Any schoolchild can answer; children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what prepositions there are throughout the entire school curriculum. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because they make it possible to build the dependence of words on each other so that the statement takes on meaning and becomes a sentence. And although a preposition is an unchangeable part that does not act at all as a member of a sentence, but can only be attached to one, for a correctly constructed statement its presence is mandatory and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, you simply need to know what prepositions there are, how they affect the endings of the words they are associated with, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this small detail that forms semantic dependencies and relationships between words.
In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of a preposition in the Russian language sounds something like this: this is a service word that formalizes the subordination of the case form of names to another word, expressing an attitude towards objects regarding their actions.
Main functions
Like all function words, prepositions are not used independently; they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as a part of speech, but they are included among them. In some cases, it is the preposition that can determine antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, making it quite easy to choose the right combination of words for the statement.
For example: to school - from school; before lesson - after lesson; at the kindergarten - at the kindergarten - near the kindergarten; due to inattention - due to inattention.
What are the prepositions?
All prepositions are divided into temporal, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in one case, while others are used with words in different cases. For example:
- to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
- thanks to a friend, thanks to school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
- at seven o'clock - V. p. (at what?);
- in the park - P. p. (in what?).
The example shows that the preposition “in” can be used with words in different cases. Prepositions such as in, about, from, with, through, at, on, without, can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.
If the preposition is formed from and is used with only one case, then it is called derivative. For example:
- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;
- In one hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun flow, used with a preposition "V";
- thanks to the help, the original form of the preposition is the gerund .
Structural differences
Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided by their structure. Namely:
- Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, these are one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derivative prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
- Complex or paired ones, which are essentially a type of simple prepositions: because of, from under and others.
- Compounds that are prepositional-case combinations: in fact, along by, in part, in relation to, depending on and so on.
Places by value
Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it cannot have its own meaning, but only determines the grammatical relationships between nouns used in oblique cases and other words. In other words, its lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, but it can convey various adverbial nuances of the connection between words.
All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into the following categories:
- Spatial or prepositions of place: from, in, to, at, by, under, because of, about, in front of, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works at a factory; runs around the house.
- Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, by, to, with, before, during. For example: after half an hour; jogging in the morning; walk before bed.
- Causal: from, for, from evil, due to, thanks to, by chance, in view of, as a result. For example: blushed with shame; broke a vase out of spite; I made a mistake due to carelessness.
- Prepositions indicating purpose: for the sake of, for, in, to and others. For example: say for fun; speech on occasion; go on vacation.
- Object, determine and indicate to which object the action is directed: about, about, with, about, regarding, about and others. For example: miss your daughter; find out about ratings.
Classification of derived prepositions
Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into the following categories. Many hours are devoted in the school curriculum to what kinds of prepositions that come from other parts of speech, and rightly so, because it is very important to know what kind of connection words can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.
Spelling prepositions
Knowing what prepositions there are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum regarding prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children learn is: “Prepositions with other words are written separately.” To correctly determine whether a word is a function word, a question or complement can be placed between the preposition and the associated word.
For example: on (what?) the sea or at the Black Sea.
In high school, children are introduced to adverb education. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it already a preposition. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence contains a noun in and how it is related to the controversial part.
For example: look around (adverb) or look around you (preposition).
There is also the following rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a preposition and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the semantic meaning should not change.” Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:
- due to (because of, for a reason);
- like (like);
- about (about, about);
- as a result (due to reason).
For example: Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk. Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk.
Notes
The following prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in fact, in contrast to.
It should also be noted that paired or conjoined prepositions, such as because of, from under, for, for, over, are written only with a hyphen.
For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the closet.
There are also prepositions whose spelling you just need to remember. Namely: near(without and through(with a soft sign).
Using prepositions with cases
It is very important to know what prepositions there are in cases, since often it is thanks to the preposition that you can correctly determine in which case a particular word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that prepositions are not used with nominatives, only with indirect ones:
- with the genitive case - without, around, for, from, from, at, with;
- with the dative case - to, thanks to, according to, in spite of, in defiance of, towards, by;
- with the accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, for;
- with the instrumental case - above, before, between, behind, under, with;
- with the prepositional case - about, at, in, on.
This table of prepositions is compiled taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each individual case can be used only with one or more cases of nouns.
Instead of a conclusion
In fact, learning this topic thoroughly during school years is not so difficult; there are very few rules for spelling and forming prepositions from other parts of speech. The main task is that you should learn to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. This is what will allow you not only to correctly structure the words of a sentence, but also to be able to write them down without confusing the endings.
Olga Shuvaikina
Lesson summary “Name of pieces of furniture. Using spatial prepositions"
Program content
Learn to compose a short story together with the teacher; learn to name individual pieces of furniture; practice understanding and using spatial prepositions in, on, for, about; teach the correct use of the genitive case form of nouns.
Materials, equipment
Doll furniture: table, chair, wardrobe, bed; toys: doll, ducklings, kittens, bunnies.
Methods, techniques
Artistic word, game “Who can do what.”
Progress of the lesson:
1. Org. moment.
All the children gathered in a circle,
I am your friend and you are my friend.
Let's hold hands together
And let's smile at each other!
2. Goal setting.
Game “Say the Word.”
If you want to sleep, ... (bed) is waiting for you in the bedroom.
We’ll have tea and pies at lunchtime…. (table).
How nice it is for our Tanya to lie on... (sofa).
We carefully fold the sweater, jacket, and warm scarf into….(closet).
Children answer, then sit down in their seats.
Pictures of pieces of furniture are hung on the board.
Educator: guys, as you already guessed, today in class we will talk about furniture.
2. Main part.
Educator: Guys, this is a room. A girl named Katya lives here. Tell me what objects are in the room?
Children: table, chair, wardrobe, bed.
Educator: That’s right, a table, a chair, a closet, a bed are furniture.
Guys, where is Katya sitting?
Children: Katya is sitting on a chair.
Educator: Together with Katya, her friends live in the room - a kitten, a bunny, a dog, a duckling. They love to hide. Katya left the room, and the animals hid.
The little bunny is in the closet, the kitten is on the table, the dog is near the bed, the duckling is on the bed.
Katya returned and saw that her friends were not there (there was no one near the chair, there were no one on the closet, and there was no one behind the closet either).
Educator: guys, help Katya find the animals.
Arina, who do you want to find? Where did he hide?
The child answers.
Pavlik, who will you find?
3. Phys. just a minute.
Girls and boys
Jumping like bunnies
Hands clapping
They stomp their feet
Eyes blink
Afterwards they rest.
Game "Play with the ball".
Guys, put the ball on the chair, under the chair, near the chair.
The children take their seats.
Guys, now we will try to write a story about Katya and her friends.
Once upon a time there lived a girl, Katya. Her friends lived with her - a kitten, a bunny, a dog, a duckling. One day, when Katya left the room, the animals hid. The little bunny is in the closet, the kitten is on the table, the dog is near the bed, the duckling is on the bed. Katya came, but there were no animals.
Educator: guys, who wants to tell you about Katya?
4. Summary of the lesson.
Guys, what did we talk about in class today (about furniture).
What did you and I do? (we were making up a story about Katya).
Publications on the topic:
Summary of the lesson “Reinforcing the prepositions B-IZ”. Lexical topic “School” Goal: To consolidate children’s acquired knowledge about school, school supplies. Objectives: Educational: to consolidate prepositions in, from; consolidate agreement.
Lesson summary “Journey to the Kingdom of Furniture” Integration of educational areas: “Speech development”, “Cognitive development”, “Social and communicative development”, “Artistic.
Summary of a lesson on the formation of spatial concepts and the development of spatial orientation skills Topic: “Develop spatial orientation skills and the ability to determine spatial directions from oneself” Completed by: Educator Denisova.
Summary of a lesson on mathematical development “Determination of the weight of objects. Comparison of objects by length" (middle group) Objectives: 1. Teach children to determine the weight of objects (heavy, light, lightest). 2. Continue to train children in the ability to compare objects.
Summary of a lesson on the development of spatial concepts using a class plan for children 10 years old with disabilities Topic: “Class Plan”. Goal: Formation of spatial concepts in the process of reading and depicting the classroom plan. Tasks: Find.
Lesson notes “Journey into the past of furniture”“Journey into the past of furniture” Priority educational area: cognitive development, communicative development Integration of educational.
Summary of the lesson in the senior group of compensatory focus “Differentiation of the prepositions “in” and “on” Goal: To clarify the understanding of the prepositions “in” and “on”. Practice using the prepositions “in”, “on” with nouns in the prepositional case.
Title of the lesson: “Saving Fairy Fiona” Title of the lesson: Saving Fairy Fiona Goals and objectives Educational Cognitive development: Improve the ability to form the number 5.
Summary of a lesson on speech development “Journey to the Land of Prepositions” Topic: Journey to the land of prepositions. Group: preparatory. Goal: to consolidate the correct use of prepositions and case endings.
Summary of NNOD in the junior group “Compiling a group of objects from individual objects and separating one from it. The concept of a circle" Organization of continuous direct educational activities for children in the second junior group
A preposition is a service part of speech, the main function of which is the connection between pronouns, nouns, numerals and words belonging to other parts of speech.
The concept of preposition
Prepositions denote the relationship between two objects (a boat with a sail), between an object and an action (look at the river), between an object and a sign (ready for self-sacrifice). Prepositions cannot change according to cases, numbers, tenses and genders.
They never act as independent members in a sentence. Often in a sentence, prepositions are placed either before nouns or before modifiers that refer to the noun. For example: in a red dress. Some prepositions can also be used after a noun. For example: for what or for the sake of what.
Types of prepositions for education
According to the method of formation, prepositions are divided into two categories: non-derivative and derivative. Non-derivatives prepositions (sometimes called primitives) are prepositions that have no connections with other parts of speech, that is, are not formed from them. Examples of non-derivative prepositions: at, because of, from, with, without.
Derivatives prepositions (non-primitive) are prepositions that are formed on the basis of words belonging to independent parts of speech. Derivative prepositions are divided into three groups:
Adverbial: opposite, around, along, near;
Denominate: in the form of, at the expense of, in view of, about, during;
Verbal: including, starting, excluding, after, thanks.
Types of prepositions by structure
According to their structure, prepositions are divided into two groups: simple and compound. Simple prepositions are written together: about, thanks to, around, as a result. Composite prepositions include two or more words that should be written separately: in continuation, in connection with, towards, depending on, except.
Morphological analysis of the preposition
Prepositions should be parsed according to this scheme:
1. Part of speech, grammatical role (what is this preposition used for in a sentence);
2. Identification of morphological characteristics:
Derivative or non-derivative;
Simple or compound.
For example: Maria Ivanovna, with her hands behind her back, quickly walked around the living room from corner to corner, looking ahead of her, and thoughtfully shaking her head. There are four prepositions in this sentence:
- By: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the dative case;
- from: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the genitive case;
- V: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the accusative case;
Slide 1
"Pretext"
Mishukova Olga Ivanovna, primary school teacher MBOU Sosnovskaya Secondary School No. 1, r. Sosnovka village, Tambov region.
Slide 2
Guess it! He is not a member of a sentence, but this guy knows the matter well. He gives other words a helping hand. Helps them, protects connections, But it is always written separately from words. He thinks it’s very bad to pester them.
There is no way to find an excuse. Tell you about the PREPOSITION. So let's just tell you what he does and how.
pretext
Slide 3
The term "preposition" translated from Greek means "before the word." There are not many of them, about 200, but in terms of frequency of use they occupy fourth place (after nouns, verbs and pronouns)..
What does this term mean?
Slide 4
Information from dictionaries.
From the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov Preposition - In grammar: an unchangeable part of speech, a word expressing the relationship between words within a sentence that are grammatically dependent on each other.
From the dictionary of V. I. Dahl A preposition is one of the particles, an indeclinable part of speech that controls the cases of names.
Slide 5
Why are prepositions needed in speech?
1. Prepositions are an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral, pronoun on other words in a phrase and sentence: I live on my native land. I walk on my native land. I press my cheek to the ground: It smells like spicy grass.
Slide 6
2. Prepositions - do not change and are not parts of the sentence. 3. Prepositions connect words, changing their form, that is, they participate in the formation of word forms: walked in the yard, went out onto the path. 4. Prepositions link words into a sentence: The girl was sitting _____ bench. The girl was sitting on a bench.
Slide 7
Spelling prepositions.
1. Prepositions are written before nouns, since between the preposition and the noun you can insert the word: left the house - left this house 2. The preposition is written before the adjective and numeral, they can be omitted or the word inserted between them: in a beautiful box - in this a beautiful box, in a box; on the third floor - on our third floor, on the floor.
Slide 8
Spelling prepositions.
3. Prepositions are written before personal pronouns: for me, for you, for them 4. There are no prepositions before verbs: cooked, made, lets go If the preposition ends with a paired consonant, and the word begins with a paired consonant, then it must be! very careful when writing words: without noise, under the cart. Prepositions can be compound, that is, consist of two words: along along the road.
Slide 9
Prepositions with the letter “A” Prepositions with the letter “O” Other prepositions Prepositions with the letter “Z”
for on over (necessary) about, from, from, to, along, under (under), about, about, about, in, with, around, about with, in (you), at, before, before, along, near , around from, near, through, through, without, because of, from under, through
Prepositions are always written the same way. Therefore, they need to be remembered.
Slide 10
Don't confuse prepositions and prefixes.
A preposition is a word, so you can insert (omit) a word between it and another word. A prefix is part of a word, so you cannot insert the word between the prefix and the continuation of the word: crazy - crazy, ran around the corner. ! Be especially careful when writing prepositions and prefixes ending in a paired consonant: under a period, sharpened, under the noise, hemmed, did with a friend
Slide 11
spatial (in, on, because of, under, about, around, to, above) temporal (through, to, to, with, before, during) causal (by, from, due to, as a result of, because of, for ) mode of action (with, without, in, by) target (for, for the sake of, on) additional (about, about, about, with, to, about)
According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into categories:
Slide 12
non-derivative, the name itself suggests that in modern language they are not derived from any words; these include (without, in, for, to, for, from, to, on, over, about (about), from, by, under, with, about, for the sake of, with, y, through) derivatives, i.e. . are derived from words of the modern Russian language, from nouns, adverbs, gerunds (during, according to, in continuation of, in view of, despite, towards, in defiance of, thanks to, in spite of)
By origin, prepositions are divided into:
Slide 13
In some languages, prepositions come after the words they refer to. For example, in the language of the Komi peoples, the expression on the road sounds like this: tui vylyn - “the road on” (tui - “road”, vylyn - “on”). In the Hungarian language, prepositions also appear after the word and are even written together with the noun to which they refer (Budapestben - “in Budapest” - ben - preposition in)
This is interesting!
Slide 15
Repetition is a game.
Joking questions. 1.The name of which very common tree consists of four prepositions? (s-o-s-na) 2. What two prepositions can be used to form the name of a pet? (to-o-za) Which of the two? (to) 3. From what 4 prepositions can you make up the name of an important bicycle accessory, without which you should not go on a long trip? (pump)
Charades. 1. My first syllable is a preposition, And in the second we will live all summer, And the whole from us and you has been waiting for an answer for a long time. (problem) 2. I keep a lot of treasures. But it's easy to get me out. You add me to the preposition - I immediately turn into speech. (pre-treasure) 3. Preposition and building material The sea can withstand the shaft. (cliff)
Slide 16
Have fun learning prepositions!
Slide 19
http://www.babycrew.ru – clipart children, http://www.tvoyrebenok.ru/detskie-fony-dlja-prezentacij.shtml – backgrounds, http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=% D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8% D0%B3%D0%B0&noreask=1&img_url=s56.radikal.ru%2Fi153%2F0904%2F22%2Fb86a01f3062at.jpg&pos=6&rpt=simage&lr=13 open book; http://fotodnya.info/moda/matematika-i-devizy.html - owl;
Internet resources:
Literature: V. I. Dal Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (modern version for schoolchildren), M., Zskmo, 2005 S. I. Ozhegov Dictionary of the Russian language, M., ONICS World and Education, 2005 L. I. Tikunova, T. V. Ignatieva, L. E. Tarasova Russian language in elementary school, M., AST Astrel, 2007 G. V. Aleksandrova Entertaining Russian language, St. Petersburg, TRIGON, 1998
Pretext- this is the auxiliary part of our speech, which expresses semantic connections between nouns, numerals and pronouns and other words in sentences or phrases: went to school, climbed the mountain, ran down the street, approached my father.
Prepositions in Russian, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not change and always remain in the form in which they exist: in the middle, in half, on, with. Also, prepositions are not members of a sentence, but when parsing a sentence, prepositions are emphasized together with the member of the sentence to which they relate: After short-lived fluctuations the animal came up to me (after hesitation- circumstance, to me- circumstance).
Prepositions, particle conjunctions- these are auxiliary (non-independent) parts of speech. Despite this, they have their own classification and are divided into certain types.
Types of prepositions.
According to morphological characteristics prepositions can be divided into three types:
- Simple prepositions- prepositions that consist of one word that has the same base: on, in, by, to, with, iso, over, about, after, before, thanks and etc .
- Complex prepositions- prepositions that consist of one, but have two roots and are written with a hyphen: from under, from behind, over and etc.
- Compound prepositions- these are prepositions that consist of two or more words: during, in continuation, in contrast to, despite and etc.
By origin, prepositions are:
- Non-derivative prepositions- these are ordinary prepositions that cannot be associated with formation from any part of speech: from, on, in, at, to, by, from, for and many others. Non-derivative prepositions also include complex prepositions: over, from behind, from under.
- Derivative prepositions- these are prepositions formed from other parts of speech (nouns, verbs, etc.): during, in continuation, despite, in view, like and etc.
Derivative prepositions.
There are derivative prepositions several types, which depend on the part of speech with which the formation of the preposition is associated:
- Denominative prepositions are prepositions formed most often from nouns. The formation of such prepositions can occur with the help of adverbs or directly from the noun. Denominative prepositions include the following: by virtue of, in contrast to, during, like, in view of, as a result of, in continuation of, in contrast to and others. Noun with preposition or an excuse?
- Verbal prepositions are prepositions that are formed from gerunds: despite, including, thanks, later, later, despite, etc. How do prepositions differ from conjunctions? or another part of speech?
- Adverbial prepositions are prepositions that come from adverbs: behind, in front, about, inside, near, around, except, in spite of, etc.
Prepositions and case agreement.
Prepositions can be used with one or several forms cases. At the same time, there are prepositions that require control in a specific case: according to - dative, due to - genitive, and in - prepositional and accusative:
According to the schedule, according to the schedule; because of the rain, because of the mother; to Crimea, in Crimea.
Classifications of prepositions according to lexical criteria.
A preposition can express:
- Temporal relation: jump from morning to evening;
- Spatial relation: visit St. Petersburg and Lake Baikal;
- Compare and contrast relationship: as tall as me, something like a flash;
- Escort attitude: take with you, come with your brother;
- Cause ratio: burst into tears of grief;
- Object relation: forget about vacation, talk about wedding;
- Target relationships: going out dress; food for the holiday;
And other categories.
How to do morphological analysis of a preposition?
Preposition parsing plan:
1) Part of speech, purpose of this part of speech;
2) Type of preposition: simple, compound or complex;
3) Type of preposition: derivative or non-derivative;
4) Which word does it refer to;
5) In what case is it controlled in a sentence (phrase);
6) Classification of preposition according to lexical criteria.
An example of morphological analysis of a preposition.
There were two people standing on the porch: he and with him.
On the porch)- preposition, serves to connect words in a given sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a noun "porch", used with the prepositional case, has spatial-object relations with the noun.
With him)- preposition, serves to connect words in a sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a pronoun "him", used with the instrumental case, has the meaning of accompaniment.
