Buryatia is a country beyond Baikal, a country where the sun always shines. A country of picturesque landscapes, wide steppes, high mountains and blue rivers, a country where the Buryats live... Buryatia has a special spirit, and its capital has a special culture - this is not yet Asia, but it is no longer Europe. At the intersection of cultures, the architecture of the city, its special style, has developed. In new, modern buildings, along with the western “functionality”, there are also the outlines of the Buryat yurt.
In Ulan-Ude, the most delicious and natural meat and dairy products, the products of the Ulan-Ude Meat Processing Plant are famous throughout Siberia. Meat dishes in the Buryat cuisine are very refined and varied. The very first place is occupied, of course, by the famous Buryat Buuzes (poses). This dish should be tried by every guest of the city. Buuzy is a cult dish in Buryatia. There are many options for preparing buuz, and every housewife in Buryatia has her own secret.
Another national dish is buhler. Buhler is prepared from fresh, finely chopped beef or lamb meat with the addition of potatoes; in the old days it was prepared only from meat and wild onions. The uniqueness of this dish is in the simplicity of preparation. Fragrant, rich, hot meat broth in the conditions of cold Siberia, which will better show concern for the guest, who may have come a long way.
A Buryat table is considered empty without dairy products. Khanachan zoohey (salamat), khurgechen eezgei (cottage cheese snowballs), urmen (dried foams). Milk and dairy products are considered by the Buryats as sacred white food (Sagaan edeen). She is offered to the gods, treated to honored guests, she is the first to be placed on the festive table.
And the most important thing in Buryatia is its people. The most beautiful Buryats live in Ulan-Ude. The most educated Buryats live in Ulan-Ude. The most talented artists live in Ulan-Ude. The most hospitable people live in Ulan-Ude.
Like all Siberian peoples, hospitality is the main tradition of the Buryats. And today, when inviting a guest to a Buryat family, you will be received in keeping with the Buryat traditions. When entering the Buryat yurt, you must step over the threshold. In ancient times, it was believed that a guest who specially stepped on the threshold indicates his bad intentions, and can safely be considered an enemy.
It was also believed that leaving weapons and other luggage outside the yurt, the guest shows his good intentions and respect for the hosts. The entrance of the yurt always faces south. This arrangement remains today. The northern part of the yurt is more honorable; guests are received here. But without an invitation, a guest cannot stay there. The eastern half of the yurt is female, the western half is male.
Bringing a treat to the guest, the hostess, as a sign of respect, serves the bowl with both hands. And the guest should also accept it - showing respect for the house. Many traditions came to the Buryats from Mongolia, the cultures of these two nomadic peoples are closely intertwined. So, for example, the revered custom of the right hand. Serving treats and accepting any offering should only be done with the right hand or with both hands. When greeting a guest, in order to emphasize special respect, he is served with two hands, palms clasped together, as in a Buddhist bow, a handshake in response is also done with both hands.
As in many other countries with a Buddhist culture, entering the house, it is customary to take off your shoes at the doorstep. The Buryats have a pleasant tradition of giving gifts to an honored guest. You can not refuse a gift, and it would be nice to also give something to the owners. A gift is a sign of respect for you, but it is also a sign of your respect for the owners. This custom speaks Buryat proverb: "Hands outstretched with a gift are not taken back with a gift."
You will show great respect to the owners by listening to their stories about the family, parents, pedigree, as family relations among the Buryats, it is a national value. Toasts in the Buryat feast also have their own long-standing traditions and their sequence: first, the hosts say several toasts, and only then the guest makes the toasts.
Out of respect for the hosts, you need to try all the dishes, you will not regret it, because the Buryat national dishes are very tasty, and the main task of the hosts who receive the guest is to feed and drink him to his full. It is impolite to rush to leave, because a guest in the house of the Buryats is a great joy, and they will certainly try to keep you longer. Several times you need to warn the owners of your departure before leaving the house. Friendship begins with a visit to a Buryat home. With a visit to the Buryat capital, acquaintance with Buryatia begins, and with a visit to Baikal, love for an amazing land begins, where everyone will find an object of special adoration for themselves.
Buryatia is a country beyond Baikal, a country where the sun always shines. A country of picturesque landscapes, wide steppes, high mountains and blue rivers, a country where the Buryats live... Buryatia has a special spirit, and its capital has a special culture - this is not yet Asia, but it is no longer Europe. At the intersection of cultures, the architecture of the city, its special style, has developed. In new, modern buildings, along with the western “functionality”, there are also the outlines of the Buryat yurt.
In Ulan-Ude, the most delicious and natural meat and dairy products, the products of the Ulan-Ude Meat Processing Plant are famous throughout Siberia. Meat dishes in the Buryat cuisine are very refined and varied. The very first place is occupied, of course, by the famous Buryat Buuzes (poses). This dish should be tried by every guest of the city. Buuzy is a cult dish in Buryatia. There are many options for preparing buuz, and every housewife in Buryatia has her own secret.
Another national dish is buhler. Buhler is prepared from fresh, finely chopped beef or lamb meat with the addition of potatoes; in the old days it was prepared only from meat and wild onions. The uniqueness of this dish is in the simplicity of preparation. Fragrant, rich, hot meat broth in the conditions of cold Siberia, which will better show concern for the guest, who may have come a long way.
A Buryat table is considered empty without dairy products. Khanachan zoohey (salamat), khurgechen eezgei (cottage cheese snowballs), urmen (dried foams). Milk and dairy products are considered by the Buryats as sacred white food (Sagaan edeen). She is offered to the gods, treated to honored guests, she is the first to be placed on the festive table.
And the most important thing in Buryatia is its people. The most beautiful Buryats live in Ulan-Ude. The most educated Buryats live in Ulan-Ude. The most talented artists live in Ulan-Ude. The most hospitable people live in Ulan-Ude.
Like all Siberian peoples, hospitality is the main tradition of the Buryats. And today, when inviting a guest to a Buryat family, you will be received in keeping with the Buryat traditions. When entering the Buryat yurt, you must step over the threshold. In ancient times, it was believed that a guest who specially stepped on the threshold indicates his bad intentions, and can safely be considered an enemy.
It was also believed that leaving weapons and other luggage outside the yurt, the guest shows his good intentions and respect for the hosts. The entrance of the yurt always faces south. This arrangement remains today. The northern part of the yurt is more honorable; guests are received here. But without an invitation, a guest cannot stay there. The eastern half of the yurt is female, the western half is male.
Bringing a treat to the guest, the hostess, as a sign of respect, serves the bowl with both hands. And the guest should also accept it - showing respect for the house. Many traditions came to the Buryats from Mongolia, the cultures of these two nomadic peoples are closely intertwined. So, for example, the revered custom of the right hand. Serving treats and accepting any offering should only be done with the right hand or with both hands. When greeting a guest, in order to emphasize special respect, he is served with two hands, palms clasped together, as in a Buddhist bow, a handshake in response is also done with both hands.
As in many other countries with a Buddhist culture, entering the house, it is customary to take off your shoes at the doorstep. The Buryats have a pleasant tradition of giving gifts to an honored guest. You can not refuse a gift, and it would be nice to also give something to the owners. A gift is a sign of respect for you, but it is also a sign of your respect for the owners. A Buryat proverb speaks of this custom: “Hands outstretched with a gift are not taken back with a gift.”
You will show great respect to the owners by listening to their stories about the family, parents, pedigree, since Buryat family relations are a national value. Toasts in the Buryat feast also have their own long-standing traditions and their sequence: first, the hosts say several toasts, and only then the guest makes the toasts.
Out of respect for the hosts, you need to try all the dishes, you will not regret it, because the Buryat national dishes are very tasty, and the main task of the hosts who receive the guest is to feed and drink him to his full. It is impolite to rush to leave, because a guest in the house of the Buryats is a great joy, and they will certainly try to keep you longer. Several times you need to warn the owners of your departure before leaving the house. Friendship begins with a visit to a Buryat home. With a visit to the Buryat capital, acquaintance with Buryatia begins, and with a visit to Baikal, love for an amazing land begins, where everyone will find an object of special adoration for themselves.
The basis of the spiritual culture of the Buryats is a complex of spiritual values related in general to the culture of the Mongolian ethnic group. In conditions when for many centuries the population of the Baikal region was influenced by many peoples of Central Asia, and later with being part of Russia, due to the fact that Buryatia was at the junction of two cultural systems - Western Christian and Eastern Buddhist- the culture of the Buryats was, as it were, transformed, remaining in appearance the same.
Family and everyday customs of the Buryats
A large patriarchal family was the main social and economic unit of the Buryat society. Buryat society at that time was tribal, that is, there was a division into clans, clan groups, then tribes. Each clan led its genealogy from one ancestor - the ancestor (udha usuur), the people of the clan were connected by close blood ties. Strict exogamy was observed, i.e. A Buryat could not marry a girl of his own kind, even if the relationship between them was very conditional, in several generations. A large family usually lived as follows - each ulus consisted of several villages. In the village there were one, two, three or more yurts with different outbuildings. In one of them, she usually stood in the center, the elder of the family lived, an old man with an old woman, sometimes with some orphans - relatives. Some Buryats, like the Mongols, had a family of their youngest son, an odkhon, who was supposed to take care of his parents. Elder sons with their families lived in other yurts. The whole village had common arable lands, mowing - irons, cattle. Further, their relatives lived in the ulus - uncles (nagasa), cousins.
At the head of the clan was the leader - noyon. When the genus greatly increased and generations grew up, because of the interests of its branches, they resorted to dividing it - a rite of departure from kinship was carried out, when the separated family constituted a separate genus - obok. All the elders of the family came to the ceremony. Everyone prayed to spirits and ancestors. At the boundary - the border of the lands of families - they broke a cauldron and a bow in two, they said:
“Just as the two halves of the cauldron and the bow do not form a single whole, so the two branches of the family will no longer unite.”
So one genus was divided into tribal divisions, for example, the Batlaevskaya seven among the Bulagats. Several clans, in turn, made up a tribe; among the Buryats, a tribe is called by the name of the first ancestor. Either the tribe was simply a community of people united by tribal ties, like the Bulagats and Ekhirits, or the tribe had a head - as a rule, the head of the oldest clan, like the Khori - Buryats. Separate groups of clans, in turn, could also be distinguished into a tribal formation, like ikinats or ashaabgats. In the Buryat communities, there was a custom of mutual assistance during migrations, building yurts, rolling felt, organizing weddings, and funerals. Later, in connection with the development of land ownership and haymaking, assistance was provided in the harvesting of bread and hay. Mutual assistance was especially developed among women in dressing leather, shearing sheep, and rolling felt. This custom was useful in that labor-intensive work was quickly and easily carried out by common efforts, an atmosphere of friendship and collectivism was created.
The dominant form of the family was an individual monogamous family, which included the head of the family, his wife, children and parents. The custom allowed for polygamy, but it was found mainly among wealthy people, since a ransom (kalym) had to be paid for the wife.
All aspects of family and marriage relations were regulated by customs and traditions. Exogamy, which persisted until the beginning of the 20th century, did not allow marriage of persons belonging to the same genus. For example, the Buryats of the Gotol clan took wives from the Irkhideevsky, Sharaldaevsky and Yangut families. There was a custom to talk to children in infancy, even when they were still in the cradle. As a sign of the conclusion of a marriage contract - huda orolsolgo - the parents of the bride and groom exchanged belts and drank milk wine. From that moment on, the girl became a bride, and her father had no right to marry her off to another.
In order to avoid expenses on kalym, sometimes they resorted to the custom of “andalat” - an exchange that consisted in the fact that two families, each with sons and daughters, exchanged girls. According to customary law, the dowry - enzhe - was the full property of the wife, and the husband had no right to it. In some places, in particular, among the Kudara Buryats, kidnapping was practiced - the kidnapping of the bride.
The wedding ceremony usually consisted of the following stages: preliminary agreement, matchmaking, wedding appointment, the trip of the groom with relatives to the bride and payment of bride price, bachelorette party (basaganai naadan - girl's game), looking for the bride and leaving the wedding train, waiting at the groom's house, marriage, consecration new yurt. Wedding customs and traditions in different ethnic groups had their own characteristics. According to existing traditions, all relatives of the bride had to give gifts to her during the wedding. The parents of the newlyweds remembered well those who presented gifts in order to later repay with an equivalent gift.
Children occupy a significant place in the life of Buryats. The most common and good wish among the Buryats was considered: "Have sons to continue your family, have daughters to marry." The most terrible oath consisted in the words: “Let my hearth go out!” The desire to have children, the consciousness of the need to procreate was so great that it gave rise to the custom: in the absence of one's children, to adopt strangers, mainly children of one's relatives, most often boys. Under customary law, a man could take a second wife into the house if he had no children from his first marriage.
The father and mother of the child were not called by proper names: the name of the child was added to the words “father” or “mother” (for example, Batyn aba - father of Batu).
Six or seven days after the birth, the rite of placing the child in the cradle was performed. This ceremony was, in essence, a family celebration, at which relatives and neighbors gathered to give gifts to the newborn.
The name of the child was given by one of the senior guests. In families where children often died, the child was given a dissonant name in order to divert the attention of evil spirits from him. Therefore, there were often names denoting animals (Bukha - Bull, Shono - Wolf), offensive nicknames (Khazagay - Crooked, Teneg - Stupid) and such names as Shuluun (Stone), Balta (Hammer), Tumer (Iron).
Children from an early age were taught the knowledge of their native land, the customs and traditions of their fathers and grandfathers. They tried to instill labor skills in them, to involve them in the production activities of adults: boys were taught to ride a horse, shoot a bow, hook horses, and girls were taught to crumple belts, sheepskins, carry water, kindle a fire, babysit. Children with early years they became shepherds, learned to endure the cold, sleep under the open sky, stay with the herd for days, go hunting. There were no strict measures for misconduct in the Buryat family.
Settlement and dwellings. Buryat life
The nomadic way of life has long determined the type of hermetically closed compact dwelling - a collapsible structure made of a lattice frame and felt covering, round at the base and with a hemispherical top. Under certain conditions, the yurt is a perfect design both in practical and aesthetic terms.
The dimensions of the yurt correspond to the scale of a person. The internal layout takes into account the interests and tastes of its inhabitants, provides household activities. The Buryat name for a felt yurt is heey ger, and a wooden yurt is modon ger. A yurt is a light, collapsible building adapted for transportation on pack animals.
In the 19th century a significant part of the Buryat population lived in settlements - uluses scattered along river valleys and highlands. Each ulus consisted of several families - ails or khotons, united by ancestry. The population spent the cold season in the uluses, so they were also called winter roads. The number of yards in them was different - from 10 - 12 yards to 80 dozen. On the winter roads there were multi-walled wooden yurts, Russian-type huts, and outbuildings. In summer, the Buryats of the Cis-Baikal region wandered to summer camps, which were located near pastures. There they usually lived in felt or wooden yurts. In the Cis-Baikal region, felt yurts began to disappear even before the arrival of the Russians, and in Transbaikalia they were common until the revolution.
Wooden yurts, common in the Cis-Baikal region, had a sloping roof and were most often built in eight walls from round larch or half logs stacked in 12–14 rows. The diameter of the yurt reached 10 meters. In the center, to support the ceiling, poles with a beam were installed. The ceiling of the yurt was covered with soaked bark, turf and wood. Inside the yurt was conditionally divided into two halves. In the western part - baruun tala - there were harnesses, tools and weapons, ongons - images of spirits hung on the wall, and in the eastern part - zuun tala - there was a kitchen, a pantry. According to custom, married woman it was forbidden to enter the western half. The northern part of the yurt - khoymor - was located opposite the door. Here, under the protection of fire, they put a shaky (corners) with baby, planted guests. In the middle of the yurt there was a hearth and a togoon - a large cast-iron cauldron. The smoke rose up and exited through a hole in the ceiling. The hearth was considered sacred, and numerous rules and rituals are associated with it. A wooden bed was installed in the northwest side, shelves for utensils were built in or simply placed in the wall of the northeast side. Outside, a porch was sometimes attached, and a hitching post was dug in - serge, the top of which was decorated with carved ornaments. Serge served as an object of special reverence and was an indicator of the family's prosperity, since his absence meant horselessness, poverty.
Cattle breeding and agriculture
The traditional economy refers to the economic and cultural type of nomadic pastoralists of the dry steppes of Eurasia, which existed in this area for three millennia. Cattle breeding, the main occupation of the Buryats in the 17th–20th centuries, determined the way of life of the people and the specifics of their material and spiritual culture. In the economy of the Buryats in the XVII century. nomadic (Transbaikalia) and semi-nomadic (Pribaikalia) pastoralism played a dominant role. Hunting and agriculture were of secondary importance, and the degree of their development depended on cattle breeding. The accession of Buryatia to Russia gave a new impetus to the further development of the Buryat economy: the natural economic structure is being destroyed, commodity-money relations are deepening, and more progressive forms of farming are being formed. Sheep were of particular importance. Meat was used for food, felt was made from wool, and clothes were made from sheepskin.
Along with cattle breeding, the Buryats had arable farming. Before the arrival of the Russians, it was predominantly hoe, that is, in the same form in which it was inherited from the Kurykans. Later, mainly under the influence of the Russians, the Buryat farmers got wooden harrows and plows, to which the horse was harnessed. Bread was harvested with pink salmon scythes, later with Lithuanian scythes.
They threshed bread with flails, winnowed with wooden shovels and sieves. In the 19th century Alar, Udin, Balagan Buryats, who lived in fertile river valleys, were widely engaged in agriculture. In the open steppe regions, the fields were located close to housing, did not require much effort for cultivation, but the yield was low due to frost and winds. Preference was given to mountainous and wooded places, although uprooting the forest and plowing the land required great effort and was available only to wealthy people.
The Buryats sowed rye, and, to a lesser extent, wheat, oats and barley. Of the large crops, millet and buckwheat were sown in some places. Agricultural work usually fit into the traditional time frame, which was very tight, for example, sowing of spring crops began on May 1 and ended on the 9th.
Hunting
The Buryats have long had two types of hunting - collective battling (aba) and individual (atuuri). In the taiga and forest-steppe zone, the Buryats hunted such large animals as elk, deer, and bear. They also hunted wild boar, roe deer, musk deer, hunted squirrel, sable, ermine, ferret, otter, lynx, badger. On Lake Baikal, seals were caught.
Individual hunting, widespread throughout the ethnic territory of the Buryats, in the forest-steppe zone was represented by active and passive forms, various methods and techniques: tracking, chasing, luring, ambush, hunting a bear “on a den”. The passive form of hunting, known to the Buryats, was for the production of wild meat and fur animals.
In the taiga zone, the Buryats set various traps on animal trails and in other narrow places: they dug pits for hunting, set crossbows, hung loops, built mouths, stationary traps, packs and packs, built notches. In the steppe zone, wolves and foxes were hunted using poisoned baits and traps. The hunting equipment of the Buryats consisted of the following production tools: a bow, arrows, a spear, a lash, a stick, a knife, a gun, crossbows, loops, a bag, a bag, a mouth, a die, a decoy for red deer, roe deer and musk deer.
Buryat crafts
Buryat art metal is a culture both material and artistic. It was created by the creative efforts of blacksmiths, whose artistic products served as one of the most effective means of aesthetic design of folk life. The artistic metal of the Buryats was closely connected with the life and life of the people and reflected the aesthetic concepts of the people.
The monuments of the jewelry art of the past centuries are iron and steel plates with silver notches and a silver surface with niello patterns. The shape of the plates of varying complexity is a circle, a rectangle, a rosette, a combination of a triangle with a rectangle and a circle, an oval. In order to increase the decorative effect of the plates, semi-precious stones were used - carnelian, lapis lazuli, malachite, as well as coral and mother-of-pearl.
The Buryats excellently used silver and tin incisions on steel and iron, filigree and granulation, silvering and gilding, engraving and openwork carving, mother-of-pearl inlay and simple cutting of colored stones, burnishing and blackening, casting and stamping.
The scope of wood as a building and finishing material is extremely wide. In the Buryat life, many items of permanent use are made of affordable, good material that can be easily processed. Artistic processing of wood is carried out by notched-flat, notched, relief and three-dimensional carving. In the technique of notched-flat carving, ornamentation of some things was performed in the past, in the technique of relief carving - plot-thematic images, in the technique of three-dimensional carving: toys, chess, architectural works.
As for the ceremonial horse attire, metal plates were used in the bridle, saddle, breastplate, backrest. The basis of these things was leather, on which ornamented silver notches or silver plates with niello and colored stones are superimposed. The saddle plates were treated with a combined technique of notching and silvering, coral inlay, niello, engraving, openwork cut and graining.
Many items of women's and men's jewelry are cast from noble metals and undergo final processing by forging and grinding. These are silver braids, rings and bracelets. Jewelry is divided into head, braid, ear, temporal, shoulder, belt, side, hand jewelry.
traditional food
The nomadic economy also determined the nature of the food. Meat and various dairy products were the main food of the Buryats. It should be emphasized that meat and especially dairy food had ancient origin and were of great variety.
Dairy products were consumed by the Buryats in liquid and solid form. Tarag (curdled milk), khuruud, airuul (dry cottage cheese), urme (foam), airig (buttermilk), bislag and heege (kinds of cheese) were prepared from milk. Butter was obtained from whole milk, sometimes sour cream. Koumiss was prepared from mare's milk, and archi (tarasun) was made from cow's milk. The abundance of dairy food among the Buryats came from the beginning of spring, when the calving of cows began.
Meat food occupied an exceptionally important place in the diet of the Buryats. The value and quantity of its consumption increased in winter. Horse meat was considered the most satisfying and best in taste, followed by lamb. For a change, they used animal meat - goat meat, locust meat, hare and squirrel meat. Sometimes they ate bear meat, upland and wild waterfowl. There was also a custom to prepare for the winter uuse - horse meat.
The distribution of boiled meat at the table took place depending on the degree of honor and social position guests. The head (toolei) was served to the most honored guest, other guests: shoulder blade (dala), femur (possibly semgen), two lower large ribs (under habhan), humerus (adhaal). The closest guest was treated to an aorta (golto zurkhen) along with a heart. Among the expensive treats for guests-relatives were: lamb brisket (ubsuun), lamb sacrum, dorsal spine (heer), large intestine (khoshkhonog). When slaughtering an animal and treating guests, black pudding in different variations was necessarily prepared. In winter, raw liver (elgen), kidneys (boore), and lard (arban) of a horse were especially tasty.
Buryat traditional clothing
Traditional Buryat men's clothing is a dressing gown without a shoulder seam - a winter degel and a thinly lined summer terlig.
Traditional men's outerwear was straight-backed, i.e. not detachable at the waist, with long hemlines that widen downwards. The men's dressing gowns of the Buryats of Transbaikalia and Cisbaikalia differed in cut. For the Trans-Baikal Buryats, the Mongols are characterized by swing clothes with the smell of the left floor on the right with one-piece sleeves. The deep smell provided warmth for the chest part of the body, which was important during long riding. Winter clothes were sewn from sheepskin, 5-6 skins were used to sew one degel. Initially, the degel made of smoky sheepskins was not decorated, fur protruded along the edges of the collar, sleeves, hem and bodice.
Subsequently, all edges began to be sheathed, edging with plush, velvet or other fabrics. Sometimes degels were covered with cloth: for everyday work - cotton (mainly dalemba), elegant degels - with silk, brocade, semi-brocade, chesusa, velvet, plush. The same fabrics were used when sewing an elegant summer terlig. The most prestigious and beautiful were considered fabrics woven with gold or silver - Chinese silk - patterns, the image of dragons were made of gold silver threads - probably, the traditional love for metal had an effect here. Since such fabrics were very expensive, not everyone had the opportunity to sew a dressing gown entirely from silk. Then expensive fabrics were used for appliqué, bodice trim, sleeves, sleeveless jackets.
Men's and women's degels have all genders - upper (urda hormoy) and lower (dotor hormoy), back (ara tala), front, bodice (seezhe), sides (enger). Fur items were sewn using the huberdehe method, sewing loops over the edge, the seam was then closed with decorative braid. Clothing from fabrics was sewn using the hushezhe method - “needle forward”. One piece of fabric was sewn onto another, then the edge of the bottom layer was turned up and stitched again.
Funeral and memorial customs and traditions
The forms of burial among the ethnic groups of the Buryats were different. At the burial place, the saddle of a stabbed beloved horse was left. Buryat cemeteries were located not far from the Taman groves. Sometimes they just buried somewhere. The coffin was not made everywhere and not always. Not infrequently, the deceased was left directly to the ground, slightly covered with branches. The burning of corpses was considered another form of burial.
People killed by lightning were buried as a shaman, as they believed that heaven had chosen him. Wine was placed next to the aranga and food was placed.
With the advent of the lama, the rituals changed somewhat. They gave the dead man the appearance of a sleeping man, put his right hand to his ear and bent his knees.
The grave was dug shallow, but with the spread of Christianity in the Baikal region, changes were made: the grave was dug deep, and a commemoration was held on the 40th day.
Galina Prokopchuk
Summary of GCD for preparatory group"Customs and traditions of the Buryat people"
State budgetary preschool educational institution
child development center - kindergarten No. 23
Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg
Summary of GCD for the preparatory group.
Topic: «»
Technologies used:
1. Electronic educational resources (ESM).
2. Health saving (exercise minute)
Compiled:
Educator Prokopchuk G.N.
Saint Petersburg
Lesson summary« Customs and traditions of the Buryat people»
Topic: « Customs and traditions of the Buryat people»
Target: introducing children to customs and traditions of the Buryat people.
Tasks:
1. Enrich and expand children's knowledge about customs and traditions of the Buryat people.
2. Develop figurativeness of speech with the help of lexical and grammatical exercises.
3. Enrich children's vocabulary with small forms folklore: proverbs, sayings, tongue twisters, riddles.
4. To form in children the skills of a collective game, interest in culture Buryat people
5. Raise respect for people of the indigenous nationality, interest, love and respect for customs and traditions.
Equipment: felt yurt, Buryat hat, dolls, a bag of bones - ankles, cards for the game "Yurt". The lesson was accompanied by a slide show on multimedia.
preliminary work:
1. Designing the development environment "My native land"
2. Examining the illustrations: animals, birds, national clothes, dishes, illustrations of everyday life Buryat. (
3. Conversations by topic: "Buryat yurt", "Who are they Buryats?", "Family tree", "Ornament", "Clothes Buryat", "Food Buryat", "Craft".
4. Reading fiction literature: "Bear", "Omul barrel", "Legend of the swan girl", "Legend of Baikal and Angara", "Geser".
5. Introduction to Buryat folklore - riddles, proverbs, sayings, tongue twisters, fairy tales.
6. Didactic games: "Find a pair", "Pick up a similar ornament", "Find Buryat costume"," Dress up a boy, a girl", "Collect items of clothing".
7. Movable Buryat games: "Mitten", "Camel and camel", "Hat, thread, knot".
8. Visit to the Museum of History Buryatia.
Lesson progress
Bring up. Hello dear guests and friends! We welcome you with a wish of happiness and kindness, in order to remember and revive our good traditions.
Children come into Buryat costumes.
Bring up. Today in the lesson we will get into the culture and life Buryat people. What you learn, tell yourself, you must remember in order to remember and continue customs and traditions of our ancestors.
Who are the ancestors? (These are our grandfathers, grandmothers, great-grandfathers, great-grandmothers - this is who gave birth to us)
- Guess my riddle: A house without a roof and windows,
And people live in it together (yurt)
Look at this yurt, they lived in such yurts Buryats. By Buryat custom Boys sit on the right side, and girls on the left. The children are seated.
Bring up. Let's remember how we were visiting the museum. stories Buryatia. What did you see in the yurt? (hearth, goddess, where the sacred books were placed, Buryat items; beds, tools)
What was the name of the settlement where they lived Buryats? (ulus)^Each ulus consisted of several yurts. In one ulus lived one relative, one clan. Everyone did the housework together, lived together. In uluses Buryats they lived only in winter and therefore their yurts were called winter roads.
What was the yurt made of? (the base is wooden, wooden slats, and felt was attached on top). The best pieces covered the north side from the cold wind.
In summer, they often moved from place to place, and therefore the yurts were wooden, easily disassembled and assembled.
I propose to play a very interesting game.
Yurt game.
Children stand on a red ribbon, each child has his own path, the path is made up of colored rectangles. Whoever answers the question moves to the next rectangle.
Attention to the screen (on the screen - a yurt)
1. - What is it? (yurt)
2. - What is she like? (round, white, beautiful, etc.)
3. - What do they do in the yurt? (live, rest, play, etc.)
4. - Who lives in a yurt? (Buryats, people)
Let's make a beautiful sentence of your words - answers.
They live in a beautiful round yurt Buryats.
What is another name for a yurt? (dwelling, house, dwelling)
Guys, a yurt is the best housing invented by a nomad. It is light, heats up quickly, easily withstands frost and cold. (Children sit down)
What animals were bred Buryats? (goats, sheep, cows, horses and camels) Didactic the game: "Baby Animals"
The goat has a baby. (goat, and if a lot. (goats)
At the cow.
At the horse.
At the camel.
Well done, you know baby animals very well. Buryats often wandered from place to place following the herd.
Problem situation
Bring up. Why did they roam? (we were looking for good pastures where the grass grew thick and juicy)
What are good pastures for? (the animals ate grass and gave a lot of meat and milk, wool, fattened their cubs)
And now we will move to the summer pasture. Examining and telling the "summer pasture"
Make up a story about the animals we see in the pasture, (children sit in their seats).
Name the main foods Buryat?
Didactic game "Dairy products and meat dishes"
Dairy screening products: sour cream, milk, cheese, foam-urma, butter, etc. Meat dishes - buuza, sharbin, khushuur, black pudding, meat sausage, etc.
Budamshuu enters to the music of Bud. - Sayin bina, uhibuud! Sagaan Yaraar! Sagaalganaar!
Now the holiday of the White month continues and I congratulate you all. They come with gifts. As the mistress of your house, Polina Bulgatovta, I present the hadak.
Did you recognize me? I am cheerful Budamshuu, I like to play and have fun. Let's play! I will teach you to speak fluently Buryat and Russian. Repeat after me
Buryat Russians
1. Sa - sa - sa - Sa - sa - sa - Sanzha sasali sasaa Beyasit the sly fox
2. Ca - ca - ca - Cy - sy - sy- Caba sasan sagalhyaa The fox has a mustache
3. Sa - sa - sa - Su - su - su - Saryuun dayda sagarna Have you seen the fox?
Bud. Here, well done! Now I will test your mind and ingenuity - I will tell you Buryat riddles:
1. Where is the nose, there is the tail, (needle and thread)
2. Silk circle - seven holes around, (head)
3. Two brothers live side by side, but do not see each other (eyes)
Bring up. - And our children know Buryat proverbs
1 child Rather than dishonor your name, it's better to break your bones.
2 children He gave his word - it is necessary to keep it, he began to work - it is necessary to complete it.
3 children Looking at your shadow - you become beautiful looking at your peers
You become smart.
4 children Anger torments the body, and the mountain - the horse.
Bud. What good children you have, they know such clever proverbs. For this, I want to give you another gift. (Pulls out a hat from the box - malachai). I will give it to you if you play a game with me - "Budamshuu Hat" Mobile game "Budamshuu Hat"
Bud. What kind of children you have - fast, dexterous, could not catch up with them. I give you this hat - malachai, you will play group. (Gives to teacher)
And what other items of national clothing Buryat you know? (children's answers)
Bring up. Now we will show festive clothes Buryat. (slide show)
I offer you a didactic game "Dress Buryat dolls"Children dress up dolls and talk about their dolls (What is your name, what did you wear, etc.). Bud. Did you know that the most favorite game in the family circle since ancient times is the dice game, which is called "Walk". The game "Step" - ankles, dice - this is an old Buryat game, both adults and children loved to play it. Varieties games: "Let's collect a big pile", "Guess how many bones are in the hand", "Tossing", Now sit back, let's play. Game "Step"
good wishes:
1 child So that the herds grow fat.
2 children So that comfort reigns in your home.
3 children To keep everyone healthy.
4 children So that luck and success live in the family.
Bud. Oh, thank you kids, big for the good wishes. Well, it's time for me to go to other children. Bayartai!
Children: Bayartai!
Bring up. Thank you all for your attention!
Buryats have lived near the legendary Lake Baikal since time immemorial. The culture of this people is a bright interweaving of the traditions of Asia and Europe, combined with their unique original embodiment. What traditions of the Buryat people are considered the most interesting, and what should a tourist who goes on vacation to Buryatia know?
Attitude towards the environment
The Buryats spiritualize the world around them. Any grove, valley or reservoir, according to the representatives of this people, has its own spirit. It is impossible to neglect any tree or stone. Spitting on the ground or in the lakes is forbidden in these parts. It is also not permissible to break trees, pluck grasses or kill animals unless absolutely necessary. The traditions of the Buryat people also include the worship of special sacred places. It is forbidden to make fire in them, to commit unclean deeds and even to think badly. Even today, in many regions of Buryatia, sacrifices to spirits living around people are common. Fire and smoke are considered sacred, they are often used in various shamanic rituals and rituals.
Family values
Traditions of the Buryat people: photos of national and family holidays
One of the most interesting local holidays is Surkharban, the day of honoring the spirits of the Earth. The celebration began with rites of sacrifice and prayers, after which there were mass festivities with games, competitions and general refreshments. The traditions of the Buryat people are inextricably linked with the most important holiday of the year - Sagaalgan (Beginning of the White Month). This date is celebrated according to the lunar calendar on the first day of the first spring month. They begin to celebrate the beginning of the new year the day before, the Dugzhub rite is performed, during which “Sor” is burned. On this magical night, special prayers are read, and from the first day of the new month, another 15 days are offered in praise of the miracles of the Buddha. Buryatia also has its own Santa Claus - his name is Sagaan Ubgen (White Elder). But in this country they do not always celebrate on a large scale. The wedding and the birth of children among the Buryats are associated with rituals, receiving the blessing of spirits and protection from evil entities.
National games, dances and other arts
All holidays in Buryatia are accompanied by national dances and games. Such actions can carry a ritual meaning or be purely entertaining fun. Some games and dances were invented specifically to rally unfamiliar participants in the holiday. The traditions of the Buryat people are inextricably linked with local folklore. Often in this country even separate competitions of readers, storytellers of folk legends, storytellers and bards are held. Such impromptu festivals have always attracted huge numbers of spectators. "Sese bulyaaldaha" (verbal game of wit) is also very popular. It is appropriate for all holidays. This action involves two people asking each other in turn, which you need to quickly answer. Interesting traditions Buryat people are associated with physical culture. This country regularly hosts real local olympiads. Moreover, no major holiday is complete without sports competitions. During such competitions, all boys and men can find out who is the most dexterous and strong among them, and then celebrate the victory of the winner together.
