In this development of the lesson, the image of Sonya Marmeladova is revealed, it is shown that it was in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought was discovered, that it was communication with Sonya that made Raskolnikov admit his guilt and confess.
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Development of a lesson in literature
Topic: “Eternal Sonya, while the world stands ...” (The image of Sonya Marmeladova in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”)
Teacher: Kuular Chimis Eres-oolovna. MBOU secondary school No. 1 of Shagonar
The purpose of the lesson:
- consider the image of Sonya Marmeladova;
Show that it is in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought is discovered, that it is communication with Sonya that will make Raskolnikov admit his guilt and confess.
To develop the ability of students to analyze the episode in the context of the whole work;
Develop the ability of independent research work;
Prepare students for home writing
Epigraph: "Man deserves his happiness, and always by suffering"
F.M.Dostoevsky
During the classes:
I Organizing moment.
II Repetition of the topic covered. (...)
III Explanation of the new topic
Radion Raskolnikov said to Sonya: "... I chose you ...". Why did he choose her? Why? What role does Sonya Marmeladova play in the life of the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov? These are the questions we must answer in today's lesson.
Teacher:
So, Raskolnikov committed a crime that led him to a dead end. Sonya at that time received a yellow ticket. The lines of their lives intersected at the most critical point for them: at the very moment when it was necessary to decide once and for all how to live on. Raskolnikov's old faith has been shaken, but he has not yet found a new one. Doom and involuntary thirst for death as a way out of the impasse took possession of him
Porfiry Petrovich, during a conversation with Raskolnikov, advises him“Become the sun, everyone will see you. The sun must first be the sun.”, that is, not only to shine, but also to warm. Let's continue his thought.
But not Raskolnikov, but Sonya in the novel becomes such a warm light, although at first glance, she seems to be far from this moral height.
Guys, I asked you to prepare thin and thick questions about the heroin at home, let's start with thin questions.
Subtle questions are questions that require a short and quick answer. You can answer in one word.
Thick questions are questions that require a detailed full answer.
Choose who you ask the question.
2. Verbal portrait of Sonya.
- What kind of Sonya do you represent? Describe her, please.
How does Dostoevsky describe it? (read by one student)
3. Working with portraits of Sonya made by different artists. Slideshow.
Illustrations by D.A. will help us to reveal the author’s intention. Shmarinov to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". On one of them, the artist captured Sonya Marmeladova with a candle. Looking at her pale face, one cannot help but feel Sonya's "inexpressible excitement", trembling, some kind of inner burning. Her portrait is perceived as a symbol of conscience, suffering and deep compassion, as a symbol of the duty that she awakens in Raskolnikov, leading him to a moral rebirth. Sonya is holding a candle, with which she is lit from the side and from below, which makes her face light up. Light becomes a "permanent epithet" in Sonya's characterization and in other drawings by the artist.
- What do you think, did the artists manage to convey the image of Sonya?
It is also interesting to trace the reasons for the author's choice of the last name and first name of Sonya Marmeladova.What does the name Sonya, Sophia mean? Why did Dostoevsky call her by that name? (slide).
Student message. “Sofia, Sophia, Sonya is one of Dostoevsky's favorite names. This name means "wisdom", "reasonableness". And, indeed, in the soul of Sonya Marmeladova - this is the image of all women, mothers, sisters. Sophia is also the biblical name of the mother of the three martyrs Faith, Hope and Love.
Rays of warmth emanating from Sonya's soul reach Raskolnikov. He resists them, but still, in the end, he kneels before her. This is confirmed by the hero's encounters with her.
It was Sonechka, the defenseless victim of a cruel world, who brought to repentance the murderer who rebelled against injustice and inhumanity, who wished to remake the world like Napoleon. She saved Raskolnikov's soul
Why does a fallen woman save Raskolnikov's soul?
(Sonya transgressed through herself for others. She lives according to the laws of love for people, committed a crime against herself, sacrificed herself in the name of the people she loved.)
What features does Dostoevsky emphasize in it?
(Dostoevsky constantly emphasizes her timidity, shyness, even intimidation.)
Tell us about Sony's life.
(Sonia's stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, dooms her to life on a yellow ticket. The children, exhausted by hunger, survived thanks to Sonya. Her sacrifice penetrates people's souls with warmth. She gives Marmeladov the last "sinful pennies" for his obscene drunkenness in a tavern ... After the death of his father, death stepmother, it is she, Sonya, who has fallen, who sees the meaning of her life in caring for orphaned young children.Even the people around her, such an act seems truly Christian, and her fall into sin in this case seems holy.)
5. Sonya and Raskolnikov
Tell me, please, how does Raskolnikov look at life and what laws does Sonya Marmeladova live by?
(Raskolnikov does not want to accept life as it is, he protests against injustice. His theory pushes on the path of violence against others for the sake of his well-being. He is ready to step over the corpses of others, seeks to create conditions for himself first of all in order to then change life, seeks to rise above this "anthill". Raskolnikov's idea and crime give rise to conflict in his soul, lead to separation from people, make the hero despise himself most of all for humanity and sensitivity to the suffering of others. Sonya goes the other way. Her life is built according to the laws of self-sacrifice. In shame and humiliation, in conditions that seemed to exclude all purity (moral), she retained a sensitive and sympathetic soul.)
So, Raskolnikov goes to Sonya. How does he explain his first visit to Sonya? What does he expect from him?
(He's looking for your soul mate because Sonya also transgressed. At first, Raskolnikov sees no difference between his crime and Sonya's. He sees her as a kind of ally in crime.)
How can one explain the behavior of Raskolnikov, who unceremoniously examines the room? Who did he expect to see?
(He wants to understand how she lives as a criminal, how she breathes, what supports her, in the name of which she has transgressed. But, looking at her, he softens, his voice becomes quiet.
Raskolnikov expected to see a man focused on his troubles, tormented, doomed, ready to seize on the slightest hope, but he saw something else that gave rise to the question: “Why could she remain in this position for so long and did not go crazy, if she was not able to was to throw herself into the water.")
How does Raskolnikov imagine the girl's future?
(“Throw yourself into a ditch, fall into a lunatic asylum, or throw yourself into debauchery.”)
Three roads and all fatal. Why didn't she do it? What is the reason?
(Faith, deep, capable of working miracles. Strength. In Sona I saw the strength that allows her to live. Her source is in caring for other people's children and their unfortunate mother. She trusts in God and waits for deliverance.)
Through acquaintance with Sonya, Raskolnikov opens up the world of people living according to other laws, the laws of human brotherhood. Not indifference, hatred and rigidity, but open spiritual communication, sensitivity, love, compassion live in her.
What book did Raskolnikov notice in Sonya's room?
The book that Raskolnikov noticed on the chest of drawers in Sonya's room turned out to be the New Testament in Russian translation. The gospel belonged to Lizaveta. The innocent victim accepts death silently, but will "speak" God's word. Raskolnikov asks to read to him about the Resurrection of Lazarus.
Why was this episode from the Gospel chosen?
(Raskolnikov walks among living people, talks to them, laughs, is indignant, but does not recognize himself as alive - he recognizes himself as dead, he is Lazarus, who has been in a coffin for 4 days. But, like the dim light of that candle stub that illuminated in “this beggarly a murderer and a harlot, who strangely came together while reading an eternal book, ”the light of faith glimmered in the soul of the criminal in a possible resurrection for himself.)
Work with text.
Read the episode of Sonya reading a passage from the Gospel, follow Sonya's condition. Why does she feel like this? (The music “Ave Maria” sounds. Sonya’s hands trembled, her voice was not enough, she did not pronounce the first words, but from the 3rd word her voice rang and broke through like a stretched string. And suddenly everything changed.
Sonya reads, wishing that he, blinded and unbelieving, would believe in God. And she trembled with joyful expectation of a miracle. Raskolnikov looked at her, listened and understood how Jesus loves those who suffer. “Jesus shed tears,” at this time Raskolnikov turned around and saw that “Sonya was trembling with a fever.” He expected this.)
She wanted Raskolnikov to accept faith in Christ and through it he could go to rebirth through suffering.
Why is the Gospel read by a criminal and a harlot? (The gospel shows the way to rebirth, they felt the union of souls.)
Dostoevsky singled out the words "I am the Resurrection and the life." Why?
(Soul awakens.)
What is your impression of Sonya Raskolnikov leaving?
(Raskolnikov, listening to Sonya's stories about Katerina Ivanovna, her penetrating reading of the Gospel, changed his mind about her. Sonya loves people with Christian love. Raskolnikov, who does not believe in God, dreams of power over all trembling creatures, understood Sonya's truth, her sacrificial purity. )
Leaving Sonya, he said that he would tell who killed. “I know and I’ll tell you… I’ll tell you alone! I chose you."
In the novel, it is important not only to whom Raskolnikov comes with a confession, but also where it happens - in the apartment of the tailor Kapernaumov, where Sonya rents a room. Kapernaumov is a significant surname.
Sonya - the embodiment of pure goodness - finds something in common in Raskolnikov, as if the embodiment of pure evil, and vice versa, Raskolnikov sees his own reflection in the depths of Sonya's soul, knows that they once go "along the same road", that they have "one purpose".
Two truths: truth, Raskolnikov and, truth, Sonya. But one is true, the other is false. To understand where the truth is, you need to compare these heroes, whose fate has a lot in common, but they differ in the main.
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What is the strength of Sonya?
(In the ability to love, compassion, in self-sacrifice in the name of love.)
Sonya, with her love, pity and compassion, her endless patience and self-sacrifice, her faith in God, saves Raskolnikov. Living with his inhuman idea, not believing in God, he changes only in the epilogue of the novel, having accepted faith in his soul. “To find Christ means to find one's own soul” - this is the conclusion that Dostoevsky comes to.
I would like you, just like Sonya, to love people as they are, to be able to forgive and give the light that comes from your soul to other people.
7. Homework. Composition "I chose you ..."
A special place in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is occupied by female images. Dostoevsky draws the girls of impoverished Petersburg with a deep sense of compassion. "Eternal Sonya" - called the heroine Raskolnikov, referring to those who will sacrifice themselves for the sake of others. In the system of images of the novel, this is Sonya Marmeladova, and Li-Zaveta, the younger sister of the old usurer Alena Ivanovna, and Dunya, Raskolnikov's sister. "Sonechka, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands" - these words can serve as an epigraph to the story about the fate of girls from poor families in Dostoevsky's novel.
Sonya Marmeladova, daughter of Semyon Marmeladov, a drunkard who lost his job, was the daughter of his first marriage. Tortured by the reproaches of her stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, distraught from poverty and consumption, Sonya is forced to go to the panel to support her father and his family. The author portrays her as a naive, bright-hearted, weak, helpless child: “She seemed almost a girl, much younger than her years, almost a child ...”. But "...despite her eighteen years" Sonya violated the commandment "do not commit adultery." “You also transgressed, ... you were able to cross. You laid hands on yourself, you ruined your life ... your own, ”says Raskolnikov. But Sonya trades her body, not her soul, she sacrificed herself for the sake of others, and not for herself. Compassion for loved ones, humble faith in the mercy of God never left her. Dostoevsky does not show Sonya as a “thrift,” but nevertheless we know how she earns money to feed the hungry children of Katerina Ivanovna. And this glaring contrast between her pure spiritual appearance and her dirty profession, the terrible fate of this girl-child, is the most weighty proof of the criminality of society. Raskolnikov bows before Sonya and kisses her feet: “I didn’t bow to you, but bowed to all human suffering.” Sonya is always ready to help. Raskolnikov, having broken off all relations with people, comes to Sonya to learn from her love for people, the ability to accept her fate and "carry her cross."
Dunya Raskolnikova is a variant of the same Sonya: she won’t sell herself even to save herself from death, but she will sell herself for her brother, for her mother. Mother and sister loved Rodion Raskolnikov passionately. To support her brother, Dunya entered the Svidrigailov family as a governess, taking a hundred rubles in advance. She sent seventy of them to Roda.
Svidrigailov encroached on Dunya's innocence, and she was forced to leave her place in disgrace. Her purity and correctness were soon recognized, but she still could not find a practical way out: as before, poverty stood at the threshold in front of her and her mother, as before she was not able to help her brother in any way. In her hopeless situation, Dunya accepted the offer of Luzhin, who almost openly bought her, and even with humiliating, insulting conditions. But Dunya is ready to go after Luzhin for the sake of her brother, selling her calmness, freedom, conscience, body without hesitation, without grumbling, without a single complaint. Raskolnikov clearly understands this: "... Sonechkin's lot is no worse than the lot with Mr. Luzhin."
In Dun there is no Christian humility inherent in Sonya, she is resolute and desperate (she refused Luzhin, she was ready to shoot at Svidrigailov). And at the same time, her soul is just as full of love for her neighbor, like Sonya's soul.
On the pages of the novel, Lizaveta appears briefly. A student in a tavern talks about her, we see her in the scene of the murder, after the murder Sonya talks about her, Raskolnikov thinks. Gradually, the appearance of a kind, downtrodden creature, meek, similar to a big child, emerges. Lizaveta is a submissive slave of her sister Alena. The author notes: “So quiet, meek, unrequited, consonant, consonant with everything.”
In the mind of Raskolnikov, the image of Lizaveta merges with the image of Sonya. Half delirious, he thinks: “Faithful Lizaveta! Why did she turn up here? Sonya! Poor, meek, with meek eyes ... "This feeling of spiritual kinship between Sonya and Lizaveta is especially acute in the confession scene: "He looked at her and suddenly, in her face, he seemed to see Lizaveta's face." Lizaveta became "Sonya", just as kind, sympathetic, who died innocently and senselessly.
And Sonya Marmeladova, and Dunya Raskolnikova, and Lizaveta, mutually complementing each other, embody the idea of love, mercy, compassion, self-sacrifice in the novel.
The novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" is one of the most complex works Russian literature, in which the author told about the story of the death of the soul of the protagonist after he committed a crime, about the alienation of Rodion Raskolnikov from the whole world, from the people closest to him, mother, sister, friend. reading the novel, you realize how deeply the author penetrated the souls and hearts of his characters, how he comprehended the human character, with what genius he told about the moral upheavals of the protagonist. The central figure of the novel is, of course, Rodion Raskolnikov. But there are many other characters in Crime and Punishment. These are Razumikhin, Avdotya Romanovna and Pulcheria Alexandrovna, the Raskolnikovs, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the Marmeladovs. The Marmeladov family plays a special role in the novel. After all, it is Sonechka Marmeladova, her faith and disinterested love, that Raskolnikov owes his spiritual rebirth.
She was a girl of about eighteen, of small stature, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes. Her great love, suffering, but a pure soul, able even to see a person in a murderer, empathize with him, suffer with him, saved Raskolnikov. Yes, Sonya is a "harlot", as Dostoevsky writes about her, but she was forced to sell herself in order to save her stepmother's children from starvation. Even in her terrible situation, Sonya managed to remain human, drunkenness and depravity did not affect her. But in front of her was a prime example descended, completely crushed by poverty and his own impotence to change something in life, father. Sonya's patience and vitality are largely derived from her faith. She believes in God, in justice with all her heart, she believes blindly, recklessly. And what else can an eighteen-year-old girl believe in, whose entire education is “several, books of romantic content”, seeing around her only drunken quarrels, illnesses, debauchery and human grief?
For Sonya, all people have the same right to life. No one can achieve happiness, his own or someone else's, through crime. Sin remains sin, no matter who commits it and in the name of what. Personal happiness cannot be set as a goal.
A person has no right to egoistic happiness, he must endure, and through suffering he achieves true, non-egoistic happiness. Reading Raskolnikov's legend of the resurrection of Lazarus, Sonya awakens faith, love and repentance in his soul. "They were resurrected by love, the heart of one contained endless sources of life for the heart of the other." Rodion came to what Sonya urged him to, he overestimated life and its essence, as evidenced by his words: "Can her beliefs now not be my beliefs? Her feelings, her aspirations, at least ...." Touched Sympathy for Sonya, Rodion “goes to her already as to a close friend, he himself confesses to her the murder, tries, confused in reasons, to explain to her why he did it, asks her not to leave him in misfortune and receives an order from her: to go to the square kiss the earth and repent before all the people." In this advice, Sonya seems to hear the voice of the author himself, seeking to bring his hero to suffering, and through suffering - to atonement.
Sacrifice, faith, love and chastity - these are the qualities that the author embodied in Sonya. Being surrounded by vice, forced to sacrifice her dignity, Sonya retained the purity of her soul and the belief that "there is no happiness in comfort, happiness is bought by suffering, a person is not born for happiness: a person deserves his happiness, and always suffering." And now Sonya, who also “transgressed” and ruined her soul, “a man of high spirit”, of the same “rank” with Raskolnikov, condemns him for contempt for people and does not accept his “rebellion”, his “axe”, which, as it seemed to Raskolnikov , was raised in her name.
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The classic of Russian literature, Fyodor Dostoevsky, created the deeply philosophical novel Crime and Punishment. This short name contains the main moral essence - for every crime there is a punishment.
The author discusses what is right in this world and what deserves blame. However, not everything is as simple as it seems at first glance. And not every vicious person, according to society, is truly vicious. What leads a person to this or that choice is what Dostoevsky thought about in the novel.
The unique female image in the work is. She is the daughter of a drunken official, she has no one to rely on in this life. Her stepmother directs her to a vicious path for the sake of her family. She convinces the girl that her body is not such a treasure to take care of. Since Sonya has no education and no special talents, but only good looks, the only way to earn money for the whole family was to work on a yellow ticket. But the girl did not justify her act, but simply accepted that she was a great sinner. She hoped for forgiveness, which she always prayed for, as she was a believer.
The portrait characteristic of Sony emphasizes her inner world. She is depicted as a very fragile, thin girl of small stature. Her thin face was always pale, which indicates a constant need for good nutrition and constant moral suffering. In her appearance there was nothing particularly outstanding, except for large clear blue eyes that seemed to look people straight into the soul. Sonya was about 18 years old, but she looked younger. It is not just that the author emphasizes this detail in the appearance of the heroine. After all, the vicious image of a corrupt girl did not suit little Sonya at all. The girl is forced to take this path by circumstances, her tendency to self-sacrifice.
Sonya is a very kind and understanding girl. She does not judge other people, but only helps to get on the right path. Having met, Sonya tries to return his lost soul to him. The hero at first does not understand the girl, and believes that she suffers because of her naivety, that everyone uses her as a source of money. Rodion is amazed at Sonya's attitude towards him. Even talking about the crime, the young man sees not condemnation, but regret and pain in the eyes of a girl in love. She helped him understand guilt and begin his path to repentance.
Dostoevsky created a unique female image"eternal Sonya". Why eternal? Because Sonya is the embodiment of eternal kindness and innocence. Yes, yes, Sonya remained an innocent soul, despite the fact that her body became corrupt. For a believer, the body is just a temporary matter, the soul has always been more important. And no one managed to denigrate Sonya's soul. Despite poverty, condemnation, the anger of other people, the girl has not lost her sincerity and humanity.
The image of the "eternal" Sonya (based on the novel "Crime and Punishment" by F. Dostoevsky)
The embodiment of the humanistic philosophy of F. M. Dostoevsky, which implies disinterested service to people, the implementation of Christian morality, which carries undivided goodness, was the image of Sonechka Marmeladova. It was she who managed to resist the world of evil and violence around her thanks to the strength and purity of her soul. Already in the description of the heroine, the author’s attitude towards her is manifested: “... She was a modest and even poorly dressed girl, still very young ... with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but as if somewhat intimidated face.” Warmth and cordiality are inherent in these words.
Like all the poor presented in the novel, the Marmeladov family was mired in terrible poverty. Always drunk, having lost self-respect, resigned to the injustice of life, Marmeladov, sick Katerina Ivanovna, helpless children - all of them, born of their time, deeply unhappy people, pitiful in their helplessness. And they would not have escaped death, if not for the seventeen-year-old Sonechka, who found the only way to save her family - to sell her own body. For a girl with deep Christian convictions, such an act is the biggest sacrifice. After all, violating the Christian commandments, she commits a terrible sin, dooms her soul to eternal suffering. But Sonya went for it for the sake of her loved ones. The mercy and compassion of this girl knows no bounds. Even having come into contact with the very bottom, having experienced all the baseness and abomination of man, she retained infinite philanthropy, faith in goodness, withstood and did not become like those who sell and buy human bodies and souls, without suffering from pangs of conscience.
That is why Raskolnikov comes to Sonia to open her sick soul. But according to the hero's opinion, Sonin's sin is no less, and maybe even more, terrible than his. Raskolnikov considers her sacrifice meaningless, not understanding and not accepting the thought of responsibility for the lives of loved ones. And only this thought helps Sonya to come to terms with her fall, to forget about her suffering, because the realization of her own sinfulness pushed Sonya to suicide, which could save her from shame and moral torment.
Believing that Sonya, without saving anyone, only “ruined” herself, Raskolnikov hopes to find his reflection in her, to make him believe in his idea. He asks her a question: what is better - a scoundrel "to live and do abominations" or an honest person to die? To which So-nechka replies with all her natural spontaneity: “But I can’t know God’s providence ... And who put me here as a judge: who will live, who won’t live?” Raskolnikov's hopes did not come true. So-nechka is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, but cannot accept the killing of one person for the benefit of others. That is why she became the main opponent of Raskolnikov, directing all her strength to the destruction of his immoral theory.
Fragile, meek Sonya shows remarkable strength in her own humility. The "eternal" Sonechka sacrifices herself, and in her actions it is impossible to find the boundaries between good and evil. Just as, having forgotten herself, she saved her family, she strives to save Raskolnikov, who is "terribly, infinitely unhappy." She is trying to bring him to the foundations of the Christian faith, which preaches humility and repentance. It is this, the writer says through So-nechka, that helps to cleanse the soul from the evil that destroys it. Thanks to her Christian beliefs, the girl survived in this cruel world, keeping hope for a brighter future.
Sonechka helps Raskolnikov to understand the anti-naturalness, inhumanity of his theory, to accept in his heart the sprouts of goodness and love. Sonechka's love, her ability to self-sacrifice leads the hero to a moral rebirth, to the first step on the path to saving his soul. “How can her convictions not now be my convictions?” Raskolnikov thinks, realizing that only “with infinite love will he now atone for all her suffering.”
