1. Information processes. 2. Information processes in nature. 3. Man as an information processor. Perception, memorization and processing of information by a person, limits of sensitivity and resolution of the sense organs, logarithmic scales of perception. 4. Information processes in technical devices. The main questions of the topic:
Information Process Information does not exist by itself. It manifests itself in information processes. Information does not exist on its own. It manifests itself in information processes. A process is a successive change in the states of an object as a result of actions performed. A process is a successive change in the states of an object as a result of actions performed.
Information process Processes whose purpose is to find, transmit, store or change information are called information processes Processes whose purpose is to find, transmit, store or change information are called information processes A A carrier B B
Genetic information largely determines the structure and development of living organisms and is inherited. Genetic information is stored in the structure of DNA molecules. DNA molecules are made up of four different constituents (nucleotides) that form the genetic alphabet. It largely determines the structure and development of living organisms and is inherited. Genetic information is stored in the structure of DNA molecules. DNA molecules are made up of four different constituents (nucleotides) that form the genetic alphabet.
QUESTION 3. Man as an information processor. Perception, memorization and processing of information by a person, limits of sensitivity and resolution of the sense organs, logarithmic scales of perception. Man as an information processor. Perception, memorization and processing of information by a person, limits of sensitivity and resolution of the sense organs, logarithmic scales of perception.
A person receives information about the outside world with the help of his senses. A person receives information about the outside world with the help of his senses. about 90% of information a person receives with the help of the organs of vision (visual), about 90% of the information a person receives with the help of the organs of vision (visual), about 9% - with the help of the organs of hearing (auditory) about 9% - with the help of the organs of hearing (auditory) and only 1% with the help of other senses (smell, taste, touch). and only 1% with the help of other senses (smell, taste, touch). It should be noted that the human sense organs are called analyzers, since it is through these organs that information enters the brain. But, for example, for a fox, a dog and many other animals, the main information is the one that comes through the nose. They have a well developed sense of smell. For bats, the main information is sound, they perceive it with their large, sensitive ears.
Weber-Fechner Law: sensation varies with the logarithm of the stimulus. The human senses (at least vision and hearing) have one logarithmic scale of sensitivity. This follows from the fact that the sense organs perceive a change in the signal (light or acoustic) in proportion to the current signal level. In peace, silence or darkness, we can distinguish the slightest rustle or a beam of light in a few photons. But at the same time, in the light or in a noisy room, the susceptibility of the sense organs drops sharply. This is easy to express mathematically: dA = dx/x, where A is our susceptibility to signal x Hence A = ln(x) (proportionality factor omitted).
The sound level is usually measured in decibels (dB). The sensitivity of the human ear corresponds to a logarithmic scale, so the decibel is defined in such a way that a ten decibel increase in sound corresponds to a tenfold increase in sound energy, and the sound becomes twice as loud to the ear. Other things being equal, the human ear differently perceives sounds of different frequencies. One dB is the smallest audible change in sound volume (= 1 phon). Our hearing organs do not perceive sounds weaker than 0 dB, and the pain threshold is about 120 dB. The sound level is usually measured in decibels (dB). The sensitivity of the human ear corresponds to a logarithmic scale, so the decibel is defined in such a way that a ten decibel increase in sound corresponds to a tenfold increase in sound energy, and the sound becomes twice as loud to the ear. Other things being equal, the human ear perceives sounds of different frequencies differently. One dB is the smallest audible change in sound volume (= 1 phon). Our hearing organs do not perceive sounds weaker than 0 dB, and the pain threshold is about 120 dB.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE INFORMATION STORAGE INFORMATION PROCESSING contains two moments: information reception and transmission. Reception (perception) of information by a person can occur both in figurative and in sign form. Transmission - most often in sign form in any language. carried out by a person either in memory (operational information) or on external media (external). Examples include saving information on a blackboard, in a notebook, on cassettes, etc. Information can be stored in a person's memory in any form, on external media - only in sign form. produced by a person "in the mind", or using various technical means (measuring instruments, calculators, computers, etc.). The figurative form is associated with the presence of five senses in a person: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. FIGURATIVE FORM is an ideal form of human perception of objects and phenomena of the surrounding material world. SIGN FORM is closely related to the concept of language. LANGUAGE is a symbolic system of information representation, it is a means of information exchange.
A signal is a way of transmitting information. A signal is a physical process that has information value. It can be continuous or discrete. A signal is a physical process that has information value. It can be continuous or discrete. An analog signal is a signal that continuously changes in amplitude and time (smoothly changing voltage, current or temperature). An analog signal is a signal that continuously changes in amplitude and time (smoothly changing voltage, current or temperature). A signal is called discrete if it can take only a finite number of values at a finite number of times (discrete - not continuous). A signal is called discrete if it can take only a finite number of values at a finite number of times (discrete - not continuous).
Signals carrying textual, symbolic information are discrete. Analog signals are used, for example, in telephone communications, radio broadcasting, television. Discrete signals Traffic light signals Traffic light signals Signals carrying textual information (letters, words, sentences, symbols) Signals carrying textual information (letters, words, sentences, symbols) Telegraphic Morse code Analog signals Car speed change Car speed change Air humidity Air humidity Voltage developed by a microphone when talking in front of it, singing or playing on musical instruments The voltage developed by the microphone when talking in front of him, singing or playing musical instruments Cardiogram Cardiogram
Analog signals can be represented in discrete (digital) form. Let's explain this with an example. The figure shows a temperature curve drawn by a thermometer - a recorder, on July 15 on the banks of the Tsna River. Considering the graph, we can conclude that the temperature per day has changed from +1200C to +2400C. Can this information, obtained in a continuous (analogue) form, be presented in the form of individual values, in a table, i.e., in a discrete form? Record the temperatures at the end of each hour in the table. It is easy to see that the table gives an inaccurate picture of the process: for example, the highest temperature is reached between 2 and 3 pm. It is clear that the table can be improved by entering in it the temperature values observed every half an hour. Hour 1 2 ... ... 24 t C 15 12.3 ... 21, ... 16 t C 15 12.3 ... 21, ... 16 (discrete) values are called discretization.
Signals transmitted in electrical form have many advantages: they do not require moving mechanical devices, which are slow and prone to failure; do not require moving mechanical devices that are slow and prone to breakage; the speed of transmission of electrical signals approaches the maximum possible speed of light; the speed of transmission of electrical signals approaches the maximum possible speed of light; electrical signals are easy to process, compare and convert using extremely fast electronic devices. electrical signals are easy to process, compare and convert using extremely fast electronic devices.
Observation Communication Reading Viewing listening work in libraries, archives; Request to information systems, databases and data banks; other methods. Observation Communication Reading Viewing listening work in libraries, archives; Request to information systems, databases and data banks; other methods. Manual Automated Manual Automated Search Methods Information retrieval is the retrieval of stored information.
Entering new entries in the phone book Collecting insects for the collection Daily measurement of air temperature, etc. The solution of any problem begins with the collection of information. Entering new entries in the phone book Collecting insects for the collection Daily measurement of air temperature, etc. The solution of any problem begins with the collection of information.
Source Receiver Sense organs - human biological channels Technical communication channels: telephone, radio, etc. Characteristics: transmission speed, bandwidth, noise protection Accurate or approximate reproduction of information received in some other place is called information transmission. KU DKU Interference, noise Communication channel
Communication channel - a set of technical devices that ensure the transmission of a signal from a source to a recipient. Encoding device (CU) - a device designed to convert the original message of the information source to a form convenient for transmission. Decoding device (DKU) - a device for converting an encoded message into the original.
Processing Without the use of technical means (“in the mind”) Without the use of technical means (“in the mind”) With the use of technical means (including on a PC) With the use of technical means (including on a PC) Types of processing: mathematical calculations; logical reasoning; Search; structuring; coding. Processing rules: algorithms Types of processing: mathematical calculations; logical reasoning; Search; structuring; coding. Processing rules: algorithms - the transformation of information from one type to another, carried out according to strict formal rules.
INPUT AND OUTPUT INFORMATION Input information is information about objects that a person or device receives. Output information - information that is obtained as a result of transformation by a person or device of input information. Input information Output information Protection methods Information protection is the prevention of: access to information by persons who do not have the appropriate permission (unauthorized, illegal access); unintentional or unauthorized use, alteration or destruction of information. Information protection is the prevention of: access to information by persons who do not have the appropriate permission (unauthorized, illegal access); unintentional or unauthorized use, alteration or destruction of information.
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Information and information processes in inanimate nature.
- In physics, which studies inanimate nature, information is a measure of the orderliness of the system on the scale "chaos - order" . One of the basic laws of classical physics states that closed systems, in which there is no exchange of matter and energy with the environment, tend to move over time from a less probable ordered state to the most probable chaotic state.
- For example, if a gas is placed in one half of a closed vessel, then after some time, as a result of the chaotic movement of the gas molecules, they will evenly fill the entire vessel. There will be a transition from a less probable ordered state to a more probable chaotic state, and the information, which is a measure of the system's orderliness, will decrease in this case.
- In accordance with this point of view, physicists at the end of the 19th century predicted that our Universe would face “thermal death”, that is, molecules and atoms would eventually be evenly distributed in space and any changes and development would stop.
- However modern science established that some laws of classical physics, which are valid for macrobodies, cannot be applied to the micro- and mega-world. According to modern scientific concepts, our Universe is a dynamically developing system in which processes of structure complication are constantly taking place.
- Thus, on the one hand, in inanimate nature, in closed systems, there are processes in the direction from order to chaos (in which information is reduced). On the other hand, in the process of evolution of the Universe in the micro- and mega-world, objects with an increasingly complex structure arise, and, consequently, information, which is a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system, increases.
- We live in the macrocosm, that is, in a world that consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Usually, macroobjects are divided into inanimate (stone, ice floe, etc.), living (plants, animals, the person himself) and artificial (buildings, means of transport, machine tools and mechanisms, computers, etc.).
- Macroworld. Gulliver in the Land of the Lilliputians
- Macro objects are made up of molecules and
- atoms, which, in turn, consist of elementary particles, the dimensions of which are extremely small. This world is called
- microworld
- Microcosm. Hydrogen atom and water molecule.
- We live on the planet Earth, which is part of the solar system, the Sun, along with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy, and billions of galaxies form the Universe. All these objects are of enormous size and form a mega world.
- Megaworld. solar system
- Approximately 3.5 billion years ago, life arose on Earth. Since then, there has been self-development, the evolution of living nature, that is, an increase in the complexity and diversity of living organisms. Living systems (single-celled, plants and animals) are open systems, as they consume from
- environment
- matter and energy and
- thrown into it
- products
- vital activity
- also in the form of a substance and
- energy.
- Information as a measure of increasing the complexity of living organisms.
- Living systems in the process of development are able to increase the complexity of their structure, i.e., increase information, understood as a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system. Thus, plants in the process of photosynthesis consume the energy of solar radiation and build complex organic molecules from "simple" inorganic molecules.
- Animals are picking up the baton of increasing complexity in living systems, eating plants and using plant organic molecules as building blocks to create even more complex molecules.
- Biologists figuratively say that "the living thing feeds on information", creating, accumulating and actively using information.
- information signals.
- The normal functioning of living organisms is impossible without obtaining and using information about environment. The purposeful behavior of living organisms is based on the receipt of information signals. Information signals can have different physical or chemical nature. Sound, light, smell, etc.
- Even the simplest unicellular organisms (for example, amoeba) constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable conditions for existence.
- The survival of animal populations is largely based on the exchange of information signals between members of the same population. The information signal can be expressed in various forms: postures, sounds, smells, and even flashes of light (they are exchanged between fireflies and some deep-sea fish).
- genetic information.
- One of the main functions of living systems is reproduction, i.e., the creation of organisms of a given species. The reproduction of their own kind is ensured by the presence in each cell of the body of genetic information, which is inherited.
- Genetic information is a set of genes, each of which is "responsible" for certain features of the structure and functioning of the body. At the same time, "children" are not exact copies of their parents, since each organism has a unique set of genes that determine differences in structure and functionality.
- Approximately 40 thousand years ago, in the process of evolution of wildlife, reasonable man(translated from the Latin "homo sapiens"). A person exists in a "sea" of information, he constantly receives information from the world around him with the help of his senses, stores it in his memory, analyzes it with the help of thinking and exchanges information with other people.
- Vision - with the help of the eyes, information is perceived in the form of visual images;
- Hearing - with the help of the ears and hearing organs, sounds are perceived (speech, music, noise, etc.);
- sense of smell - with the help of special receptors of the nose, odors are perceived;
- Taste - tongue receptors allow you to distinguish between sweet, salty, sour and bitter;
- Touch - skin receptors (especially fingertips) allow you to get information about the temperature of objects and the type of their surface (smooth, rough, etc.).
- The greatest amount of information (about 90%) a person receives through vision, about 9% - through hearing, and only 1% - through other senses (smell, touch and taste).
- A person stores the information received in the form of visual, auditory and other images in memory, processes it with the help of thinking and uses it to control their behavior and achieve their goals.
- Man cannot live outside of society. In the process of communicating with other people, a person transmits and receives information in the form of messages. At the dawn of human history, sign language was used to convey information, then oral speech appeared. At present, messages are exchanged between people using
- hundreds of natural languages
- (Russian, English, etc.).
- In order for the information to be understood, the language must be known to all people involved in communication. The more languages you know, the wider the circle of your communication.
- Understandability is one of the properties of information
- From the very beginning of human history, there was a need to accumulate information for its transmission in time from generation to generation and transmission in space over long distances. The process of accumulation of information began with the invention of writing and the first information carriers (Sumerian clay tablets and ancient Egyptian papyri) in the 4th millennium BC.
- In order for a person to be able to correctly navigate in the world around him, the information must be complete and accurate.
- Completeness and accuracy are two more properties of information.
- The task of obtaining complete and accurate information about nature, society and technology is facing science. The process of systematic scientific knowledge of the surrounding world, in which information is considered as knowledge, began in the middle of the 15th century after the invention of printing.
- For long-term storage of knowledge (transmission from generation to generation) and their dissemination in society (replication), information carriers are needed. The material nature of information carriers can be different.
- Until now, paper has been used as the main carrier of information.
- The term "mass media" is widely known - the media (newspapers, radio, television), which bring information to every member of society.
- Such information must be accurate, up-to-date and useful. These are properties of information that are important to the media.
- Inaccurate information misleads members of society and can cause social upheaval. Irrelevant information has no use at the present time, and therefore no one, except historians, reads last year's newspapers. Useless information creates information noise that makes it difficult to perceive useful information.
- The functioning of control systems for technical devices is associated with information processes, i.e., the processes of receiving, storing, processing and transmitting information. Control systems can perform various functions.
- Control systems are built into almost all modern household appliances, machine tools with numerical control, vehicles, etc.
- In some cases leading role in the process of control, a person performs, in others, control is carried out by a microprocessor built into the technical device or a connected computer.
- Robots are called automatic devices designed to carry out industrial, scientific and other work. Robots may have different appearance and sizes, but they all perform actions based on the information processing program embedded in them.
- Industrial robots are usually
- replace a person in those industries that require tedious and repetitive work (for example, conveyor assembly of cars and electronic devices), hazardous technical work (for example, work with radioactive materials), as well as work where the presence of
- human is physically impossible (for example, automatic
- space and deep sea
- devices).
- AT last years robots appeared equipped with sense organs similar to human sense organs (vision, hearing, tactile sensations), having memory and capable of processing the received information and performing purposeful actions. Such robots can work at home (a robot vacuum cleaner is already being produced), in a hospital (experimental samples deliver medicines to the sick), on other planets (lunar rovers and rovers travel on the surfaces of celestial bodies), etc.
- In the modern information society, the main resource is information, the use of which is based on information and communication technologies. Information and communication technologies are a set of methods, devices and production processes used by society to collect, store, process and disseminate information.
- In the second half of the last, XX century, due to the rapid growth of the volume of information, special technical devices began to be created for processing, storing and receiving / transmitting information in digital form.
- Computer is a universal information processing device. Peripheral devices connected to a computer (printers, scanners, digital cameras, etc.) make it possible to enter information into a computer in digital form and present it in a form convenient for a person. Modems and other network devices are used to transmit information over computer networks.
- pp. 7 – 9 read
- pp. 9 -11 draw up a plan - an outline in a notebook on the last two points.
- p. 11 security questions at the end of paragraphs.
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There is no generally accepted definition of information. The word "information" comes from the Latin word information, which means information, clarification, familiarization. In the most general case, “information” refers to information (data), knowledge that is perceived by a living being or device and communicated (received, transmitted, transformed, compressed, decompressed, lost, found, registered) using signs. What is information? Informatics is the science of the ways and methods of representing, processing, transmitting and storing information using a PC.
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Nowadays, humanity has accumulated a huge amount of information! It is estimated that the total amount of human knowledge until recently doubled every 50 years. Now the amount of information is doubling every two years. Information sources
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The world around us is full of all kinds of images, sounds, smells, and all this information is conveyed to the human consciousness by his sense organs: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. With their help, a person forms his first idea of any object, living being, work of art, phenomenon, etc. People perceive visual information with their eyes; The organs of hearing deliver information in the form of sounds; The olfactory organs allow you to smell odors; Taste organs carry information about the taste of food; The tactile organs provide tactile information. Perception of information
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Vision is the main source of information. A person receives the largest amount of information (about 90%) through vision, about 9% through hearing, and only 1% through other senses (smell, touch and taste).
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People, exchanging information among themselves, should constantly ask themselves questions: is it understandable, relevant and useful to others, is the information received reliable. This will allow you to better understand each other, to find the right solution in any situation. AT Everyday life the life and health of people often depend on the properties of information, economic development society. Socially significant properties of information
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in sign written symbolic in the form of text, numbers, various symbols (text of the textbook); graphic (geographical map); tabular (table in physics); in the form of gestures or signals (traffic light); oral verbal (conversation). Information can be presented in various forms:
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The human mind is a perfect tool for understanding the world around us. And the human memory is an excellent device for storing information. However, for long-term storage of information, its accumulation and transmission from generation to generation, it is necessary to be able to store it not only in human memory. For this, external media are used: knots on ropes, notches on sticks, birch bark letters, letters on papyrus, paper. Finally, the printing press was invented and books appeared. The search for reliable and affordable ways to store information continues to this day. Data storage
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Information and Information Processes in Inanimate Nature In closed systems, processes proceed in the direction from order to chaos (reduction of information). In open systems, as a result of evolutionary processes, objects of a complex structure are created (information increases). Order Chaos Decreasing information Order Chaos Increasing information
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order chaos reduction of information In physics, information is a measure of the orderliness of a system on a scale of "chaos-order". For example, if a gas is placed in one half of a closed vessel, then after some time, as a result of the chaotic movement of the gas molecules, they will evenly fill the entire vessel.
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World Macroworld Microworld Megaworld The universe is dynamically developing increasing information We live in the macroworld, which consists of objects comparable in size to a person. Molecules, atoms, elementary particles Universe, milky way, solar system, Earth
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Information in inanimate nature In physics, which studies inanimate nature, information is a measure of the orderliness of a system according to the "chaos order" scale. One of the basic laws of classical physics states that closed systems, in which there is no exchange of matter and energy with the environment, tend to move over time from a less probable ordered state to the most probable chaotic state.
For example, if a gas is placed in one half of a closed vessel, then after some time, as a result of the chaotic movement of the gas molecules, they will evenly fill the entire vessel. There will be a transition from a less probable ordered state to a more probable chaotic state, and the information, which is a measure of the system's orderliness, will decrease in this case. OrderChaos
However, modern science has established that some laws of classical physics that are valid for macrobodies cannot be applied to the micro- and mega-world. According to modern scientific concepts, our Universe is a dynamically developing system in which processes of structure complication are constantly taking place.
Thus, on the one hand, in inanimate nature, in closed systems, there are processes in the direction from order to chaos (in which information is reduced). On the other hand, in the process of evolution of the Universe in the micro- and mega-world, objects with an increasingly complex structure arise and, consequently, information, which is a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system, increases.
According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe was formed about 15 billion years ago as a result of the explosion of "first matter". In the first moments, matter actually existed in the form of energy, and then, within fractions of a second, matter began to form in the form of elementary particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.).
In the next million years, the main events developed in the microcosm. Atoms were formed from elementary particles flying in all directions, that is, systems with a more complex structure arose from chaos. First, atoms of the lightest chemical elements (hydrogen and helium) arose, and then heavier elements.
In the mega world, over the next billion years, under the influence of gravitational attraction, complex structures of the galaxy were formed from the chaos of giant clouds of dust and gas. Our solar system, which includes the planet Earth, formed about 5 billion years ago and, together with hundreds of millions of other stars, forms our Milky Way galaxy.
Information in physics Information (anti-entropy) is a measure of the order and complexity of a system. As the complexity of the system increases, the amount of entropy decreases and the amount of information increases. The process of increasing information is characteristic of open, self-developing systems of living nature that exchange matter and energy with the environment.
Information in wildlife Approximately 3.5 billion years ago, life arose on Earth. Since then, there has been self-development, the evolution of living nature, that is, an increase in the complexity and diversity of living organisms. Living systems (single-celled, plants and animals) are open systems, as they consume matter and energy from the environment and emit waste products into it also in the form of matter and energy.
Living systems in the process of development are able to increase the complexity of their structure, i.e., increase information, understood as a measure of the orderliness of the elements of the system. Thus, plants in the process of photosynthesis consume the energy of solar radiation and build complex organic molecules from "simple" inorganic molecules.
Animals are picking up the baton of increasing complexity in living systems, eating plants and using plant organic molecules as building blocks to create even more complex molecules. Biologists figuratively say that "the living thing feeds on information", creating, accumulating and actively using information.
information signals. The normal functioning of living organisms is impossible without obtaining and using information about the environment. The purposeful behavior of living organisms is based on the receipt of information signals. Information signals can have different physical or chemical nature. Sound, light, smell, etc.
The survival of animal populations is largely based on the exchange of information signals between members of the same population. The information signal can be expressed in various forms: postures, sounds, smells, and even flashes of light (they are exchanged between fireflies and some deep-sea fish).
genetic information. One of the main functions of living systems is reproduction, i.e., the creation of organisms of a given species. The reproduction of their own kind is ensured by the presence in each cell of the body of genetic information, which is inherited.
Genetic information is a set of genes, each of which is "responsible" for certain features of the structure and functioning of the body. At the same time, "children" are not exact copies of their parents, since each organism has a unique set of genes that determine differences in structure and functionality.
Used resources Ugrinovich N.D. Informatics and information technologies.
