An interesting place to search for antiques and coins is the territory of the ancient fair. Most often the fair in the old days was organized near churches. Thus, people came and came from distant farms and villages to visit the temple and buy vital things for the household and delicacies for children, or to bring their natural products and livestock for sale (exchange).

Sloboda.

In medieval times, settlements appeared in Russia, freed from the payment of duties, on the Don they were free Cossack settlements. They had churches and their own fairs. These were quite large settlements, many of them completely disappeared. Churches were destroyed during the Soviet era, and people left in the 60s and 70s for cities and regional centers, in search of good wages and comfort.

It is easy to find a place for an ancient fair if you know in your area where there were large villages with churches. Naturally, there were no solid buildings on this site. Most often this is an open, flat area near the church, where there is a well of drinking water and good entrances from all sides.

For example, in our area, the eastern districts of the Rostov region, fairs are not so ancient, since the main settlement by peasants and Cossacks took place in the 18-19th century. But if we take into account the early Middle Ages and ancient times, then there is still a lot of unexplored and interesting things.

What can you find at fairs?

The main finds on the territory of the old fair are:

coins - losses of different periods, depending on the origin and death of the village.

The second item of finds is pectoral crosses, icons, ornaments, in general, metal-plastic items.

The third is pottery shards, horse ornaments and harness parts.

The old fair can store many interesting and worthwhile antiquities. The main thing is not to make a mistake, because in the old days there were not only fairs near the churches, but also cemeteries.

Is it possible to find treasure at the fairs.

It is almost impossible to find a treasure at the site of an old fair, because they were seasonal, there were no permanent buildings, except for wealthy shopkeepers and merchant chambers. It can be assumed that the coins were buried in case of sudden danger, but this is rather an exception. Some treasure hunters talk about wallets with coins found on the territory of the fair.

The fair is interesting for coins, household items and metal-plastic lost in the course of trade.

Interesting site materials

Russian fairs appeared at the turn of the 14th - 15th centuries, almost immediately after the disappearance of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a single Russian state. In the previous period, it was relevant to talk about graveyards - places for trade and centers of the rural community. There were also torzhoks, where numerous merchants and residents of nearby villages gathered.

Fairs, in contrast to churchyards and torzhok, assumed the involvement in trade not only of nearby territories, but also of remote outskirts. Since trade in graveyards and marketplaces was of a local nature, they cannot be compared with fairs.

Fairs in the full sense of the word appear only by the 15th century, when trends in the development of market relations are outlined in the economy with the expansion of the geographical coverage area and the involvement of the most remote territories in them.
Trade fairs are actively spreading in the Peter the Great era, and the immediate prerequisite for this is manufacturing.

Entertainment at fairs

The fair was not just a gathering place for merchants, where you could buy almost any utensil (often completely unnecessary). To amuse the audience, demonstration performances of jesters and buffoons were arranged. They were often used to present a product in a more favorable light, and the jesters dutifully praised grain or horses. By the way, a lot of animals were sold at fairs: there were not only horses suitable for farming, but also bears. Many animals were stolen and old. Cunning merchants went to all sorts of tricks to quickly sell live goods from their hands and get money for it: the horses were repainted in different colors, saddles and arcs were installed to hide external defects.

What else was sold at the fairs?

A wide variety of medicines, potions and infusions were in great demand among the population: the Russian people then willingly believed in folk medicine and did not spare money on it. There is no need to talk about delicacies, since gingerbread, sweets and other delicacies were sold on every corner and were in great demand.
The fair served not only as a place for the sale of goods and general entertainment. Here one could get involved in a variety of occupations and crafts, evaluate the latest achievements of science and technology.
The fair lasted several months a year, so everyone who wanted to had time to stock up on presents and gifts for themselves and their families.

march 28 2014

1859 year. List of villages with weekly bazaars

1859 year. List of villages where weekly bazaars are established, by county.

… .F) List of villages in which weekly
bazaars, by counties.
In the Vladimir district, there are 14 fairs annually, of which 12 are in the villages and 2 in the monastery settlements; weekly bazaars exist in 4 different villages, in Cherkutin, Stavrov, Undol, Obrachikha.

There is one fair in Suzdal district and weekly markets are in.

In Shuisky district, the fair is held in the village. Navel or at Nikola Shakhma; weekly bazaars in the villages: Teikovo, Vasilievsk, Dunilov, Kokhma; and in the village of Ivanovo 2 times a week.

In the Kovrovsky district, the fair is held in the village. Lyubce; weekly bazaars in the villages: Lezhnevo, Voznesensk, Usolye, Aleksin, Osipov, Bolshoy Vsegodish and Klyasemsky gorodok, re-established in the village. Pavlovsky.

In Vyaznikovsky district there are 4 fairs annually in one village. Kholui; weekly bazaars, which are still in the settlement Meshchera, Nikologorsky churchyard and with. Palekh. In the Resurrection churchyard, in the greater Mugreev; re-established in Gruzdev.

In the Gorokhovsky district, there are two fairs in Pestyaki and one each in the villages: upper and lower Landekh, Mytu, Fominki, Sergievy Gorki, Grishin, Kozhin, Frolov, Zolina and at the churchyards: Voznesensky, Indrusky and Arkhangelsky, at the Fdorishcheva desert and at the village. Zolotov; weekly bazaars are in the villages: both Landekhi, Pestyaki, Mytu, Fominki, Sergivy Gorki, Voznesensky and Uspensky graveyards.

There are no fairs in the Murom district; weekly bazaars exist in the following villages: Zyabltsikom churchyard, Novoselki, Yakovtsevo, Klin, Monakov and Bulatnikov, in Lipovitsky churchyard.

There are no fairs in the Melenkovo \u200b\u200bdistrict either, while weekly bazaars are in the Gusevsky town of Batashev and the Zheleznitsky Shepelev eaves, and in some villages they happen only during local holidays; in with. Lyakhakh there are weekly markets.

Every year there are fairs in the Sudogodsky district: in Alexandrov six, Moshku three; one by one, in the graveyards: Ilyinsky and Yegoryevsky; bazaars are weekly in the aforementioned villages: Aleksandrov, Moshku, in the Ilyinsky churchyard and Smolin.

In the Pokrovsky district there are 5 fairs, in the out-of-the-ordinary town of Kirzhach and in other villages, there are up to 28 of them. In Zinoviev, Andreevsky, Frolischi, Smolnev, there are weekly bazaars. Re-established in Orekhov and Novosergievsky pogost.

There are no fairs in the Aleksandrovsky district; weekly auctions were established in the village. Konstantinov, but people gather for trade in this village only three times a year; re-established in with. Baku.

There are 4 trading villages in Pereslavl Uyezd: Nagorye, Vashki, Romanovo and Ryazantsovo, where there are weekly bazaars, however, only at a time when residents are not busy with field work; fairs do not exist.

There are no fairs in Yuryevsky district; weekly trades take place in the villages of Sim and Onkov; newly established in and.

In general, there are up to 3,000 fairs and bazaars in the settlements, settlements, churchyards and villages of the province; not including in this respect not a large fair, which happens in almost every village during the temple holidays.

.... most of the trading villages, and especially the first and second categories, are located in the districts: Shuisky, Vyaznikovsky, Gorokhovsky and Kovrovsky; then in Vladimirsky, Murom and Sudogodsky; finally in Yuryevsky and Suzdal; in the rest of the districts: Pereslavsky, Aleksandrovsky, Pokrovsky and Melenkovsky, there are only tertiary trading villages, if not to include the Gusevsky factories, crystal and cast iron, in the Melenkovsky district.
All the best trading villages are located along the ancient trade route of Moscow with the East, along the Stromynsky, and Novgorod with the East, between the r. Volga, Klyazma and Oka.
N. Dubensky.
April 28, 1859 St. Petersburg.

Even last winter, I got carried away with the study of fairs until 1917 on the territory of the Moscow province. I read quite a few articles and books from which I emphasized a lot of information for general development. Reading history is fun. Recommend.
Naturally, at first he used the list of fairs in 1787 and 1834, as well as the lists of the "Inhabited area of \u200b\u200bthe Moscow province". All this is available on the Internet in the public domain and anyone who wishes can get acquainted. It's another matter when you start looking for these villages and towns or even churchyards on modern maps. The names of the settlements have changed and moreover, in the past, the owner of this or that place called it by his own name, and he owned, for example, ten villages. A couple of villages with the same name could even end up in the same county. So, sorting and sorting through the lists, old and modern maps, I drew a modern map with notes where and what fairs were located. If there was information, I made notes about the volume of trades, the number of people, the time of the fair and how many days the fair was held.
I understood the reasons for such popularity of the famous Rogachev fair. Many have heard of the Field of Miracles in Rogachevo. These are three fields located on the outskirts of the village.

It seems that there is nothing complicated. People traded and traded and everyone knows about it. But why exactly in this place was such an active trade conducted for a sufficiently long time - several hundred years?
Consider a map.

And let's look at the same place through the eyes of Schubert.

A fairly convenient and safe way from the Volga by water. As you know, the state of the roads in those distant times was .... Yes, there were no roads in those distant times. There was a single number of tracts, and the rest were ordinary rolled dirt roads. Only the tracts were covered with stones. Somehow I will tell you about my walks along two such paths. It is quite interesting to see the road covered with stone when there is no hint of civilized roads in the area. But this is in the future. Due to the lack of roads, the movement by carts was rather difficult and time-consuming. If we take the speed of a loaded cart 5-7 km / h, then it is not difficult to calculate that in 10 hours you can drive 50-70 km. But you can only think so in arithmetic books. The maximum working day of a horse is 10-12 hours. The horse is fed 3-4 times a day. The horse can begin work within 30 minutes after feeding. To feed the horse, it is enough to hang a bag on the horse's face, but to water it, you need to unharness it. And it turns out that the cart moves at a speed of 5-7 km / h not 10-12 hours, but at best eight hours. From here we conclude that the maximum distance that a horse with a cart can travel in a day is 40-50 kilometers.
On the Yakhroma River, the barges were pulled by horses in the same way, but the cargo transported per horse varied at times. The legend of the name of the Yakhroma river is very interesting. Allegedly, Yuri Dolgoruky was accompanied by his wife on a trip to the principality. To rest near the river, the princess dismounted and stumbled while exclaiming - "Oh! I'm lame." The surrounding people took it as the name of the river. Since then, it has become a custom to call this river Yakhroma.
Those wishing to walk along the banks of the Yakhroma in the Rogachevo region should take into account that the channel in this place has been greatly changed due to land reclamation work. The new channel is clearly visible on modern maps, and we can see the old one on Schubert's maps.
The village of Rogachevo is the central transshipment point of the trade route from Moscow to the north and the fair here was precisely of a national scale. It could not be closed only by those three fields that I marked in the first picture. Trade was carried out from Ust-Pristan to the Nikolo-Peshnoshsky monastery (Lugovoi). Barges stood on the coast and merchants sold their goods straight from them. If you walk along the shore, you can see the depressions, as it were, intended for parking such ships. We conclude that trade was carried out practically along the entire course of the Yakhroma River from Ust-Pristan to the Nikolo-Peshnoshsky monastery and, naturally, in those places where there was a convenient access (see Schubert's map). In the areas between Aleksandrovo-Kopylovo and the river, trade was also conducted. The ships went up the Sestra River to Trekhsvyatskoe. There, the main trading place was near Cherneev. Well, then the loaded carts drove away to Klin, to Dmitrov, or to Moscow. In Klin, fairs were weekly on Saturdays, and in Dmitrov, in addition to weekly fairs, there was another weekly on September 15.
Further in a circle the famous Teryaevo and Joseph-Volotsk monastery. Fairs were held there on August 15 and September 8. Up to 3,500 people gathered there fairs. The goods were brought in for 20,000 rubles. And nearby, five kilometers away, a small fair in Spirovo was held on November 21. People came from the surrounding villages and traded in every little thing.
I will note one more place not remarkable today, where there used to be a monastery and a churchyard. This is Nosovo. There is no such settlement now. This is near the village of Yastrebki, Odintsovo district. The Uspensky Safroniev Monastery is mentioned in the 15th century. Near him there were trades for the surrounding villages. Gathered at the auction up to 1,500 people and the turnover was 3,500 rubles.
There was a monastery somewhere.

And here the fair itself seemed to take place.

I could not find out when the dam appeared.

Forest next to the auction site. Perhaps traders and buyers rested in it, or maybe they celebrated deals.

There were several large fairs in the south of the Moscow province. One fair in Dedinovo meant what. The Oka River made it possible for merchants to come to the fair from many cities. The shopping arcade stood on the river bank. There were two rows. In one, they sold food, and in the other, on Fridays, all kinds of goods from the surrounding villages. When the railway was built, the goods were delivered from the Lukhovitsy station and it was mainly livestock. I can assume that the cattle was not transported to the left bank of the Oka. Bidding is likely on July 8 and September 8, held on both sides. Further along the left bank of the Oka River is located Beloomut, which previously consisted of the Lower and Upper. Three fairs were held in Nizhny Beloomut. On Monday, on Shrovetide, the auction lasted two days, on Ascension for three days and on October 1, one day with a torch for two days. They traded in cattle, manufactory and haberdashery goods, as well as hay and fish and other everything that was possible. There were weekly bazaars in Upper Beloomut on Mondays. Due to the close location of the railway and the river, Pervitsky Torzhok received merchants from many cities and villages on a weekly Saturday.
And now I want to tell you about the fair that attracted me more than all of the above. There is still a story about one unknown fair ahead, but in terms of trading volumes it is comparable to Rogachevskaya, but I will try to tell about it later and in a separate topic on November 15.
The fair was held in the village where the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was built in 1752. There were 46 courtyards in the village in which 171 males and 163 females lived. At the zemstvo school they learned to read and write. Due to a fire in 1870, the church was rebuilt.
On July 8, goods were brought from Kashira, Tula, Serpukhov, Venev and Zaraisk. The main auctions took place on the square in the center of the village.

The thing is that there are two villages with the name Bogatishchevo. The second Bogatishchevo-Epishino is 14 km to the north and more attention is paid to it. When typing in Bogatishchevo, all search engines point to the railway station, which is in no way associated with the village where the fair could take place. As you can see from the picture, the village itself is located a bit south of the railway station. In Soviet times, a poultry farm was built north of the village, and a treatment plant for this poultry farm to the east. The poultry farm and treatment facilities are now out of operation and you can take a walk in the fresh air in the vicinity of the village with great pleasure. You can walk to the Bolshoye Lyubilovo tract and swim in the reservoir, but this is of course on a warm summer day. Now he can better direct his feet towards the Pork tract. Previously, there was a temple complex. The village itself ceased to exist, but summer cottages began to grow around that place. The walk should be fun. See map.

At the same time for your attention from the Schubert map.

And along with the PGM.

View of sewage treatment plants across the field

And this is the Church of Our Lady of Kazan in the neighboring village of Rastovtsy. The history of the village is interesting, but there was no fair and we will talk about it some other time.

If someone is in these places and takes photos I will be ready to accept them as a gift and post them in the blog. Happy travels.
In the 15th century, a man came from Greece. You can imagine walking from Greece to our edges. A man lived in orange groves, he ate olives in unlimited quantities. Then, once and collecting the roll and went north. He found a lake and formed a settlement on the island. And it happened in about the year 1431. They did not grieve until there was not enough space for them. And then they turned to the king with a bow. The good Tsar Ivan the Terrible (his surname is that), being in a good mood, signed a letter in which he donated the surrounding land for the construction of the Nikolo-Radovitsky monastery. It happened in 1584. And so that the income of the monastery was stable, they began to hold fairs there annually on the 9th and 10th week after Easter. There was plenty of space, so the people walked for two weeks. And all this took place in the village of Radovitsy, Yegoryevsky district. The places are deaf, overgrown not only with grass and shrubs, but also with trees.
A little to the north there is a place mentioned in the scribes of 1587. The beautiful old church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos was built in 1801. Fairs were held in front of the church. Access to the field by an asphalt road.
Let's go up north. We will find a small village of Tugoles. The magnificent Church of the Great Martyr Paraskeva (Friday) opens unexpectedly. The most beautiful domes in the forest. A mesmerizing sight. This must be seen. If you saw domes in the forest, then you turned to the left and soon you will run into the end of the road, and then the already rolled dirt road cannot be passed in wet weather. And actually there is no where to go. On the left there will be a huge field overgrown with grass suitable for hay harvesting. On the right is an abandoned district hospital. The number of gadflies living in that region simply cannot be counted. You can say the gadfly edge. They can be caught there and exported abroad in huge quantities.

However, dear readers of the blog are waiting for the continuation of the story about the fairs of the Moscow province. I will describe to you the fair that took place in the village on the Venevskaya postal road. They traded there on the feast of Trinity. Traded from the cities of Zaraysk, Tula, Serpukhov, Kashira and others and others. The entrance was convenient. There was a village on the road. Now to get to it you have to walk. The locals prefer the tractor. I saw no other transport there. You can park your car in a neighboring village near the church and walk three kilometers with a tail.

The map clearly shows the location of the village of Gritschino in those days of the Kashirsky district. I think you can easily find it on modern ones, just do not confuse it with the village of Gritchino, Kashirsky district. By the way, the village has already been renamed into a village, and therefore it is necessary to choose which village Gritchino to go to. The place to walk is interesting, just don't go around the gardens. Follow the road through the gardens. You will enter the village and on the left you will immediately see the remains of the church, and there you can choose any direction for your further journey. If you go to Khrenovo, then after 2.5 km you will run into the remains of the village by the river, and after another couple of kilometers, Khrenovo itself. I almost forgot to the left of the river the churchyard was about two churches. Oh! I forgot. We're talking about fairs. The fair was in Gritchino.
We will move to the Shakhovsky district, the village of Cherlenkovo. Consider this area.

The fair in Cherlenkovo \u200b\u200bwas held on May 9 on Nikolin's day. In 1900, rumors spread that the earth from the grave of a godly man named Philip was helping from everything. At first, they took the earth from the grave in pinches and just carried it with them. The rumor spread about, and people crawled to the grave and each person already took not a pinch, but a zhmenka of the land. People began to come from neighboring provinces. I took a calculator and roughly calculated how much land people can take away by taking just a bag. Let's take a density of 2,000 kg / m3. The person on the menu can take about 50 grams. One thousand people will take out 50,000 grams or 50 kg of land over zhmenka. Several thousand people passed there a day. I decided to take a walk to the place where there should be a pit instead of a grave. Or maybe he would have taken a piece of land for good luck. And who knows, maybe he will bring good luck. I mapped out the route.

Looked at satellite images on which everything is perfectly visible.

Printed the map.

I tried to accommodate several thousand people in this area. I could not imagine where they were located, and most importantly, where they ate. Where did they sleep? We read from the articles about this event that several thousand breads were sold a day. One broth cost 1 kopeck. The county candle warehouse did not have time to supply candles to the church. The map shows where the church is and where the cemetery is. And this small settlement in the spring of 1900 received thousands of people every day, fed them and put them to bed. According to testimonies, bread was baked in wagons and was sold twice and three times more. The locals have certainly enriched themselves. Any scam has its end. The police put things in order. As I did not look, but the pit on the site of the grave of God-pleasing Philip was never found. He took a walk from the north of the cemetery, then went down to the church and walked along the river bank. The places are beautiful and interesting.
The nearest fairs in the district are Murikovo, Khovan, Levkievo and Sereda, it is written in the Reference book of the Moscow province of 1890.

To see the map of fairs, click the button
"Fairs" on Yandex.Maps

To be continued.
Keep for updates.

I was very much interested in this topic - fairs. I myself took part in the Stavropol fairs several times as a seller. It is, of course, very interesting, a lot of impressions, drive, emotions, mostly positive. But these are very "unpretentious" events, with a standard set: "shashlik-mashlik", a sea of \u200b\u200bcheap Chinese junk, several "craftsmen" (as we are called in the Stavropol House of Folk Art) and people who mainly come to such events to take a look , make a couple of selfie, drink a beer and buy a whistle for the child for 50 rubles.

But in the past, fairs were a serious matter and an important and integral part of the country's economy. I was very interested in this topic, especially in connection with the fact that our Fair of Masters began to occupy one of the key places in my life.

This publication does not claim to be the ultimate truth, since I took the materials for it on the Internet.

First, I propose to figure out what a fair is? What kind of word is this, because it does not have Russian roots, in Russian fair is "bargaining, marketplace". From the German fair - Jahrmarkt - "annual market" - an annually repeated sale of goods, sometimes with restrictions for a certain season, goods (for example: wine, honey, vegetables and fruits) or themes (for example, Orthodox fairs).

In Russia, the market, the marketplace, occupied a central place in the settlement. For example, in ancient Kiev there were 40 churches and 8 marketplaces. And the emergence of wide fair activities in Russia goes back to the period of the reign of Prince Vladimir and his heir Yaroslav the Wise in Kiev, because it was with them that wide communication with overseas merchants began, merchants from Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic brought their goods to Russia.

Bargaining on the shore of Lake Ilmen

The most ancient fair in Russia, known from the middle of the 13th century, is Arskaya (near Kazan). But in those days, merchants heading to the Arsk fair were attacked by the Tatars. To stop the robbery of caravans, Tsar Vasily III banned travel to this fair. In 1524, near Nizhny Novgorod, near the town of Vasilsursk, which is downstream of it along the Volga, Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich established an official marketplace. Thus, the largest fair in Russia was founded, numbering almost five centuries of history.

Later, in 1641, by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the fair was moved closer to Nizhny Novgorod under the walls of the monastery of St. Makarii, located 90 km from the city. For a long time, the fair was called Makarievskaya. Among the participants in the fair trade were wealthy Russian merchants, traders from China, India, Bukhara, who offered for sale furs, silk, pearls, gold, tea, linen and cotton fabrics, leather goods, sheepskin fur, grocery, fish, etc. products. In 1817, by decision of the government, the Makaryevskaya fair was transferred to the newly rebuilt stone seating yard in Nizhny Novgorod. It is located on the "arrow" - the confluence of the two largest Russian rivers, the Oka and Volga. It was the perfect place for a market.

Makaryevskaya fair

Nizhny Novgorod fair. 19th century

While looking for information, I came across an interesting fact. What do you think was the obligatory element of the bargaining, should have been located near the fair? It turns out that the bathhouse, since almost all the guests present came from afar, as the saying goes "Without a bath and bargaining is not bargaining."

For three centuries, the Irbit fair was the second in importance and scope in Russia, second only to the Nizhny Novgorod fair. The first mention of it dates back to the 30s of the seventeenth century. From that time on, it was held annually until 1929.

In those days, it was only here that one could buy the most valuable Siberian furs, the finest Chinese silk and tea, and specially made lamb skins from Central Asia. Moscow merchants brought jewelry and manufactured goods, metals were brought from the Urals.

In different periods, fair festivities lasted from two weeks to one and a half months. Usually the time of their holding fell on the autumn-winter months. Today the fair has been running for only four days and has been postponed until the last days of August.

First of all, the Irbit Fair was famous as a place where Siberian furs were bought and sold - an expensive commodity, extremely appreciated in Europe. However, one more interesting fact is lost in the darkness of history: it was here, on the Irbit, in the eighteenth century that the first monopoly on the tea trade was formed. The “Great Tea Route”, which ran along the Babinovsky tract, made the fair in a small town a monopoly in the distribution and pricing of Chinese “liquid gold”.

Irbit Fair. 19th century

By the middle of the 16th century in Siberia, the Irkutsk fair turns into the leading one for the entire East Siberian region. Its turnover was almost 6% of the all-Russian fair turnover. The range of goods brought to Irkutsk fairs was rich and varied. Goods were received from Moscow, Arkhangelsk, as well as from Makaryevskaya, Irbitskaya and Yenisei fairs, Asian goods - from China.

Of the food items in Irkutsk, most of all brought honey and hops, sugar, various types of tea. Irkutsk residents could also purchase European goods - fabrics, luxury goods and sweets, wine. The imported goods were markedly dominated by items intended for mass consumption by wide strata of townspeople.

Siberian fairs

And if in the West in the 18th century. large national fairs are losing their importance in connection with the formation of commodity exchanges and the development of a trading system through stores, then in Russia national fairs do not lose their importance until the revolution, moreover, they develop and multiply.

From the middle of the 19th century. the idea is spreading that "fair gathering of goods should pursue other goals in addition to trade." The charters of Russian fairs include such items as "educating the public, demonstrating the efforts of society aimed at progress in various fields of activity, showing real achievements and prospects for the development of economic sectors." Therefore, even then, large fairs in Russia served not only as centers of trade, but also as centers for the exchange of experience, knowledge, technology, arts, craft skills, and scientific achievements.

By the beginning of the 20th century the whole of Russia was covered with large and small fairs, 87% of them were agricultural fairs, or "torzhok", where the peasants sold their supplies and in exchange bought the products necessary for their needs (the dream of modern Russia is most likely unrealizable). About 12% were in medium-sized fairs, and just over 1% in fairs that were large temporary wholesale trade centers. By this time, fairs lasting less than 2 weeks were exempt from tax.

The activity of the fairs ceased after the revolution, revived not for long during the NEP, but was completely eliminated in the early 30s.

Of course, the entire publication is a "gallop across Europe", it was possible to very briefly present only the basic information, the material is extensive and, if you subject it to a deeper study and comprehension, you can write more than one publication.

What I would like to say in conclusion. We are with you at the Fair too. I think that for many, our Fair of Masters is practically their home, and it becomes more and more difficult to imagine their life without it. And most importantly, it seems to me that many people here manage to maintain the main direction, which in the 19th century became one of the main trends in the idea of \u200b\u200bnational fairs - the exchange of experience, knowledge, arts, craft skills, the education of society, the creation of beauty.

In general, for us, provincials, deprived of access to large modern fairs and, in general, the sale of our goods in the provinces, where the word handmade is perceived as a curse, the Fair of Masters is a window to another world, a wonderful world where you can not only look at others and show yourself, but also to find recognition, like-minded people, to unite into one creative Russian people. Hooray!

www.livemaster.ru

The first fairs in Russia

Fairs, marketplaces and churchyards

Fairs in the full sense of the word appear only by the 15th century, when trends in the development of market relations are outlined in the economy with the expansion of the geographical coverage area and the involvement of the most remote territories in them. Fairs are actively spread in the Peter the Great era, and the immediate prerequisite for this is manufacturing ...

Entertainment at fairs

What else was sold at the fairs?

A wide variety of medicines, medicines and infusions were in great demand among the population: the Russian people then willingly believed in folk medicine and did not spare money on it. There is no need to talk about delicacies, since gingerbread, sweets and other delicacies were sold on every corner and were in great demand. The fair served not only as a place for the sale of goods and general entertainment. Here one could get involved in a variety of occupations and crafts, evaluate the latest achievements of science and technology. The fair lasted several months a year, so everyone who wanted to had time to stock up on gifts and gifts for themselves and for their families.

kartolog.ru

folk festivities traditions - Shchi.ru

Fairs and city festivities have long been a part of Russian culture and history. They became widespread in the middle of the 18-19th century, annually up to 3000 events of this type were held in Russia. Fairs could be forest, hop, horse, steppe. In those days, there was practically no trade in the villages and villages, so fairs became a very convenient place for ordinary people where you could sell your surplus agricultural products, buy new clothes and other necessary goods, finally rest from exhausting agricultural work, have fun and, as they say “Show yourself and see others”.

The largest fairs in Russia were:

Mologa fair. The venue is the Upper Volga region of the 14-16th century. It was distinguished by a wide multinational composition of merchants; merchants from Russia, Poland, Greece, Germany, Armenia, Persia, Asian countries and Turkey conducted trade here;
Makaryevskaya fair. Venue - Makariev Monastery on the Volga near Nizhny Novgorod at the end of the 16th century. The convenient location attracted a large number of traders, both local and foreign. After a fire that destroyed most of the buildings, the auction was moved to Novgorod;
Nizhny Novgorod fair. Replaced Makarievskaya, from the beginning of the 18th century began to take place in Nizhny Novgorod. A special Fair yard was built here, where you could buy a very wide range of various types of products: salt, wine, fish, cotton, furs, metal products and much more;
Irbit Fair. It was carried out in the Urals in the 17th century, it was distinguished by a variety of goods, both local and from far abroad: China. Central Asia.

People's fair

A fair is a market, in the center of a city or village, where merchants, traders and artisans came both from neighboring villages and villages, and from remote areas to sell their goods and see someone else's. It was at the fairs that the most profitable and large trade agreements were concluded, because businessmen came here not only from local cities and villages, but also overseas guests from distant countries. During the fair, various sweets, fruits and drinks were sold everywhere for entertainment and treats to guests and buyers, both in tents and stalls, and by special peddlers.

(Modern fair in Moscow, Red Square)

At such fairs, everyone sold what he wanted, the goods could be both bagels and sugar pretzels, as well as livestock, poultry, pottery and weaving art and much more. It was a real paradise for artisans (coopers, blacksmiths, potters, weavers), who spent a whole year preparing to show their customers the real masterpieces of their skills. Also here the masters of various affairs offered their services: shoemakers mending shoes, barber shaving beards and cutting hair, tailors mending clothes. In order to entice buyers, they walked around the market and made people laugh with various jokes, jokes, advertising, jesters and buffoons.

Fair theater

In addition to various trades at fairs, various theatrical, musical events of an entertainment nature were usually held, booths, nativity scenes, performances and scenes with the participation of live bears were arranged, contests and various amusements were arranged.

(Kustodiev "Balagany")

One of the main obligatory heroes of fair shows was the finger puppet Petrushka. She had the appearance of a cheerful and playful joker and merry fellow, with a not very good-looking appearance (he had a hump, a big nose, sharp facial features, a squeaky sharp voice), but with a very perky and mischievous character, an excellent sense of humor, which sometimes crossed all boundaries , therefore, very often this character got into various awkward situations and was more than once beaten for his very long tongue. But Petrushka never gets discouraged, the oar lifts up its long and humped nose and continues to joke and amuse the people with either his matchmaking, then getting a job and other funny adventures.

Festivities

Any fair was a real holiday for ordinary people, which helped to distract from the hard working days, allowed them to relax in mind and body. An atmosphere of celebration and fun always reigned there, music played, actors performed, folk songs and children's laughter sounded. The whole family went there, dressed up in beautiful festive clothes, watched colorful interesting performances, had fun from the heart, took part in various contests and games, rode carousels and swings, bought various goods, sweets and gifts.

Driving in round dances has long been one of the oldest recreational activities at the fair. A large number of people took part in them, the fun was accompanied by cheerful music, singing, the participation of buffoons and actors. The unhurried driving of round dances could have been torn apart by a daring Russian dance, in which the dancers competed with each other in making various intricate figures and knees.

Often, various power competitions were also held at fairs, such as fistfights, especially popular on Shrovetide, usually physically developed men of any age, regardless of their status in society, took part in them. The fight could be carried out one-on-one, wall to wall or in the form of a "shovel" (reminiscent of the original Russian martial arts, in which the fight was carried out with the help of throws and grabs). For men, this fun was one of their favorites, because it allowed them to show their strength, dexterity and courage, “let off extra steam” or even “knock out the crap out of their heads” that had accumulated there during their daily routine.

schci.ru

Historical portrait. Historical era. Task 25 Unified State Exam Do you know which fairs in Russia were the largest?

Do you know which fairs in Russia were the largest?

Fair. How the people were waiting for her! After all, it was possible not only to sell and buy something on it. These were real holidays, where you could see others and show yourself. At the fairs we exchanged news, watched performances by musicians and actors. Overseas merchants were especially attentive, because they could tell about unknown and distant countries.

The meaning of the word "fair"

The word is of a foreign language origin, from German it means “annual market”. In Russia, such an event was originally called "bargaining" (hence the word "marketplace").

From the history

At first, fairs were organized only near the walls of cities, monasteries, so that people were in a certain safety.
The fair had to get permission from the prince or government representative.
Fairs in Russia were widely developed at the beginning of the 12th century. They were held in large cities - Novgorod, Moscow, Vladimir, Kiev and others.
The largest fairs in Russia

Mologskaya (held in the upper Volga region from the end of the 14th to the beginning of the 16th centuries). Merchants from various countries sold here: Poles, Greeks, Armenians, Persians, Germans and many others, as well as Russian merchants. The fair is especially famous for its trade with Asia and Turkey.

Makarievskaya (from the end of the 16th century). It arose at the Makariev Monastery, on the Volga, not far from Nizhny Novgorod. The convenient geographical location attracted merchants from various countries and from all over Russia. The Makaryevskaya fair contributed to the formation of the all-Russian market. However, in 1817, a fire broke out that destroyed almost all of the fairgrounds. It was decided to move the bargaining to Nizhny Novgorod.
Nizhegorodskaya (from 1817 it changed the Makaryevskaya Fair until 1917, even operated under Soviet rule in 1921-1929). A special Fair yard was built in Nizhny Novgorod. The assortment of goods was very rich: tea, cotton, fish, salt, metal, furs, wine and many other goods.
Irbit (from the middle of the 17th century, Ural). There were goods from Siberia, China, Central Asia, and from Russian cities. In 1922-1929 the fair resumed its work, and since 2002 the Irbit Fair again became famous in Russia, it is especially attractive for tourists.

Of course, they traded both before and after these fairs. But it was the data that became famous for their size, scope, quantity and variety of goods brought here, and trade turnover.

And today fairs, especially seasonal fairs, attract buyers, providing an opportunity to purchase a variety of goods at affordable prices.

Prepared by: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

Vera Melnikova | your feedback

istoricheskij-portret.ru

Russian fairs: history of festivities. - recreation center Dubki in Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod region

Fairs are part of Russian culture. The times when fairs appeared in Russia have long since sunk into oblivion. But they have remained a symbol of jokes and fun. A further article will tell about Russian fairs, the history of their origin and methods of celebration.

History of fairs. A fair is a market located in a specific location. Traders from the surrounding lands came there to show and sell their goods, and at the same time to look at other people's goods.

It was here that all large and profitable transactions were concluded, since merchants came not only from other cities, but also foreign traders. During the fairs, there was trade in ice cream, sweets, various drinks, fruits. They were sold in specially equipped tents and sold out. On large festivities, a tent was often set up, in which “green wine” (modern absinthe) was sold.

The goods at the fairs were very diverse. Everyone sold everything they could: from bagels and bagels to livestock and poultry. There was a lot of freedom for artisans: coopers, blacksmiths, haberdashers, potters. Here they could sell a large number of their products. Also, various craftsmen offered their services: shoemakers, tailors, barber. In addition, jesters and buffoons walked around the market, who lured people with the help of Russian folk barkers to the fair.

Festivities. In addition to trading at the fair, there were also entertainment events: music played, artists performed, circuses worked, Russian folk songs about the fair sounded. Usually fairs were equated with holidays. Most often, church holidays, as well as Shrovetide, were celebrated in this way. All public holidays included this tradition. At the fairs, all the people had fun as best they could - people watched performances, rode carousels, participated in competitions.

The traditions of fairground festivities took place in squares, village streets, outside the city or countryside. Young girls and boys who have reached marriageable age took part in all youth entertainment and village celebrations. The evasion of participation in the holiday caused ridicule and public censure.

An integral part of the festivities were outdoor games, round dances and dances. Maslenitsa and Trinity bonfires, swings and ice slides were the center of the festivities. Booths, or traveling theaters, were very popular on such holidays. They invited people to look for outlandish animals and unusual people. Various plays were often performed in them. Another attraction was the puppet theaters, in which the main role was always played by the cheerful parsley.

The first fairs in Russia helped people escape from work and family problems, allowed them to have fun, relax and, at the same time, get income from their craft. They brought variety and fun into the life of the Russian people.

skazka-dubki.ru

How they traded in Ancient Rus - Miscellaneous

The appearance of fairs in Russia was preceded by other methods of trade. Before the baptism of Russia, graveyards, bazaars and torzhoks were widespread. They have significant differences. For the nearest districts there were marketplaces or bazaars, but fairs already required a gathering of people from all volosts and regions. That is why the fairs were held only once a year, but they lasted for several months.

In addition, there was always a greater variety of goods at the fair than in the local trade, since the goods were brought from all over the country. And then these goods were spread in other areas precisely thanks to the fairs.

People came to the fairs on horseback, as they had to carry a lot of goods. And it is clear that where there are horses, there are gypsies. They also traded horses at fairs. And since the horses were mostly stolen, thanks to this, beautiful thoroughbred European stallions appeared in the ancient Russian expanses.

In those days, the government did not prevent the emergence of fairs. In addition, Peter the Great attached great importance to fairs, believing that they only contribute to internal trade, and in addition, they also establish trade relations with foreigners. By the 19th century, fairs had become large wholesale centers. The Nizhny Novgorod fair was considered the largest and most influential. It was called the "All-Russian marketplace" or "the exchange yard of Europe and Asia." It was the Europeans who, arriving at the Nizhny Novgorod fair, bought Chinese tea, carpets from Bukhara, Turkish tobacco and Persian pearls from oriental masters. Merchants from the East bought fabrics from Europe, sandalwood and silver products, as well as haberdashery. But all merchants without exception bought Russian products with great pleasure - artisan products, bread and honey, agricultural raw materials.

In addition to trade at fairs, people were also amused. Festivities, performances and theater shows. Of course, trained bears, buffoons and jesters were required. They were paid by merchants to invite the people and amuse them by praising the goods. We can say that this was the time of the first advertising slogans and commercials, so the buffoons were invitingly and visually advertised the goods.

And if at first chaos and theft at the fair were in the order of things, then over time everything became more organized - the stalls and stalls reigned at the fair. Fair legislation, traditions and rituals also appeared. The fair began to open and close. And the police and Cossack troops maintained public order.

Of course, after the revolution, the fairs were closed, and in the 1930s they were completely abolished. True, in the post-war period, the form of state trade began to resemble a fair, which is often decorated with stylized festivities.

www.krupenichka.ru

7 fair entertainment in Russian | Russian seven

The fairs in Russia were for everyone at once - both EXPO, and the week of design, and a business forum, therefore they lasted for several months. The state treasury received huge revenues from each:

from the Mologa fair alone, the treasury received 180 pounds of silver. In the 19th century, 200 thousand people came to the Nizhny Novgorod Fair - ten times more than the then population of Nizhny Novgorod, and the trade turnover was 50 million rubles in silver. We worked well - we rested well. And the entertainment was no worse than it is now!

American mountains

What we now call roller coasters was invented before the United States itself. Slides were one of the main attractions at the fair. “Walking under the mountains” meant “walking at the fair”. The mountains reached a height of 12 meters. In winter, they were poured over with water and sledged, and in warm weather, on special carts or carpets.

Another popular entertainment at fairs is swings and merry-go-rounds. There were many varieties of them. The swings were hanging and swing-over: on the first one you had to ride yourself, the second one was untwisted by a swing. The simplest carousels were skates, when wooden horses were hung on ropes. The most difficult are scooters. They were a two-story building with a huge number of internal and external galleries. Riding scooters cost 10-15 kopecks.

Attraction giant steps

Practically modern "bungee". This is a pillar up to 7 meters high, on top of which a rotating metal plate is fixed. Hooks are made along the edge of the plate, to which the ropes are attached. The bottom of each rope forms a loop covered with fabric. Sitting in such a loop, the participants of the attraction run up and make big jumps, then touch the ground for a moment and jump again. Thus, in the Giant Steps attraction, circular rotation is combined with take-offs that resemble swinging on a swing.

It was done like this:

The fair booth is a prototype of a circus, theater, opera and even a cartoon. The large booths had curtain stages, boxes and standing places. Here they showed "magic pantomimes" in which harlequins in black clothes and against a black background worked wonders: they sawed each other, tore each other apart, and then magically came to life when their head, torso, arms and legs were connected.

In some booths there were freak shows, that is, exhibitions of outlandish objects, plants, living beings and freaks. Here you could see with your own eyes a mermaid woman, a talking head, a man with an iron stomach, and even a world famous tattooed lady. People-aquariums, kings of fire, sword-swallowers and ventriloquists walked next to the booths.

Rajok is a small colorful box decorated with various figures and flags. On its front wall were cut two (in the larger - three or four) windows with magnifying glasses. Through them, the viewers looked at the panorama drawn on a long tape that was rewound from one roller to another. The spectacle was accompanied by a rhymed commentary from Raeshnik.

Puppet theaters

Mechanical theaters gave performances at fairs. In them half-hour performances were played, and the main participants were dolls. The repertoire of "mechanical theaters" was diverse: some performances were so large-scale that 30-40 puppets took part in them.

In the "theater of living pictures" even more massive performances were performed, in which sometimes complex theatrical effects were used. For example, the masters of the "theater of living pictures" showed the audience the Battle of Kulikovo.

The so-called "circus theaters" also performed at the booth. Here there were equestrian comedies, and stucks (acrobats), and strongmen, who held pood weights in their teeth and lifted 5-6 people, and “rubber”, that is, gymnasts, and magicians, and learned animals, bears, monkeys, tigers, elephants. "Dog comedies" were arranged, where the actors were trained dogs.

Abstract of the GCD for NGO "Artistic Creativity" (drawing) in the second junior group "Herringbone - green needle

Abstract of a musical lesson in the senior group "Musical colors of spring