Oil paints are a rather complex material and you will not be able to quickly master oil painting. Even great masters can often edit and rework their works, bringing them to perfection. But along with difficulties, oil painting opens up new horizons in creativity, makes it possible to make light sketches and more complete deep work, embodies the play of light and shadow, creates an overflow and a smooth flow of colors.
It doesn't matter if you are an artist with many years of experience or are just starting to master the fine arts, are going to create a masterpiece or make a small sketch - first you need to choose oil paints, brushes, canvas and other necessary tools.
Before you start working with color, you need to transfer the drawing to the canvas. If you decide to paint a portrait, then sequentially, mouth, nose, face oval, neck, hair. This can be done with a pencil, charcoal or carbon paper. After drawing the drawing, it must be fixed on the canvas. This is done so that the paint adheres better to the base. In addition, particles of the material with which the drawing was applied can interfere with the paint, thereby changing its color. It is better to do this with a special fixer. You can sketch with heavily diluted oil paints, in which case no fixing is needed.
There are two main techniques for working with oil paints: in one step - Alya Prima and multi-layer.
Professional artists usually choose the multi-layer painting technique for painting, since it makes it possible to better convey depth and reveals all the possibilities of oil painting. The essence of this method is that after drawing a contour, underpainting is done - they place light spots and shadow accents on the canvas. Do this with a thin layer of highly diluted paint. Then the picture is painted more densely in all the variety of colors and shades. And in conclusion, glaze is done - applying translucent colors on already dried basic ones. This creates a deep color with an iridescent effect.
The disadvantage of this method is that it takes six to twelve months to create a picture.
If you decide to master the technique of multilayer painting, then you should study some of the nuances associated with the properties of oil paints. If the initial layer is not allowed to dry out, then during the secondary registration the oil can dry out - become dull. Such defects can be removed with touch-up varnish. You can also use oil, while the residues that have not been absorbed into the paint are removed the next day with a blotter. In ancient times, craftsmen wiped the very dry paint with a cut onion or garlic, this improves the adhesion of the layers to each other.
Each new layer should be equal in thickness to the previous one, or it is worth applying the paint more thickly. But in no case is it thinner, otherwise the paint will simply crack when it dries.
Over time, oil paints become a little transparent, and those unwanted spots that have been smeared over begin to show through the top layer. Therefore, you can finally get rid of unwanted elements only by scraping them off while they are still not dry.
Works in the Alya Prima technique are created much faster. In addition, this method is simpler and great for beginners. The point of painting with this technique is to complete all the work before the paint hardens. That is, from the beginning of the work, the artist has no more than three or four days left. Short terms can also be an advantage if you decide “quick”. The drying time is affected by the thickness of the smear: the thicker the paint, the longer it will take. Therefore, diluted paints are often used here, sometimes allowing them to shine through the oil. This creates the effect of lightness and light.
Now many people choose needlework or various options as a hobby. artistic creation... With the market full of mass-produced goods, the demand for handmade souvenirs is increasing. Photos or computer illustrations are printed multiple times. You can create an exclusive thing by learning how to write for beginners. It is quite possible to master this painting technique even for a beginner. This will make a wonderful gift or interior decoration. Even if you try to repeat exactly the same plot twice, you still won't get a perfect copy. This determines the uniqueness of the originals of works of art.
Preparation of materials
To create oil paintings for beginners, you will need the following:
- base (canvas or fiberboard);
- paints;
- brushes;
- solvent (white spirit) and a small container for it;
- palette for mixing colors.
Professionals also use palette knives - special flexible metal blades with a wooden handle, with which they apply paint to the canvas. It is enough for a beginner to master the brush. In addition, professionals paint pictures on an easel or a special sketchbook, if they go out to work in nature to paint pictures from life for novice artists - the plot is quite complex. Better to do them from imagination or using a photograph. It will be easier.
From the point of view of professionals, it is more convenient to work on an easel, since it is easier to step back and evaluate the result from afar. In your first experiment, you can practice on the surface of the table, although it is better to take some plywood and put it on your lap or place it on a chair at an angle. This review of your work allows you to better assess its quality and spot mistakes in time. Although for the first experience, it is worth doing what is convenient and comfortable for you, so as not to be distracted from the main thing.
Note that paints do not use up evenly, so it is best for a beginner to purchase them separately. The release form is offered in various sizes. Whitewash is the fastest to leave, but black paint is used in very small quantities. It makes sense to first decide on the plot, and then purchase paints of the appropriate shades. You need one set for you, and another for the summer landscape. In order not to waste money on unnecessary colors, it is better to buy only the necessary ones in the approximately required amount. Although in fact, all shades can be obtained with only three primary colors (yellow, red, blue), as well as white and black.
Which base to choose?
Traditionally, oil is painted on canvas, but for a beginner this may seem difficult, since the fabric needs to be pulled onto a stretcher and primed. However, modern technologies have advanced in this direction as well. In specialized stores, ready-made bases are sold, on which paints are immediately applied. They are not cheap, but they will suit a beginner just right, as they greatly facilitate the work.
Another option is to use fiberboard. Every man's farm has scraps of this material stored after renovation work. Finding it is not difficult by asking friends, relatives or acquaintances. Someone has definitely used it and keeps leftovers in the closet just in case.
The texture of the sides of the fiberboard is different, one looks absolutely smooth, and the other - rough, vaguely resembling a woven structure. You can use both, but on a rough surface it is better to apply a greater number of layers of soil, otherwise the color may appear dull in the future, since the paint will sort of fall into the structure of such a "canvas".
If this is the first time you decided to try the oil painting technique for beginners, you can use a ready-made fiberboard base with already applied primer. They are also sold in specialty art stores. It is better to take a small sheet size, no more than landscape. When you have gained some experience, acquire or prime the format of any size yourself.
You can immediately order a frame for your future painting. Decorated, any canvas looks elegant and complete. However, most often the baguette is selected by color, width for the finished work. This is also an interesting and creative process. Seeing the same image in different frames, you will understand how different the impression the canvas makes. Even oil paintings by novice artists look exquisite in a good frame, and poor design can ruin a professional's canvas. So this stage should also be treated very carefully.
If you nevertheless decide to prepare the base from DPV yourself, a simple and cheap way is to use ordinary gelatin, you can add PVA glue to it so that the color turns out to be white. Such a primer should be applied in several layers with preliminary drying of the previous one. Three times will be enough. You should feel that the surface has changed. When the foundation is ready, you can proceed to
Types of brushes
To work with oil, use bristles or synthetics. Their villi are hard, elastic, interact well with the paint composition. For starters, you can purchase two or three pieces. Thin, for example No. 1, will be required to work out the details, wide ones are needed to make large background surfaces in the case of a landscape - sky, grass, water, draperies in a still life. Do not use squirrel brushes for oil painting. They will go bad. After each use, especially if you are going to take a long break from the creative process, wash your tools thoroughly with solvent so that the paint does not dry on them.
Oil paintings for beginners step by step
Considering that you have prepared the materials and base, creating a canvas, regardless of the plot, consists of the following steps:
1. Draw a line drawing on the canvas with a simple pencil or paint directly.
2. Distribute shadows and highlights - the darkest and brightest areas of the image, respectively.
3. Complete the background and all large objects.
4. Draw small details.
Do not forget to constantly move away from the picture, evaluating the result from afar. In the process, try to mix various shades of colors on the palette. The final touch will be to frame the picture.
Plots
To make simple oil paintings for beginners, choose an appropriate theme. The easiest way to make a still life, that is, a composition of household items, a vase of flowers. If you work from nature, and you need a lot of time the first time, use objects that will not change in a week. You may have to do the painting in several steps, therefore, when composing a still life for the plot of an oil painting for beginners, it is better not to use flowers. They can change color, wither, or new buds bloom. The perception of the composition will change. It will be difficult for you. The easiest way is to work with a photograph or copy a simple image you like. Don't take plots with a lot of detail. It is very difficult to paint a portrait.
How to make a landscape?
If you want to decorate the wall with a self-made view of nature, it is better to use the guide on how to write oil paintings for beginners in stages. It is quite possible to do this according to the ready-made instructions. The main thing is to understand what elements the image consists of, and it is better to start working from the background and general space, moving sequentially to smaller details located closer to the viewer.
We go to the open air
It is very pleasant to paint in oils in nature, but you need to work quickly, as the weather can deteriorate, and the sun is constantly moving, changing the direction of light and shadows. Novice artists can use the camera by filming the initial one. If you get tired of working for a long time the first time, then you can finish the picture at home.
How to draw flowers?
If you want to decorate the interior of the room with an oil painting with a bouquet in a vase, it is better to choose asters as a first experience. They are easy to make, since they are a simple elliptical shape, and small petals are easy to make in separate strokes in a circle. Chamomiles, sunflowers, lilacs, lupins, mimosa are also suitable - in a word, choose those with inflorescences or individual elements of a simple, clear shape that can be created in one stroke, drawing several details later. Your task is not to convey the photographic accuracy of the object, but to create a beautiful impression of what you see.
So you've learned how to create oil paintings for beginners. Choose the story you like, buy the necessary materials and start an exciting creative process.
In order to learn how to paint with oil paints, it would be more correct to say, paint with oil paints, you need to have certain knowledge in this area, namely, to understand the variety of tools that are currently presented in a wide range in stores for artists. A novice artist can get lost by going to such a store without preliminary preparation, because the seemingly obvious set, which is considered to be canvas, brushes and oil paints, will not be enough for a good start in this business. This article aims to enable you to virtually visit an artist store, as if accompanied by an experienced mentor. So, let's begin!
Canvas
The first thing we will choose with you is a canvas. As a basis for painting with oil paints, you can choose various materials: board, cardboard, metal plate, glass, plastic. But if you and I are talking about classical painting, then, of course, you should choose a fabric that is primed in the right way, tightly pulled on a stretcher and tinkling like a drum. Yes Yes! The canvas should not sag, its surface should be perfectly flat. In the old days, and even now, many professional artists stretch fabric on stretcher themselves, themselves, and primed it. Since these recommendations are intended for novice artists, we will not delve into the topic of stretching the canvas on a stretcher, we will talk about how to choose the right surface that is already ready for work, namely, a canvas already primed and stretched onto a stretcher.
It is best to canvas canvas it was linen, it can be of medium or fine grain size, have an even smooth surface without knots, the thickness of the canvas should be uniform everywhere. The grain of the canvas is various irregularities and knots in the fabric, in the weaving of the threads of the canvas. If there are a lot of such inclusions, the threads are coarse, then you have a canvas with high grain size. It is suitable for drawing heavily textured objects, such as old brick walls, knotty tree trunks, rocks, rocks, etc. Here you can work with large pasty strokes, use a palette knife. Therefore, such a canvas is not suitable for drawing objects with a delicate texture, for conveying delicate black-and-white transitions. The delicate transparency of grapes and the face of a young girl cannot be painted on such a surface. For such purposes, it will be correct to choose a canvas finer workmanship, smoother, that is, fine-grained. And it is precisely such a canvas that is best purchased for novice artists; by the way, on it, you can make a more detailed preliminary drawing with a pencil. And you can easily erase a fragment of a drawing you don't like.
Pay attention to the quality of the stretcher, that is, the wooden base on which the canvas is stretched. We have already talked about the inadmissibility of its sagging, it remains to add that it is necessary to evaluate wood qualitythe subframe is made of. Usually it is linden, pine or birch. The wood must be well processed, dry, smooth, free of knots, chips, rot and wormholes.
Oil paints
To begin with, you should not buy a large number of paints, it will be quite sufficient to purchase a set of 10-12 colors. The most important thing is that this set contains blue (azure, cobalt), red (medium cadmium, light or dark), yellow (medium cadmium), black (gas soot), white (zinc or titanium white) paints. If you already know how to mix the main colors and get additional ones from them, then even such a minimum will be enough for you, but it is better to diversify a little, even if your first oil palette for now! To find out what color is in the tube, look at the color strip on the label. Supplement your set with blue paint (sky blue), ocher tint (light ocher or golden), the so-called "earth colors" - natural umber, natural sienna, as well as natural shades of green colors - olive, herbal greens, light green, etc. ...
We remind you once again look at the tube label... Or you can buy a ready-made set of paints. Over time, you will understand which paints are consumed faster, which are not. In addition, before buying paints, it would be good to know in what colors you intend to paint a picture: will it be delicate pastel shades or rich contrasting painting? How big will your work be? This can also influence your choice. And, of course, it would be nice to get acquainted with the table of colors, the names of which are the same for almost all manufacturers, so it is quite possible to navigate by color and see the correct names of the colors and shades you like. The prices of oil paints from different manufacturers are different, they directly depend on the chemical composition of the paints. Paints containing natural rather than synthetic pigments will cost more.
Brushes
Lucky
In the shop window for artists, among other things, you will see a variety of artistic varnishes. They are designed to work directly with paints, that is, the brush is periodically dipped in varnish, then in paint. This is the so-called " painting on varnish"Or" through varnish ". Why is this done. In order for the painting to be immediately bright and juicy. And it is better, of course, to protect the finished work with well-dried paints with varnish. As we have already mentioned, varnish gives richness to paints and, most importantly, protects your work from external influences. When the varnish is dry, the surface of the canvas can be wiped off dust. Varnishes are different in composition, they are mainly made on the basis of soft resins.
Solvents
A very useful and important thing for oil painting. The solvent is needed to dilute paints, in order to clean the brushes before finally rinsing them with soapy foam.
Tee
This is a ready-made composition for diluting oil paints. It usually contains linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. It is this diluent that is poured into the oil can. If it is not at hand, Pinene # 4 solvent plus linseed oil will do.
Oiler
A special container where a tee or solvent is poured. Usually attached to the palette, for which it has a convenient clip-on fastener. Oilers are plastic and iron. It is more convenient to have an oiler with a threaded cap, then you will not spill anything, and the unused contents will not dry out ahead of time.
Palette knife
A necessary and important tool in an artist's arsenal. These are special spatulas designed to scrape off paint residues from the palette, apply and remove paint from the canvas. There are special painting techniques when work on canvas is carried out with a palette knife, and not with a brush. On sale there are sets of palette knives of different sizes and shapes.
Palette
Oh, this is a real business card of any artist! You also need to be able to choose the right palette, the paints on the palette should be placed closer to the edges, there is a place for mixing in the center. Palettes come in different shapes and sizes.
Easel
- a very convenient thing in order to objectively evaluate your work, to see flaws. Easel work is a professional approach. In front of the easel, you can work both standing and sitting. From time to time you need to move away from the canvas for some distance to see all the details. When buying an easel, focus on its strength, reliability of fasteners, size and model that suits you.
Sketchbook
A special device for painting outside the home. This is a kind of suitcase in which you can place everything you need for work: brushes, paints, solvents, canvases, cardboard. It is compact enough, opens and closes, has reliable strong straps for carrying. The sketchbook can be of various sizes, with and without legs that can be adjusted in height. When buying a sketchbook, you need to make sure that it is reliable and durable, has good fasteners. The sketchbook can also be used as an easel at home.
Here are, perhaps, the most basic tips that we hope will be useful to you when choosing materials for painting with oil paints. If you have the full set of tools that we talked about, you can safely start painting your first oil painting! Good luck and creative inspiration!
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Oil painting. The basics. Lessons by Bill Martin for beginners.
There are things you need to know before you start painting in oils.
All paints are a mixture of dry pigment and liquid. In oil paints, the coloring pigment is mixed with linseed oil. Flaxseed oil is an oil that dries up by air oxidation. It absorbs oxygen from the air and permanently crystallizes the paint pigment. Once the oil dries, it cannot be removed.
Oil paints are thick. They are produced in tubes. The paints are squeezed onto a palette and mixed with a palette knife to obtain new shades. Then they are applied to a vertically positioned canvas with stiff elastic brushes.
Oil paints dry very slowly. You usually need to wait three days before putting on the next layer. This long drying time is both an advantage and a disadvantage. The big advantage is that you have time to think about what you have drawn. This is very useful when you are making gradient transitions from one color to another. Or, if you are unhappy with what happens while the paint is still wet, you can scrape it off with a cloth, palette knife or rubber scraper and redraw.
The disadvantage is that if you put two different colors of wet paints side by side, they can mess with each other inaccurately. The palette, brushes, and damp cloth should be handled very carefully to avoid smearing yourself, clothing, food and furniture.
You can work with paint for up to 12 hours in a row, then you must leave the work to dry for three days, after which you can continue working. When the paints are dry, new colors can be applied on top. There can be many layers in the work. Each subsequent layer must be the same thickness or thicker than the previous one, otherwise cracks will appear.
After the work is completely dry (three to six months), a protective layer of Damar varnish should be applied.
DRAWING.
A complex drawing is quickly lost when applying oil paints, so it is better to denote a drawing with simple shapes and contour lines. The drawing can be done directly on the canvas, or it can be prepared in advance and transferred to the canvas.
When the drawing is applied directly to the canvas, it is better to use diluted paint. Since it is already paint, you don't have to isolate it from subsequent coats.
You can also use coal. The charcoal sketch will need to be isolated from the next layers with a fixer. Soft charcoal is easier to fix with fixer than compressed charcoal.
The drawing can also be applied with a pencil to the canvas. Then also secure with a fixer. The sharp tip of the pencil can create cracks in the primer, so you can add another clear coat of primer. If you have applied another coat of primer, no fixer is required.
In the photo: a can with a fixer, in a box - carbon paper.
It is better to prepare a drawing for translation through a carbon copy on thin tracing paper, then it will be easier to translate. Attach your drawing to the canvas. Translate it using carbon paper. Circle your drawing with an underlined carbon copy. Use a ballpoint pen contrasting colorto see which sections you have already translated and to control the thickness of the lines. The applied design must also be fixed with a fixer or a thin glaze layer of a transparent primer.
TRANSITION OF ONE COLOR TO ANOTHER
Consider a graduated transition from one color to another. Oil paints, because they take time to dry, allow you to move them across the canvas while still wet. That is why it is much easier to make smooth gradations of color with oil than with other paints. This can be done with any brush. But flat brushes work best, and round brushes are worst. The same principles work for small and large stretch marks. 
The paints are mixed on a palette and applied to their intended locations on the canvas. The brush is then passed back and forth in a crosswise manner between two color gradations until a satisfactory result is obtained. Then parallel strokes are carried out to finalize the site. Work with a clean brush from dark to medium color, and then again with a clean brush from light to medium color. 
(A) In this example, brush strokes are ALWAYS positioned perpendicular to the highlight. Moving the brush in a circle, we try to make strokes perpendicular to the glare, respectively, we get the shape of the strokes of a twisted brush.
(B) Depending on the location of the primary colors of the stretch, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe plane in which the surface is located is created. Notice how the shades are arranged to depict a flat surface (left) and a curved surface (right).
WE CREATE FORMS
All shapes are created from five basic shapes. These shapes are: ball, cone, cylinder, cube and torus (donut, steering wheel). Portions of these shapes form whatever objects we see. Imagine half a cylinder on a cube - and you get the shape of an American mailbox. A half ball and a cone will give you a teardrop shape, a tree is a cone, an oak is a hemisphere (half a ball), and a cylindrical mug usually has a handle in the form of a half torus (donut). 
Chiaroscuro creates shape. Each of these shapes has well-defined locations of light and shadow. The sphere is characterized by sickle and ovals. The cones have a triangular illuminated part and everything else is in shadow. Cubes and flat surfaces contain stretch marks (gradient transition of light to shadow).
The cylinders are made of strips. Thor is made of crescents and stripes.
The concave versions of these shapes have the same chiaroscuro, but without reflexes.
If you learn how to draw these five shapes, you can draw everything.
The ball (sphere) is defined by crescents and ovals. The balls are drawn with crescent and twisted brush strokes. 
Cones are made up of triangles of light and shadow. Cones are painted with triangular brush strokes. 
The cylinders are made up of stripes of light and shadow. The cylinders are written with parallel brush strokes.
Cubes and any flat surface obey the same rules. Graduated transition from light to shadow. If the depicted surface is parallel to the canvas, then it is depicted in one even tone. A cube is a combination of intersecting planes. Each side of the cube contains a chiaroscuro stretch. The cube is drawn with parallel brush strokes.
The torus contains aspects of two other shapes. It has stripes of light and shadow, like a cylinder, in the center, and crescents, like a sphere, along the edges. The torus is written using twisted strokes and sickle strokes. 
Here you can see that to convey the shape of the object, you need to use light and shadow, and not contour lines. Light can be confusing, so first try to see the shape of the object, and only then - how exactly the light falls on that shape.
MATCHING COLORS
The rainbow gives us examples of the pure colors that surround us in the world. Rainbow colors in order: red-violet, red, red-orange, orange, yellow-orange, yellow, yellow-green, green, blue-green, blue-violet, violet. When these colors are framed in a circle, we get a "color wheel". The color wheel is a must when matching colors. 
The circle is positioned so that yellow, the brightest light color, is at the top, and purple, the darkest, is at the bottom. From top to bottom, on the right, are yellow-orange, orange, red-orange, red and red-violet. These colors are called warm.
From top to bottom, on the left side, there are yellow-green, green, blue-green, blue and blue-violet. These colors are called cold.
Complementary colors. 
Any TWO colors opposite each other in color wheel are called OPTIONAL colors. Red and green are complementary colors to each other, as they are opposite each other on the color wheel. Yellow and purple are also complementary to each other. Yellow-green and red-purple are complementary colors. Complementary colors placed side by side on the canvas reinforce each other. Complementary colors when mixed on the palette neutralize each other. On this plate, complementary colors are located at opposite ends of the scale, opposite each other. If we move down this scale towards the middle, we arrive at a neutral gray color, the least saturated of all. 
All colors have shades. Pure spectral colors are marked with letters in this picture.
So how do we match colors with all of the above in mind?
We just need to answer these three questions.
1. What color will the desired color be obtained from, where is this color located on the color wheel? (meaning spectral color).
2. How intense is it? (the more we add additional color to the color, the less saturated the color we need becomes).
3. Hue (how dark or light it will be).
This is how it all works. 
Paints are arranged according to colors on the palette. 
We select the color, like a brown leaf.
The spectral color will be reddish purple. White is added to match the hue. A yellow-green complementary to red-violet is added to reduce its saturation. 
We select the color of the green leaf.
Spectral green. Cadmium green is our base color. It contains a bit of yellowness, so we reduce its saturation with a red-violet (quinacridone pink). Yellow-green and red-purple are complementary colors to each other.
Add white to clarify the shade. 
We select the color of the silver tape.
The spectral color is blue. Add white to refine the tonal saturation. Add orange, complementary to blue, and get gray. 
Choosing the color of the 3D object. A piece of soap. 
First, we select the middle. The spectral color is yellow-orange. Add a very small amount of additional blue-violet to reduce the intensity of the color. And a little bit of white. 
To get the lighter areas of our soap, add white to the center of the resulting color. To get the color of the shadow, add another blue-violet to the middle color. 
So, the colors of the soap are matched. Usually, to get the color of the shadow on an object, you need to add an additional color to the main color of the object. For darker shadows, use the base color of the subject, but with less white. In some cases, adding extra color doesn't darken the color enough, that's when we add a little black.
SHADOWS
Shadows create light. Shadows are divided into three categories. The first is the shaded part of the subject, known simply as SHADOW. The second is a falling shadow from an object, which is formed by the fact that the object blocks the light from the light source. The third category is the shadow on adjacent items. 
The shadow portion of an object is a darker, less saturated version of its base color.
Direct light produces dark shadows. Diffused light produces less intense blurry shadows.
Reflected light in the shadow (reflex). 
Light falling on an object from its environment is called reflected light or reflex. The color of the objects that surround our object significantly affects the reflected light. See the green reflected light in the left ball? Notice the reflected red in the middle ball. Ambient color is an integral part of all shadows. 
The darkness of the surrounding objects also affects the reflected light. The first ball just hangs in the air. The second ball also reflects the white surface. The third ball reflects a black surface. The saturation of the surrounding objects is also an integral part of the shadows.
Falling shadows.
A drop shadow is always characterized by being the darkest and most focused at the source of the shadow (the subject). Drop shadows are written in a darker, less intense color than the color of the surface on which they fall. 
The drop shadow color always contains a complementary color to the light color and a complementary color to the color of the surface on which the shadow lies.
Do you see a blue tint in the shadow of an object that is illuminated by orange light? And an orange tint in the shade of a subject lit with blue. There is a tint of green in the shadow of an object illuminated with red light. And notice the reddish-purple cast of the shadow cast by the yellow-green light.
Drop shadows are related to shape and texture. 
Drop shadows describe the surroundings of the object. On the left, the wall is defined by the drop shadow of the glass. On the right, the shadow indicates the presence of a mound. 
The edges of the shadow define the texture of the surface on which the shadow falls.
Grass on the left and mud with rocks on the right.
Falling shadows in direct and diffused light. 
Direct light (left) usually comes from a single light source, such as the sun or a spotlight. It produces high contrast and rich dark drop shadows.
Diffuse light usually comes from multiple light sources. It produces low contrast and fuzzy drop shadows. 
Subjects with little or no drop shadow are ALWAYS in diffuse light, where they appear flatter and less textured.
Shadows from neighboring objects. 
These are the dark shadows that we see where objects touch each other. The dark line around the closed door, the dark line under the coffee mug, the dark line between the tightly clenched fingers - this is the shadow from neighboring objects.
It is relatively independent of the direction of illumination. These shadows in the shadows are usually the darkest parts of the drawing. 
A narrow dark bar under the cylinder on the left tells us that the objects are separate. The cylinder on the right is connected to its base.
CONTRAST
We use light and shadow together.
Contrast is the ratio of the lightest to darkest part of an object or its environment.
Tone scale.
Left - high contrast, right - low contrast.
When objects have high contrast, they appear closer to us. When the contrast is lower, objects appear farther from us. Those rocks in the distance seem to us to be located farther from us, their contrast is lower than that of the closest rock. 
The gradual saturation of objects with contrast makes them visually closer to us. 
The contrast between the falling shadow and its surroundings can be used to determine the distance.
Low contrast 
Objects in diffused light have the lowest contrast. 
Objects without a drop shadow are always in diffuse light. If the subject has a medium to dark tint, it should have a drop shadow. 
If the object has a tonal transition from medium to light, then it will appear as if in haze or fog.
CONTRAST CREATES A TYPE OF LIGHT. High contrast matches bright lighting. Low contrast corresponds to diffuse lighting, far distance and haze.
TEXTURE
The texture helps determine what exactly you see.
The texture is best seen when the light transitions to the shadow. On smooth objects, a highlight is a distorted representation of the light source itself. The sharper the focus of this reflection, the smoother the object's surface. A glass bottle has a smoother surface than an aluminum bottle, which in turn is smoother than candle wax. We know how these objects focus the lens flare on themselves.
On objects without bright highlights, the texture is visible well and is determined by the transition from light to shadow.
These ten objects are arranged in order of their degree of texture.
Notice where your eye is immediately looking to evaluate the texture of the object.
We look at the transition of light to shadow to determine how textured the subject is.
The texture is in diffused light.
On the left is direct light, on the right is diffuse light.
Objects in direct light appear more textured than objects in diffused light.
The log and towel appear softer and smoother in diffused lighting. Objects appear less textured in diffused light because the transition from light to shadow takes longer.
GLAZING / LESERING LAYERS
Glaze layers are applied over the dried paint.
Transparent layers of oil paint are called glaze. Semi-transparent are glaze layers. To obtain a glaze, the paint is diluted in the ratio of 1/3 Damar varnish, 1/3 turpentine and 1/3 linseed oil. Glaze is a thin transparent layer of paint, which is placed on another dried layer to obtain a shade of the third color http://www.kamforum.ru/style_images/1/folder_rte_images/image.gifet. For example, if you put diluted quinacridone pink (clear) over blue, you get purple. If you glaze over exactly the same color, then you will enhance it. Falling shadows on complex textures are very often covered with glaze. Glazing darkens the color a little. (See the lesson "Paints" about transparency and haze).
This is glazing.
For example, the shell of a beetle needs to be greened.
The glazing liquid is mixed with cyan green (transparent color) on the palette until the required degree of transparency is achieved.
Then the mixture is applied with a kolinsky brush on the drawing in a horizontal position. Leave to dry overnight. When using icing, you can change the color of the picture without changing the direction of the strokes of the paint on the base layer.
A glaze is obtained by using a diluted matte color over a dried color of another paint. The glazing layer does not change color and is a translucent layer.
The paint is also mixed on a palette with a mixture for enrobing and applied to a horizontal surface with a core brush.
White (matte color) with glaze gives us rays of light. Leave to dry overnight.
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Nowadays, many people are trying to diversify their leisure time. To do this, they come up with various activities and hobbies. The most popular of these are handicrafts and painting. The latter is perfect for people who have not found themselves in other types of creativity. If you are one of them, then try painting in oil. For beginners, this business may seem difficult, but following all the tips and tricks, you can master it and achieve good results.
Preparation for work
Before mastering a step-by-step oil painting master class for beginners, you need to choose the right tools and materials for work. The quality and attractiveness of your picture will depend on this.
Choice of paints
To start preparing for drawing, you should choose colors. Thanks to them, you can emphasize individual details of the picture and give it a complete look. For their work, artists use the following types of paints:
Gouache and watercolor are used for graphics, and oil, acrylic, tempera are used for painting. It is best for beginners to use oil paints. They can be found easily in specialized stores and are also easier to work with.
There is no generally accepted technique for painting with oil. Each artist selects his own style, which he follows in the process of creating all the paintings. Oil paints can be applied both pasty (undiluted paint) and liquid (with the addition of a solvent). By practicing with different application techniques, you can find the best and most convenient method for you.
Since the 15th century, painters around the world began to use various oils (walnut, linseed, poppy) as binders. For example, the famous Dutch painter Peter Paul Rubens used oils that were previously thickened and bleached by the sun, as well as resins that made his paint viscous. Thanks to this, they dried very quickly and had good adhesion to the canvas. Among Russian artists (Venetsianov, Rublev, Repin, Bryullov, Korovin), pictorial varnishes made from various resins were especially popular.
Most of the oils used practically do not change the color of the paint. At the same time, they dry out for a very long time and, hardening, form a fragile film. Because of this, paintings painted with such paints require additional processing and maintenance.
The best option for beginners is to use flaxseed oil as a binder. The paint with its addition dries rather quickly and does not require additional processing. Its only drawback is that when it dries, it gives the paint a light brown tint. To get rid of this unwanted change, artificial clarifiers are used.
When buying oil paints, first of all pay attention to their expiration date. If it is already out or running out, then abandon the purchase or look for more "fresh" materials.
Oil paints are available in a wide variety of colors. A beginner in this business should not buy all of them. It is enough to acquire basic colors and learn how to work with them. Having received certain skills, you can always buy the missing shade of paint. Oil paints are produced by many companies, so their price varies in a very wide range. If you are just taking the first steps in mastering painting, then it is best to abandon expensive options and give preference to simpler and cheaper ones.
Purchase of solvents
The choice of solvent is also very important in preparation for work. The wrong material can ruin your paints and make them unusable for painting. Most often used for thinning paints:
Preparation of the base
Before starting to study a master class in oil painting for beginners, you should correctly select and prepare a base on which the paint will be applied. Work can be performed on such surfaces:
- canvas;
- wood;
- glass;
- cardboard;
- metal;
- paper.
Any of these bases must be primed first. This is necessary in order for the paints to better adhere to the surface and adhere to it. And also the primer prevents cracking and shrinkage of the applied paint layer.
Selected and prepared canvases are stretched onto a stretcher (wooden frame) or attached to thick cardboard. An important criterion when choosing a canvas for work is its graininess. If you are going to apply paints pasty, then the best option for you will be a coarse-grained surface, if "thin" - a canvas with a fine grain. For beginners, it is best to choose something in between, and then proceed from your preferences.
You can buy a ready-made base at any store that specializes in selling painting supplies. The cheapest option is primed cardboard. It and other types of bases can not only be purchased in the store, but also ordered on the Internet.
Brushes and palette knives
For a full study of the oil painting master class, you need to prepare brushes. They are made from bristles, natural bristles or synthetics. According to their form, they are divided into:
- Flat. These brushes are used by artists to paint in large strokes on large areas of the canvas.
- Round brushes. They are necessary for drawing small parts of the image.
- Fan-shaped. These brushes are ideal for creating smooth color transitions.
You can find brushes in any specialty store or department. Their price directly depends on the quality of manufacture and the high cost of the material used. For beginners, the most suitable simple options... With proper care, they can last you more than one month.
In order to prolong their service life, it is necessary to wash them after each use. First, they are washed with any solvent, and then washed with ordinary soap. If the paint on the brush has already dried, then it should be placed in a container with turpentine and held there for several minutes. After that, she is washed with solvent and laundry soap. Clean brushes are dried horizontally or vertically.
In the process of studying drawing an oil painting for beginners, the following types of brushes are used in stages:
- Synthetic brush for fine detailing.
- Fan-shaped pony hair brush for smooth color transitions.
- Several flat brushes.
Palette knives are tools that are used to mix paints and fix defects. For beginners, the best option would be to buy a diamond-shaped painting tool and a rounded one for a palette.
Palette and workplace
The palette is designed for mixing paints different colors... You can easily find this item in any art store or make yourself from a piece of plastic or glass. After each use, the palette must be cleaned. If you do not want to waste time on this, then you can use any cardboard or cut bag of juice or milk.
To get the most out of your drawing, it is important to choose the right place to work. It is best to paint in natural light. If this is not possible, then you must try to illuminate the work surface as best as possible. Make sure that the lamps do not throw glare onto your painting and do not interfere with the creative process.
When choosing a room, you should give preference to those that are as far as possible from the bedroom, playroom of children and animals. The room must be well ventilated, since materials with unpleasant odors are used during work. The room should not be too humid and dusty.
