Main article: Artemis Fowl (novel series) In the world of Artemis Fowl, many more sentient (and sometimes semi-sentient) races live in addition to humans. These races, which people consider fabulous, make up the fairy people, forced to live underground due to ... ... Wikipedia
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Books
- Reindeer. Management of behavior and populations. Reindeer breeding. Hunting, L. M. Baskin. For the first time, folk methods of reindeer management in reindeer herding and hunting are given a scientific description and explanation. A summary of the methods of working with deer among all reindeer herding peoples is presented ...
- World population. Ethno-Demographic Handbook, S. I. Brook. The reference book provides data (as of mid-1978) on the population on a global scale: birth and death rates, marital status, marriages, divorces, age composition, sex structure ...
Not a single science has yet given an exact definition of such a concept as “people”, but everyone means by this concept a large community of people living compactly in a certain territory.
The science of ethnography, which studies peoples and ethnic groups, including the most numerous peoples, distinguishes today from 2.4 to 2.7 thousand nationalities living on earth. But ethnographers can rely on statistics in such a delicate matter, which give a figure of 5 and a half thousand peoples on Earth.
No less interesting is ethnogenesis, which studies the emergence and development of various ethnic groups. Let us present in a short review the largest nations that developed in ancient times, and their total number exceeds 100 million people.
Chinese (1,320 million)
The generalized concept of "Chinese people" includes all residents of China, including people of other nationalities, as well as those with Chinese citizenship, but living abroad.
Nevertheless, the Chinese people are the largest, both in the concept of "nation" and in the concept of "nationality". Today, 1 billion 320 million Chinese live in the world, which is 19% of the total number of inhabitants of the planet. So, the list of the largest nations in the world, in all respects, is rightfully headed by the Chinese.
Although in fact, those whom we call "Chinese" are ethnically representatives of the Han people. China is a multinational country.
The very name of the people "Han", which means "Milky Way", and comes from the name of the country "Celestial". This is also the most ancient people of the Earth, whose roots go back to the distant past. The Han Chinese in the PRC make up the absolute majority, about 92% of the country's population.
Interesting Facts:
- The Chinese people of Zhuang, who are a national minority in the country, have a population of about 18 million people, which is comparable to the population of Kazakhstan and exceeds the population of the Netherlands.
- Another Chinese people, Huizu, has a population of about 10.5 million people, which is early for the population of countries such as Belgium, Tunisia, the Czech Republic or Portugal.
Arabs (330-340 million)
The second-placed Arabs are defined in ethnographic science as a group of peoples, but from the point of view of ethnogenesis, they are one people of the Semitic language group.
The nationality developed in the Middle Ages, when the Arabs settled in the Middle East and northern Africa. All of them are united by a single Arabic language and a peculiar script - Arabic script. The people have long gone beyond the boundaries of their historical homeland, and at the present stage, due to various circumstances, settled in other regions of the globe.
Today, the number of Arabs is estimated at 330-340 million people. Mostly adhere to Islam, but there are also Christians.
Did you know that:
- There are more Arabs in Brazil than in the United Arab Emirates.
- Arabs consider the gesture of a figure to be an insult with sexual overtones.
Americans (317 million)
Here a prime example when you can accurately define the people, with the practically non-existent concept of "American nation". In a narrow sense, this is a group of various nationalities that make up the population of the United States and have American citizenship.
Over the 200-year history, a single culture, mentality, and a common language used in communication have developed, which makes it possible to unite the population of the United States into one nation.
There are 317 million US Americans today. For the indigenous population of America, the Indians, the name Americans may be used, but according to ethnic identification, this is a completely different ethnic group.
By the way, read about the most interesting sights in the United States.
Hindustanis (265 million)
At the moment, Hindustanis have compactly settled in three neighboring countries of the South-Eastern region of the planet - India, Nepal and Pakistan.
As for India, the largest number of them live in the northern part of the state. In total, ethnology has about 265 million Hindustanis, and the main language of their communication is various dialects of the Hindi language.
Interestingly, of the related peoples, the Gypsies and Dravidians, who inhabit the southern regions of India, are closest to them.
Bengalis (over 250 million)
Among the numerous peoples, the Bengalis, numbering more than 250 million, occupy their leading positions. They mostly live in Asian countries, but there are small diasporas in the USA and Great Britain, they also exist in other European countries.
Over the centuries, the Bengalis have retained their national culture, identity and language, as well as their main occupations. In the Asian region, they live mainly in rural areas, since they have been engaged in agriculture since ancient times.
The Bengali language is one of the most difficult on earth, so it developed as a result of the synthesis of the Indo-Aryan language and numerous local dialects.
Brazilians (197 million)
A group of different ethnic groups living in Latin America has developed into a single Brazilian people. There are currently about 197 million Brazilians, most of whom live in Brazil proper.
The people went through a difficult path of ethnogenesis, so it began to take shape as a result of the conquest of the South American continent by Europeans. Indian nationalities alternately lived in vast territories, and with the advent of Europeans, most of them were destroyed, the rest was assimilated.
And so it happened that Catholicism became the religion of the Brazilians, and the language of communication was Portuguese.
Russians (about 150 million)
The name of the most numerous people of Russia came about as a result of the transition of the adjective "Russian people", "Russian people" into the generalizing noun "Russians", in the concept of the people.
Modern statistical studies show that there are about 150 million Russians on Earth, most of whom live in Russia. The most numerous people of Russia belongs to the language group of the East Slavic languages, and today more than 180 million people consider Russian as their native language.
Russians are practically homogeneous in anthropological terms, although they are settled over a large territory and are divided into several ethnographic groups. The ethnos was formed during the development of the Russian state from different ethnic groups of the Slavs.
Interesting Fact: The largest number of Russians abroad Russian Federation and countries of the former USSR is located in Germany (~ 3.7 million) and in the USA (~ 3 million).
Mexicans (148 million)
Mexicans, who number about 148 million people, are united by a common territory of residence, a single Spanish language of communication, as well as an amazing national culture that has developed on the basis of the heritage of the most ancient civilizations of Central America.
This people is also a vivid example of duality, since those Mexicans who live in the United States can be considered Americans at the same time.
The uniqueness of the people is also in the fact that by ethnicity they are Hispanics, but the language of communication refers them to the Romance group. It is also a nation on our planet, growing at the fastest pace.
Japanese (132 million)
There are 132 million conservative Japanese on Earth, and they live mainly in their historical homeland. After the Second World War, part of the Japanese settled around the world, and now only 3 million people live outside of Japan.
The Japanese people are distinguished by isolation, high diligence, a special attitude to the historical past and national culture. For many centuries, the Japanese have managed to preserve, and most importantly, increase their heritage, both spiritual and material and technical.
The Japanese have a special, somewhat suspicious attitude towards foreigners, and are reluctant to allow them into their lives.
Punjabis (130 million)
Another one from largest nations compactly lives in the territories of India and Pakistan. Of the 130 million Punjabis in the regions of Asia, a small part settled in Europe and Africa.
The hard-working people for many centuries created an extensive irrigation system of irrigated fields, and their main occupation has always been agriculture.
It was the Punjabis, one of the first peoples on earth, who created a highly developed and cultural civilization in the Indian river valleys. But, as a result of the cruel colonial policy, much of the heritage of this people was lost.
Biharis (115 million)
The amazing people of Biharis, who live mainly in the Indian state of Bihar, today number about 115 million people. A small part settled in other Indian states and in neighboring states.
Modern representatives of the people are direct descendants of those. Who in the Indus and Ganges valleys created the first agricultural civilizations on Earth.
Today, an active process of urbanization of Biharis is observed, and, leaving the main occupations and ancient crafts and crafts, they massively move to cities.
Javanese (105 million)
The last major nation of the earth, whose population is above 100 million people. According to the latest data of ethnology and statistics, there are about 105 million Javanese on the planet.
In the 19th century, only the Russian ethnographer and traveler Miklukho-Maclay cited data on the origin, and today quite a lot is known about the ethnogenesis of the Javanese.
They settled mainly on the islands of Oceania, and are the indigenous population of the large island of Java and the state of Indonesia. For many centuries they have created a unique and inimitable culture.
Thais (over 90 million)
Already by the name of the ethnic group, it becomes clear that the Thais are the indigenous population of the Kingdom of Thailand, and today there are more than 90 million of them.
The etymology of the origin of the word "tai", which in local dialects means "free man", is interesting. Ethnographers and archaeologists, studying the culture of the Thais, determined that it was formed in the early Middle Ages.
Among other nations, this nationality is distinguished by sincere love, sometimes bordering on fanaticism, for theatrical art.
Koreans (83 million)
The people formed many centuries ago and at one time settled the Korean peninsula of Asia. They managed to create a highly developed culture, and carefully protect national traditions.
The total number of people is 83 million, but the confrontation led to the formation of two states with one ethnic group, which is today an unresolved tragedy of the Koreans.
More than 65 million Koreans live in South Korea, the rest in North Korea, and also settled in other Asian and European countries.
Marathi (83 million)
India, among all its uniqueness, is also the record holder for the number of numerous nationalities living on its territory. For example, the amazing Marahti people live in the state of Maharashtra.
A very talented people whose origins hold high positions in India, Indian cinema is filled with marahti.
In addition, Marahti is a very purposeful and close-knit ethnic group, which in the 50s of the twentieth century achieved the creation of its own state, and today, numbering 83 million people, this is the main population of the Indian state.
European peoples
It is worth separately touching on the largest peoples of Europe, among which the descendants of the ancient Germans, the Germans, are in the lead, the number of which, according to various sources, ranges from 80 to 95 million. The second place is firmly held by the Italians, of whom there are 75 million on earth. But the French firmly settled in third place, with a population of about 65 million.
Summarize
In the photo: Fountain of Friendship of Peoples in Moscow.
Large peoples living on the globe, however, like small ones, have their own cultural, national traditions that have developed over a long historical process.
Today, the process of erasing ethnic and national boundaries is increasingly observed. There are practically no mono-ethnic states left on Earth, it’s just that in each of them there is some one predominant nation, and all multi-ethnic people are united under the generalized concept of “resident of the country”.
All humanity on Earth is usually divided into races. There are four main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid. Representatives of the Caucasoid race inhabit East and West, representatives of the Mongoloid race are most often found in, Negroids inhabit, and Australoids are settled in southeast Asia and Australia. The presence of Caucasians in the North and is associated with their resettlement during the era of colonial conquests. Negroids in North and South America appeared in the era of the slave system, when they were brought here to work on plantations.
It is wrong to think that the entire population of the world belongs to these races. They make up only 70% of everything, and the other 30% are racial groups resulting from the mixing of these four races. Especially intense racial mixing occurred in North and South America. As a result of marriages of representatives of different races, groups such as mulattoes, mestizos and sambos arose. Descendants from marriages of Caucasians with Indians belonging to the Mongoloid race are called mestizos. Mulattos arose from the mixing of Caucasians with Negroids imported from Africa. As a result of the marriages of Negroids with Indians (Mongoloids), Sambo groups were formed.
Within the races, smaller groups are distinguished: tribes, nationalities, nations. AT modern world allocate 3-4 thousand different peoples. The number of each of them is different. For example, the Chinese, of which there are already more than 1.1 billion, and the Vedda tribe, which numbers less than 1,000 people. The bulk of the world's population is still made up of large nations.
As a rule, the commonality of each of the ethnic groups is characterized by a combination of a large number of features, the main of which are the territory, features of life, culture, language. The classification of various peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship. Languages are grouped into language families, which in turn are divided into language groups. The most common of all language families is Indo-European. About half of all the peoples of the world speak the languages of this family. Of the languages of the Indo-European family, the most common are English (425 million people), Hindi (350 million people), Spanish (340 million people), Russian (290 million people), Bengali (185 million people), Portuguese (175 million people), German (120 million people), French (129 million people).
The second significant language family is Sino-Tibetan, the main language of which is Chinese (over 1 billion people). The Chinese language has several main dialects, the differences between which are so great that when speaking, the inhabitants of the northern and southern provinces hardly understand each other. For explanation, they use a single script, which has 50 thousand characters. Each Chinese character is pronounced with a specific musical tone. Depending on the tone, many words pronounced with the same sounds can have completely different meanings.
The wide spread of Chinese and Russian languages is explained by the significance of the territory of these states. But why is English and Spanish? Their wide distribution, sharply exceeding the population itself and, is explained by the colonial past of the countries of Asia, Africa and. So, until now, the official language of some is English language, and almost all (except ) speak Spanish.
National criteria underlie the division of mankind into states. If national borders coincide with state borders, then a one-national state is created. It's about half. In them, the main nationality is over 90%. These are many states of Latin America. Sometimes a state is created by two nations. It , . Along with all these countries, there are many states that are multinational. It , . Up to a hundred peoples live in such countries, and very often such a state has a federal structure.
In many multinational states, there are problems of interethnic relations, which are very acute in many regions of the world and from time to time give rise to hot spots on our planet, which often leads to serious consequences in economic and social life.
In the modern world, there are still manifestations of nationalism, which is characterized by the idea of national superiority of any people. Not completely obsolete and racial and national. Thus, conflicts in Canada between Anglo-Canadians, who occupy key positions in the economy, and French-Canadians, who feel their social and economic infringement and advocate the creation of an independent state, have not ceased for many years; For several years, the Middle East hotbed of tension connected with the Arab confrontation and giving rise to the problem of Palestinian refugees has not subsided. There are also “hot spots” in Europe: the Turkish-Greek conflict on, which actually led to the division of this one. There are also "hot spots" associated with national conflicts in the republics of the former USSR.
The most acute national conflicts occur in, where the policy of discrimination until the beginning of the 90s was elevated to the rank of state.
At the end of the 1980s, interethnic relations in Eastern Europe also became very complicated. These include, in particular:
a) the desire of the Polish national minority (about 260 thousand people, or 8% of the country's population) to create their own autonomy;
e) the collapse of Yugoslavia.
It is quite obvious that without solving these and other similar problems it is difficult to develop normal relations between countries.
The largest language families in the world
| Group | peoples |
|---|---|
Indo-European family |
|
| german | Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Danes, English, Scots, Americans, etc. |
| Slavic | Russians, Belarusians, Czechs, Slovaks, |
| Romanskaya | , French, Spaniards, Catalans, Romanians, Chileans, Brazilians and others |
| Celtic | , Welsh, etc. |
| Lithuanians, | |
| Greek | Greeks |
| Albanian | |
| Armenian | Armenians |
| Iranian | Persians, Pashtuns, Hazaras, Balochs, etc. |
| Chinese | Chinese, Hui |
| Tibeto-Burmese | Tibetans, Burmese, Newars, Kanauri, Karens, etc. |
| Group | peoples |
Afroasian (Semitic-Hamitic) family |
|
| Semitic | Arabs, Amhara, Tigris, Tagrai |
| Cushitic | , galla, etc. |
| Berber | Tuareg, Kabyle, etc. |
| Chadian | Hausa |
Altai family |
|
| Turkic | Tatars, Chuvashs, |
I recently asked myself this question and tried to find the answer. Surprisingly, despite the level of science in our time, scientists cannot clearly determine the exact number. However, the topic is quite interesting, and therefore I will share the information found.
How many peoples on earth
Even scientists find it difficult to answer precisely - there is simply no definitive answer.. Every time this topic is raised, a new figure sounds, however, official science believes that our planet is home to from 2 to 4 thousand nationalities and peoples. Agree, the spread is very large. The thing is that it is almost impossible to give an exact definition of the term "people" - everyone has their own understanding of this word. For example, there are states whose inhabitants communicate using the same language, but in fact they are different peoples, and sometimes vice versa.
If you try to find definition of the term in the dictionary, you can find that the term is used both in a political sense and in a cultural one. There are several meanings for this:
- a certain set of consumers of art, in other words - the public;
- the population of a state;
- congestion of people in a certain place;
- working population:
- an ethnic group with distinct common characteristics.
The last definition is generally accepted, as for the mentioned signs, it is:
- culture;
- traditions;
- language.
How are nations different
The main feature is language, so its unity is considered paramount. Exists about 4000 languages, which are separated by scientists into separate groups. There are about 20 such groups. Half of humanity speaks the languages included in the largest - Indo-European group. What else could be the difference? Of course, by number. Research suggests that most of the peoples are not particularly numerous - no more than 1 million people. However, there are also quite numerous, for example, the Chinese and Indians.
Culture is one of the characteristic differences. Allocate both spiritual and material. The first group includes giving, songs, dances and so on. The second group includes the type of housing, clothing, cuisine etc.
The term "people" has several meanings. It is understood as the population of a country (for example, the people of India, the people of Switzerland, the people of France, etc.), workers, just a group, a crowd of people (in the expression: there are a lot of people on the street, etc.) and, finally , what scientists call the term "ethnos", "ethnic community". An ethnos (people) is defined as a stable set of people historically established in a certain territory who have common relatively stable features of language, culture and psyche, as well as a consciousness of their unity and difference from all other similar entities.
Several thousand peoples live in the world. They differ from each other in their numbers, level of social development, language and culture, racial appearance.
Dancing leader of the tribe. New Guinea.
Swazi woman in festive attire. Swaziland.
The art of Tunisian carpet weavers is known all over the world.
Children's holiday in Hanoi.
thumb|Mongolian woman in national dress.
Norwegian schoolchildren.
Girls from the island of Nauru.
Large Indian market in the city of Toluca. Mexico.
frame|right|Belarusian folk holiday.
frame|right|Sugarcane harvesting in Cuba.
Modern races of the world.
frame|center|Representatives of the main races.
A Tajik girl harvesting cotton.
The inhabitants of Yakutia are accustomed to severe frosts.
Fluctuations in the number of different ethnic groups are very significant. Thus, the number of the largest nations exceeds 100 million people. These are Chinese, Hindustanis, US Americans, Bengalis, Russians, Brazilians, Japanese. Tiny endangered ethnic groups (more precisely, fragments of ethnic groups) do not number even 10 people today. These include ouma, yoba, bina in Papua New Guinea and others. Differences between ethnic groups are no less significant in terms of the level of socio-economic development: with peoples that are actually still at the stage of primitiveness, peoples that are highly developed in social terms coexist. There are also great linguistic and cultural differences. Each people speaks a special language, although it happens that several ethnic groups use the same language or, conversely, one ethnic group speaks several languages. At the same time, many languages are related to each other, and the degree of this relationship varies. The range of similarities and differences in the culture of different peoples is also significant.
The principles of classification of the peoples of the world are different. In ethnography, ethnolinguistic classification is most often used, grouping all peoples on the basis of linguistic kinship. This classification also helps in historical research, as it gives a genetic interpretation of the existing similarities between peoples. According to the ethno-linguistic classification, the peoples of the world are divided into the following families: Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic (Semitic-Hamitic), Kartvelian, Ural (Ural-Yukagir), Dravidian, Altai, Eskimo-Aleut, Chukchi-Kamchatka, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Miao-Yao, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Parathai, Na-Dene, North Amerindian, Central Amerindian, Chibcha-Paes, Pano-Caribbean, Andean, Equatorial-Tukanoan, Australian, Andaman, Niger-Kordofan, Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, as well as several Papuan. Along with the peoples united by the listed families, there are also ethnic groups that occupy an isolated position in linguistic terms. These are Basques, Burishi, Kets, Nivkhs, Ainu, etc.
The largest of the families is Indo-European, uniting 45% of the world's population. The peoples of this family live in most of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, foreign Europe, Iran and Afghanistan, in the northern and central regions of South Asia. They also predominate today in America and Australia. (All the peoples included in a particular family are named in the appendix to the article.
The Kartvelian family is small (0.1% of the world's population). It includes Georgians living in Transcaucasia and ethnic communities close to them. The peoples of the Ural (Ural-Yukaghir) family (0.5% of the world's population) live in the Trans-Urals, in the far north of Siberia, in the Volga region, in the north of the European part of Russia, in the Baltic States, Finland, and northern Scandinavia and Hungary. The Dravidian family (4% of the world's population) is concentrated mainly in South Asia. The peoples of the Altai family (6% of the world's population) form a series of geographically unrelated areas from the Balkan Peninsula to the Russian Far East. Many scientists consider the groups included in it to be genetically unrelated and attribute them to several different families.
A small Eskimo-Aleut family, whose range mainly covers the extreme north of North America and Greenland, unites, as the name implies, Eskimos and Aleuts. The small peoples of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens) live in the extreme northeast of our country.
The peoples of the Afroasian family (5% of the world's population) are settled in Southwest Asia and North Africa. The Afroasian family includes the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic and Chadic groups.
The North Caucasian family is relatively small in number (0.1% of the world's population). It includes two groups - Abkhaz-Adyghe and Nakh-Dagestan.
The Sino-Tibetan family (23% of the world's population) is second in number only to the Indo-European (it includes the Chinese, the most numerous people on Earth).
The peoples of the Miao-Yao family (0.2% of the world's population) live in China, as well as in Vietnam and some other countries of Southeast Asia. The two most significant ethnic communities are the Miao and Yao, which is where the name of the family comes from. Some researchers consider the Miao-Yao as a group within the Sino-Tibetan family, others as a group within the Austroasiatic family.
The peoples of the Austroasiatic family (2% of the world's population) live for the most part in Southeast Asia, as well as in the adjacent regions of South and East Asia.
The Austronesian family (5% of the world's population) unites peoples living in a vast area from Madagascar to the Hawaiian Islands and Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean.
The Parathai family (1.5% of the world's population belongs to it) is concentrated in the countries of Southeast Asia and neighboring regions of China. It does not always stand out as an independent unit. Some scholars consider it a group of the Sino-Tibetan family, others combine the Parathai and Austronesian families.
The Indian peoples of America are linguistically divided into families Na-Dene, North Amerindian, Central Amerindian, Chibcha-Paes (south of Central and northern South America), Pano-Caribbean, Andean, Equatorial-Tukanoan. Of these families, the Andean family is the most significant (0.4% of the world's population), it includes the largest Indian people - the Quechua.
The Australian family, as its name suggests, is centered in Australia. It unites very small aboriginal peoples of this continent.
The Andaman family consists of several very small ethnic groups of the Adaman Islands (Ongyo, etc.).
In New Guinea and the adjacent islands (the New Guinea region surpasses any other region of the globe in terms of the complexity of its ethnic structure), the Papuan peoples live, uniting in ten families according to their linguistic affiliation: trans-New Guinean, West Papuan, Sepik-Rama, Torricelli, East Papuan, East Chendravasih Gulf of Chendravasih, kvomtari, arai, amto-musian. Only the first five families are significant, of which the trans-New Guinean family stands out (the peoples that make up it form 0.1% of the world's population).
The peoples of sub-Saharan Africa form three families: Niger-Kordofan (6% of the total world population), Nilo-Saharan (0.6%) and Khoisan. The Nilo-Saharan family as a whole is localized to the north of the Niger-Kordofanian; small peoples of the Khoisan family (Hottentots, Bushmen, etc.) live on the southern periphery of Africa and in Tanzania.
A number of peoples of the world occupy an isolated position in linguistic terms. Two peoples separated by language - the Nivkhs and the Kets (both very small in number) - live in the Asian part of our country. In the far north of South Asia, in the mountains of Karakoram, there is a small Burishi people, whose language also occupies an isolated position. In Europe, an isolated language is spoken by the Basques, who live in the Pyrenees, on both sides of the border between Spain and France. Isolated languages are also spoken by the Ainu (Hokkaido, Japan). Finally, a large group of peoples speaking isolated languages lives in New Guinea (Borumeso, Warenbori, Pauwi, etc.), but it is possible that the classification of the languages of the New Guinean peoples as isolated is not the result of true genetic isolation, but a consequence of their still poor study.
Some researchers are trying to identify more distant linguistic kinship, highlighting macrofamilies in addition to families. So, for example, the Indo-European, Kartvelian, Dravidian, Ural-Yukaghir, Altai, Eskimo-Aleutian, and sometimes Afroasian families are united into a Nostratic macrofamily; all Indian families (except Na-Dene) - into the Amerindian macrofamily.
In addition to the ethno-linguistic classification, there is also an areal classification, when peoples are grouped into large regions, called historical-cultural or historical-ethnographic regions. Within these areas, in the process of long historical development, a certain cultural community has developed.
The peoples of the world are also divided into three main races: Caucasoid (or Caucasoid), Mongoloid and Negroid. The eastern area of the Negroids is often regarded as a special Australoid large race. Some foreign scientists distinguish a greater number of basic human races, such as Americanoids, Lapanoids, the Malayan race, etc. (see map).
As a result of the mixing of various large races, the so-called contact races were formed, of which there are quite a lot at present. So, from the mixing of the eastern branch of the northern Caucasians and the northern Mongoloids, the Ural (Ural-laponoid) racial group originated. The mixed group includes the South Siberian group that arose from the first centuries of the new era in the vast steppe space between the Urals and the Yenisei, in which Mongoloid features predominate. In the Middle Ages, in the more southern regions, mixed Central Asian groups were formed with the dominance in most cases of the Caucasoid element. In the east and southeast of Asia, there was a zone of contact between Mongoloids and Australoids, where a number of mixed forms arose at different times, for example, the South Asian group with a predominance of Mongoloid features.
APPENDIX
INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY Slavic group Russian Ukrainians Belarusians Poles Czechs, Slovaks Serbs, Montenegrins, Muslim Slavs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians Bulgarians Baltic group Lithuanians Latvians Germanic group Germans Austrians German Swiss Alsatians, Luxembourgers Dutch, Flemings, Frisians, Afrikaners English Scots European and American Jews Scots and Anglo-Irish Anglo-Canadians Anglo-Australians, Anglo-Sealanders Anglo-Africans Americans USA, including African Americans Anglo-speaking peoples of Central America, the West Indies and South America (Bahamians, Jamaicans, etc.) and the islands of the Atlantic Ocean (Sectarians, Tristans) Swedes Norwegians Icelanders Faroese Danes Celtic group Irish Welsh Bretons Romanesque group Italians Sardinians Italo-Swiss Corsicans French Walloons Franco-Swiss Franco-Canadians Guadalupe, Martinique, Guianan, Haitian, Reunion, Mauritian, Seychellois Cuban Dominican Puerto Rican Mexico нцы Гватемальцы Гондурасцы Сальвадорцы Никарагуанцы Костариканцы Панамцы Венесуэльцы Колумбийцы Эквадорцы Перуанцы Боливийцы Чилийцы Аргентинцы Парагвайцы Уругвайцы Испанцы Каталонцы Португальцы, кабовердийцы Галисийцы Бразильцы Румыны Молдаване Албанская группа Албанцы Греческая группа Греки Армянская группа Армяне Иранская группа Персы Курды, луры, бахтиары Белуджи Таджики, хазарейцы Афганцы (пуштуны) Ossetians Nuristani group Nuristani Indo-Aryan group Bengalis Assamese Oriya Biharis Hindustanis Rajasthani Gujaratis Marathas Punjabis Sindhis Nepalese Paharis Sinhalese Maldivians Indomauritians, Guyanese-Indopa-Pakistans, Fijian-Indians Kashmiris, Sheena and other Dardic peoples Gypsies AFRASIAAN FAMILY Semitic group Arab peoples, Egyptians and Dr. ) Maltese Jews of Israel Amhara, Gurage, Tigray, Tigre Berber group Kabila, Tamazight, Shilh, Tuareg and others Kushite group Oromo Somali Afar, Bej a, Sidamo and others Chad group of Hausa, Angas, Kotoko and others KARTVEL FAMILY Georgians DRAVIDIAN FAMILY Tamils Malayali Kannara Telugus Gonds, Oraon, Braguis and other Dravidian peoples URAL-YUKAGIR FAMILY Finno-Ugric group Finns Karelians Estonians Saami (Lapps), Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Komi Hungarians Khanty, Mansi Samoyed group Nenets, Nganasans, Selkups Yukagir group Yukagirs ESKIMO-ALEUT FAMILY Eskimos, Aleuts ALTAI FAMILY Turkic group Turks Azerbaijanis Various Turkic-speaking peoples of Iran Turkmens Tatars, Crimean Tatars Bashkirs Karachays, Balkars, Kumyks, Nogais Kazakhs Karakalpaks Kirghiz Uzbeks Uighurs Altaians, Shors, Khakasses Tuvans Yakuts, Dolgans Chuvashs Mongolian group Khalkha Mongols Oirats Kalmyks Buryats Mongols of China Tungus-Manchurian group Evenks, Evens, Nanais, Udeges and other Korean group Manchus Japanese group Japanese Nivkhi Nivkhi CHUKOTSK-KAMCHATKA FAMILY Chukchi Koryak Itelmens NIGERO-KORDOFAN FAMILY Niger-Congo group West Atlantic subgroup Fulbe, Wolof, Serer, Diola, Temne, Kisi and others Gur Bakwe, Bete and other Kru peoples Akan, Anyi, Baule, Ewe, Fon Ijo Yoruba, Nupe, Bini, Igbo, Ibibio, Tiv, Bamileke and other Fang, Mongo, Rwanda, Rundi, Ganda, Luhya, Kikuyu, Kamba, Nyamwezi , Swahili, Kongo, Luba, Bemba, Malawi, Makua, Ovimbundu, Shona, Tswana, Pedi, Suto, Xhosa, Zulu, Tsonga and other Bantu Zande, Chamba, Mbum, Banda, Gbaya and other Ada peoples Maua-Ubangian peoples Mande group Malinke, Bambara, Soninke, Susu, Mende and others Kordofan group Ebang, Kadugli and others NILO-SAHARA FAMILY East Sudanese group Nubians, Dinka, Kalenjin, Luo and others Central Sudanese group Bongo, Sarah, Bagirmi, Moru, Mangbetu and others Berta group Berta Kunama group Kunama Saharan group Kanuri, tubu and others Songai group Songai and others Fur group Mabang group Mabang and others Komuz Komuz group and others Adyghes, Kabardians, Circassians Nakh-Dagestan group Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins and others Kets Kets Sino-Tibetan family Chinese, Hui Bai Tibetans, Bhutanese and others Myanmar Yizu, Tujia, Hani, Manipur, Naga, Karen, Kachin, garo, bodo, newari, tamang and others Semangi group, Senoi Nicobar group Nicobarese Khasi group Khasi Munda group, Santals and others MIAO-YAO FAMILY Miao, Yao PARATAI FAMILY Siamese Lao Zhuang, Bui, Shan, Thai and others Dun, Li and others Javanese, Sundas, Madurians, Indonesian Malays, Minangkabau and other Tagals, Bisaya, Iloki and other Chamorros, Belau, Yap Malagasy Central Austronesian Ende group, Atoni, Tetum, Ambonians and others East Austronesian group and others) Micronesians (Truk, Marshallese, Kiribati, Nauru and others) Polynesians (Tonga, Samoa, Tuvalu, Maori, Tahitians, Hawaiians and others) Taiwanese groups Gaoshan ANDAMAN FAMILY Andamanese PAPUAN FAMILY Enga, Khuli, Hagen, Chimbu, Kamano, Dani , Abelam, Ternats and other Papuan peoples AUSTRALIAN FAMILY Ainu Aboriginal Australians AinuINDIAN FAMILIES
NA-DENE FAMILY Athabaskan (Navajo, Apache and others), Tlingit, Haida NORTH AMERINDIAN FAMILY Maya, Quekchi, Quiché, Kaqchikel, Algonquin, Sioux and others CENTRAL AMERINDIAN FAMILY Aztecs, Shoshone, Otomi, Mishtec, Zapotec and others Chibcha-PAES Miskito, paez and others ANDean FAMILY Quechua, Aymara, Araucans and others
