil; for alumina production - Australia, Russia, USA, Jamaica; for aluminum production - USA, Japan, Russia, Canada, Germany. In all these countries, production is carried out in areas of large hydroelectric or thermal power plants.
Copper production: Copper ores typically contain little of this metal.
Most of the copper ore reserves are concentrated in Chile, the USA, and Zambia.
Copper refining requires a large amount of electricity, so part of the blister copper is exported to developed countries.
The largest producers of refined copper: USA, Russia, Japan and Germany.
Lead production:
The leaders in lead ore production are: Russia, Australia, the USA, Canada, followed by Peru and Mexico. Large lead producers: USA, Russia, Western European countries.
Metallurgy and the environment: The development of metallurgy is accompanied by an increase in the content of iron, lead, tin, copper, mercury, arsenic and other metals in the environment, which poses a real threat to human health.
In terms of the degree of “harmfulness”, metallurgical enterprises are one of the dirtiest industries.
19. Chemical resources of the world.
Production in the chemical industry is characterized by a high degree of technological complexity, so the principles of their location are quite diverse.
The production of potash fertilizers is focused on the places of extraction of raw materials, which is associated with the easy solubility of raw materials and its possible losses during transportation. For the same reason, soda production also focuses on deposits of table salt. And the production of phosphate fertilizers, as a rule, is located in the ports of highly developed countries, where it is convenient to deliver raw materials (phosphorites) by sea. In the CIS countries, the production of these fertilizers is focused mainly on agricultural areas, since the raw materials are high-quality apatites or phosphorites from the Kara-Tau deposit. When using phosphorites from other deposits, production is focused on the areas where raw materials are mined. In some countries (Ukraine, France, Great Britain) that use phosphorus-containing ore for ferrous metallurgy, production is focused on ferrous metallurgy areas producing Thomas slag.
The production of nitrogen fertilizers has more complex placement principles. In extremely rare cases, natural saltpeter is used as a raw material: Chilean, Norwegian and Indian. In general, the location of the production of nitrogen fertilizers is associated with the production of cheap ammonia, which is formed during the coking of coal, therefore plants producing nitrogen fertilizers are tied to metallurgical bases. Often, the production of nitrogen fertilizers is focused on oil refining and petrochemical centers, which also supply cheap ammonia. Currently, the geography of production of nitrogen-containing products is changing due to the development of pipeline transport and the construction of ammonia pipelines, which makes it possible to deliver cheap ammonia to areas of existing chemical production, most often military.
The production of synthetic rubber, as a rule, is oriented towards oil and gas processing enterprises, which is associated with the possibility of producing cheap alcohol. In some countries, this production is tied to large automotive manufacturing centers. In those countries that are pioneers in the production of synthetic rubber, some enterprises are located in specialized agricultural areas (in Russia - Yaroslavl, Efremov, in France - Clermont-Ferrand, in Ukraine - Bila Tserkva), which is due to the initial receipt of raw materials from agricultural products; in some countries (Russia, Canada, Sweden), production is located in forest chemical centers that simultaneously produce wood alcohol.
The production of plastics and chemical fibers is quite labor intensive and also requires a continuous supply of raw materials, therefore it is located in oil port centers or in cities with oil and gas pipelines.
The production of “light” chemicals is focused on the abundance of labor resources, while pharmaceutical and cosmetic production require highly qualified labor, so they have not even developed in all highly developed countries.
In the modern production of basic chemical goods, especially mineral fertilizers, the CIS countries, the USA, and China stand out. Among European countries, a fairly large production of fertilizers, especially potash and nitrogen, is represented in Germany, phosphate fertilizers - in France, which uses phosphorites from Tunisia and Algeria as raw materials; in America, Canada stands out for its particularly large production of potash fertilizers, ranking first in the world in the production of potash fertilizers. salts
In recent years, the geography of chemical fiber production has changed significantly, with a noticeable shift towards East and South-East Asia. China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Thailand account for over 33% of global production.
Non-ferrous metals are divided into several groups according to their physical properties and purpose:
- heavy - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel;
- light - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, lithium, etc.;
- small - bismuth, cadmium, antimony, arsenic, cobalt, mercury:
- alloying agents - tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, vanadium;
- noble - gold, silver, platinum and platinoids;
- rare and scattered - zirconium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, selenium, etc.
The Russian non-ferrous metallurgy produces about 70 different types of metals. Three countries in the world have such a complete set of production - the USA, Germany, Japan.
Features of the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy:
- extremely low quantitative content of useful components in raw materials (copper from 1 to 5%, lead-zinc from 1.5 to 5.5%, etc.), i.e. to obtain 1 ton of copper it is necessary to process at least 100 tons of ore;
- exceptional multicomponent nature of raw materials (for example: Ural pyrites contain copper, iron, sulfur, gold, cadmium, silver and others, up to 30 elements in total);
- high fuel intensity and energy intensity of raw materials during processing.
A feature of non-ferrous metallurgy is the high energy intensity of raw materials in the process of their preparation for metallurgical processing and processing. In this regard, a distinction is made between fuel-intensive and electricity-intensive industries. High fuel intensity is typical, for example, for the production of nickel, alumina from nephelines, and blister copper. The production of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, titanium, etc. is characterized by increased electrical intensity. In the industry as a whole, the share of fuel and energy costs ranges from 10 to 50-65% of the total costs for 1 ton of products produced. This feature of production determines the location of non-ferrous metallurgy industries in regions that are best supplied with electricity.
Non-ferrous metallurgy industries
Main branches of non-ferrous metallurgy:
- aluminum industry;
- copper smelting or copper industry;
- lead-zinc industry;
- nickel-cobalt industry;
- tin mining industry;
- gold mining industry;
- diamond mining industry.
It should be noted that in the distribution of non-ferrous metallurgy there are usually no clearly limited areas of location (or metallurgical bases). This is due to two reasons: firstly, non-ferrous metallurgy has a complex industry structure; secondly, in many sub-sectors there is a territorial gap between the extraction and enrichment of raw materials and the smelting of finished metal.
Aluminum industry
Aluminum has high structural properties, lightness, sufficient mechanical strength, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which ensures its use in mechanical engineering, construction, and the production of consumer goods. Aluminum alloys (duralumin, silumin, etc.) have mechanical properties that are not inferior to high-grade steels.
The main raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite; nephelines and alunites, which are complex raw materials, are also used. The technological process consists of two main stages: the production of alumina and the production of aluminum metal. Geographically, these processes are in many cases separated, since the first stage is material-intensive and gravitates towards sources of raw materials, and the second is oriented in its placement towards sources of cheap energy.
In Russia, all centers for the production of aluminum metal (with the exception of the Urals) are to one degree or another removed from raw materials, being located near hydroelectric power stations (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk) and partly where large power plants operate on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk).
Joint production of alumina and aluminum is carried out in the North-Western region (Volkhov) and in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky).
The aluminum industry, among other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, stands out for its largest scale of production. The most powerful enterprises for alumina operate in Achinsk, Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky and Pikalyov, for aluminum - in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk and Irkutsk (Shelekhov). Eastern Siberia produces almost 4/5 of the total amount of aluminum in the country.
Until 2007, the domestic market for aluminum products was represented by two companies: SUAL-Holding (SUAL Group) and Russian Aluminum (RUSAL).
In 2006-2007 There was a merger of the aluminum and alumina assets of the RUSAL company, which ranked third in the world in aluminum production, the SUAL group, one of the world's top ten aluminum producers, and the Swiss company Glencore, and the world's largest aluminum corporation, United Russian Aluminum Company (UK), was created RUSAL).
The main feature of the company is vertical integration within the production cycle of successive technological stages for the extraction and processing of raw materials, production of primary metal, as well as semi-finished and finished products from aluminum and its alloys.
Copper smelting or copper industry
Copper has high electrical conductivity and malleability, and is widely used in mechanical engineering, especially in the electrical industry, the construction of power and communication lines, as well as in the production of alloys with other metals.
The copper industry, due to the relatively low content of concentrates, is confined (excluding the refining of crude metal) to areas with raw material resources.
The main type of ores currently used in Russia for copper production are copper pyrites, which are represented mainly in the Urals (Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Blavinskoye, Sibaiskoye, Gaiskoye and other deposits). An important reserve is cuprous sandstones concentrated in Eastern Siberia (Udokan deposit). Copper-molybdenum ores are also found. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores are used as additional raw materials.
The main copper production region is the Urals, which is characterized by the predominance of metallurgical processing over mining and beneficiation. Therefore, they are forced to use imported (mostly Kazakh) concentrates.
In the Urals there are enterprises for the production of blister copper and its refining. The former include the Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk (Revda), Karabash and Mednogorsk copper smelters, and the latter include the Kyshtym and Verkhnepymensk copper-electrolyte plants.
Characterized by widespread recycling of waste for chemical purposes. At the copper smelters of Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd and Revda, sulfur dioxide gases serve as the feedstock for the production of sulfuric acid. In Krasnouralsk and Revda, phosphate fertilizers are produced based on sulfuric acid and imported apatite concentrates.
In the future, it is planned to bring into circulation new sources of raw materials for copper production. To develop the unique Udokan deposit in Eastern Siberia, a mining company of the same name (UMC) was created with the participation of American-Chinese capital. The deposit, the third largest in the world, is located near the Chara station on the BAM.
Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little direct connection with raw materials. In fact, it is located either where there is metallurgical processing, forming specialized enterprises, or in combination with the smelting of ferrous metal, or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino, etc.). A favorable condition is the availability of cheap energy (1 ton of electrolytic copper consumes 3.5-5 kW/h).
Nickel-cobalt industry
Nickel, which has high hardness, is an alloying metal and is used as a protective coating for metal products. Nickel is part of valuable alloys with other non-ferrous metals.
Cobalt, mined from nickel ores, is used to produce cobalt alloys: magnetic, heat-resistant, super-hard, corrosion-resistant.
The nickel-cobalt industry is most closely associated with sources of raw materials, which is due to the low content of intermediate products (matte and matte) obtained during the processing of the original ores. In Russia, two types of ores are exploited: sulfide (copper-nickel), which are known on the Kola Peninsula (Nickel) and in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (Norilsk), and oxidized ores in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh). The Norilsk region is especially rich in sulfide ores. Sources of raw materials have been identified here (Talnakh and Oktyabrskoye deposits), which makes it possible to further expand the metallurgical processing of nickel.
The Norilsk region is the largest center for the integrated use of copper-nickel ores. The plant operating here, which combines all stages of the technological process - from raw materials to finished products, produces nickel, cobalt, platinum (together with platinum group metals), copper and some other rare metals. By recycling waste, sulfuric acid, soda and other chemical products are obtained.
OJSC * Mining and Metallurgical Company "Norilsk" Nickel is Russia's largest and one of the world's largest companies producing precious and non-ferrous metals. It accounts for more than 20% of global nickel production, more than 10% of cobalt and 3% of copper. In the domestic market, the share of OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel accounts for about 96% of all nickel produced in the country, 55% of copper, 95% of cobalt.
Lead-zinc industry focuses on the raw material and fuel base: Kuzbass - Salair, Transbaikalia - Nerchinsk, Far East - Dalnegorsk, etc. The tin industry is developed in the Far East: Sherlovogorsky, Khrustalnensky, Solnechny GOK.
Diamond mining industry. Diamonds are one of the most important income sources of domestic exports. The country receives about $1.5 billion annually from their sales. Currently, almost all domestic diamonds are mined in Yakutia. In two diamond-bearing areas of the Vilyui River basin, there are several mines, including such well-known ones as Yubileiny and Udachny (85% of total production). In the eastern regions of the country, diamonds were also found in Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region). Joint-stock company "AL ROSA" is one of the world leaders in the field of exploration, production and sale of diamonds, polished diamond production. AK "AL ROSA" produces 97% of all diamonds in the Russian Federation. The company's share in global diamond production is 25%.
Development prospects are outlined in the federal programs: “Development of the ore base of non-ferrous metallurgy”, “National program for the development of metallurgy in Russia”.
The metallurgical complex of Russia is the main synonym for the well-being and prosperity of our entire state, its confidence in the future.
First of all, it serves as the basis for all existing mechanical engineering. Understanding this, let’s find out which enterprises are included in the mining and metallurgical complex.
These are mainly those industries that mine, enrich, smelt, roll and process raw materials. The company has its own clear structure:
- Ferrous metallurgy - ore and non-metallic raw materials.
- Non-ferrous metallurgy: light metals (magnesium, titanium, aluminum) and heavy metals (nickel, lead, copper, tin).
Ferrous metallurgy
An industry with its own nuances. It is important to understand that not only metal is important for it, but also mining and subsequent processing.
Its important features are highlighted:
- more than half of the products serve as the basis for the country’s entire mechanical engineering industry;
- a quarter of the products are used in the creation of structures with increased load capacity.
Ferrous metallurgy is production, coking of coal, secondary alloys, production of refractories and much more. Enterprises included in the ferrous metallurgy are of the greatest importance and, in fact, are the basis of the industry of the entire state as a whole.
The main thing is that around them there are production facilities for processing various wastes, especially after cast iron smelting. The most common satellite of ferrous metallurgy is considered to be metal-intensive mechanical engineering and electrical power production. This industry has great prospects for the future.
Ferrous metallurgy centers in Russia
First of all, it should be remembered that Russia has always been and today is the absolute leader in terms of ferrous metal production density. And this primacy is without the right to transfer to other states. Our country confidently holds its position here.
The leading factories are, in fact, metallurgical and energy chemical plants. Let's name the most important centers of ferrous metallurgy in Russia:
- Urals with iron and ore mining;
- Kuzbass with coal mining;
- Novokuznetsk;
- Location of KMA;
- Cherepovets.
The metallurgical map of the country is structurally divided into three main groups. They are studied at school and are the basic knowledge of a modern cultured person. This:
- Ural;
- Siberia;
- Central part.
Ural metallurgical base
It is this that is the main and, perhaps, the most powerful in terms of European and world indicators. It is characterized by a high concentration of production.
The city of Magnitogorsk is of paramount importance in its history. There is a famous metallurgical plant there. This is the oldest and hottest “heart” of ferrous metallurgy.
It produces:
- 53% of all cast iron;
- 57% of all steel;
- 53% of ferrous metals of all indicators that were produced in the former USSR.
Such production facilities are located near raw materials (Ural, Norilsk) and energy (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia). Now the Ural metallurgy is in the process of modernization and further development.
Central metallurgical base
It includes cyclical production plants. Presented in the cities: Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Tula and Stary Oskol. This base is formed by iron ore reserves. They are located at a depth of up to 800 meters, which is shallow depth.
The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant has been launched and is successfully operating. It introduced an avant-garde method without a blast furnace metallurgical process.
Siberian metallurgical base
Perhaps it has one peculiarity: it is the “youngest” of the existing bases today. Its formation began during the USSR period. Approximately one fifth of the total volume of raw materials for cast iron is produced in Siberia.
The Siberian base is a plant in Kuznetsk and a plant in Novokuznetsk. It is Novokuznetsk that is considered the capital of Siberian metallurgy and a leader in production quality.
Metallurgical plants and largest factories in Russia
The most powerful full-cycle centers are: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Beloretsky, Ashinsky, Chusovskoy, Oskolsky and a number of others. All of them have great development prospects. Their geography, without exaggeration, is enormous.
Non-ferrous metallurgy
This area is occupied with the development and enrichment of ores, participating in their high-quality smelting. According to its characteristics and intended purpose, it is divided into categories: heavy, light and valuable. Its copper smelting centers are almost closed cities, with their own infrastructure and life.
Main areas of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia
The opening of such areas entirely depends on: the economy, the environment, and raw materials. This is the Urals, which includes factories in Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad and Mednogorsk, which are always built near production. This improves the quality of production and the turnover of raw materials.
Development of metallurgy in Russia
Development is characterized by high rates and volumes. Therefore, huge Russia is in the lead and is constantly increasing its exports. Our country produces: 6% iron, 12% aluminum, 22% nickel and 28% titanium. Read more about thisIt is reasonable to look at the information in the production tables presented below.
Map of metallurgy in Russia
For convenience and clarity, special maps and atlases have been produced. They can be viewed and ordered on the Internet. They are very colorful and comfortable. The main centers with all divisions are indicated in detail there: copper smelters, places for the extraction of ore and non-ferrous metals, and much more.
Below are maps of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia.
Factors for locating metallurgical plants in Russia
The fundamental factors influencing the location of plants across the country are literally the following:
- raw materials;
- fuel;
- consumption (this is a detailed table of raw materials, fuel, small and large roads).
Conclusion
Now we know: there is a clear division into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. This distribution of mining, enrichment and smelting depends directly on the main components: raw materials, fuel and consumption. Our country is a European leader in this area. The three main geographical pillars on which it stands are: the Center, the Urals and Siberia.
Here you go, beauty:
The metallurgical complex is a set of industries producing a variety of metals. It includes mining, ore beneficiation, metal smelting, rolled metal production, as well as processing of secondary raw materials.
The industry is divided into ferrous metallurgy - smelting steel, cast iron and ferroalloys. And non-ferrous, which includes the production of light metals - aluminum, magnesium, titanium. And heavy metals - copper, nickel, tin, lead.
The location of metallurgical plants is greatly influenced by:
features of the raw materials (ore) used;
type of energy used to produce metal;
geography of raw materials and energy sources.
Obviously, it is most profitable to create metallurgical plants near raw materials (Urals) or energy (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia) bases, and sometimes between them. When placing, the provision of production with water, transport routes, and environmental factors is also taken into account. Enterprises associated with the final stage of metallurgy (metal processing) are most often located at the consumer.
There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of our country: Central, Ural, Siberian.
Central. A relatively young base is being created on the iron ores of the KMA, Kola Peninsula and Karelia. The main centers are Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol.
Ural. It has large ore reserves. The main centers are Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Mednogorsk, Krasnouralsk.
The Siberian base is developing on Kuznetsk coal and iron ore from the Angara region and Mountain Shoria. Center - Novokuznetsk.
Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction, beneficiation and metallurgical processing of non-ferrous, precious and rare metal ores. The industry includes the lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industry and the production of precious and rare metals.
Non-ferrous metals are divided according to physical properties and purpose into heavy (copper (Cu), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), light (aluminum (A1), titanium (Ti), magnesium ( Md) precious (gold (Au), silver (Ad), platinum (Ft) and rare (zirconium (Zr), indium (In), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), etc.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a very material-intensive industry, since the content of non-ferrous metals in the ore is extremely low, therefore non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are focused mainly on raw material bases.
Non-ferrous metal ores are usually multicomponent, so the integrated use of raw materials is of great importance. An important factor in the location of enterprises for the smelting of non-ferrous metals is energy, since this is an energy-intensive production. But the production of light non-ferrous metals requires a large amount of energy.
Aluminum industry. It develops on the basis of its own (deposits in the Urals, North-Western region, Siberia) and imported raw materials. Almost all factories are more or less remote from raw materials, but are located either near hydroelectric power stations or large thermal power plants.
More than 3/4 of aluminum production now comes from four large aluminum smelters; Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokunetsk. The first two of them are the largest in the world.
Our country is among the world leaders in aluminum production, but up to 80% of the aluminum produced in Russia is now exported.
Copper industry. The main bases of the copper industry of our country are located in the Urals (Gaiskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibaiskoye deposits). Mostly processing plants are located here. The production of refined copper is located both in the Ural region and in the Center (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
Lead-zinc industry. Mainly gravitates towards areas of polymetallic ore mining (Kuzbass, Transbaikalia, North Caucasus, Primorye).
Nickel industry. It is developing in the Northern economic region on the basis of deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates of Norilsk, in the Urals - on local and imported raw materials, in Eastern Siberia - on copper-nickel ores of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug.
