Parts, characterized by structural and semantic unity. Simple sentences as part of a complex one are interconnected with the help of intonation.
A complex sentence is a syntactic unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
The study of a complex sentence began in the second half of the 20th century - in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, N.S. Pospelova, L.Yu. Maksimova, V.A. Beloshapkova, M.I. Cheremisina and other researchers.
A complex sentence is characterized by:
1) in structural aspect- polypredicativity and a set of structural elements for the connection of predicative parts;
3) in communicative aspect- the unity of the communicative task and intonation completeness.
The main types of complex sentences
Compound sentences, depending on what connection the parts are connected with, are divided into two main types: allied and non-union.
The parts of a complex sentence are interconnected using three means of communication: intonation, conjunctions or allied words.
1. And yet he was sad, he somehow especially dryly answered her, turned away, walked away. In this sentence, the parts are connected to each other with the help of intonation, no other means of communication are used.
2. I want you to hear how my living voice yearns. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and conjunctions TO and HOW.
3. The hope that someday a passionless time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair judgment of history will surely justify the old warrior who sullenly rides in a carriage past the roaring crowd and swallows bitter tears. In this sentence, the parts are connected using intonation and the allied word WHICH.
There are three main types of complex sentences: compound, complex and unionless. In unionless complex sentences, the connection between simple sentences is carried out solely through intonation.
For instance: The morning is magnificent: the air is cool; the sun is not high yet.
In allied sentences, allied words and conjunctions perform this function. All allied sentences are divided into compound and complex.
In compound sentences, simple sentences are equal in rights and are interconnected by coordinating conjunctions ( and, then ... then, or, but, a). and intonation.
For instance: And the steering wheel fidgets, and the skin creaks, and the canvases are taken into the reefs.
The parts of a compound sentence are equal to each other: there is neither a subordinate clause nor a main clause. In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected using subordinating conjunctions ( since, what, if, how, though) and allied words ( whose, where, which). In such sentences, the subordinate part depends on the main part.
For example: I was born in Russia. I love her so much that you can’t say everything in words (S. Ostrovoy).
Complex sentence with different types of connection
A complex sentence with different types of connection is a syntactic construction in which there are sentences with mixed types of connection.
For instance: Grief will be forgotten, a miracle will happen, something will come true that so far is only a dream. Or : The night came, the lights were lit in the houses.
There are four types of complex sentences with different types of connection:
1) with subordinating and writing;
Offers are divided into simple and complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be widespread and uncommon, i.e. contain or not contain, in addition to the main secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. and He came.
Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.
A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. Cloud - black, heavy outlines.
A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main member (with or without dependent words). One-part proposals are:
- Indefinite-personal: Me called to the director.
- generalized-personal: Easily you won't pull out and fish from the pond.
- Impersonal: Outside it got dark.
- Definitely personal: Sitting and I draw.
- infinitive: be silent ! you already drive.
- denominative: Night. The street. Lamp. Pharmacy.
- incomplete sentence- this is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, which are indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, and rumor - rumor. We talked as if they had known each other for centuries. You probably know about our work? And about me? I will wear this is blue.
Difficult sentence
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and / or with the help of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:
- Compound sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), grammatically independent, related in meaning and with the help of coordinating conjunctions and, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither ... nor ..., then ... then ..., either ..., or ..., not that ..., not that ... and etc.: The rain is over , and the sun came up. That phone will ring , then will ring the doorbell.
- Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, to, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, though, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating unions: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating union and the allied word are always in the subordinate clause: I know , what they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because did not hear the question.
- Unionless proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always grammatically independent, but sometimes unequal in meaning; conjunctions and allied words are missing: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it.
§one. Difficult sentence. General concepts
Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.
complex are called sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases, connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonationally.
A complex sentence differs from a simple sentence in that in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, and in a complex sentence there is more than one. A complex sentence, therefore, consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, with the help of syntactic links. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonational completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.
Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the utterance. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.
Unlike a simple sentence, a complex one requires determining how many parts it consists of and what connection its parts are connected by.
§2. Types of syntactic connection of parts of a complex sentence
The syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence can be:
- allied
- unionless
Allied connection- this is a kind of syntactic connection expressed with the help of unions.
Allied connection can be:
- writing
- subordinating
Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. A coordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: coordinating conjunctions.
The storm passed and the sun came out.
Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. The parts of a complex sentence with a subordinating link are different: one is the main sentence, the other is a subordinate sentence. The subordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.
(We didn't go for a walk- main proposition because the storm has begun- subordinate clause.)
Associative syntactic relationship is a meaningful connection. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express an allied syntactic connection. Example:
The coach got sick, the class was rescheduled for next week.
The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- this is the most important classification feature of complex sentences.
§3. Classification of complex sentences
The classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic relationship between its parts. Complex sentences are divided into:
into 1) allied and 2) non-union, and allied, in turn - into 1) compound and 2) compound.
Therefore, there are three types of complex sentences:
- compound
- complex subordinate
- unionless
Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
How many grammatical bases are in a complex sentence?
- two or more
How are parts of a complex sentence related?
- within the meaning of
Does a part of a complex sentence have a completeness?
- yes, each part is a separate independent proposal
Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the utterance?
Can complex sentences be exclamatory?
Is it correct to assume that the syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence is only allied?
What can be an allied connection between parts of a complex sentence?
- main
- adnexal
Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?
What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?
- an equal relationship characterizes a subordinating relationship
What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?
- unequal attitude characterizes the coordinative connection
Right answers:
- two or more
- in meaning and syntactically (using a syntactic link)
- no, only all the parts together are an independent offer
- coordinating and subordinating
- equal relationship characterizes the coordinative connection
- unequal attitude characterizes a subordinating relationship
Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences in complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied and unionless. Allied proposals are subdivided into compound and complex subordinate.
Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by the nature of the union and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relationship). | AND; Yes(in meaning and); no no; yes and; too; also; not only but. |
They opened the door, and air from the yard flowed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with opposing alliances(opposite relationship). | A; but; Yes(in meaning but); but(in meaning but); but; but; and then; not that; not that; a particle(in the meaning of union a); particle only(in the meaning of union but). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with divisive unions(separating relations). | Or; or; not that ..., not that; then ... then; whether... or. |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).
Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I’ll give money for the road, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) - a compound sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).
In some places, the Danube serves as a border, but it serves as a road people to each other(Peskov).
The exceptions are unions, too, also, particles-unions are the same, only. They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I were crying, my mother was also crying.(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, while the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double union not only ..., but also expresses gradation relations and is referred to as connecting unions in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only its second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly referred to as adversarial unions. In order not to be mistaken, try replacing this double union with the union and.
Wed: The language should not only understandable or vulgar but also the language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language should be understandable or vernacular, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences vary greatly in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: You leave - and it becomes dark(Schefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, when parsing, it is not this particular meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of the coordinating union (connective, adversative, divisive).
Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, compound sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions. that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to this(Kuprin); The flights of birds have developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives the birds opportunity to avoid adverse winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers attribute them to complex sentences or distinguish them as an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers of sentences with particles only refer to non-union sentences.
Do you know the scientific name that begins with the word complicated...
Words that form two roots are called compound words.
For instance, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), a vacuum cleaner(the roots are dust- and sos-, the letter e is a connecting vowel).
Proposals are also difficult. In them, as in words, several parts are connected.
Lesson topic: “Simple and complex sentences. Unions".
Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?
1) The bell rang.
2) The children entered the classroom.
3) The first lesson has begun.
4) The bell rang, the guys went into the classroom, the first lesson began.
Let's find the grammar.
A sentence with one grammatical basis is a simple sentence.
1, 2 and 3 offers simple, because in each of them on one basis.
4 offer complex, consists of three simple sentences. Each part of a complex sentence has its main members, its own basis.
A sentence with two or more grammatical bases is a compound sentence. Compound sentences are made up of several simple sentences. How many simple sentences, so many parts in a complex sentence.
The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple ones joined together.
Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, turn different thoughts into one, more complete one. In oral speech, on the border of parts of a complex sentence, there is no intonation of the end of each thought.
Remember: In written speech, commas are most often placed between parts of a complex sentence.
Determine if the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (bases) of the sentences and count how many bases are in each.
1) At the edge of the forest, the voices of birds are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed fields will be exposed, streams will murmur, rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)
1) At the edge of the forest, bird voices are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
Who? tits, what are they doing? chant - the first basis.
Who? dude what is he doing? taps - the second basis.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, the fields will be barethawed patches , brooks murmur, rooks will welcome.
What? the sun, what will it do? warm - the first basis.
The roads will turn black - the second basis.
thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.
Streams murmur - the fourth basis.
Rooks welcome - the fifth basis.
This is a compound sentence with five parts.
Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?
1) Winter approaching , the cold sky often frowns.
Parts 1 of a complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.
2) The sun was warm during the day , a at night frosts reached five degrees.
3) Wind calmed down , and the weather has improved.
4) The sun just got up , but its rays were already illuminating the tops of the trees.
Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The union is preceded by a comma.
Each of the unions does its job. The union connects words, and the unions a, but also help to oppose something.
When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are joined by unions (and, but, but), a comma is placed before the union.
The sentences of our language are very diverse. Sometimes with one subject there can be several predicates, or with one predicate there can be several subjects. Such members of the sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous member.
What conclusion can be drawn from the comparison of these schemes?
The first line contains diagrams of complex sentences, and the second line - diagrams of simple sentences with homogeneous predicates (they are shown in a circle).
In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same unions are used: and, but.
Remember!
1. Before unions ah, but always put a comma.
2. Union and requires special attention: connects homogeneous members - a comma is most often not put; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.
Let's practice. Let's put in the missing commas.
1) At night, the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.
2) People were sleeping and the dog jealously guarded them. (According to L. Andreev)
3) The pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give up. (According to K. Paustovsky)
4) Spring is shining in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter. (M. Prishvin)
1) At night, the dog crept up to the cottage and lay down under the terrace.
The sentence is simple, since one stem, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union and connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not put.
2) People slept, and the dog jealously guarded them.
The proposal is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union and connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the conjunction.
3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give into hands.
The proposal is simple, since one stem, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, shouted, did not give up. before the union but always put a comma. We put commas between homogeneous predicates.
4) Spring shines in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter.
The proposal is complex, since there are two foundations - spring is shining, the forest is covered. before the union but always put a comma.
Consider the schemes and decide which schemes hide complex sentences, and which ones are simple ones with homogeneous members; in which of them you need to put punctuation marks.
The first three schemes reflect the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous main members. They are circled. In scheme 1, a comma is not needed, since the union connects homogeneous subjects and. In 2 and 3 schemes, commas should be placed. 4 scheme corresponds to a complex sentence. It should also include a comma between parts of a complex sentence.
Sentences that include words that, that, therefore, because, are most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.
Let's give examples.
We saw, what the she-wolf crawled along with the cubs into the hole.
what a comma is placed.
All night long winter knitted lace patterns, to trees dressed up. (K. Paustovsky)
This is a complex sentence, before the word to a comma is placed.
Birds able to communicate everything with their voice , That's why they sing.
This is a complex sentence, before the word That's why a comma is placed.
I lovefairy tales, because in them, good always triumphs over evil.
This is a complex sentence, before the word because a comma is placed.
1. One afternoon, Winnie the Pooh was walking through the forest and grumbling a new song under his breath.
2. Winnie the Pooh got up early, in the morning he diligently did gymnastics.
3. Winnie quietly reached the sandy slope.
(B. Zakhoder)
3. 
Sentence 1 corresponds to scheme 3, since this is a simple sentence with one subject (Winnie the Pooh) and two predicates (walked and grumbled).
Scheme 1 corresponds to sentence 2, since this complex sentence has two bases (Winnie the Pooh got up, he was engaged). A comma separates parts of a sentence.
Sentence 3 corresponds to scheme 2, since this is a simple sentence with one base (Winnie got it).
In the lesson, you learned that a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical bases - complex sentence. Parts of complex sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions. a, and, but. When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.
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- Find the main clauses in the sentences. Which sentence of the text is difficult - 1st or 2nd? What is the name of the remaining proposal?
At the top of an alder tree a bird sat and opened its beak. The feathers on the swollen neck fluttered, but I did not hear the song.
(According to V. Bianki)
- Insert two missing commas in sentences.
Winter hid in the dense forest. She looked out of the shelter and millions of little suns are hiding in the grass. Winter is angry! She waved her sleeve and covered the cheerful lights with snow. Dandelions are now flaunting in a yellow dress and then in a white fur coat. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Find an offer with an alliance and. What does it connect - homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence? Underline the words you need to answer.
- Write unions and, but. Underline the basics, mark homogeneous members and put commas where necessary.
The ball climbed into the water _ Uncle Fyodor soaped it _ combed the wool. The cat walked along the shore _ sad about different oceans. (According to E. Uspensky)
The cat stole fish meat sour cream _ bread. Once he tore open a tin can of worms. He did not eat them _ chickens ran to the jar of worms _ pecked at our stock. (According to K. Paustovsky)
