Have you ever heard the name of a person who knows many languages? Of course, each of us has seen such people and has always been surprised by this gift. Or maybe even jealous of their abilities. Someone needs such skills for work, and someone just wants to travel with ease, while communicating freely with local residents and feeling at ease.
A person who keeps in his arsenal the knowledge of five or more foreign languages is called - polyglot.
Secrets of polyglots or how to learn so many languages?
So, now we have found out that a person who knows many languages is called a polyglot. Perhaps they have secrets in reserve that allow the possession of such a store of knowledge? Let's consider:
- There is no gift from above (although, in certain cases - there is a place to be), all these people have achieved success solely by everyday hard work;
- Without willpower and perseverance, nothing will come of it either, it is imperative to have a great desire and not take great steps towards your aspiration;
- The trick here is that learning each next language will come out much faster and easier. Many groups of languages are very similar.
Polyglots have a well-developed ear. Writers and musicians, as a rule, know many foreign languages.
What you need to do in order to know many languages - basic things
- It is important to create your own study plan. The first time will not interfere with professional help. Further, it is already possible to cope on your own, having determined for yourself the most suitable scheme;
- Correct pronunciation skills. There are separate exercises for this. A person who knows many languages, a polyglot, will definitely develop this skill in himself;
- Good memory. Even if you do not memorize everything "on the fly" - thanks to diligent work, quick memorization will develop rapidly.
Fun fact: 22% of people around the world are very good at 3-4 languages. But, only at the conversational level.
A person who knows many languages \u200b\u200bis called - we already know. Who are the most famous polyglots in the world:
- The man who entered the Guinness Book of Records, Giuseppe Casper Mezzeofanti, was the custodian of libraries in the Vatican, spoke fluently in 60 languages, composed poetry in 50 of them.
- Willy Melnikov, served in Afghanistan and, by coincidence, received a shell shock. After recovering, he discovered the ability to learn languages. He was able to write poems in 93 languages. In how many languages he could carry on a conversation is still a mystery.
- It may surprise you, but the well-known Queen Cleopatra spoke 10 languages!
- Russian writer Alexander Griboedov already knew 9 languages in his youth.
- Ishtavan Dhabi, writer from Hungary. Throughout his life, he managed to master more than 100 dialects.
And the list can go on for a very long time!
On October 7, the outstanding linguist, semiotician, anthropologist Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov passed away
Photo: Rodrigo Fernandez Wikipedia
IN Yacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov is a truly legendary figure. He belonged to that now rare type of scientists who can confidently be called encyclopedists. Few can compare with him in terms of coverage of cultures, in the variety of interdisciplinary connections revealed in his semiotic and cultural studies. It is difficult to name a humanitarian science to which he did not make one or another contribution. He is the author of more than a dozen books and more than 1200 articles on linguistics, literary criticism and a number of related humanitarian disciplines, many of which have been translated into Western and Eastern languages.
Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich was born on August 21, 1929 in Moscow in the family of the writer Vsevolod Ivanov, a man with a wide range of interests, a connoisseur of poetry and oriental cultures, a bibliophile who paid great attention to the comprehensive education of his son. Already in our time, Vyacheslav Ivanov recalled: “I was lucky, just because of my family, because of my parents and their friends, from childhood to be in the circle of many remarkable people,” who had a significant impact on the formation of a young man. And it is no coincidence that a significant part of his scientific research is devoted to people whom he knew from childhood.
He constantly turned to Russian literature of the 20th century, with which, so to speak, he was connected by family ties. He is interested in the ratio of poetic manifestos and artistic practice of representatives of the Russian literary avant-garde, the parallels and connections between the writers who remained in Russia and the writers of the Russian diaspora. Of particular interest to Ivanov is the biography of Maxim Gorky, whom he knew in childhood and saw more than once. In his historical essays, Ivanov seeks to understand the history of the relationship between writers and authorities during the Soviet period. He was interested in the unofficial literature of the Stalin era, the last years of Gorky's life and the circumstances of his death, the relationship between Stalin and Eisenstein.
Cuneiform and semiotics
In 1946, after graduating from school, Ivanov entered the Romano-Germanic department of the Philological Faculty of Moscow State University, from which he graduated in 1951.
And already in 1955, Ivanov defended his Ph. happens in the humanities. However, under a far-fetched pretext, the Higher Attestation Commission did not approve the doctoral degree. And the new defense was hampered by Ivanov's involvement in human rights activities. Only in 1978 did he manage to defend his doctoral thesis at Vilnius University.
After graduating from graduate school, Ivanov was left at the department at Moscow State University, where he taught ancient languages, taught courses on comparative historical linguistics and introduction to linguistics. But the boundaries of a traditional academic career were narrow for him. In 1956-1958, Ivanov, together with the linguist Kuznetsov and the mathematician Uspensky, led a seminar on the application of mathematical methods in linguistics. In fact, he stood at the origins of a new discipline that arose in those years - mathematical linguistics, to which he later devoted many of his works.
And then he showed his stormy public temperament, expressing disagreement with
Ivanov, together with the linguist Kuznetsov and the mathematician Uspensky, led a seminar on the application of mathematical methods in linguistics. In fact, he stood at the origins of a new discipline that arose in those years - mathematical linguistics.
By attacking the novel Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak and supporting the scientific views of Roman Yakobson. And for this in 1959 he was fired from Moscow State University. This decision was officially canceled by the university leadership only in 1989.
So that today's reader can appreciate the courage of Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich's behavior, we note that in those years he, apparently, was almost the only one who allowed himself to openly express his disagreement with Pasternak's defamation.
But the dismissal, in a certain sense, played a positive role both in the fate of Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich and in the fate of science. Ivanov headed the machine translation group of the Institute of Fine Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. And then he became the founder and the first chairman of the linguistic section of the Scientific Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on Cybernetics, led by Academician Axel Ivanovich Berg. Ivanov's participation in the preparation of the problematic note “Issues of Soviet Science. General Questions of Cybernetics" under the leadership of Berg played a big role in the history of Russian science. On the basis of the proposals contained in this note, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences adopted a resolution dated May 6, 1960 "On the development of structural and mathematical methods for the study of language." Thanks to this, numerous laboratories for machine translation, sectors of structural linguistics and structural typology of languages in academic institutions, departments of mathematical, structural and applied linguistics in several universities of the country were created. Ivanov participated in the preparation of curricula and programs of the Department of Structural and Applied Linguistics of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, and in 1961 he delivered a plenary report on mathematical linguistics at the All-Union Mathematical Congress in Leningrad.
An exceptionally important role in the development of domestic and world semiotics was played by
The works of Vyacheslav Ivanov on the subject of semiotics laid the general ideological basis for semiotic research in the USSR and the world-famous Moscow-Tartu semiotic school.
Symposium on the structural study of sign systems, organized by the Scientific Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on Cybernetics. The preface written by Ivanov to the abstracts of the symposium reports actually became the manifesto of semiotics as a science. Many experts believe that the symposium, together with the surge in research that followed it, produced a "semiotic revolution" in the field of all humanitarian knowledge in our country.
Ivanov's works on the subject of semiotics laid the general ideological basis for semiotic research in the USSR and the world-famous Moscow-Tartu semiotic school.
Humanitarian Accuracy
Ivanov was constantly interested in the connection of linguistics with other sciences, especially with the natural ones. In the 1970s and 1980s, he took an active part in experiments conducted in contact with neurophysiologists on the localization of semantic operations in different parts of the brain. He saw his task as creating a unified picture of knowledge so that, as he said, "the humanities would not be such outcasts against the backdrop of those flourishing sciences that use exact methods." Therefore, his interest in the personality of prominent natural scientists, to whom he dedicates separate essays, is not accidental: the geologist Vladimir Vernadsky, the radio engineer Axel Berg, the astrophysicist Iosif Shklovsky, and the cybernetics Mikhail Tsetlin.
It is no coincidence that Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich saw the similarity of linguistics and mathematics, emphasizing the mathematical rigor of phonetic laws and the proximity of the laws of the functioning of language and the laws of natural science.
Ivanov's linguistic interests were extremely diverse. These are general problems of the genealogical classification of world languages and Indo-European studies, Slavic linguistics and the ancient languages of the extinct peoples of the Mediterranean in their relation to the North Caucasian languages, the languages of the natives of Siberia and the Far East, the Aleut language, Bamileke and some other languages of Africa. He said about himself: “I am not a polyglot at all, although I speak all European languages. I can read a hundred. But it's not that hard."
But he didn't just study languages. His track record includes dozens of translations of poems, stories, journalistic articles and scientific works from various languages of the world.
He said about himself: “I am not a polyglot at all, although I speak all European languages. I can read a hundred. But it's not that hard." But Ivanov not only studied languages. His track record includes dozens of translations of poems, stories, journalistic articles and scientific papers from various languages of the world.
Thanks to the work of Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov in the mid-1950s, Indo-European studies were actually revived in our country, one of the outstanding achievements of which was the monograph “Indo-European Language and Indo-Europeans. Reconstruction and historical-typological analysis of proto-language and proto-culture”, created jointly with Tamaz Gamkrelidze. This book was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1988 and caused a great resonance all over the world.
For more than half a century, since 1954, Ivanov has been systematically summing up the current state of comparative linguistics in the form of an updated version of the genealogical classification of the languages of the world. Since the 1970s, this scheme has included Nostratic kinship, and since the 1980s, Dene-Caucasian kinship. And each time it turns out that we are getting closer and closer to proving the hypothesis of the monogenesis of the languages of mankind, that is, of their origin from a single source, since more and more new connections between language families are being discovered.
From 1989 until recently, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich was the director of the Institute of World Culture of Moscow State University. Since 1992 he has been a professor at the Department of Slavonic Languages and Literature at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Since 2003 - Director of the Russian Anthropological School at the Russian State Humanitarian University. Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts.
In recent years, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich had a hard time experiencing the problems of Russian science. In one of his last speeches, he said: “Recently I have been surprised to read all sorts of attacks on our science and on its current situation. Believe me, for more than a year I have been reading every day what is written on the Internet in serious messages and in the scientific press. And the main thing, after all, is the discussion of the works of our scientists, who enjoy worldwide fame and recognition anywhere, but not in our country ... But I am sure that it is not the lack of money that is given to science, although this, of course, takes place, not some minor troubles like the wrong form of the exam, but a much more significant thing is taking place: science, literature, art, culture in our country have ceased to be the main thing to be proud of. It seems to me that the task that my generation was trying to fulfill in part was that we wanted to achieve a change in this situation, and to some extent, maybe some of us have achieved.
On October 7, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich passed away.
Some people are able to speak so many languages that it is almost unbelievable. How do they do it, and what other people can learn from polyglots.
In Berlin, sitting on a sun-drenched balcony, Tim Keely and Daniel Kraza engage in a verbal gunfight. First, like bullets, German words fly out, then in Hindi, and then Nepalese, Polish, Croatian, Chinese, Thai ... In the course of a conversation, the languages of easy flow one into another. These two went through a total of 20 different languages or so!
Returning from the balcony to the hall, I find several small groups there, the participants of which compete in tongue twisters. Others, breaking up in threes, are preparing for a rapid-fire game, during which they need to simultaneously translate from two languages. It all looks like a guaranteed recipe for a migraine, but those present are absolutely unperturbed.
Learning even one foreign language can be a daunting task. In Berlin, I ended up at the Gathering of Polyglots, which brought together 350 people who speak many languages, and such unusual ones as, for example, the language of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, Klingon (the language of aliens from the Star Trek TV series), Sami - the language of the nomad people - reindeer herders in Scandinavia. There are surprisingly many “hyperglots” among the assembled, capable, like Kili and Kraza, of speaking at least 10 languages.
One of the most eminent linguists I met here was Richard Simcote. He leads a team of polyglots at a multilingual social media management company called eModeration, and speaks almost 30 languages himself.
With my modest knowledge of Italian and rudimentary Danish, I feel somehow out of place among the "hyperglots". But, as folk wisdom says, you need to learn from the best - and here I am to try to find out their secrets.
Cure for dementia
Considering all the brain challenges that learning a foreign language poses to us, it's no surprise that most of us consider it a highly rewarding endeavor. A person has many different memory systems, and when learning another language, each of them is involved.
There is a so-called procedural memory - this is a subtle programming of muscles to improve pronunciation. There is declarative memory, i.e. the ability to remember facts (for example, keep at least 10 thousand words in your head if you want to approach the fluency of a native speaker, not to mention grammar). What's more, if you don't want to sound like a stuttering robot, these words and phrases should be on the tip of your tongue in a split second. This means that they must be programmed into "explicit" and "implicit" memory. The first stores information that we deliberately tried to remember, the second contains things that were deposited unconsciously, involuntarily.
We try to memorize individual words or phrases, but this is not the main thingSuch mental exercises, however, bear abundant fruit; it is claimed to be the best brain training available. Numerous studies have shown that multilingualism improves attention and memory, and also provides a "cognitive reserve" that delays the development of dementia - senile dementia.
Studying the experiences of immigrants, Ellen Bialystok of the University of York in Canada found that those who spoke two languages were diagnosed with dementia five years late. Trilingual people were diagnosed 6.4 years later than monolinguals. At the same time, people who spoke four or more languages fluently could boast nine additional years of healthy consciousness.
Learning a new language at an older age is easier than we think
These long-term benefits contrast sharply with the failure of most commercial brain training games that can be downloaded from the Internet. In general, they are not able to provide long-term improvement in memory and attention.
Until recently, many neuroscientists assumed that in most cases we are too old to achieve native fluency in a new language. According to the Critical Period Hypothesis, there is a narrow time window in childhood when we are able to acquire all the nuances of a new language. However, Bialystok, based on her research, argues that this is somewhat exaggerated: instead of a sharp decline, as she found out, over the years there is a very slight weakening of our abilities.
Indeed, many of the "hyperglots" I met in Berlin did not acquire foreign languages at a young age. Keely grew up in Florida, at school he was in close contact with the guys for whom Spanish was their mother tongue. As a child, he tuned his radio to foreign radio stations, although he could not understand a word.
As an adult, he began to travel the world. First he went to Colombia, where he studied French, German and Portuguese. Then he moved to Switzerland, then to Eastern Europe, after which he went to Japan. He is now fluent in at least 20 languages, and learned almost all of them as an adult.
The question arises how polyglots master so many new languages, and whether everyone else can at least try to follow suit. It is true, of course, that they may still be much more motivated than most people. Many polyglots are avid travelers like Keely, who, moving from country to country, learn new languages along the way. Sometimes the alternative is: either swim or sink.
Even with the most powerful stimuli, many of us find it difficult to speak another language. Tim Keely who is now writing a book on "the social, psychological, and emotional factors of multilingualism," is skeptical that it's a matter of baseline intelligence.
"Cultural Chameleons"
Instead of dwelling on the level of intelligence, he argues, we should look into the depths of our own individuality. According to Keely's theory, when we start learning a new language, this leads to the fact that we seem to develop a new sense of self. No wonder the best linguists so easily adopt a new identity.
Psychologists have long known that the words we speak leave an imprint on our personality. According to the established cliché, French makes you more romantic, while Italian makes you more passionate. But in fact, each language begins to be associated with cultural norms that affect the way you behave. It can be something very simple, for example, you can prefer open trust or quiet contemplation. What is important is that, according to various studies, multilingual people behave differently depending on what language they are currently speaking.
Different languages bring to mind different memories from your life. The writer Vladimir Nabokov found this out when he was working on his autobiography. Nabokov, whose native language was Russian, began writing his memoirs in his second language, English. The matter proceeded with "painful labor": his "memory was tuned to one tune - musically unspoken Russian - and another tune was imposed on it, English and detailed," Nabokov wrote in the preface to the Russian edition of the book "Other Shores".
When the memoirs were finally published, he decided to translate them into the language of his childhood, but as soon as the Russian words began to flow, he found that the memories began to be saturated with new details, and the blank spots began to fill in and take on form and content.
In her book The Bilingual Mind, she explores many of these effects. As for Nabokov, one would think that each of his two essences - Russian and English - had a slightly different past.
Resistance to the process of a new identity prevents you from properly learning another language, says Tim Keely, now a professor of intercultural management at Kyushu Sangyo University in Fukuoka, Japan. Recently, he did a study of Chinese speakers learning Japanese, looking at the "permeability" or "transparency" of their egos. He asked students to rate statements such as "it's easy for me to put myself in another person's shoes and imagine how they feel" or "I can impress people." Then he asked questions like "can the respondent change his mind so that it suits others." As he predicted, people who scored high on these measures achieved faster fluency in the new language.
How to explain it? It is well known that if you identify with someone, you are more likely to imitate them. In the process of imitation, the degree of mastery of the language increases almost effortlessly. At the same time, the acquired identity and the memories associated with it can help you not to confuse the language you are learning with your native language by creating neural barriers between them.
Indeed, perhaps this explains the ease with which Keely switches to any of the 20 languages he knows.
Language is theater
Among all the polyglots, Michael Levy Harris is the best at demonstrating this principle in action. Harris, who has received an acting education, also has an advanced knowledge of 10 languages and a good understanding of another 12. From time to time this creates certain difficulties for him. Once he came across an advertisement on the Internet about a meeting of the Maltese. Going to the address where he expected to meet a group of people from Malta, he found himself in a room full of middle-aged ladies with white domestic dogs - Maltese. This adventure he reproduced in the recently released short film "Hyperglot".
It's not just about how much time you spend studying and how much you speak a foreign language
When we meet him in a cafe near the Guildhall School of Music and Dramatic Art in London, he effortlessly shifts to a very refined English pronunciation (received pronunciation or RP - "standard English" without regional or social accents), despite the fact that he is a native of New York. At the same time, his demeanor changes, he simply dissolves into a new personality. “I am not at all trying to consciously change my character or my own personality. It happens on its own, but I know I'm suddenly different."
It's also important, says Harris, that anyone can learn to pull on the skin of another culture, and he's ready to give a few tips, based on his acting experience, where to start.
An important trick, he says, is to try to imitate without thinking about how the word is spelled.
He advises paying close attention to things like facial expressions, as they can be key to making sounds. If, for example, you pout your lips slightly when speaking, you will sound a little more "French".
Finally, he says, you need to try to get over the embarrassment of having to make "strange" sounds, such as the guttural sounds of Arabic. “You should understand that there is nothing “foreign” about them for us. For example, when you are disgusted, can you make a burp sound? Once you acknowledge this and allow your subconscious mind to do the same in speech, you will be able to make an unfamiliar sound.”
It may seem silly, but the point is to help you overcome your natural inhibitions. “It's about mastering the language - it's the same thing that actors have to do to make the audience believe that the words they say are their own. When you master words, you can speak with more confidence, and then people will be imbued with confidence in you.
However, most agree that you should not be too ambitious, especially at the beginning.
According to these guidelines, you should practice little and often. At least 15 minutes four times a day.
So said Alex Rawlings, who worked with Richard Simcott to develop a series of polyglot workshops in which they teach participants their techniques. Even if you're too busy or tired for serious work, acting out a dialogue or listening to a popular song in a foreign language will do the trick, Simcott says.
In the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, one can easily come to the conclusion that there is no need to strain. In fact, until I met the "hyperglots" face to face, I kept trying to figure out if their passion was worth the effort expended on it. Perhaps, I thought, it was all about an innate, though not always deserved, gift.
Yet the hyperglots I met were genuinely enthusiastic about the fantastic benefits that can only be achieved by total immersion in other languages. Among them is the opportunity to find new friends and establish contacts, even despite the high intercultural barriers.
Here is how Harris describes, for example, his life in Dubai. “As a Jew living in the Middle East, it was not easy for me. But as it turns out, one of my best friends is from Lebanon,” he says. - And when I was leaving, he told me: when we first met, I did not think that we would become friends. Now you're leaving, and I'm desperate."
As Judith Mayer, the organizer of the Berlin polyglot rally, told me, she saw Russians and Ukrainians, Israelis and Palestinians talking among themselves. “Language after language, you discover new worlds.”
In general, he says that he knows "only" 100. But he is being modest. In the course of the conversation, we calculated that Sergei Anatolyevich, head of the department of the Russian University for the Humanities, Doctor of Philology, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, is familiar with at least 400 languages, including the ancient and languages of small endangered peoples. It takes him only three weeks to learn the language. Among colleagues, this 43-year-old professor has a reputation as a "walking encyclopedia". But at the same time, he is distinguished by ... a bad memory.
The most difficult question for me is: "How many languages do you know?". Because it is impossible to answer it exactly. Even 10 languages cannot be known to the same extent. You can know 500 - 600 words and be able to communicate perfectly in the country. For example, I know English very well, because I have to travel and talk all the time. But I think that my German is better in my passive. And you can speak badly, but it's great to read. For example, I read the ancient Chinese classics better than most Chinese. Or you can not read and not speak, but know the structure, grammar. I can't speak Negidal or Nanai, but I remember their vocabulary well. Many languages go into passive, but then, if necessary, they return: he went to Holland and quickly restored the Dutch language. Therefore, if we count all the languages that I am familiar with at different levels of knowledge, then there will be at least 400 of them. But I actively speak only 20.
Do you feel your uniqueness? - No, I know a lot of people who already know several dozen languages for sure. For example, an 80-year-old Australian professor, Stephen Wurm, knows more languages than I do. And he speaks fluently in thirty. - Collecting languages - for the sake of sports interest? - It is necessary to distinguish between linguists and polyglots. Polyglots are people who specialize in absorbing a colossal number of languages. And if you are engaged in science, then language is not an end in itself, but a working tool. My main activity is the comparison of language families with each other. To do this, it is not necessary to speak every language, but you need to keep in mind colossal information about roots, grammar, and the origin of words.
Are you still in the process of learning languages? - In 1993, there was an expedition to the Yenisei, they studied the Ket language - an endangered language, 200 people speak it. I had to teach him. But I learned most of the languages at school and university. From the 5th grade, for five years at the Olympiads at Moscow State University, I was a winner: I could write a sentence in 15 Indo-European languages. At the university, he taught mainly oriental. POLYGLOTS ARE BORN.
Is the ability to speak languages born or is it achieved by the efforts of constant training? - I thought about it a lot. Naturally, this is heredity: in my family there are a lot of polyglots. My father was a well-known translator, edited Doctor Zhivago and knew several dozen languages. My older brother, a philosopher, is also a great polyglot. The older sister is a translator. My son, a student, knows at least a hundred languages. The only member of the family who is not passionate about languages is the youngest son, but he is a good programmer. - But how can a person store such an array of information in memory? - And, paradoxically, I have a very bad memory: I don’t remember phone numbers, addresses, I can never find the second time the place where I have already been. My first language, German, was given to me with great difficulty. I spent a lot of energy only on memorizing words. In his pockets he always carried cards with words - on one side in German, on the other - in Russian, so that he could check himself on the way on the bus. And by the end of school, I trained my memory. I remember that in the first year of university we were on an expedition to Sakhalin and studied the Nivkh language, which is also dying out. I went there without prior preparation and just like that, on a dare, I learned the Nivkh dictionary. Not all, of course, 30,000 words, but most. - In general, how much time do you need to learn a language?
Three weeks. Although the eastern, of course, is much harder. Japanese took a year and a half. I taught him at the university for a whole year, my grades were excellent, but one day I picked up a Japanese newspaper and realized that I could not read anything. I got angry - and learned it on my own over the summer. - Do you have your own learning system? - I am skeptical about all systems. I just take a textbook and study from beginning to end. This takes two weeks. Then - differently. You can tell yourself that you have become familiar with this language and, if necessary, you will take it off the shelf and activate it. There were many such languages in my practice. If the language is needed and interesting, then literature should be read further. I have never taken a language course. To speak well, you need a native speaker. And the best thing is to go to the country and live there for a year.
What ancient languages do you know? - Latin, ancient Greek, Sanskrit, ancient Japanese, Hurrian language, in which in the II century BC. e. spoken in ancient Anatolia. - And how do you manage to remember dead languages - there is no one to talk to? - I'm reading. Only 2-3 texts remain from the Hurrian. There are languages from which two or three dozen words have been preserved. HOW ADAM AND EVE TALKED.
You are looking for the parent language of mankind. Do you think that once all the people of the world spoke the same language? - We are going to discover and prove - all languages were one, and then fell apart in the thirtieth or twentieth century BC. Language is a means of communication and is transmitted as an information code from generation to generation, so errors and interferences are sure to accumulate in it. We teach our children without noticing that they already speak a slightly different language. Their speech has more subtle differences from the speech of the elders. Language inevitably changes. 100-200 years pass - this is a completely different language. If speakers of one language once went in different directions, then in a thousand years two different languages will appear. And we have to find out - did the 6,000 modern languages, including dialects, have a starting point? We are gradually moving from modern languages to ancient ones. It's like linguistic paleontology - step by step we reconstruct sounds and words, approaching the parent languages. And now the stage has come when it is possible to bring together several large language families, of which there are now about ten in the world. And then the task is to restore the proto-languages of these macrofamilies and see if they can be brought together and reconstruct a single language that Adam and Eve probably spoke.
LAUGHING CAN ONLY IN RUSSIA. - Which language is the most difficult and which is the easiest? - Grammar is easier in English, Chinese. I learned Esperanto in an hour and a half. Difficult to learn - Sanskrit and ancient Greek. But the most difficult language on earth is Abkhazian. Russian - medium. It is difficult for foreigners to assimilate it only because of the complex alternation of consonants (hand-pen) and stress. - Are many languages dying? - All languages in the Urals and beyond the Urals, Nivkh and Ket from the Yenisei family. In North America, they are dying out by the dozen. Terrible process. - What is your attitude to profanity? Is it trash? These words are no different from other words. The comparative linguist is accustomed to dealing with the names of the sexual organs in any language. English expressions are significantly poorer than Russian ones. Japanese is much less littered with swear words: they are more polite people.
Sergey Anatolyevich Starostin (March 24, 1953, Moscow - September 30, 2005, Moscow) is an outstanding Russian linguist, polyglot, specialist in the field of comparative studies, oriental studies, Caucasian studies and Indo-European studies. The son of a writer, translator, polyglot Anatoly Starostin, brother of the philosopher and historian of science Boris Starostin. Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Department of Literature and Language (linguistics). Head of the Center for Comparative Studies at the Institute of Oriental Cultures and Antiquities of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honorary Doctor of the University of Leiden (Netherlands).
Who among the polyglots of the whole world knows (or knew) the most languages?
According to the academic dictionary of foreign words, POLYGLOT (from the Greek polyglottos - "multilingual") is a person who speaks many languages.
The legend says that the Buddha spoke one and a half hundred languages, and Mohammed knew all the languages of the world. The most famous polyglot of the past, whose abilities are quite reliably attested, lived in the last century - the keeper of the Vatican library, Cardinal Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti (1774 - 1849)
There were legends about Mezzofanti during his lifetime. In addition to the main European languages, he knew Estonian, Latvian, Georgian, Armenian, Albanian, Kurdish, Turkish, Persian and many others. It is believed that he translated from one hundred and fourteen languages and seventy-two "dialects", as well as from several dozen dialects. He was fluent in sixty languages, wrote poems and epigrams in almost fifty. At the same time, the cardinal never traveled outside of Italy and studied this unimaginable number of languages on his own.
I don't really believe in such miracles. Moreover, the Guinness Book of Records claims that Mezzofanti was only fluent in twenty-six or twenty-seven languages.
Among foreign linguists, the biggest polyglot was, apparently, Rasmus Christian Rask, a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He spoke two hundred and thirty languages and compiled dictionaries and grammars for several dozen of them.
In the UK, the unsurpassed polyglot today can be considered a journalist Harold Williams, who knows eighty languages. Interestingly, Harold learned Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French and German when he was only eleven years old.
A new volume of the Guinness Book of Records in English has just been released. Forty-year-old Ziyad Fawzi, a Brazilian of Lebanese origin, who speaks fifty-eight languages, was recognized as the most important polyglot of the planet in 1997. Despite his outstanding abilities, Senor Fawzi is an extremely modest person. Modestly teaches foreign languages at the University of Sao Paulo. Modestly translates. From any of fifty-eight languages. And he wants to translate from a hundred. And - from anyone to anyone. Now he is preparing textbooks in several languages for publication, using his method of quick assimilation of the material.
Willy Melnikov can be called the most amazing of our polyglots. His story is simple and incredible at the same time. The guy was sent to the Afghan war. Further, as in the film "The Diamond Arm": he fell, woke up - a cast ... Willie came out of a coma a different person. But instead of diamonds, he got something more expensive - unlimited access to the world's linguistic "Internet". Since then, Willie has been studying several languages every year. Although "studies" is not quite the right word to describe what is happening. Eyewitnesses say this: "Tongues seem to come to him." Willie carefully looks at a person speaking an unfamiliar dialect, listens to his speech, then seems to tune in, trying different registers, and suddenly, like a receiver, "catches a wave" and gives out clear speech without interference ...
How many languages Melnikov actually knows is unknown. Every time when they conduct an experiment to study his method, Willy meets with the carrier of another unique dialect. After the conversation, his personal "linguistic" asset is replenished with a new language... "This is no longer a method, but something beyond," scientists say.
