A literary tale (an author's tale, a literary tale) is a literary epic genre in prose or poetry, based on the tradition of a folk tale. A literary tale is rooted in a folk tale; folklore fairy tales were often sources of copyright.
The storytellers C. Perrault and H.C. Andersen recalled that the stories they conveyed in their fairy tales were heard by them from the people. A.S. Pushkin wrote down folk tales, and they formed the basis of his fairy tale cycle. The fabulous traditions of the native Russian North were reflected in the works of the 20th century writers S.G. Pisakhov and B.V. Shergin.
Folk tale
A folk tale is included in the literary tale in Ancient Russia, and in Europe it comes to life in the genre of a medieval knightly novel. The 18th century introduces readers to the author's retellings and adaptations of folk tales.
In the 19th century, a literary fairy tale proper as a genre was born, and then reached its maturity - in Europe in the works of Perrault and Andersen, as well as E.T.A. Hoffmann and V.Gauf, in Russia - V.A. Zhukovsky, P.P. Ershov, Pushkin, V. I. Dal (he was the first to introduce into a literary fairy tale the fairy tale form of narration, the image of a storyteller-mediator between the writer and the reader), A. Pogorelsky, V. F. Odoevsky, M. E. Saltykov Shchedrin, N. S. Leskov, Leo Tolstoy and others.
Literary tale of Russian writers of the Silver Age
The literary tale has become a favorite genre of Russian writers of the Silver Age: "demonological" fairy tales by A.M. Remizov, fairy tales-parables by M.A. Kuzmin, fairy-tale-novellas by F. I. Tsvetaeva. Among the authors of literary tales are A.N. Tolstoy, P.P. Bazhov, A.P. Platonov, K.G. Paustovsky, E.L. Schwartz, K.I. Chukovsky, S.Ya. Marshak, V.M. Shukshin, S.V. Mikhalkov, V.V. Bianki, N.N. Nosov, L.I.Lagin, K. Bulychev, E.N. Uspensky.
Literary tales of foreign writers
Of the literary tales of foreign writers, the most famous are the tales of O. Wilde, J. Rodari, A. Milne, A. Lindgren, R. Bradbury, R. Bach, J. Crews. The miraculous in both folk and literary fairy tales is not an end in itself, not a way to surprise the reader, but a means of creating an ideal fairytale world where nobility, kindness, and disinterestedness prevail.
By analogy with the classification of folk tales, among literary tales, tales about animals, magic, everyday, adventurous, can be distinguished; on pathos - fairy tales heroic, lyrical, humorous, satirical, philosophical, psychological;, in proximity to other literary genres - fairy tales-poems, fairy tales-novellas, fairy-tale-stories, fairy-tales-parables, fairy-tales-plays, fairy tales fantastic tales, fairy tales of the absurd, etc.
A literary tale as a genre, of course, is a full-fledged and full-fledged direction of literature. It seems that the demand for these works will never be exhausted, they will certainly and constantly be in demand by both children and adults of all ages. Today this genre is more universal than ever. Literary tales and their authors are popular, although certain setbacks do occur. The connection with folklore is still preserved, but modern realities and details are also used. big enough. Trying to designate only the very best, you can write more than one sheet of paper. But let's try to do it in this article.
Features of a literary tale
How does it differ from folklore, folk. Well, firstly, by the fact that she has a specific author, writer or poet (if she is in poetry). And folklore, as you know, presupposes collective creativity. The peculiarity of a literary tale is that it combines the principles of both folklore and literature. You could say this: this is the next step in the evolution of folklore. Indeed, many authors retell well-known plots of fairy tales, considered folk, using the same characters. And sometimes they come up with new original characters and talk about their adventures. The name may also be original. Hundreds of literary tales have been invented, but all have specific authorship and a pronounced
A bit of history
Turning to the origins of the author's tale, we can conventionally note the Egyptian "About two brothers", recorded in the 13th century before. Also, remember the Greek epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey", the authorship of which is attributed to Homer. And in church parables - nothing more than a semblance of a literary tale. During the Renaissance, a list of literary tales would probably be a collection of short stories by famous writers.
The genre was further developed in the 17-18 centuries in European fairy tales by C. Perrault and A. Galland, Russian fairy tales by M. Chulkov. And in 1919 a whole galaxy of brilliant authors in different countries uses a literary tale. European - Hoffmann, Andersen, for example. Russians - Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Leskov. A. Tolstoy, A. Lindgren, A. Milne, K. Chukovsky, B. Zakhoder, S. Marshak and many other equally well-known authors expand the list of literary tales in the 20th century.
Pushkin's Tales
The concept of "literary author's tale" is perhaps best illustrated by the work of Alexander Pushkin. In principle, these works: the tales "About Tsar Saltan", "About the fisherman and the fish", "About the priest and his worker Balda", "About the golden cockerel", "About the dead princess and the seven heroes" - were not planned to be presented to the children's audience ... However, due to circumstances and the talent of the author, they soon found themselves on the children's reading list. Vivid images, well-remembered lines of poetry put these tales in the category of unconditional classics of the genre. However, few people know that Pushkin used folk tales such as "The Greedy Old Woman", "Batrak Shabarsh", "The Tale of Wonderful Children" as the basis for the subjects of his works. And in the folk art itself, the poet saw an inexhaustible source of images and stories.
List of literary tales
We can talk for a long time about the originality of retellings and alterations. But in this regard, it would be best to recall the well-known tale of Tolstoy "Buratino", which the author "copied" from Collodion's "Pinocchio". Carlo Collodi himself, in turn, used the folk image of a wooden street theater doll. But "Buratino" is a completely different, author's tale. In many ways, according to some critics, it surpassed the original in terms of its literary and artistic value, at least for the Russian-speaking reader.
From the original literary tales, where the characters were invented by the author himself, two stories can be distinguished about Winnie the Pooh, who lives with his friends in the Hundred Acre Forest. The magical and optimistic atmosphere created in the works, the characters of the inhabitants of the Forest, their characters are striking in their uniqueness. Although here, in terms of organizing the narrative, the technique previously used by Kipling was used.
Interesting in this context are the tales of Astrid Lindgren about the funny flying Carlson, who lives on the roof, and the Kid, who becomes his friend.
Screen adaptations of literary tales
It should be noted that literary tales are a fertile and inexhaustible material for film adaptations, fiction and "cartoons". Just what is the adaptation of the cycle of fairy tales by John Tolkien (Tolkien) about the adventures of the hobbit Baggins (in one of the first translations into Russian - Sumkins).
Or the world famous epic about young wizards and Harry Potter! And cartoons are innumerable. Here you will have Karlson, and the Wizard of the Emerald City, and other heroes, familiar to everyone from childhood, characters of literary tales.
Fairy tales are a very important genre in literature. It is with him that small children begin to familiarize themselves with the world of prose and poetry. But what do they mean, what is the history and specificity of the author's tales? Consider all this below, as well as a list of Russian literary tales with their authors and features.
Definition
A fairy tale is a genre in literature, usually based on folklore. It can be both prosaic and poetic. However, this is mainly folklore prose, and each nation has its own tales. The main difference for them is usually the presence of mythical creatures and / or fantasy, fantastic, magical elements.
But unlike folklore works, fairy tales always have an author. Often there is an obvious struggle between good and evil, bad and good. Usually there is a main character - the "favorite" of the author and, as a consequence, the reader. And there is also an antihero - a mythical villain.
History
As mentioned above, fairy tales originate from folklore. However, not always, since they can also be purely author's. They appeared long ago in the form of folklore works passed down "from mouth to mouth". In Russia, for a long time, its own folk tales existed and spread.
Some works can be attributed to very old fairy tales. For example, many folk tales of Ancient Russia and church parables of the Middle Ages, in many ways reminiscent of the genre we are considering.
Further in Europe, fairy tales began to appear in the usual understanding for people: the brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Perrault and many others. But on the territory of modern Russia, before (and still), Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was very popular. In the 18th century, in general, many writers liked to take the basis from folklore and thus create new works.
In the 20th century, even more fairy tales appeared. Such great writers as Maxim Gorky, Alexei Tolstoy and others were known as the authors of this genre.
Specificity
Author's tales are also called literary. As already described above, they are distinguished from folklore by the presence of an author. Of course, even very old folk tales had their own creators, but the authors as such were lost, because for centuries the stories passed orally from one people to another, sometimes even significantly changing, since each person could interpret and retell in different ways, and so for a long time.
Another difference between an author's tale and a folk tale is that it can be in poetry or in prose, while the second is only in prose (initially it was only oral). Also, in folklore, the theme of the confrontation between good and evil is usually touched upon, while in literary works this is not necessary.
Another difference is that folk tales have more superficially described characters, while in literary ones, on the contrary, each character is pronounced and individual. In folklore there is still a beginning, a saying and a kind of speech turns. They also tend to be even smaller than literary ones. This is all due to what was transmitted orally, so much was lost, and the size was shortened, because it was forgotten over the generations. But nevertheless, the tendency to different speech patterns, characteristic only of Russian fairy tales, remained. For example, "once upon a time", the epithet "good fellow", but in Pushkin: "in the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state", etc.
The most surprising thing is that there is no exact definition of the author's fairy tale as such. Yes, it originated from folklore and changed greatly, which helps in defining this term. Fantastic creatures have survived, which change depending on the people. As a rule, fairy tales are small in size. There is always fiction in them. But you can always find some kind of morality, which is the main goal of the tale. This distinguishes it from fantasy, where the emphasis is not on morality, but on the narration of the plot, which also differs in that it has more adventures, events, breathtaking. Also fantasy works and epics are long in size. And the world described in them usually does not have a folklore basis under it. It is often a fiction of an author who completely created his own reality. In fairy tales, on the contrary, there is fiction, but it is within the real world.
Kinds
Many researchers divide literary tales into several categories. E. V. Pomerantseva, for example, divides them into 4 genres:
- adventurous novelistic;
- household;
- about animals;
- magical.
And here's another Russian folklorist V. Ya.Propp divides fairy tales into more categories:
- About inanimate nature, animals, plants, objects. Everything is simple here: fairy tales about it tell, respectively, about animals or inanimate nature as the main element. It is interesting here that such works are rarely Russian or European. But such tales are often found among the peoples of Africa and North America.
- Cumulative fairy tales refer to such works where repeated plot repetitions are made until the denouement reaches a climax. So children perceive them easier. A striking example is the stories about the turnip and the kolobok.
- Household (novelistic) genre tells about different people by character. For example, a fairy tale about an evil deceiver or about a stupid person.
- Boring tales are designed to lull children to sleep. They are very short and simple. (For example, a tale about a white bull).
- Fictions about something that could not be in reality. It is worth noting that all fairy tales have a share of fiction, but fiction is the most: talking animals, humanized bears (they live like people, communicate, etc.). As a rule, all subspecies overlap with each other. Rarely does a piece belong to only one of them.
In Russian fairy tales, heroic, soldier branches are also distinguished.
The most interesting thing is that fairy tales as a genre are studied very seriously. In Europe, A. Aarne wrote the so-called "Index of Fairy Types" in 1910, where there are also divisions into types. Unlike the typology of Propp and Pomerantseva, well-known European tales about fooled devils and anecdotes are added here. Based on the works, Aarne created his own index of fairy tales and S. Thompson in 1928. A little later, folklorist N.P. Andreev and many other researchers were engaged in this typology, but with the introduction of Russian (Slavic) species.
Above, we examined the main subspecies that relate more to folk art. Authors' tales are, as a rule, much more complicated, and it is not easy to type them into a specific subgenre, but they borrowed a lot from folklore and the types described above as from the basis. Also, from many sources, plot motives are taken as a basis. For example, the popular hatred of the stepdaughter and stepmother in the works.
Now let's move on to the lists of folk and literary tales.
Fairy tales for grade 1
The list is long, since children begin their acquaintance with reading with stories and fairy tales, because they are small and easy to remember and master. In the first class, it is recommended to read:
- Small folk tales. Often they are about animals: "Cat and Fox", "Gingerbread Man", "Crow and Cancer", "Geese-Swans", as well as "Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka", "Porridge from an Ax", "A Man and a Bear", " Cockerel-golden comb, "Frost", "Bubble, straw and bast shoes", "Teremok", "By the pike's command", etc.
- Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood.
- Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich, "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" and other short stories.
Literary tales: grade 2, list
- Folk tales in the processing of A. N. Tolstoy.
- Works by the Brothers Grimm, for example "The Bremen Town Musicians".
- E. L. Schwartz, "The New Adventures of Puss in Boots".
- C. Perrault: "Puss in Boots" and "Little Red Riding Hood".
- The Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.
- And also small works by A.S. Pushkin, D.N.Mamin-Sibiryak, P. Ershov, P. Bazhov, K. D. Ushinsky, etc.
List of literary tales for grade 3
In these classes, fairy tales are also read, but they are longer, there are also fewer folk tales, and more literary ones. For example, the well-known tale of Lewis Carroll about Alice Through the Looking Glass. And also the larger fairy tales of Mamin-Sibiryak, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Pushkin, Bazhov, Zhukovsky, Tchaikovsky, Perrot, Andersen and many others.
4th grade
List of literary tales:
- VM Garshin, "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose";
- Zhukovsky VA, "The Tale of Tsar Berendey", "There are heaven and waters clear";
- E. Schwartz "The Tale of Lost Time".
Grade 5
Literary tales in high school in the reading program are much less common than in grades 1-4, but nevertheless there are such works. For example, the tales of Andersen and Pushkin, which are also found in primary school. The list of grade 5 literary tales does not end there. There are also works by Zhukovsky, Schwartz and many others for children of this age.
Instead of a conclusion
A fairy tale is a very interesting genre that is still being studied by various researchers, and children read according to the school curriculum. Initially, they were only folk, transmitted orally. But then the author's literary tales began to appear, which usually take as a basis folklore plots and characters. Such works are small, they have fiction and a special story. But this is what makes the fairy tale genre special and distinguishes it from others.
What literary tales have you read and who are their authors?
Answer
P.P. Ershov. "The Little Humpbacked Horse".
V.F. Odoevsky. "Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants", "Moroz Ivanovich".
S.T. Aksakov. "The Scarlet Flower".
L.N. Tolstoy. "The Tale of Ivan the Fool and his two brothers: Semyon the Warrior and Taras the Bruchan, and the mute sister Malanya, and the old devil and three devils."
V.M. Garshin. "Frog traveler".
D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak "Alenushkin's Tales".
M. Gorky. “About Ivanushka the Fool”.
A.I. Tolstoy. "The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino."
V.V. Bianchi. "Adventures of Ant".
E.A. Permyak. "How to marry fire water."
The tale of V.A. Zhukovsky "Three Belts". It tells about a poor girl, Lyudmila, who was rewarded by a witch with a magic belt for her kindness and modesty. When the young prince Svyatoslav drew attention to Lyudmila, the envious sisters offered her a rich outfit and took away the magic belt. The old sorceress took pity on the girl and returned her belt. Lyudmila became the wife of Svyatoslav.
The tale is similar to the folk tale in that in it two older sisters envy the younger, happiness and the groom go to the younger - modest and hardworking, as, for example, in the fairy tale "Khavroshechka".
It differs from the folk tale of Zhukovsky in its special language, in which there are many literary words and expressions, and in that the author especially emphasizes the main idea of \u200b\u200bhis fairy tale. Zhukovsky tells us that modesty is more important than vanity, that envy and pride are terrible monsters that poison a person's soul, and that happiness goes to the humble and kind.
