For those who are just starting to learn French, it may seem that it is very difficult, and the French language itself is too difficult. In fact, this is not at all the case, so do not be upset at first. There is an opinion all over the world that it is the Russian language that is the most difficult, and since you are its native speaker, you will be able to master the French language. You just have to be patient and at least have a little free time a day.
Today we will explore such a phenomenon of the French language as word order in a French sentence, and briefly go over the members of the sentence.
What does a French proposal look like?
Friends, please note that in French there is a direct word order in a sentence, and its scheme is as follows:
Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + circumstance
Le sujet + le predicat + le complément d'objet direct + le complément d'objet indirect + le complément circumstantiel
Members of a sentence and word order in itSometimes some members may be absent in the sentence, but the word order remains the same: if there is no member of the sentence, then comes the one that should be according to the scheme. As for the definition, it can stand anywhere, complementing one or another member of the sentence.
- J'écris des lettres à mes amis chaque semaine. - Iwritinglettersminefriendseveryweek.
- Elle voit le chat dans la maison le soir. - SheseescatVhomeIn the evening.
- Nous lisons les livres d'histoire le matin. - WereadbooksBystoriesByin the morning.
- J'achete des joujous pour mes enfants. I buy toys for my children.
- Jeregardelateleavecmafemme. – I watch TV with my wife.
- Je ne comprends pas cette proposition. - INotUnderstandThisoffer.
- Ils se rencontrent chaque jour. - Theymeeteveryday.
The subject in a French sentence must always come before the verb, and nothing else. Sometimes the subject and predicate can be broken up by another part of speech. For example:
- nous vivons ensemble. - Wewe livetogether.
- Je veuxê tre avec toi. - I wanna be with you.
- Michel et Marie sont venus chez nous. – MichelleAndMariecameTous.
- Je vais au magasin. - II'm goingVshop.
- Vous chantez bien. - You sing well.
In Russian, a free word order with a change in intonation is allowed. This is not allowed in the French sentence.
A noun that is a direct object must come immediately after the predicate. Eg:
- Je vois un garçon. - Iseeboy.
- Nous preparations le dî - Wecookingdinner.
- J'aime ma mere. - I love my mom.
- Michel lave la vaisselle. – Michellewashescrockery.
- Elle dessine une image. - Shedrawspicture.
A noun that is expressed by an indirect object must also appear in the sentence after the predicate:
- Michel parle à sa femme. Michel is talking to his wife.
- J'aipreparecelapourtoi. “I prepared this for you.
- Elle s'adresse au chef. She turns to the boss.
- Nous écrivons à nos cousins. We write to our cousins.
- Je parle a mon mari. - I'm talking to my husband.
If the sentence contains both direct and indirect objects, then the predicate is followed by a direct object, followed by an indirect object.
- Andrelitunlivred'histoire. Andre is reading a history book.
- J'écris un message à mon ami. I am writing a message to my friend.
- Il aime les tartines avec du beurre. - HelovessandwichesWithoil painting.
- Les fruits dans la vase sont sur la table. - FruitsVvaseontable.
- J'ai envoyé le livre à Michel. - IsentbookMichel.
If there is a circumstance in the sentence, then it is either at the beginning of the sentence, or at its end, if it is one in the sentence. If more than one, then the circumstances are distributed according to meaning, at the beginning or at the end. Eg:
- Aujourd'hui je veux parler de la geographie. - TodayIWanttalkOgeography.
- Je visite ma grand-mère souvent. - Ivisitingmygrandmotheroften.
- Heureusement, nous avons reussi. - TOfortunately, Wemanaged.
- Il a decidé cela definitivement. - HedecidedThisfinally.
- Tout a coup elle s'est tue. - All of a suddenshefell silent.
In a French sentence, the impersonal phrase Il est is often used to indicate time:
- Il est trois heures. - Threehours.
- Il est tô - Early.
- Il est tard. - Late.
- Il est trois heures après midi. - Threehoursafternoon.
- Il est cinq heures et demie. - half past five.
Another impersonal turnover Il y a is used to indicate the presence of something. This turnover is expressed in the sentence by the circumstance, and is located either at the beginning or at the end. Eg:
- Il y a une serviette sur la table. - Tablecloth(There is) ontable.
- Sur la table il y a une serviette. - OntableThere istablecloth.
We study the members of the French sentence
In French, the same members of the sentence as in Russian:
Le sujet - subject. In a sentence, it can be expressed by a noun, a pronoun and other parts of speech.
Le predicat - predicate. As in Russian, most often it is a verb.
Le complément d'objet direct is a direct complement. As in Russian, this addition is without a preposition.
Le complément d'objet indirect is an indirect addition. Suggestion addition.
Le complément circumstantiel - a circumstance. It is expressed by various parts of speech and answers the questions: where? Where? where? How? When?
Le complement attributif - definition. In a sentence, it can be expressed by an adjective, participle, numeral, etc.
As you can see, nothing complicated, there are many similarities with the Russian language.
Types of sentences in French
Here, dear readers, everything is like in Russian. French has affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences.
With an affirmative sentence, everything is clear:
- La salle a manger est pleine de hô - Dining roomfullguests.
- Nous aimons passer le temps avec nos amis. We love spending time with our friends.
- J'écris un article. - Iwritingarticle.
- Vous cherchez la reponse correcte. - Youlooking forcorrectanswer.
- Le garçon est tres intelligent. - BoyVerysmart.
A negative sentence is formed by adding the negative particles ne and pas on both sides of the verb:
- Michel ne travaille pas à l'usine. – MichelleNotworksonfactory.
- Leur reponse n'est pas correcte. - Theiranswerwrong.
- Nous ne savons pas quoi faire avec cela. - WeNotwe know, WhatWiththisdo.
- Il n'est pas poli avec nous. - HeNotpoliteWithus.
- Le livre n'est pas interesting. - BookNotinteresting.
If the verb-predicate begins with a vowel, then the first particle "ne" drops e and it is written with the verb through an apostrophe:
- Jen'observerien. - I don't notice anything.
- Elle n'entend pas nos voix. She doesn't hear our voices.
- Nous n'avons pas d'argent. - We do not have money.
- Marien'arrivepasdemain. Marie is not coming tomorrow.
- L'enfantn'irritepasleshô tes. The child does not annoy the guests.
In colloquial French, it is very common to find cases of dropping the particle “ne” and only “pas” remains:
- Ils travaillent pas. - TheyNotwork.
- Ellearrivepasdemain. She is not coming tomorrow.
- Nous chantons pas bien. - WeNotlet's singFine.
- Je sais pas. - I don't know.
- Je choisis pas cela. - I don't choose it.
To reinforce the meaning of the sentence, instead of the negative particle "pas", the words jamais - never, personne - nobody, nobody, rien - nothing are sometimes used:
- Je ne vois personne. - InobodyNotsee.
- Michel ne plaisante jamais. – MichelleneverNotjokes.
- Je ne sais rien à propos de cette affaire. - INothingNotI knowByaboutthisaffairs.
Interrogative sentences are formed by inversion or by turnover Est-ce que:
- Dois-jefairecela? – Should I do it?
- Est-ce que je dois faire cela? - ImustThisdo?
Questions in French can be formed using the following question words:
Question words and sentences with them - Que? - What?
- Quoi? - What?
- Quand? - When?
- Ou? - Where? Where?
- Pourquoi? - Why? For what?
- Combine? - How many?
- comment? - How?
- Quel? /Quelle? /quels? /Quelles? - Which? Which? Which?
The French language is not only beautiful, but also interesting. Write as many sentences as you can in French and you will become friends with him very quickly.
Verbal pronouns-complements (direct and indirect) - Les pronoms conjoints compléments
Pronouns-direct objects me, te, nous, vous indicate the name of a person in the direct object function (Elle me voit. Il nous cherche), and pronouns le, la, les replace a direct object noun and take the gender and number of that noun.2. Verbal pronouns-direct objects are also found in constructions with demonstrative words voici, voilà. In this case, they play the role of the subject and are translated into Russian in the nominative case of pronouns:me (te, le, la, nous, vous, les) voici (voilà).Je vois mon frere. → Je le vois
Je cherche ma maison.→ Je la cherry.
Il appelle ses camarades. → Il les appelle.
Il fait ses devoirs.→ Il les fait.
3. Pronouns-indirect objects me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur replace animate nouns-indirect objects only with the preposition à:Tu viens? - Oui, me voilà. - Are you coming? - Yes, here I am.
Où sont mes livres? - Les voici. - Where are my books? - Here they are.
Je ressemble a mon père.→ Je lui resemble.
J'écris à ma sœur.→ Je lui ecris.
Je telephone à mes parents.→ Je leur telephone.
| Subject | direct complement | indirect addition |
| je (j') - I | me (m') - me | me (m') - me |
| tu - you | te (t') - you | te (t') - to you |
| il - he; elle - she | le (l’) - his, la (l’) - her | lui - to him, to her |
| nous - we | nous - us | nous - to us |
| vous - you | vous - you | vous - to you |
| ils, elles - they | les - them | leur - im |
In some cases, such an indirect object is expressed by forms of independent pronouns with the preposition " à " . This is the case:
1) after reflexive verbs:
2) after verbs:Je m'adresse au professeur.→ Je m'adresse à lui.
Il s'intéresse à ces hommes.→ Il s'intéresse à eux.
penser, songer a qn- to think about someone;
croire a qn- to believe in someone;
renoncere a qn- refuse someone;
tenir a qn- cherish someone;
faire attention and qn- pay attention to someone;
courir, venir a qn- run, go to someone:
All personal verbal object pronouns always stand immediately before the verb; in complex tenses - before the auxiliary verb:Je pense a toi.
Je songe a vous.
Je crois à lui.
Je tiens à elle.
Je renonce a eux.
Faites attention a elles.
Courez a nous.
Venez a moi.
Il cherche sa sœur. | Ilécrit à sa sœur. Il lui ecrit. Il ne lui écrit pas. Lui écrit-il ? Il a telephoné a ses amis. Il leur a telephone. Il ne leur a pas telephone. Leur a-t-il telephone? |
Only in the affirmative form of the imperative mood are they placed after the verb and attached to it by means of a dash, and the unstressed form te is replaced by the stressed form moi:Ne la cherche pas.
Ne lui ecris pas.
Ne leur telephonez pas.
HO:Telephonez-lui
Telephonez-moi!
Ecrivez nous!
Ecri-vez-leur!
Complementary pronoun, referring to the infinitive, is placed immediately before it:Ne lui telephonez pas!
Ne me telephonez pas!
Ne nous écrivez pas!
Ne leur écrivez pas!
| Je veux voir mes amis. Je veux les voir. Je ne veux pas les voir. | Je dois telephoner a mesparents. Je dois leur telephoner. Je ne dois pas leur telephoner. |
1) First, direct object, and then indirect, if both pronouns are 3rd person:
2) First c o u n d e addition and then direct if the pronouns different faces:Je lui donne mon adresse.→ Je la lui donne.
Je ne lui donne pas mon adresse.→ Je ne la lui donne pas.
Lui donnes-tu ton adresse ?→ La lui donnes-tu?
Je leur ai montre ces lettres.→ Je les leur ai montrees.
Je ne les leur ai pas montrees.→ Les leur as-tu montrees?
In the affirmative form of the imperative mood, both pronouns-complements come after the verb and are attached to it with a dash, and the direct object always comes first, followed by the indirect:Il me donne son adresse.→ Il me la donne.
Il ne me donne pas son adresse.→ Il ne me la donne pas.
Vous donne-t-il son adresse?→ Vous la donne-t-il?
Il nous a montre ces lettres.→ Il nous les a montrees.
Il ne nous les a pas montrees.→ Vous les a-t-il montrees?
In the negative form of the imperative, both pronouns come before the verb in the same order as in the first two cases:Donnez-la-lui! Montrez-les-leur!
Donnez-la-moi! Montrez-les-nous!
Complementary pronouns related to the infinitive are arranged in the same order and are placed immediately before the infinitive:Ne la lui donnez pas! Ne les leur montrez pas!
Ne me la donnez pas! Ne nous les montrez pas!
Je veux la lui donner. Je veux les leur montrer.
Il peut me la donner. Il doit nous les montrer.
Personal pronouns in French replace the noun, a group of words previously mentioned.
a) Est-ce que les eleves ont rendu leurs devoirs au professeur? — Oui, ils les lui ont rendus. - Students handed in their
assignments for the teacher? Yes, they gave them to him.
b) Aimez-vous jouer aux échecs? - Oui, j'aime beaucoup y jouer. - Do you like to play chess? Yes, I love playing them.
c) Voulez-vous encore du the? - Non, merci, je n'en veux plus. — Would you like some more tea? No thanks, I don't want any more.
d) Est-ce que tu sais que Francois va se marier? — Oui, je le sais. Do you know that François is getting married soon? - Yeah, I know.
Subject pronouns
Unstressed verbal pronouns are always used with a verb and indicate the person and number of the verb:
Je suis arrivé à Paris vers 9 heures du soir. I arrived in Paris at 9 o'clock in the evening.
Cette plante a besoin de soleil et elle pousse bien dans le Midi. This plant needs sun and grows well in the south.
Pourriez-vous fermer la fenêtre? - Could you close the window?
Note: The pronoun il is sometimes used in sentences with an impersonal verb, in which case it is not translated into Russian.
I fait froid. - Cold. Il est 10 heures. - 10 hours.
Stressed independent personal pronouns in French are used:
a) to highlight the subject or object:
Moi, je vais à la plage et toi, qu'est-ce que tu fais? - I'm going to the beach, and you, what are you doing?
Je ne connais pas M. et Mme Leroi, mais leurs enfants, eux, je les connais tres bien. - I do not know Mr. and Mrs. Leroy, but their children, them, I know very well.
b) with unions et, ou and with the negation of ni:
Les enfants et moi, nous avons passé l'après-midi au zoo. The kids and I, we spent the afternoon at the zoo.
Ni lui ni elle ne parlent français. Neither he nor she speak French.
c) in c’est… construction:
Est-ce que c'est le directeur de l'école? - Oui, c'est lui. -Is this the principal of the school? — Yes, it is.
d) in short answers:
Je vais faire du ski cet hiver, et vous? My aussi. — I will ski this winter, and you? - Me too.
e) replace the pronoun-subject when the verb is implied:
Comme toi, j'adore la musique de Mozart. Like you, I adore Mozart's music.
Jacques est plus agé que moi. Jacques is older than me.
e) as part of a subject or complement with homogeneous members. In such a situation, a generalizing verbal unstressed personal pronoun is placed before the predicate-verb:
Jacques et moi, nous irons au cinema. — Jacques and I, we'll go to the cinema.
Ta mere et toi, vous partez pour Paris. “You and your mother, you are going to Paris.
e) after prepositions:
Elle aime beaucoup son grand-père, elle parle souvent de lui. She loves her grandfather very much and often talks about him.
Il part avec moi. - He's coming with me.
Complementary verbal pronouns
Here is the table as an image:
Note: The pronouns me, te, le, la become m᾽, t᾽, l if the verb begins with a mute consonant h or a vowel.
Il l'achète (ce journal) le matin. He buys it (the newspaper) in the morning.
Je t'appelle. - I'm calling you.
Est-ce que tu as vu Sophie recemment? - Oui, je l'ai vue samedi. Have you seen Sophie recently? Yes, I saw her on Saturday.
Les Dumas, je les connais depuis dix ans. - The Dumas family, I've known them for ten years.
Est-ce que tu m'ignores? - Non, je ne t'ignores pas. -Are you ignoring me? No, I'm not ignoring you.
Ma soeur t'a telephone hier soir. My sister called you last night.
J'ai écrit à Lucie pour lui souhaiter un bon anniversaire. I wrote to Lucy to wish her a happy birthday.
Note: Stressed independent personal pronouns in French are used after the verbs penser à qn, songer à qn, etc. and after reflexive verbs requiring the preposition à (s’intéresser à, s’adresser à, etc.):
Je parle a Paul. I'm talking to Paul. Je lui parle. - I'm talking to him.
Je pense à Paul. — I'm thinking about Paul. Je pense à lui. -I'm thinking about him.
Je telephone a Jeanne. I'm calling Jeanne. Je lui telephone. - I'm calling her.
Je m'adresse a Jeanne. I'm talking to Jeanne. Je m'adresse à elle. - I'm talking to her.
Independent personal pronouns
Forms of independent personal pronouns
units part 1. my face i
2. face toi you
3. face lui elle he she
pl. part 1. face nous we
2. face vous you
3. face eux elles they they
The use of independent personal pronouns
Personal independent pronouns can be used independently (without a verb) in the following cases:
Personal pronouns as direct object
Personal pronoun forms - direct object
units part 1. face me me
m" me before vowels and mute h
2. face te you
t" you before vowels and mute h
3. face le him
l" it before vowels and mute h
la her
l" her before vowels and mute h
plural 1.person nous us
2. face vous you, you
3. face les them
Do not forget that the personal pronoun, which acts as a direct object, also drops the fluent -e before vowels and silent h. This applies especially to sentences in the past complex burden formed with the verb avoir. For example: je l "ai vu (e), tu l" as vu (e), etc.
Using the personal pronoun as a direct object
It replaces the direct object and agrees with it in gender and number. For example:
masculine
faces
Est-ce que vous avez vu Jean ? Oui, nous l'avons vu.
Est-ce que vous avez vu les garcons? Oui, je les ai vus.
feminine
Est-ce que vous avez vu Brigitte ?
Oui, je l "avons vue.
Est-ce que vous avez vu les filles?
Oui, je les ai vues.
Items
masculine
Est-ce que Eric lit ce livre? Oui, il le lit.
Est-ce que vous lisez ces livres? Oui, nous les lisons.
feminine
Est-ce que vous lisez cette revue? Non, nous ne la lisons pas.
Est-ce que vous lisez ces revues? Non, nous ne les lisons pas.
Place of the personal pronoun-direct object in the sentence
1. The personal pronoun-direct object comes before the conjugated verb.
In a negative sentence, the negative element ne comes before the personal pronoun and the conjugated verb, followed by the element pas. If in a sentence the predicate is in the complex past or in the past burden, then the personal pronoun is in front of the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb.
La télé t "intéresse? - Oui, elle m" intéresse.
- Non, elle ne m "interesse pas.
Est-ce que vous avez achete les journaux? - Oui, nous les avons achetes.
- Non, nous ne les avons pas achetes.
2. If verbs are used in an infinitive construction, then the personal pronoun comes before the infinitive.
Est-ce que tu vas ecouter la radio?
- Oui, je vais l "écouter.
- Non, je ne vais pas l "écouter.
Est-ce que tu peux ranger ta chambre?
- Oui, je peux la ranger,
- Non, je ne peux pas la ranger.
3. In affirmative winning sentences, the personal pronoun is attached to the verb with a hyphen.
Maman, est-ce que je peux inviter mes amis? Oui, invite-les.
Personal pronouns as an indirect object
Forms of personal pronoun-indirect object
units h.
1. face me i
m" to me before vowels and mute h
2. te face to you
t" to you before vowels and mute h
3. face lui to him, her
pl. h.
1. face nous to us
2. face vous you you
3. face leur im
The table shows that forms 1 and 2 of the singular and plural me, te, nous, vous coincide with the forms of pronouns-direct objects.
The use of a personal pronoun as an indirect object
In most cases, the indirect object names persons and animals.
The indirect object form is the same for both masculine and feminine.
masculine
Tu donnes ton adresse à Jean ? units number
Oui, je lui donne mon adresse.
plural Vous écrivez à vos amis?
Oui, nous leur écrivons.
feminine
unit Tu vas repondre a Sandra? Non, je ne vais pas lui repondre.
pl. number Vous pouvez téléphoner à mes amies ? Oui, nous pouvons leur
telephoner.
In Russian in 3 liters. units h. The personal pronoun in the role of an indirect object has the form of both feminine and masculine. In French, the form is the same for both genders. For example:
I give him the book. I give her the book.
Je donne un livere a Michel. Je donne un livre à Marie.
Je lui donne un livre.
Place of personal pronoun-indirect object in a sentence
1. The personal pronoun-indirect object stands before the conjugated verb. In a negative sentence, the negative particles ne and pas appear before and after the personal pronoun and the conjugated verb, respectively. If in a negative sentence the predicate is used in the complex past or in the long past tense, then the personal pronoun is in front of the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb.
Brigitte, tu telephones à tes amies? - Oui, je leur telephone.
- Non, je ne leur telephone pas.
Est-ce que tu as montre les photos à ton copain? - Oui, je lui ai montre les photos.
Non, je ne lui ai pas montre les
photos.
2. If verbs are used with the infinitive, then the personal pronoun comes before it.
Est-ce que tu vas ecrire à ta grand-mère? - Oui je vais lui ecrire.
- Non, je ne vais pas lui ecrire.
In Russian, an indirect object usually comes before a direct object.
Il me le donne. She gives it to me.
Ile lui donne. He gives it to him.
Il nous le donne. He gives it to us.
Ile leur donne. He gives it to them.
Pronouns…
In the case of French pronouns, these tricky words can drink a lot of blood - in some cases it is extremely difficult to remember which pronoun replaces what, and in what order the pronouns follow each other within the same sentence. How to understand all these "he", "us", "to her", "for them" in French?
In this article, we have compiled a clear, concise and complete instruction on how to get rid of repetitive nouns in a sentence and use pronouns to give your speech a true French idiomatic.
- Unstressed personal pronouns
Personal pronouns always agree in gender and number with the person or thing they replace in the sentence. These pronouns may look insignificant and tiny, but they instantly give sentence structure completeness and conciseness and show that you understand how a French phrase is built according to the laws of the language.
1) Personal pronouns that replace the subjectYou came across these pronouns right away in your first French lesson, because without them it is impossible to form a single sentence, and it is on them that the form of the conjugated verb depends. So, the pronouns that stand in the sentence in place of the subject:
1 l. units hours - je/j'- I
2 l. units hours - tu- You
3 l. units hours - il/elle/on- he she
1 l. pl. hours - nous- We
2 l. pl. hours - vous- you, you
3 l. pl. hours - ils/elles- They
Jacques etait en retard. - il etait en retard. ( Jacques late. - He late).
2) Pronouns that replace the direct object
Je t'aime! Tu m'aimes! - I love you! You like me!
Well, we started, right? These two phrases are known to 99% of everyone who is not indifferent to French, but we just have to figure out that they contain pronouns that replace direct objects.
So, first of all, consider all the pronouns of this group:
1 l. units hours - me/m'- me
2 l. units hours - te/t'- you
3 l. units hours - le/la/l'- his her
1 l. pl. hours - nous us
2 l. pl. hours - vous- you
1 l. pl. hours - les- their
We remind you that truncated forms of pronouns (j’, m’, t’, l’) are placed when the word following it begins with a vowel or silent “h”.
Je mange le gateau. - Je le mange. (I eat cake. - I his eat.)
Tu aimes les films francais. - Tu les aimes.(You love French films. - You their love.)
Attention: A pronoun always agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces. Yes, you have to keep an eye on this, but that's French.
3) Pronouns replacing indirect object
1 l. units hours - me/m'- to me
2 l. units hours - te/t'- you
3 l. units hours - lui- to him to her
1 l. pl. hours - nous- us
2 l. pl. hours - vous- to you
2 l. pl. hours - leur- them
As you can see, these pronouns are similar to those that replace the direct object, but they perform a different function - they replace the noun in the sentence, which is used with a preposition.
Attention: the pronoun system differs in the forms of 3 l. units hours and 3 liters. pl. hours: direct objects are replaced by le/la/les, indirect additions - on lui/leur.
Examples to see this in practice:
Je demand a ma mere.- Je lui demande. (I ask my mother. - I ask her).
Je donne le cadeau aux enfants. - Je le leur donne. (I give a gift to children. - I give his them.)
Don't worry about two pronouns in a row in the last sentence just yet - there's a great hack at the end of this article on how to remember the correct pronoun order in a sentence.
How do you know when to use one pronoun and when to use another? Look for an offer. If the noun is preceded by a preposition, it is definitely an indirect object.
4) Personal stressed pronouns
It is quite possible that the stressed pronoun was the first French word in your life - you could, for example, in response to the question “Qui est là?” answer "Moi!".
These pronouns perform different functions and are used in a large number of constructions. Most often they appear in a sentence when it is necessary to place a logical stress on the subject:
1 l. units hours - moi
2 l. units hours - toi
3 l. units hours - lui/elle/soi
1 l. pl. hours - nous
2 l. pl. hours - vous
3 l. pl. hours - eux/elles
In total, there are 11 ways to use stressed pronouns in a sentence, let's focus on the most common ones:
- After C'est or Ce sont.
C'est toi qui laves la salle de bain. - You clean the bathroom. - When there are several subjects in a sentence - a noun and a pronoun or two pronouns.
Michel et moi avons fait du shopping. Michelle and I went shopping. - When a question is asked.
Je suis content, et toi? - I'm happy, and you? - After suggestions.
Chez lui, sans elle- at his house, without her - in comparative designs.
Nous sommes plus rapides qu' eux. We are faster than them. - When indicating ownership.
Cette tarte est a elle. This cake belongs to her.
Everything, you can get out of the blow and move on to the most interesting.
5) Reflexive pronouns
Let's finish talking about personal pronouns on reflexive pronouns and those verbs with which they are used. To everyone whose native language is Russian, reflexive verbs seem redundant and illogical. But in French they are common, and if you forget about the reflexive particle, you can completely distort the meaning of the whole sentence.
Me, te, se, nous, vous, se- reflexive pronouns that are part of reflexive verbs:
se laver - to wash
se casser - break (some part of the body)
s' habiller - to dress
Pronouns change in person and number during verb conjugation:
Je me lave.
Tu te laves.
il se lave.
nous nous lavons.
Vous vous lavez.
Ils se lavent.
Probably, for the first time, you can feel like a complete idiot, saying out loud nous nous lavons, but reflexive pronouns always agree with the subject in gender and number, and in some cases there is such a funny coincidence in forms.
- Impersonal pronouns
6) Non-personal pronouns that act as the subject
Ce, il- analogues of the impersonal "it" in English. In general, they are interchangeable, but ce more often used in informal communication.
Examples:
il est possible que… - It is possible that…
C'est moi. - It's me.
il est nouveau. - It's new.
C'est fini! - Finished!
7) Relative pronouns
These pronouns act as a link between the main and subordinate clauses in a complex sentence. A total of 5 relative pronouns, each with its own precisely limited scope of use.
The pronoun replaces the direct object in the subordinate clause. In function and usage, it can be compared with "that" in English, their fundamental difference is that the English "that" in a sentence can often be omitted, while the French "que" must be present in the sentence. Compare for yourself:
Où est la chose que j'ai achetee hier? Where is the item I bought yesterday?
The pronoun replaces the subject in the subordinate clause and in some cases resembles the English "who":
Je voudrais un prof qui donne pas de devoirs. - I would like to study with a teacher who does not give homework.
However, the pronoun qui can also apply to inanimate objects:
Cependant, le prof donne des devoirs qui nous aident à apprendre. - However, the teacher gives us homework that helps us learn.
In the last example qui refers to a noun devoirs(homework).
- Lequel/Laquelle/Lesquels/Lesquelles
These beautiful and melodic pronouns replace indirect objects with a preposition.
Attention: if the noun denotes a person, you must use the combination "preposition + qui».
french lequel in some cases it can be similar to the English "which":
Je n'ai pas lu la letter a laquelle tu as repondu. - I didn't read the letter you replied to.
- Don't
For indirect objects with a preposition de French has a separate pronoun dont, which can be compared with the English "whose" or "that".
It is often used in sentences with a prepositional verb such as Parler de(talk about something) avoir besoin de(to need something) or avoir peur de(to be afraid of something).
For example:
Le pronom dont j'ai peur! - suggestion, whom I'm afraid!
This pronoun indicates a place in space and is often the same as the English "where":
C'est la où j'ai mange hier. - That's where I ate yesterday.
Interestingly, the pronoun où can also indicate a time circumstance:
Mercredi, c'est le jour où je pars. - Wednesday is the day I leave.
8) Adverbial pronouns
To our luck, French, generous with pronouns, in this case was limited to only two - y And en.
Y à + noun, while en replaces a noun in combination de + noun.
These pronouns are both extremely important and are used in virtually every phrase. You could already remember some set phrases in which these pronouns are present: il y a...(analogue of the English "there is") or J' en ai un(I have one]). Let's see where else they live.
Let's start with examples:
Je voudrais aller a Paris. - Je voudrais y aller. (I would like to go to Paris. - I would like to go there.)
Il pense a l'éte dernier. -Il y pense. (He thinks about last summer. - He thinks about him.)
This pronoun can also replace a whole sentence, which is introduced using the preposition à :
Je pense à ce que j'ai lu. -J' y pense. (I think about what I read. - I think about it.)
Attention: at this stage, pronouns are already easy to get confused. Y used instead of a noun in combination à + inanimate noun. Don't confuse it with lequel, which is used as an allied word, or with lui/leur, which replace the indirect object expressed by an animate noun denoting a person.
Again, examples first:
Ma mere prepare des pates. - Ma mere en prepare. (Mom is cooking pasta).
Pronoun en can also act as a substitute for a noun in the combination "numeral / adverb of quantity + noun":
Il a beaucoup de bonbons. -Il en a beaucoup. (He has a lot of sweets. - He has their a lot of.)
Elle a deux liveries.-Elle en a deux. - She has two books. - She has their two.
Attention: pronoun en should always be used when talking about the amount of something. So, you can't say J'ai un.In this form, it will at best be regarded as the beginning of a sentence J'ai un…livre. To say "I have one", you need to insert a pronoun en: J'en ai un.
9) Indefinite pronouns
autres- other
chacun, chacune- each, each
certain, certaine- some, some
plusieurs- many, many
quelqu'un- anyone
tout- All
tous, toutes- All
Attention: Most indefinite pronouns are combined with a verb in the form of 3 l. units h.
LIFE HACK!
As promised, we show a way to correctly arrange pronouns in a sentence. Do you know the French children's song "Frère Jacques"? Whenever you think where to put le, And where to - lui sing to the tune of the song:
me, te, nous, vous
me, te, nous, vous
le, la, les
le, la, les
lui, leur
lui, leur
y
en
y
en
Now you can easily give out furious turns at first glance like “ Je le lui ai donne!
