The household area in which a person spends most of his life, saturated with hazardous chemicals. These are household chemicals, medicinal substances, chemical food additives. Household chemicals, It would seem that it should be harmless, but it is far from being the case. Chemicals, in whatever quality, directions they are used remain dangerous. Modern life, living quarters are practically unthinkable without medicines and so-called household chemicals - detergents in the form of powders and pastes, solvents, enamels and paints, mineral fertilizers and pesticides - mainly insecticides (to kill insects). Most of them belong to the third (hazardous substances) or the second (very hazardous substances) classes of hazardous substances. The first class (extremely dangerous substances) that almost everyone has at home are some antibiotics, insecticides - chlorophos, thiafos.
At home, we breathe air in which the concentration of chemical toxic substances is at best one and a half times (often ten times) greater than outside. Furniture made of wood-sawdust boards (DTP), which are impregnated with polymers, pose a great danger. Gradually, very slowly, formaldehyde (an extremely dangerous substance), ammonia and phenol are released from them, poisoning the air of the room, and therefore its inhabitants. Furniture, especially if they are new, is a complete chemical hazard, as they are impregnated with rather toxic polymers - phenol-formaldehyde, epoxy, Diana resins. Because of them, furniture is also fire hazardous.
Statistics show that most accidents in fires are deaths not from fire, but from poisoning by gases that are released when furniture is heated. But specially processed furniture is already appearing, which do not burn in the fire, do not emit harmful substances. There are almost none of them in furniture made of natural wood, it almost does not contain our "friends-polymers". Do not use, for example, PVC film and isoplene when finishing a kitchen or bathroom - they intensively emit toxic substances in warm and humid rooms. For the kitchen, the best thing is lime-bleached walls, as a last resort, paper-based wallpaper. When buying finishing tiles, linoleum, rugs, carpets, you need to look at the documentation about their compliance with the state standard, although rarely does anyone do this. The fumes from washing powders, paints, varnishes, solvents and shampoos are poisonous - their presence is usually invisible and this prevents us from grasping the connection between air quality and our health. Most synthetic detergents are the second or third class, household solvents - gasoline, kerosene, solvent - the third or fourth class of hazardous substances. Therefore, their careless storage or misuse often leads to poisoning. Be aware of the dangers in an ordinary kitchen. Firstly, the energy source is most often a gas stove, which is powered by natural gas - explosive, flammable substances. Natural gas is colorless, tasteless, which, when mixed with air, can explode in the presence of a spark, for example from electrical appliances (switch). In order to feel it, a special substance with a sharp unpleasant odor is added. In the process of cooking, quite toxic substances are released: carbon monoxide, smoke, which contains carcinogens. Especially in high concentrations, they are formed when frying foods in various oils, especially those of animal origin. Therefore, the kitchen must be ventilated. So the kitchen is an energy-saturated hazardous household production. Here, as in the industrial one, it is necessary to follow certain rules for handling hazardous objects - electrical equipment, natural gas, household chemicals, medicines, to be aware that the MPC values \u200b\u200bof harmful substances in the air can be exceeded here (see Table 1 Appendix 2).
Requires special attention medicinal hazard, because both in everyday life and in production, situations often arise in which drugs are used. But this is especially true for everyday life, where they are almost uncontrollable. There are widespread drugs, the basis of which are most often synthetic chemicals, and therefore they must be treated with caution. Very often, with improper use - an overdose, the simultaneous use of several drugs, dangerous phenomena are observed. Medicines in the hands of children are especially dangerous, attracting them with their beautiful appearance.
Toxic effects manifest themselves with an overdose or a very rapid saturation of the body with drugs, other toxic substances, as a result of which the liver cannot neutralize their excess, and the kidneys cannot remove them from the body. Specific or adverse reactions are manifested by addiction or tolerance to drugs, it can turn into passion, drug addiction, and this leads to a deep biochemical restructuring in the body. This phenomenon is especially characteristic of brain cells sensitive to cephalotropic drugs - painkillers (morphine, codeine, amphe-Tamino), some solvents (acetone, ethers) and insecticides that cause a feeling of euphoria. After the termination of the effect, there is a need to repeat it, and if this is impossible, there is abstinence- there are severe pains that can be removed by repeated use of the drug.
Toxic side effects occur with an absolute or relative overdose of drugs. It can also be observed with excessively rapid saturation of the body with drugs. For example, an increase in the therapeutic dose of strophanthin cardiac glycoside by 2.5-3 times already leads to poisoning. But at the same time, such a poison as arsenic in small doses is a drug. Medicinal properties are inherent in the well-known poisonous substance - mustard gas. Diluted 20,000 times with petroleum jelly, this poison of military chemistry is used against scaly lichen.
The concept of poison is not so much qualitative as quantitative, as the doctor said Paracelsus- any substance can be both a poison and a medicine - it all depends on its dose.
Specific side effects of drugs depend on the individual characteristics of the structure of the substance and the characteristics of its interaction with intracellular substances. Specific side effects include: an undesirable effect at the injection (excretion) site, large and sharp reflex reactions (allergies), resorptive effects on other body systems, addiction and addiction, as well as a decrease in the vitamin activity of the body, dysbacteriosis, the formation of resistant and drug-dependent microorganisms , reactions of exacerbation of the infectious process due to the massive decay of pathogens and other factors. Thus, in addition to the main effect, drugs can also cause negative side reactions.
Non-specific side effects or drug disease, in particular idiosyncrasy, It turns out to be an increased negative reaction even to minimal amounts of drugs. A drug disease can proceed slowly or very quickly, which is dangerous because immediate allergic reactions occur - anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria, bronchial asthma. A delayed manifestation of a drug disease develops after 7-12 days with lesions of the skin and joints. This is due to enzymatic disorders in the body, which occur most often after taking the antimalarial Zasoba primaquine, sulfanilamide drugs, phenacetin, the anti-tuberculosis drug - para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), the antipyretic agent - aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and many others.
High toxicity is inherent in drugs that contain a benzene ring with an amine group or a chlorine atom - these are sulfonamides, novocaine, antibiotics and others. Almost 10% of people who use these drugs experience negative effects. To reduce their negative impact, diphenhydramine, suprastin, diprazine, pipolfen are used - antihistamines that reduce the sensitivity of the body, but they themselves can also be dangerous.
In everyday life, people often take several drugs at the same time, which may be incompatible. As a result, they can interact with each other in the body with the formation of toxic reaction products (see Additional 2, Table No. 6). For example, valerian preparations, insulin and cardiac glycosides should not be simultaneously administered orally. Incompatible sulfa drugs with butadione, chloramphenicol, amidopyrine, vitamins C, P, D; streptomycin with neomycin, colimycin, monomycin - antibiotics and many others (Add. 2, Table 6).
Most household poisons are substances found in medicines, plants, or everyday items such as tobacco. Many plants or medicines contain poisonous alkaloids. These are substances that contain nitrogen-organic compounds of natural, most often plant origin. Almost all of these substances are highly toxic. They are located in plants of the legume family, poppy, nightshade, ranunculus, mariaceae and other plants.
No less dangerous can be products containing various impurities with different functions - chemical food additives, which are used in food. Sanitary rules and norms (SanPiN dated 07/23/96) define the nomenclature of such impurities - these are natural or synthetic substances that are specially introduced into the composition of food products to give them certain properties. All such additives are designated by the letter "E" with a numerical code. These include flavors, dyes, preservatives, acidity regulators, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, solubility, fillers.
Of all these substances, four substances are officially banned for use in food products in Ukraine: E121 - Citrus Red dye, E123 - amaranth dye, E239 - hexamethylenetetramine preservative, E240 - formaldehyde preservative. But there are substances that have not received the absolute status of approved for use due to insufficient information about their biological effects on humans. For example, flavonoid dyes (E 161a, e, f, E 166), preservatives (E 214-219, E 242, 265, 266, 280-283, 537, 550), antioxidants (E 312, 314, 316, 317- 319, 323, 324, 384, 386-388, 391), regulators
acidity (E 328, 329, 343-345, 349, 350, 365-368, 370, 505, 580),
color stabilizer (E 375), thickeners (E 383, 408, 409.411, 419, 467), stabilizers (E 399, +1202), emulsifiers (E 429-431, 443, 444, 446, 472g, 477, 478, 480 , 484-489, 496, 542, 1000, 1001), filler (E 462), flavor and aroma enhancer (E 632), flavor and aroma modifier (E 641), glazing additives (E 906, 911), improvers flour (E 916-919, 924b, 925, 926, 928, 929), propellants - to repel insects (E 940, 943a, 943b, 944-946), salt-blowers (E 952,
In addition, it should be remembered that preservatives E 103, 105, 121, 125, 126, 130, 131, 142, 152, 210, 211, 213-217, 240, 330 and 477 can contribute to the appearance of malignant tumors, additives E 221 -226 , 338-341, 407, 450, 461-466 are stimulants of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Allergens can be E 230-232, 239, 311-313. Diseases of the liver and kidneys cause preservatives E 171-173, E 320-322.
In France and England, information has been published on the risk groups of impurities that are used on an industrial scale. In the countries of the European Economic Union, the use of impurities is prohibited: E 102, 110, 120, 127 - hazardous to human health, E 105, 111, 121, 125, 126, 130, 152 - prohibited for use, E 123, E 131, 142 , 210--213, 215-217, 240, 330 - carcinogens.
The danger may be other impurities, including those of biological origin, which may be contained in food and you need to know about their concentration (see Table 5 from the Appendix). Due to the wide use of radioactive substances in industry, their contamination of large areas of the territory of the state, their transboundary transfer, they can get into food products, it is dangerous and therefore it is necessary to know the content of radionuclides in them (see Tables 1 and 5 from the appendix).
Thus, modern life combines many dangers characteristic of the natural and industrial spheres of human life. As for the last sphere of activity, household injuries are very typical for household injuries, the causes and sources of which almost coincide with production ones.
Very often, domestic injuries have consequences no less dangerous than industrial ones. The reasons are the same - neglect of safety rules when handling electrical appliances, inattention to the state of the electrical network in the room, violation of the rules of conduct when using gas, toxic, flammable and explosive substances, pressure vessels (gas cylinders). Very often, people are injured during cooking, pesticide treatment of a personal plot, garden, and when repairing an apartment. Household injuries, if a person works, are equated to producing. Also, as in production, this type of injury is investigated and if it occurred through no fault of the injured (the person was not intoxicated, did not violate safety rules), a sick leave certificate and other types of assistance are issued. On May 5, 1997, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the regulation on the investigation, according to which the investigation of domestic injuries is carried out by the enterprise where the victim works.
Question
1. What hazardous substances are contained in household items?
2. What is common between the domestic and industrial environment?
3. What is a drug hazard, how does it manifest itself?
4. What household medicines are the most dangerous, why?
5. Describe the groups of food additives, their properties.
6. Are you aware of dangerous biohazards in the home?
7. What are the causes of domestic injuries?
Topic: "Hazardous substances in everyday life."
Target: Introduce students to household chemicals.
1. formation of knowledge about safe behavior when using household chemicals of varying degrees of danger, the ability to determine the degree of danger of household chemicals;
Formation
cognitive UUD: to carry out semantic reading of the cognitive text; guess what is being said; the ability to find common features;
communicative UUD: the ability to listen and hear the teacher; anwser the questions; take into account different opinions when working in groups; negotiate and come to a common decision;
regulatory UUD: setting the goal of the lesson; evaluate the correctness of the performance of actions in various situations; the ability to evaluate your work;
personal UUD: to formulate own opinion; emotional attitude to the topic under study;
3. Development of students' interest in studying the composition of the content of funds of varying degrees of danger;
4. Awareness of the practical significance of the studied material;
5. Education of a value attitude to the norms and rules of safe behavior.
Literature:
Fundamentals of life safety: 5th grade: textbook. for general education institutions / A.T. Smirnov, B.O. Khrennikov; ed. A.T. Smirnova - M.: AST: Astrel 2003.
Smirnov A.T. Fundamentals of life safety. Lesson developments. Grades 5-6: a guide for teachers of educational institutions. M.: Education, 2012.
Literature for children:
1.Jane Elliott and Colin King Children's Encyclopedia. Publishing house "Rosmen", 1994
2. Encyclopedia for children. Additional volume. Personal safety. Precautions in daily life. Behavior in extreme situations./Chief ed. V.A. Volodin, 2000
3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Chemist / Ed. D.N. Trifonova, 1999
Lesson type: Introduction to new material
Techniques and Strategies: Critical Thinking Technology
Mosaic of problems. Reading with notes. Logbook.
Students work in groups of 4.
Presentation display.
During the classes
1. Greeting
2. Definition of the topic and setting the goal of the lesson
I.Challenge Stage
Hello guys, today at the lesson we are working in groups. In each group, choose who will be the leader, secretary, adviser, responsible for the silence and order in the group. The leader - manages the work in the group, the adviser gives advice throughout the lesson, the secretary records the answers of the participants "+".
Teamwork implies certain rules:
each team member has the right to express his opinion, which must be heard;
a team is a work for a common positive result, therefore, you help each other and work together.
You will need a common sheet - a log book, which you will fill out when working in groups. Evaluation sheet, which the secretary can already fill out, fixing all the names of the group members. I want to wish you success in today's lesson.
Guys, pay attention to the pictures that are located on the board. (soap, deodorant, dichlorvos, varnish, paint, vinegar, pepper, soda, rodent control), as you can call it all in one word, a rebus (substances) will help you
What two groups can they be divided into? By what principle?
(1.-chemical, 2.-food)
And what unites them all? What do these pictures have in common?
(all substances can be dangerous to humans)
Where do they meet? (at home)
/ appears on the board the word DANGEROUS, rebus, IN HOUSEHOLD /
What is the topic of the lesson? (Hazardous substances in everyday life) Presentation.
Today we will dwell in more detail on household chemicals.
/Words on the board:/
WHY………….?
WHEN……….?
FOR WHAT………?
HOW………….?
Guys, you probably noticed that question words are written on the board.
Formulate questions on our topic, individually. Write in your notebook.
Discuss the questions in pairs, choose the questions you like, underline.
Now discuss the questions in the group, select the questions from the group that you would like to receive an answer to and write them out in the logbook.
(-WHY…………?-WHEN……….?-WHICH………? -HOW…………?)
Are there any questions you can already answer? (children answer)
We will look for answers to the rest of the questions throughout our lesson.
II. Content Stage
Modern people cannot do without powder, cleaners, detergents, disinfectants and other household chemicals. When do you think household chemicals appeared?
Historical reference
Since ancient times, people have used chemicals. For example, cave dwellers used chemicals to make paint that was used to apply martial makeup or rock art. Ancient people discovered that fat, combined with ash, could not only dissolve dirt, but also wash it away. The inhabitants of Ancient Egypt, based on natural chemical components, made cosmetics for hair, bath salts, nail paint, face makeup, balms, and much more.
In ancient times, various herbal infusions, vegetable resin, starch, beeswax, animal fat, dairy products, and olive oil were used to obtain cosmetics.
Approximately three thousand years ago, the first soap appeared, which later became the main means for maintaining the hygiene of the human body.
If you ask our great-grandparents, they will tell you that during their youth there were no chemical detergents. In everyday life and when cleaning the apartment, they washed all dirty objects with tooth powder, soda, ash and undissolved mustard.
The phrase "household chemicals" itself appeared in 1933. And in the same year, the first chemical detergent appeared.
And what will help us if there are no household chemicals at hand?
(Children's messages.)
According to the degree and nature of the danger to humans, household chemicals can be divided into four groups. On which ones, the textbook p.55 will help you find out. Teams must complete table number 1, enter the name characterizing the degree of danger of household chemicals.
(Annex 1)
All groups completed their work. I suggest that the leader read out which groups turned out
/ signs with the names of groups of hazardous substances are hung on the board:
- relatively safe, dangerous to eyes and skin, flammable, poisonous /
Fizkultminutka. (Slides)
On the screen you will see images of some household chemicals.
If you think,
The tool is relatively safe - hands to the sides;
Dangerous for eyes and skin - shook their heads
Flammable agent - raised your hands up and waved,
If the remedy is poisonous - sit down, stand up
Study
Guys, now you know that the powder is included in the group of relatively safe products, litmus test will help us prove this. If the medium is alkaline, it will be blue, if it is acidic, it will be red, if it is neutral, it will be purple. The less alkali, the less color. Compare powder solution and soap solution. ( Experience Show ) What conclusion can be drawn? I propose to answer the advisers.
All these tools are necessary for a person and are safe if used correctly. Now we have to develop a memo-instruction - the rules for the use and storage of household chemicals.
Each group has a card on the table with an illustration of substances of varying degrees of danger.
Tasks when working in a group:
determine the degree of danger of a given substance;
write instructions for the use of this tool. Attachment 2 will help you compose instructions
(Each group is given a sheet for compiling instructions)
The secretaries read out about the degree of danger of the substance and instructions for the use of household chemicals.
Why do you think these substances are considered dangerous to humans? What can be wrong with their use?
(Solvent-fire, aerosols-explosions, dichlorvos-poisoning)
How can I find out the degree of danger of a substance? (read the instructions on the package)
And now I suggest you consolidate your knowledge by solving the following situational problems. (Each group is given a sheet with one situational task)
Tasks
Dad and son treated trees and shrubs in the garden from insect pests with a solution of pesticides. Late for the bus, they did not have time to change and went home in the same clothes in which they were processed.
Irina was in a hurry to have time to wash the clothes before the arrival of her mother. She picked up a pack of laundry detergent and quickly started pouring it into the washing machine, leaning over it as close as she could to see how much to put in. What danger exists?
Valya, when using cosmetics, drew attention to the reddening of the skin after applying it to her face. What danger exists?
After cleaning the bathroom, my mother left the cleaning products in the same place. There is a small child in the house. What danger exists?
The guys of each group are responsible for the silence and order in the group
Guys, pay attention, have we answered all the questions?
III. Stage of Reflection
At the end of our lesson, I invite everyone to add any of the proposed phrases: “I realized that ...”, “I found out that ...”, “It was difficult for me ...”, “It seemed interesting ...” (Appendix 4.)
Who wants to voice? (children read out completed phrases)
Choice of homework: 1. Draw a warning sign of a certain group according to the degree of danger of household chemicals. 2. Prepare a presentation on the topic: "Personal safety when using household chemicals"
The teacher comments on the grades for the lesson:
Raise your hand who got 4, 5
The rest have the opportunity to raise the mark by preparing answers to the remaining questions.
The lesson is over.
Application No. 1
Table No. 1
| 1.________________ | 2._______________ | 3__________________ | 4.______________ |
|
| Characteristics of household chemicals | Do not have warning labels | They cause harm only when they hit certain parts of the body, in the eyes | Have inscriptions or symbols prohibiting their use near open flames | With the inscription "Poison", "Poisonous", "Toxic" or special marking |
Table number 2
| INSTRUCTIONS |
|
| Store separately from |
|
| Avoid getting into |
|
| Check due date |
|
| When working with flammable substances, do not ignite |
|
| When using household chemicals, strictly observe |
|
| Keep out of the reach of |
APPENDIX №2
Safety precautions when using relatively safe household chemicals
1. Study carefully……
2. Be sure to use…..
3. When washing, the dust from the washing powder remains in the air for about 20 minutes, which can provoke allergies. Don't stay long….and well its…..
4.Store the powder…...
Safety precautions when using products hazardous to eyes and skin
When working with cleaning products, be sure to...
Ventilate well after cleaning.
Do not store household chemicals near food….
Observe…….
In case of contact with eyes, skin immediately ... ..
Safety precautions when using flammable products
Carefully study the composition of the product, the instructions for ......
The tool is……
Do not spray near ……
Use only in well ventilated…..
Safety precautions when using toxic chemicals
1Pesticides should be stored in a hermetically sealed…..
3. When using pesticides, you should use .... and protective goggles.
4.After finishing work, wash thoroughly with soap…….
Application №3
Logbook
| Questions |
| WHY………….? WHEN……….? FOR WHAT………? HOW………….? |
Evaluation paper
| Activity in the lesson | ||||
| Actively worked throughout the lesson | ||||
| Worked well throughout the lesson | ||||
| Worked satisfactorily in class | ||||
| Was more passive than active |
Application No. 4
1. I realized that…….
2.I found out that……..
3. It was difficult for me……
4. It seemed interesting……..
Klepalov Sergey Mikhailovich,
teacher - organizer of OBZH MOU "Klyuchevskaya secondary school" - BS Suksunsky district, Perm Territory
Nomination:Goals: ● educational : to expand students' knowledge about hazardous substances in everyday life, about the possibility of poisoning with drugs, poor-quality food. To form an idea about the need to consume natural products.● Developing: to develop the communication skills of students, the ability to work collectively, to conduct a productive conversation, to practically apply theoretical knowledge.● Educational : to cultivate a responsible attitude to one's health, accuracy in everyday life. Focus on the use of products made in Russia.The form of organization of educational activities of students is group.Visualization: computer presentation, didactic material, visual aids (toothpaste, bottles of “Liquid Soap”, “Dishwashing Liquid”, “Bath Cleaning Liquid”, etc.)
During the classes
I. Organizational beginning of the lesson.Checking students' readiness for the lesson.Oral survey for homework. Consolidation of the material covered using the presentation.1. What can lead to flooding in an apartment?2. How to protect yourself from flooding?3. What should be done in case of flooding? (Slide-active presentation, with the correct choice of the sequence of actions, the assessment pops up)Rice. 1
Learning new material.Goal setting: today in the lesson we will learn what is the danger of household chemicals, gas, drugs, and how they act on the human body, what is the negative effect on the human body. (Recording the topic of the lesson)The topic of the lesson is “Hazardous Substances”.Learning objectives:1. To study: hazardous substances in everyday life, the possibility of poisoning with drugs, poor-quality food.2. Learn how to properly handle hazardous substances. Properly act in case of smell of gas.II. The main part of the lesson.Groups of hazardous substances in everyday life.Motivation of educational activity.Students answer questions posed by the teacher.Questions: 1. “Which group can include “liquid soap”, “toothpaste”, “dishwashing liquid”?
2. What group do bleaches belong to?
3. Which group can be attributed to "liquefied gas", "acetone"?
Group 3: Flammable
Rice. 4
4. Which group can be attributed to "insect control agent"? 4 group: PoisonousRice. 5
Each question is followed by a slide in the presentation.Students write down groups and substances related to them in a notebook.Household combustible gas.It is difficult to recognize household gas, since it has no color and smell, however, it irritates the eyes. Special substances with a specific smell are added to the gas so that a gas leak can be detected.Rules for the use of gas (write in a notebook)- do not open gas valves to the maximum;- Do not leave the switched on stove unattended.How to behave if you find the smell of gas in the apartment.A slide with an algorithm of actions is viewed.Rice. 6
Medicines.Slides : Medicines-helpers, Medicines-enemies.Rice. 7
Rice. 8
Household and other chemicals.Work in groups to develop instructions for the safe use of household chemicals.The students read the points of the instruction they have developed.Conclusion: All medicines and hazardous substances (household chemicals, solvents, gasoline, kerosene, etc.) should be kept out of the reach of children. (read)Food.Conversation with the classIn what cases, in your opinion, products can cause poisoning?Yes, in the summer, in the heat, almost all products deteriorate very quickly, especially meat and dairy products (meat, sausage, cottage cheese). Microorganisms dangerous to humans multiply in them with great speed. A special sausage poison can accumulate not only in sausage, but also in ham, salted pork, canned meat, and these products often do not have a bad smell and retain a “fresh look”. Therefore, foods should be consumed only if you are sure of their freshness or after hot processing. It is better to store them in a dark, cool place, i.e. Where? (In a refrigerator). Food should be consumed immediately after cooking, and before the next use, it must either be cooled down or boiled (fry, rinse with boiling water, depending on the type of product).How to avoid food poisoning.Students read onslide “Food poisoning prevention”Rice. 9
Consolidation of new knowledge and skills.To consolidate the acquired knowledge, we will conduct a testSlide:“Fun tests”Rice. 10
Rice. eleven
Rice. 12
III. Summing up the lessonConclusion: All medicines and hazardous substances (household chemicals, solvents, gasoline, kerosene and others) should be kept out of the reach of children.Final part.Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.Control questions.1. Why is a gas stove dangerous?2. How not to get poisoned by food.Homework: Make a memo:“When buying food in a store, you need to pay attention to the following characteristics (write in a notebook):Memo "How to choose the right products"1. Appearance and integrity of the package.2. Expiry date.3. The presence of food additives.In natural products (juices, milk, etc.), not chemical preservative additives are used for preservation, but the pasteurization method (rapid heating to high temperatures and rapid cooling). Many imported confectionery products and drinks use emulsifiers, food colorings, flavoring agents, so you need to pay attention to the letter E with an index, which means types of food additives.4. Completeness of information.In our daily life, we use a wide variety of household chemicals, medicines, household gas. It is hard to imagine a home without paints or varnishes, dish and sink cleaners, solvents, aerosol liquids. Chemistry, which you will study later, will help you learn about the properties of different chemicals. In the meantime, you need to know that some household chemicals (paints, varnishes, solvents, etc.) are dangerous. Many of them are poisonous, so the labels of cans, bottles and other packaging usually say: "Keep out of the reach of children."
Each of the household chemicals has explanatory inscriptions explaining the degree of its danger. Conventionally, they can be divided into four groups:
# safe (have no warning labels);
# relatively safe (harmful only when it hits certain parts of the body, in the eyes);
# flammable (have inscriptions or symbols prohibiting their use near open flames);
# poisonous (with the inscription "Poison" or special markings).
All of them are supplied with instructions describing the order and methods of use, as well as safety measures during storage and use. These instructions must be strictly followed.
Consider some dangerous situations, the cause of which is poisoning.
Household gas. The use of gas stoves in everyday life has greatly facilitated cooking, however, if combustion is incomplete, household gas creates a danger of poisoning, and if it leaks, an explosion can occur.
It is difficult to recognize household gas, since it has no color and smell, however, it irritates the eyes. Special substances with a specific smell are added to the gas so that its leakage can be detected. From a gas explosion in residential buildings, residential premises, sometimes entire entrances of multi-storey buildings, can be destroyed, people are seriously injured, and some die.
To avoid the harmful effects of household gas (the following rules must be followed:
■ do not open gas valves to the maximum;
■ do not leave the stove on unattended (a weak fire can blow out a draft, boiled water can pour out of a kettle or pot, fill the fire, as a result of which gas will flow from an open tap into the apartment).
Medicines and medical devices
Medicines are usually considered not only useful, but even saving. But many of them, if consumed in large quantities, can cause severe poisoning and even death, especially in a child. It is very harmful to take medicines in large doses than prescribed by a doctor, because then a useful mixture can turn into a strong poison.
An ordinary medical thermometer can also become a cause of poisoning: it contains a toxic substance - mercury. If the thermometer crashes and measures are not taken in a timely manner, mercury vapor can cause poisoning of people. Mercury penetrates floors, furniture, household items, and only specialists from the sanitary and epidemiological service or civil defense can detect and destroy it.
Sometimes, when premises are contaminated with mercury, people have to be evicted and buildings destroyed.
Disposing of mercury is very difficult and expensive., and curing people poisoned by mercury vapor is not at all easy. Therefore, you should not mess around with devices containing mercury, and even more so play with mercury balls.
If you accidentally break a thermometer or other device containing mercury, you must immediately inform an adult about it.
Household and other chemicals
The most important condition in dealing with various chemicals is not to take them or use them without the permission of adults. It is better if they are stored in closed cabinets. Often, for economic purposes, it is necessary to pour paints and solvents, acetone or kerosene into the first vials or bottles that come across that do not have warning labels, and it even happens that the names of food products are written on them.
Imagine what would happen if a person had a desire to try the contents of such a vial...
Rules for handling household chemicals:
■ Do not use unfamiliar household chemicals if there are no adults nearby;
■ do not drink liquids from unfamiliar bottles and cans, especially if they are dirty with something and are on the floor or in a secluded place;
■ do not use matches and other fire near jars or bottles with a strong odor;
■ store chemically hazardous substances in locked cabinets;
■ if the paint or varnish is poured into another bottle, a warning label must be placed on it.
All medicines and hazardous substances (household chemicals, solvents, gasoline, kerosene, etc.) must be kept out of the reach of children.
Food
Poisoning can be caused not only by harmful and toxic substances. You can also get poisoned by poisonous plants and mushrooms, poor-quality food. Boiled sausages, wieners, sausages and other boiled sausages are the most dangerous if they were not stored in the cold. In the warm season, there are especially many cases of poisoning. Contamination of products can also be associated with improper storage conditions or lack of necessary cooking.
At the first signs of poisoning (abdominal colic, weakness, dizziness), immediately inform parents or other adults (neighbors, relatives, teachers).
QUESTIONS AND TASKS
1. Name the main causes of poisoning.
2. Tell about dangerous situations caused by poisoning.
3. Name the basic rules for handling hazardous substances.
4. Tell us what household chemicals are found in our homes. How are they stored in your apartment? What inscriptions do they have?
5. Why is a gas stove dangerous?
6. What are the rules for using a gas stove and a gas water heater?
7. How should one behave in order not to be poisoned by food?
8. Tell us what you would do if your younger brother, in the absence of his parents, felt ill after tasting a substance.
9. Together with your parents, check what dangerous substances are in your house, make a list of them, note what the danger of each of them is.
10. Make homemade labels for the designation of toxic substances with the inscriptions: “Varnish”, “Paint”, “Poisonous”, “Flammable”. Consider attaching them to vials and bottles.
11. Make a list of different foods with mom and note which foods and where to store, which can be eaten raw, and which should be boiled, fried and why.
TASK 8. When you got home, you smelled gas. Choose from the proposed options for further actions and determine their order.
1. Call your parents or emergency services from home.
2. Go to your neighbors and call your parents or the emergency services.
3. Open windows and doors.
4. Check the burners (if open, close) and close the main valve.
5. Light a match to check where the gas is coming from.
6. Turn on the light so you can see better.
TASK 9. You came home, put a full kettle on the gas stove and went to watch TV. The door to the kitchen is tightly closed. Forgetting the kettle, you smelled gas. It's dusk outside. Choose from the proposed options for further actions and determine their order.
1. Turn on the light and see what is the cause of the gas leak.
2. Close the kitchen door tightly.
3. Turn off the TV.
4. Go to the kitchen and turn off the gas valve.
5. Open the window.
6. Turn to neighbors and ask for help.
7. Tell your parents what happened.
TASK 10. Before leaving for school, you decide to have tea. While trying to get cookies off the shelf, you accidentally spilled vinegar. Choose from the proposed options for further actions and determine their order.
1. Take a wet rag and clean up spilled vinegar.
2. Take no action.
3. Let the vinegar puddle dry.
4. Moisten a towel with a solution of soda and breathe through it.
5. Take a small rag and collect the spilled vinegar back into the container.
6. Open the window and ventilate the room.
TASK 11. You, while at home, accidentally broke a mercury thermometer. Droplets of mercury rolled across the floor. Choose from the proposed options for further actions and determine their order.
1. Play with mercury balls.
2. Try to collect them with a broom.
3. Throw away the collected mercury in the trash can.
4. Do not tell your parents anything so that they do not scold.
5. Tell your parents what happened.
6. Place the collected mercury in a jar of water.
Hazardous chemicals and objects
Hazardous chemical substance - a chemical substance, the direct or indirect impact of which on a person can cause acute and chronic diseases of people or their death.
emergency chemically hazardous substances; chemical warfare agents; substances that cause predominantly chronic diseases. Types of chemically hazardous substances
Hazardous chemical substances - hazardous chemicals or compounds that, if spilled or released into the environment, can cause damage to people, animals, as well as contamination of air, soil, water, soil, plants and other objects
A chemically hazardous facility (CHO) is an enterprise where, in the event of an accident, massive damage to people, animals and plants, as well as chemical contamination of the environment, can occur.
chemical industry facilities petrochemical industry facilities pulp and paper, textile, food, metallurgy, utilities research centers, warehouses (storages) and terminals, vehicles and pipelines. military chemical facilities (warehouses and ranges, plants for the destruction of chemical munitions, special vehicles, warehouses and rocket fuel facilities). non-chemical industry facilities Types of hazardous chemical facilities
The largest consumers Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, etc.) Pulp and paper industry (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid) Engineering and defense industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride ) Utilities (chlorine, ammonia) Medical industry (ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, acrylic nitrile, hydrochloric acid) Agriculture (ammonia, chloropicrin, sulfur dioxide)
JSC "Cracking" uses sulfuric acid to purify oil products
SEPO JSC and other enterprises use ammonia
In the event of an accident at JSC Nitron, 40 tons of chlorine and 645 tons of acrylic acid may be released.
Hazard class and size of the sanitary protected zone Class I - 1000 m. Class II - 500 m. Class III - 300 m. Class IV - 100 m. Class V - 50 m.
REGIONAL TARGET PROGRAM "SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF THE SARATOV REGION FOR 2010-2013" Saratov, Balashov, Balakovo, Volsk, Engels, Gorny settlement
Number of HOOs by regions of Russia
Classification of hazardous chemicals All chemicals are divided into four classes: extremely dangerous - hydrogen fluoride, phosphorus oxychloride, ethyleneimine, mercury; highly hazardous - acrolein, arsenic hydrogen, hydrocyanic acid, dimethylamine, carbon disulfide, fluorine, chlorine; moderately hazardous - hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine; low-hazard - ammonia, methyl acrylate, acetone.
Characteristics of AHOV resistance relative density rate of toxic action
