This year, on July 29, it was 199 years since the birth of an outstanding Russian artist Ivan Aivazovsky. For 82 years of his fruitful life, he created about six thousand works. Aivazovsky is primarily known as a wizard image of an infinite marine space. The constantly changing medium on his canvases looks so vividly that viewers seem to hear the noise of waves.
Russian marinist, the painter of the Chief Maritime Staff was known in Europe, the Paris Council of Academies awarded his Gold Medal. Artist Ivan Kramskaya spoke of Mariny: "Aivazovsky, whoever spoke, there is a star of the first magnitude, in any case; And not only with us, but in the history of art in general. "
Copying considerable capital due to the popularity of his works, Ivan Aivazovsky began to engage in charity in his hometown of Feodosia. The famous marinist was the initiator of the construction of the Feodosia-Dzhanka railway, the artist opened the school of arts and the art gallery, made donations for the improvement of the city, dealt with the device of the water pipeline in Feodosia and the protection of the monuments of the Crimea. During the lifetime of Aivazovsky Feodosia, it was almost the main center of the picturesque culture in the south of Russia.
The artist wrote his paintings not from nature, but by memory using schematic drawings. I did not exception and, probably, the most famous picture of the Aivazovsky "Ninth Val" (canvas, oil 221x332 cm). Marinister wrote it in 1950. Critics consider this picture the brightest product of Russian painting of the romantic direction. Aivazovsky depicted the sea after the strongest storm. Several people managed to escape, hacking behind the mast chip, but a huge wave is about to be collapsed - the ninth tree, which is considered the most destructive. But the warm light of the sky gives the audience the hope that the survivor after the storm will be able to escape. There is a legend that Aivazovsky wrote his own adventure in the Biscay bay. In 1944, he suffered shipwreck and miraculously survived.
Ivan Aivazovsky "Ninth Val"
The picture "The Ninth Val" was exhibited in St. Petersburg, then in Moscow. The work acquired Emperor Nicholas I for the Hermitage. Later, the picture was transferred to the Russian Museum, where it is still. Especially for the exhibition to the 200th anniversary of Ivan Aivazovsky "Ninth Val" transported to the Tretyakov Gallery. The exposition in which about 150 picturesque and graphic works entered will work from July 29 to November 20.
Three interesting facts about Ivan Aivazovsky
* The artist had Armenian roots, his real name Hovhannes Awazyan.
* The first wife of Aivazovsky Englishwoman Julia Grevs, who gave birth to a painter four daughters left him. The reason was that Julia wanted to live in the capital, and the artist was in Crimea. By the way, several Iivazovsky's grandchildren also became artists.
* In the collection of the Voronezh Museum. I. N. Kramsky is kept two paintings by Ivan Aivazovsky "Sea View" and "Corvette in the fog".
We say "Ayvazovsky" - mean the "ninth shaft". And vice versa. About the picture, which became the program for the Marinist, who, by the way, a lot and other works,
snezhana Petrov says.
"Ninth Val" Ivan Aivazovsky (1850)
Plot
People who survived after the storm are preparing to meet a new punch of the elements - the very ninth tree, thunderstorms of everyone who is in the sea. Only sins remained from the ship, on the horizon - neither the lag of the Earth. Five Eastern men from the last strength are holding a mast. It would seem that chances to survive - zero, but the bright ascending sun gives hope for salvation and the characters of the plot, and the audience.
Context
As it always happens in the stories of great works, it makes sense on the surface, and there are underwater flows (no matter how ambiguous it sounds in the context of this canvase).
Thanks to the pictures by 22 years, Aivazovsky deserves the nobility
Let's start with a simple. Aivazovsky was born in the port of Feodosia. When you live side by side with the sailors, stay away from the gatherings, during which it is that the bikes are sounding about swimming, it is impossible. Fantastic stories about crushing storms, wonderful beings from depths, wealth and battles - which we just do not hear from people who are spent most of their lives in open water.
Of course, one of the most terrible stories - about the ninth shaft. It's like the court of the Lord, only in the sea. And Ivazovsky thought, why not capture it on the canvas?
In antiquity, people have noticed that the waves on the sea are different. Then physicists formulated the principle of interference (this is when several waves are poured into a single shaft, and the synergy effect is triggered). So, on the soil of observation, the idea was born that during the sea storm there is a certain nine wave (it was ninth!), Which is the strongest and dangerous. At the same time, the ancient Greeks of the fatal wave considered the third, and the Romans are the tenth.
Creative people are artists, writers, poets, - used this image as a symbol of punishable, indomitable natural power. Derzhavin, Polezhaev, Aksakov, the company under the pseudonym of the rods, even Pushkin, and later Leskov, Danilevsky and Smirnova-Sazonov. In other words, who just did not inspire the story of the ninth shaft. The contemporaries of Aivazovsky could safely look at the canvas and for the paths of tragedy, for example, Pushkin or someone else.
Real Name Aivazovsky - Ovanen Awazyan
By the way, according to one of the versions, not only the squirrels of sailors, but also the personal impressions of the artist, who a few years before writing the painting himself came to the storm in the Biscay bay. They believed that the vessel was killed, the newspapers even wrote that everyone, they say, fused Ivan in the bayin of sea. But nothing happened.
Another side of the story is the spiritual distillation of the artist. By the middle of the 1850s, Aivazovsky was worried about several of his friends, including Belinsky. In Europe, in the meantime, revolutionary events were bulled. The artist could not remain indifferent. "And he, rebellious, asks storms ...", "the quote fully describes the marinist at that time. Nevertheless, Aivazovsky was a man apolitical, so I did not get involved in revolutionary circles, but I said everything in my picture.
The "ninth tree" immediately became a hit. When the picture was put in Moscow, people came to look at her, as in the cinema - several times during the week. At the exhibition, Nikolai I bought it and handed over the Hermitage. At the end of the XIX century, the canvas fell into the collection of the Russian Museum, where it is today.
"Ship among the Stormy Sea", Ayvazovsky (1887)
Subsequently, Aivazovsky on-wrote a whole series of "storms". They alternate with images of a calm Elek Sea.
Fate artist
Ovanes Iswazyan (this name Ivan Aivazovsky) was born in Feodosia in a merchant family. Parents were not particularly learned in support of the artistic talents of the eldest son. And who knows, would receive the story of Marinist, if he did not help him architect Yakov Koch.
Heritage Aivazovsky - 6 thousand paintings
Ivan was always well done. Since childhood - a diligent student. All his praised, noticed, promoted. Except, unless, Tanner, who, though he was a teacher of Aivazovsky, but it was scary and was afraid and was afraid that the student would undermine the fashion on the teacher. It even came to the complaint to Nicholas I. Say, suggest, the sovereign, I forbade him to write independent work, and he, naked, not only dismissed, also put them on everyone's review.
Other teachers of Aivazovsky were valued and moved in every possible way. Thanks to his pictures by 22 years, Aivazovsky deserved a personal nobility, after which she went with a light heart for several years abroad to learn the mind-mind. Four years later he returned to the fashionable, fresh, bold master. Such a star, and also Marinist, the main marine headquarters in Russia was published on time. (Then there were no full-time photographers, I had to look for artists.)
Aivazovsky loved to play the violin oriental melodies. Self portrait (1880)
But the Aivazovsky capital career was long built, he returned to his relatives Feodosia. What would you think he was doing there? Sea wrote? Not without, but not it was the main one. Avazovsky could create and without the sea - he did only to the sketch from nature, and then in the workshop I thought the plot. "The plot of the paintings is made in my memory, as the plot of poems at the poet: Having made the sketch on the piece of paper, I proceed to work and until then I do not leave the canvase until I speak him to my brush. Sketching a pencil on a piece of paper, a planned picture of my paintings, I am getting for work and, so to speak, everything soul gave her ... "," the artist admitted.
In Feodosia, he founded the school of painting, engaged in the protection of cultural monuments, organized archaeological excavations, landscaped the city and tried in every possible way for the prosperity of a small homeland. Thanks to his petition in Feodosia, the largest port for the entire Crimea appeared.
For more than 80 years of saturated and prosperous life, Aivazovsky wrote - attention - 6 thousand paintings on the marine theme. And organized more than 100 personal exhibitions. It seems that no one could repeat this success.
The leaving from the Crimean resort town, the son of the priest, with the unrelated surname of Gaivazovsky, subsequently reached world glory as a marine artist. He was the most recent and brightest and Russian romantic artists. He was attracted by freedom of marine elements and her, as if female, changeability. The creativity of Aivazovsky clearly represents the principles of romanticism in painting - from events in life, as well as phenomena of nature, not typical, but what the uniqueness represents and comes out for the familiar framework. After graduating from the Imperial Academy of Arts, the young man took a few unsuccessful attempts to expose his paintings, and then suddenly began training in a class of marine military painting. It determined his further fate - Aivazovsky removed from his last name the hindering "G" and went to travel around the Crimea. The marine element attracted him and as a result, the canvas appeared, worthy of the title of masterpieces, one of which is the "ninth shaft".
Marinist theme implies romance, inspired fear. Ancient civilizations thought about the destructive power of the elements, admired the vast waters and their variability was afraid. The Greeks considered the third wave during the storm of the most detrimental, Romans - the tenth, and the inhabitants of Eastern Europe are the ninth tree.
The picture of Ayvazovsky does not scare with the same name, it calms down, because there is a celebration of life - in an unequal struggle with the elements remained surviving people.
The first thing to rush to your eyes is the sky playing the shades of yellow, orange and purple. Because of the clouds, he glances the sun, begins to light up the dawn. At night there was a storm. Somewhere in the distance rolling the ninth shaft, and the surviving sailors, with difficulty relevant on the fragment of the mast, are waiting for him with fear. The sea on the canvas is not wildly blue, but emerald-alive, dark, with splashes of pink sunset.
Another point is light. Many of those who were in Feodosia and saw the canvas with their own eyes, looking for a backlight. The glare of sunlight on the restless sea is so mysterious that they give the creation of Aivazovsky volume and realism.
Everyone who at least once saw the "ninth shaft" to the limit is exacerbated by all feelings. The artist in no one work has achieved such an anatomical image accuracy, as in this. Biographers associate this with the fact that Aivazovsky survived the like in the Biscay bay, and the ship on which he was at that moment, buried all European and Russian newspapers. Probably, having seen the wildness of the marine element with its own eyes, the master could not resist not to capture it.
Picture psychologism is used today at many psychological trainings. The group of survivors after the storm knows and sees that the last wave is coming - the same killer. Arriving on the mast from the last forces, each of them supports the comrade. People do not lose hope, because they know that the ninth tree and survivors will save.
The next psychological maneuver of the master - "on the verge", when the abyss is about to take human life or give them a chance to survive. You may only imagine what happened at night, which tragedy happened, and how many people did not survive.
And you notice the surviving men on the mast, you not immediately - so bright image of the dawn. Only then look closely and see the surviving five men. If we take into account that on average, the team of the vessel of those times amounted to more than a hundred people, then the whole horror of the night storm is felt. The oldest of them from the last strength holds for the fragment of the ship. Perhaps the ninth tree will take his life along with that man that pulls his hand to the sky, as if sending plenti of salvation. Three others try to support each other in order not to slip with a saving mast. It is they seem to survive after a destructive wave, but now, according to the artist's plan, personify the hope of salvation.
Looking at the frantic struggle of the man and the elements, many of you will remember Hemingway and his "old man and the sea." However, if the writer depicts the human dialogue and the elements, then the marine transfers the life of the water space itself.
Colorics paintings are amazing - all flower transitions are so smooth that sometimes it is impossible to determine where the sea begins and the sky ends. One thing can only be said with confidence - the sky occupies most of the canvas. Clouds have volume only in the left side of the canvas, in the right they are covered with a haze.
Clear waves, which are calm at the bottom. From a long distance, they seem green, but if you come closer, you will see jade, emerald, black, lilac, orange shades here. Blue is present only in the lower left corner of the picture, and not as a color, but as a gleam game of light on the water.
Another point of the "ninth shaft" - movement. Clouds, rapidly running through the sky, foam of waves and people represent a complete and holistic composition of the canvas. Looking at the picture, you will notice that the colors replace each other. Similarly, the shaft of the wake-up sea. At first there is a fog, which is slightly beginning to warm the sun's rays. They highlight the emerald ninth shaft, and after the dark blue wave appears, which is in itself terrible and dark subsoil of the sea.
Interesting fate picture. Wherever Iivazovsky, the queue of those who wanted to see the "ninth shaft" was comparable only with the flow in the Louvre to "Joconde". Russian critics wrote enthusiastic reviews and compared her color gamut with the "last day of Pompeii" K. Bryullov.
In the autumn of 1850, the picture was at the exhibition in the Moscow School of Painting, Scary and Architecture. Ivan Shishkin, who was then only 19 years old, told, spent several hours before this work. The further fate of the author's cavotus "Rye", "Golden Autumn" is known to everyone - from art historians to Wikipedia.
Aivazovsky was devoted to the marinated theme until the end of his days. Before him, Russian marinistics practically did not exist, the artist became its creator and Guru. The master was the poet of the sea, the romantic of the element, which portrayed the sea surface and the danger of water on the canvas, like Bairon on paper.
The picture "Ninth Val" Aivazovsky is one of the most famous masterpieces not only Russian Marina, but also Russian painting in general. The favorite element of the artist is the sea - can inspire trepid and reverent fear, to strive with their power and greatness. All this, thanks to the emotional saturation of the painting, her plot and an incredible palette of shades, makes the "ninth tree" by one of the greatest creations of Aivazovsky, despite the fact that the picture was written in the early period of his work.
Prehistory.
A few years before the start of work on the "ninth shaft", in 1844, Aivazovsky was awarded the title of academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. At the same time, his canvases began to be interested in the famous Tretyakov patriot, convinced that no one can convey the magic of the water element so vividly and naturally like Ivan Aivazovsky.
In 1845, completing the labor-intensive work on the views of several ports and seaside cities by order of the Chief Maritime Staff, Aivazovsky moved to his hometown - Feodosia. There he built a house-studio on the Black Sea coast and wrote in it most of his works, including the "ninth shaft". The picture of Aivazovsky as if the raging nature of the Black Sea, its unpredictability and invincible strength.
History of creation
It is difficult to say with absolute confidence when it was that the picture "The Ninth Val" Aivazovsky was written. Some sources indicate 1850, but it is believed that the picture was started by a little earlier - in 1848, therefore, the correct option of the date of creation of the canvas is considered to be 1948-1850.
The canvas written before this masterpiece is mostly pacifying landscapes of seaside cities and types of bays and ships. The calm sea, penetrated by the rays of the sun or the reflecting light of the full moon, is the average description of the picture of Aivazovsky. The "ninth shaft" became a turning point in the work of the artist. Here the whole strength of his brush was manifested.
It is believed that the picture of Ivana Aivazovsky "The Ninth Val" is recreated on his own memoirs of the artist who survived the storm and the wreck of the ship in the Biscay of the Bay in 1844. However, the plot of the paintings does not coincide with the memories of Aivazovsky and other survivors.
Analysis of plot
The generally accepted description of the picture of the Aivazovsky "Ninth Val" speaks of an ascending Sun, which is carrying hope for the survival of sailors, victims of a wreck. However, the sea may be cruel, and survive the night storm does not mean to defeat the element.
The image of the sea in the picture speaks about the past night bora, which destroyed the ship, crushing the mast, for the fragments of which people in the fight for life are clinging from the last strength. The night storm passed, and exhausted navigators are waiting for them to bring them a new day.
Bright shades of the rising sun painting draws hope of a miracle; The light green ridges of the waves are illuminated by the first rays go into the dark purple sea puchin tones, not allowing the audience to forget about the relics of the stormy sea.
The picture "The Ninth Val" Aivazovsky is simultaneously the ODA of the invincible and unpredictable water element and an uncomplicable human spirit.
Symbolism painting
The main characteristic of the picture is its duality. The plot can be interpreted with the share of optimism and hope for a positive outcome or perceive it as a celebration of the elements over a person. Perhaps the Aivazovsky strived for this, adding a number of contradictory characters in the picture, among which:
- bright shades of the Sun and the Dark Bay of Waves Contrary to each other and exciting at the same time hope and fear;
- the mast chip, resembling a cross, which can be interpreted as a symbol of salvation or a symbol of the crucifix;
- a red handkerchief, which waves one of the surviving sailors, can symbolize new blood or, as an antithesis with a white flag, unwillingness of people to surrender.
The name of the canvas is "the ninth shaft" - in itself symbolically: according to the citizens of seating, the ninth shaft is the strongest. A wave, going to the ninth storm, is able to crush the ships and absorb everything into the pulp. Judging by the title, it is this crushing force that is the plot of the picture. And at the same time, despite the coming ninth shaft, several surviving people are still holding a mast debris, helping each other in the hope of surviving the storm.
The picture "The Ninth Val" of Aivazovsky will not leave anyone indifferent. The ninth shaft is a symbol of the doom, the desire to survive - a symbol of hope, they create in the picture more than just a confrontation, they ask a question, to answer which the viewer will have.
We continue the project "History of one picture." In it we are talking about the most famous canvases from St. Petersburg museums. Today is the "ninth tree" Ivan Aivazovsky.
Ivan Aivazovsky. "Ninth Val". Canvas, oil. Dimensions: 221x332 cm
Great Russian artist Ivan Aivazovsky has Armenian roots. His ancestors were surname Awazyan. He himself was recorded in metric books as Hovhannes Awazyan. And his father subscribed to the name "Gaivazovsky". The same surname in admission to art school also used a future painter. A few years later, he decided to discard the first letter - and became Aivazovsky.
Fact second. Service.
In September 1844, the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts assigned to Ivan Aivazovsky title of academician. And after a few days later, the artist was ranked in the Chief Maritime Staff. He received the title of the first painter and the right to wear a naval uniform. Its obligations included to write the types of Russian ports and seaside cities. True, the monetary manual did not appoint the artist - it was necessary to work "on a public basis."
The fact is the third. Folk.
The picture "The Ninth Val" was written in 1850. The name Aivazovsky took from the popular belief that during the storm one of the wave is highlighted by its power and sizes. By the way, the ancient Greeks considered the most disastrous wave of the third, Romans - the tenth. In the representations of other navigators, the ninth tree was the most crushing.
Fort Fourth. Spontaneous
For the picture, Aivazovsky chose a terrible moment of the element. We see huge waves, the sky in the float and a bunch of people desperately struggling with the elements. Will they manage to survive the most powerful wave? An unequivocal answer, the artist does not give. But the emerging, maybe for an instant, clearance, slightly to the center of the painting, gives hope for salvation.
Fifth fact. Feodosian
Naturally, the picture of Aivazovsky worked in his studio in Feodosia. But in it captured the moment, who remembered the artist of the storm, which he saw in the Biscay of Bay in 1844. The ship with Aivazovsky landed into the storm and only a miracle he managed to escape. Moreover, in some newspapers, they have already managed to report the death of the Russian painter. However, a strongly damaged vessel later returned to the port.
Fact Sixth. Workshop
The artist worked in the workshop, which was in the northern part of his house in Feodosia, where the sunbeam penetrated only in the evening, after three hours. Therefore, he was limited in time in working on the picture. Some experts say that to write this masterpiece, without taking into account the preliminary work on the sketches, the artist went only three hours. Take it difficult, given the scale of the canvas.
Fact seventh. Successful
The picture fell into the public. Wherever Iivazovsky was put up, the queue was built. Russian critics wrote enthusiastic reviews and compared the cloth with the "last day of Pompeii" Bryullov. In the autumn of 1850, the picture was at the exhibition in the Moscow School of Painting, Scary and Architecture. Ivan Shishkin, who was then only 19 years old, told, spent several hours before this work.
Fact eighth. Tretyakovsky
The famous collector Pavel Tretyakov became interested in the success of Aivazovsky. "The ninth tree" liked him especially, and he was going to buy her by the artist. In one of the letters, the Tretyakov wrote Aivazovsky: "... give me only your magic water by such a woman who would have passed your unlikely talent! I really want to quickly have your picture in your collection! ".
Fact ninth. Imperial
But Tretyakov was not lucky. The picture was bought by Emperor Nicholas I for the Hermitage. In 1897, she was transferred to the Russian Museum that created then. There she is now.
Fact tenth. Japanese
However, sometimes the picture goes in the tour. From the Russian Museum, she left 8 times. The longest ride is to Japan. Oddly enough, but the inhabitants of the rising sun in general are breathing unevenly to the creativity of Aivazovsky. In 2003, in the year of the 30th anniversary of the Fuji Museum Museum, his administration conducted a survey among visitors: Which of the works for thirty years I remember most? And the Japanese viewers answered together: "Ninth Val" Aivazovsky. "
