Vladimir dal - selected works. Tales of Vladimir Dahl

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is a writer, doctor, lexicographer, the person who created the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. In 1832, a collection of works "Russian Fairy Tales" was published in the country, which Vladimir Dal wrote over 100 years ago under the name of Vladimir Lugansky. All the stories of the book are stylized as Russian folk tales, collected by enthusiasts throughout Russia. Nationality always manifests itself in non-military subjects, which are quite close to folklore, there are unusually many proverbs, there are also recurring moments, there is sometimes a generalized meaning of characters.

Vladimir Dal wrote his fairy tales for children, as well as for adults. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal created stories quite close to folklore (for example, "The Snow Maiden", "The Fox and the Bear" or "The War of the Mushrooms" and "The Crane and the Heron").

The writer here tries to use different subjects or their separate elements, makes his own exhibitions of drawings in order to try to make the logical perception of his works easier. Moralizing plays a huge role. The language that fills Dahl's fairy tales creates an extraordinary aura of childhood. The child happily perceives the rhythmic and simple speech of fairy tales.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl also wrote fairy tales for adults, which are more ironic in nature, folklore characters are used less and less. A typical motive for Dahl's fairy tale is the interaction of some evil spirits and an ordinary man. The social subtext is important - the confrontation between the lower and upper strata of our society. Folk speech is often mixed with literary vocabulary. Dahl tried to bring the fabulous manner that fills the stories closer to folk speech. It is worth noting that there are also descriptions of the common people and the customs of the old life. In this category, you can read all the fairy tales for free online, and a corresponding illustration is also attached to each fairy tale.

In the red summer, there are a lot of everything in the forest - and all kinds of mushrooms and berries: strawberries with blueberries, and raspberries with blackberries, and black currants. The girls walk through the forest, pick berries, sing songs, and the boletus mushroom sits under an oak tree, and puffs, sulks, rushes from the ground, gets angry at the berries: "See that they were ugly! Sometimes we were honored, held in high esteem, and now no one will even look at us ...

A fairy tale is composed of adventures, flaunts with sayings, echoes past fables, does not chase everyday life; and whoever is going to listen to my fairy tale, let him not be angry with Russian sayings, he should not be afraid of the home-grown language; I have a storyteller in sandals; he did not stagger on the parquet floors, the vaults are painted, the speeches are intricate only in fairy tales ...

Brief biography, life and work of Vladimir Dahl

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is a Russian scientist and writer. He was a corresponding member of the Physics and Mathematics Department of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He was one of the 12 founders of the Russian Geographical Society. He knew at least 12 languages, including several Turkic. The greatest fame was brought to him by the compilation of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Great Russian Language".

Family of Vladimir Dahl

Vladimir Dal, whose biography is well known to all fans of his work, was born in 1801 on the territory of modern Lugansk (Ukraine).

His father was a Dane, and Ivan took the Russian name along with Russian citizenship in 1799. Ivan Matveyevich Dal knew French, Greek, English, Yiddish, Hebrew, Latin and German, was a physician and theologian. His linguistic abilities were so high that Catherine II herself invited Ivan Matveyevich to Petersburg to work in the court library. He later left for Jena to study to be a doctor, then returned to Russia and received a medical license.

In St. Petersburg, Ivan Matveyevich married Maria Freytag. They had 4 boys:

Vladimir (born 1801).
Karl (born 1802). All his life he served in the navy, had no children. Buried in Nikolaev (Ukraine).
Paul (born 1805). He suffered from consumption and because of poor health lived with his mother in Italy. He had no children. He died young and was buried in Rome.
Leo (year of birth unknown). He was killed by Polish insurgents.
Maria Dahl knew 5 languages. Her mother was a descendant of an old French Huguenot family and studied Russian literature. Most often she translated into Russian the works of A. V. Iffland and S. Gesner. Maria Dahl's grandfather is a pawnshop official, collegiate assessor. In fact, it was he who forced the father of the future writer to get a medical profession, considering it one of the most profitable.

Study of Vladimir Dahl

Vladimir Dal, whose brief biography is in textbooks on literature, received his primary education at home. Since childhood, his parents instilled in him a love of reading.

At the age of 13, Vladimir, together with his younger brother, entered the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. They studied there for 5 years. In 1819, Dahl graduated as a midshipman. By the way, he will write about his studies and service in the navy 20 years later in the story "Warrant Officer Kisses, or Look Back Hard."

After serving in the navy until 1826, Vladimir entered the medical faculty of the University of Dorpat. He made a living giving Russian lessons. Due to lack of funds, he had to live in an attic closet. Two years later, Dahl was enrolled in the state-owned pupils. As one of his biographers wrote: "Vladimir plunged headlong into his studies." He especially leaned on Latin. And for his work on philosophy, he was even awarded a silver medal.

He had to interrupt his studies with the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war in 1828. In the trans-Danube region, cases of plague have increased, and the army in the field needs to strengthen the medical service. Vladimir Dal, whose short biography is known even to foreign writers, passed the exam for a surgeon ahead of schedule. His dissertation was titled "On the successful method of craniotomy and latent renal ulceration."

Medical activity of Vladimir Dahl

During the battles of the Polish and Russian-Turkish companies, Vladimir showed himself to be a brilliant military doctor. In 1832, he got a job as an intern at the St. Petersburg hospital and soon became a famous and respected doctor in the city.

PI Melnikov (Dahl's biographer) wrote: “Having moved away from surgical practice, Vladimir Ivanovich did not leave medicine. He found new addictions - homeopathy and ophthalmology. "

Military activities of Vladimir Dahl

Dahl's biography, a summary of which shows that Vladimir always achieved his goals, describes a case when the writer showed himself as a soldier. This happened in 1831 when General Ridiger was crossing the Vistula River (Polish company). Dahl helped build a bridge across it, protected it, and after crossing it, destroyed it. For failure to fulfill direct medical duties, Vladimir Ivanovich received a reprimand from his superiors. But later the tsar personally awarded the future ethnographer with the Vladimir cross.

First steps in literature

Dahl, whose short biography was well known to his descendants, began his literary career with a scandal. He composed an epigram on Craig - the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet and Yulia Kulchinskaya - his common-law wife. For this, Vladimir Ivanovich was arrested in September 1823 for 9 months. After the acquittal of the court, he moved from Nikolaev to Kronstadt.

In 1827 Dahl published his first poems in the journal Slavyanin. And in 1830 he revealed himself as a prose writer in the story "Gypsy", published in the "Moscow Telegraph". Unfortunately, within the framework of one article, it is impossible to tell in detail about this wonderful work. If you want more information, you can refer to thematic encyclopedias. Reviews of the story can be found in the section "Dal Vladimir: biography". The writer also compiled several books for children. The greatest success was enjoyed by the "First Pervinka", as well as "Pervinka Another".

Confession and second arrest

As a writer, Vladimir Dal, whose biography is well known to all schoolchildren, became famous thanks to his book "Russian Fairy Tales", published in 1832. The rector of the Dorpat Institute invited his former student to the department of Russian literature. Vladimir's book was accepted as a dissertation for a doctorate in philosophy. Now everyone knew that Dahl was a writer whose biography is an example to follow. But a disaster struck. The work was rejected by the Minister of Education himself as unreliable. The reason for this was the denunciation of the official Mordvinov.

Dahl's biography describes this event as follows. At the end of 1832, Vladimir Ivanovich made a detour around the hospital in which he worked. People in uniform came, arrested him and took him to Mordvinov. He pounced on the doctor with a common curse, waving in front of his nose "", and sent the writer to prison. Vladimir was helped by Zhukovsky, who at that time was the teacher of Alexander, the son of Nicholas I. Zhukovsky described to the heir to the throne everything that happened in an anecdotal light, describing Dahl as a modest and talented man, awarded medals and orders for military service. Alexander convinced his father of the absurdity of the situation and Vladimir Ivanovich was released.

Acquaintance and friendship with Pushkin

Any published biography of Dahl contains a moment of acquaintance with the great poet. Zhukovsky repeatedly promised Vladimir that he would introduce him to Pushkin. Dahl got tired of waiting and, taking a copy of "Russian Fairy Tales", which were withdrawn from sale, went to introduce himself to Alexander Sergeevich on his own. Pushkin, in response, also presented Vladimir Ivanovich with a book - "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda." This is how their friendship began.

At the end of 1836, Vladimir Ivanovich arrived in St. Petersburg. Pushkin visited him many times and asked about linguistic findings. The poet really liked the word "creeper" he heard from Dahl. It meant the skin that snakes and snakes shed after wintering. During a regular visit, Alexander Sergeevich asked Dahl, pointing to his coat: “Well, is my creeper good? I won't crawl out of it soon. I will write masterpieces in it! " In this coat he was in a duel. In order not to cause unnecessary suffering to the wounded poet, the "creeper" had to be repulsed. By the way, this case even describes the biography of Dahl for children.

Vladimir Ivanovich took part in the treatment of the mortal wound of Alexander Sergeevich, although the poet's relatives did not invite Dahl. Having learned that his friend was badly wounded, he came to him himself. Pushkin was surrounded by several distinguished doctors. In addition to Ivan Spassky (home doctor of the Pushkins) and court doctor Nikolai Arendt, three more specialists were present. Alexander Sergeevich happily greeted Dahl and asked with a plea: "Tell the truth, am I going to die soon?" Vladimir Ivanovich answered professionally: "We hope that everything will be fine and you should not despair." The poet shook his hand and thanked him.

When he was dying, Pushkin presented Dal with his golden ring with an emerald, with the words: "Vladimir, take it as a keepsake." And when the writer shook his head, Alexander Sergeevich repeated: "Take it, my friend, I am no longer destined to compose." Subsequently, Dahl wrote about this gift to V. Odoevsky: “As I look at this ring, I immediately want to create something decent”. Dahl visited the poet's widow in order to return the gift. But Natalya Nikolaevna did not accept him, saying: “No, Vladimir Ivanovich, this is for your memory. And yet, I want to give you his bullet-pierced coat. " It was the crawling coat described above.

Marriage of Vladimir Dahl

In 1833, Dahl's biography was marked by an important event: he took Julia Andre as his wife. By the way, Pushkin himself knew her personally. Julia conveyed her impressions of her acquaintance with the poet in letters to E. Voronina. Together with his wife, Vladimir moved to Orenburg, where they had two children. In 1834, the son of Leo was born, and 4 years later, the daughter of Julia. Together with his family, Dahl was transferred as an official for the implementation of special assignments under the governor V.A.Perovsky.

Widowed, Vladimir Ivanovich married again in 1840 to Ekaterina Sokolova. She gave birth to the writer three daughters: Maria, Olga and Ekaterina. The latter wrote memoirs about her father, which were published in 1878 in the journal "Russian Bulletin".

Naturalist

In 1838, for the collection of collections on the fauna and flora of the Orenburg Territory, Dahl was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences at the Department of Natural Sciences.

Dictionary

Anyone who knows the biography of Dahl knows about the main work of the writer - “Explanatory Dictionary”. When he was collected and processed to the letter "P", Vladimir Ivanovich wanted to retire and fully concentrate on working on his brainchild. In 1859, Dal moved to Moscow and settled in the house of Prince Shcherbaty, who wrote The History of the Russian State. In this house, the last stages of work on the dictionary, which is still unsurpassed in volume, went through.

Dahl set himself tasks that can be expressed in two quotations: "The living folk language should become a treasure and a source for the development of literate Russian speech"; "General definitions of concepts, objects and words are impracticable and useless." And the more everyday and simpler the object, the more sophisticated it is. Explaining and communicating a word to other people is much more intelligible than any definition. And examples help to clarify the matter even more. "

The linguist Dahl, whose biography is in many literary encyclopedias, spent 53 years to achieve this great goal. Here is what Kotlyarevsky wrote about the dictionary: “Literature, Russian science and the whole society received a monument worthy of the greatness of our people. Dahl's work will be the pride of future generations. "

In 1861, for the first issues of the dictionary, the Imperial Geographical Society awarded Vladimir Ivanovich the Constantine medal. In 1868 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences. And after the publication of all volumes of the dictionary, Dal received the Lomonosov Prize.

The last years of Vladimir Dahl

In 1871, the writer fell ill and invited an Orthodox priest on this matter. Dahl did this because he wanted to receive communion according to the Orthodox rite. That is, shortly before his death, he converted to Orthodoxy.

In September 1872, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, whose biography was described above, died. He was buried with his wife at the Vagankovsky cemetery. Six years later, his son Leo was also interred there.
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Vladimir Dal Fairy Tales for Children.
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Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (November 10 (22), 1801 - September 22 (October 4) 1872) - Russian writer, ethnographer, linguist, lexicographer, doctor. He became famous as the author of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language".
The nickname is Cossack Lugansky.

Dahl's father was from Denmark, was educated in Germany, where he taught theology and ancient and new languages. Mother, German, spoke five languages. Dahl was educated at home, wrote poetry. In 1815 he entered the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. Studying in the corps, later described in the story Midshipman Kisses, or Tenacious Look Back (1841), Dahl considered "killed for years." The study voyage to Denmark convinced him that "my fatherland is Russia, that I have nothing in common with the fatherland of my ancestors." After completing his studies (1819) he was sent to serve as a midshipman in the Black Sea Fleet. At this time, Dal, according to him, "unconsciously" began to write down words unknown to him, thus starting the main business of his life - the creation of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language.

During his service, Dahl continued to write poetry, which brought him trouble: for an epigram on the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet in 1823 he was arrested. Justified by the court, Dahl was transferred to Kronstadt, and in 1826 he retired and entered the medical faculty of the University of Dorpat. Dahl's financial situation was difficult, he earned a living by tutoring, nevertheless, the years of study remained one of the brightest memories of his life. Dahl wrote poetry and one-act comedies, met the poets Yazykov and Zhukovsky, the surgeon Pirogov, and the publisher of the Slavyanin magazine Voeikov, who in 1827 first published Dahl's poems.

In 1829, Dal successfully defended his dissertation and was sent to the Russian-Turkish war in the army. Working in a field hospital, he became a brilliant surgeon. Dahl continued to collect material for the future Dictionary, recording from the words of the soldiers "regional sayings" of different localities. At the same time, the impressions of his childhood were confirmed - that

"The speech of a commoner with its peculiar phrases was almost always distinguished by brevity, conciseness, clarity, definiteness and there was much more life in it than in the language of books and in the language spoken by educated people."

At the end of the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829, Dahl continued to serve as a military doctor and epidemiologist. In 1831 he worked on the cholera epidemic, and also took part in the Polish campaign. Returning to St. Petersburg in 1832, he worked in a military hospital.

In 1830, Dahl's first story, The Gypsy, was published. In 1832, Dahl published a collection "Russian fairy tales from folk oral tradition into civil literacy, adapted to everyday life and adorned with walking sayings by the Cossack Vladimir Lugansky. First Friday." Censorship saw the book as a mockery of the government; Dahl was saved from prosecution only by his military achievements.

In 1833, Dal was sent to serve in Orenburg, where he became an official on special assignments under the military governor. The performance of official duties was associated with frequent travels around the province, which gave the writer the opportunity to study the life and language of the people inhabiting it. During the years of service, Dal wrote stories about Kazakhs - "Bikey" and "Maulina" (1836) and about Bashkirs - "Bashkir mermaid" (1843). Collected collections of flora and fauna of the Orenburg province, for which he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences (1838). During Pushkin's trip to the Pugachev places, Dal accompanied him for several days. In 1837, having learned about Pushkin's duel, he arrived in Petersburg and was on duty at the poet's bedside until his last minute. In 1841, shortly after the Khiva campaign of the Russian army (1839–1840), in which he took part, Dal moved to St. Petersburg and began working as a secretary and an official for special assignments under the Minister of Internal Affairs, on whose instructions he wrote a Study on the Scopic Heresy (1844 ).

Throughout his years of service, Dahl continued to work on the Dictionary, collecting material for him during his trips to the Orenburg province, and upon moving to St. Petersburg, receiving letters with samples of local dialects, fairy tales and proverbs from all over Russia. While living in the capital, Dal met Odoevsky, Turgenev, Pogorelsky and other writers. He published in Petersburg magazines and in separate collections the stories Bedovik (1839), Savely Grab, or the Double (1842), The Adventures of Christian Christianovich Violdamur and his Arshet (1844), The Unprecedented in the Past, or The Past in the Unprecedented (1846) and other works, written in the spirit of the "natural school" - with an abundance of precise everyday details and ethnographic details, with descriptions of real cases. Their hero was, as a rule, a simple man who possessed "the habits and customs of his homeland." Dahl's language was organically interwoven with folk words and expressions. His favorite prose genre soon became a physiological essay (Ural Cossack, 1843, Batman, 1845, Chukhontsy in St. Petersburg, 1846, etc.). Belinsky, highly appreciating Dahl's skill, called him "living statistics of the living Russian population." Dahl also wrote small stories, united in the cycles "Pictures from Russian Life" (1848), "Soldier's Leisure" (1843), "Sailor's Leisure" (1853), "Two Forty Women for Peasants" (1862). Gogol wrote about him: “He should, without resorting to either the plot or the denouement, over which the novelist so racks his brains, take any incident that happened in the Russian land, the first case, which he witnessed and witnessed to the production, to come out by itself the most entertaining story. For me he is more significant than all the inventors of the story. "

In 1849 Dahl was appointed manager of the Nizhny Novgorod specific office. This was a significant drop in service, which Dahl volunteered to be closer to the peasants. He was in charge of the affairs of nearly 40,000 state peasants. In addition to direct official duties (writing peasant complaints, etc.), Dal performed surgical operations. In 1862 he published a collection of Proverbs of the Russian people, in which the proverbs were arranged not alphabetically, but by topic (God, love, family, etc.). Despite his kulturtrager activities and deep democratism, Dahl opposed teaching peasants to read and write, because she, in his opinion, "without any mental and moral education, almost always leads to the worst." With these statements, he incurred the wrath of representatives of the democratic camp of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, and others.

In the early 1860s, Dahl retired and settled in Moscow. By this time, the first edition of his Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language was prepared, which contained 200 thousand words. The work, to which Dahl devoted 50 years of his ascetic life, was published in 1867. In 1868, Dahl was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences.

In the last years of his life, Dahl worked on the second edition of the Dictionary, replenishing his vocabulary, and wrote children's stories. He made a transposition of the Old Testament "in relation to the concepts of the Russian common people", wrote textbooks on zoology and botany, handed over to the folklorists Kireevsky and Afanasyev the folk songs and tales he collected. In addition, Dahl played several musical instruments, worked on a lathe, was fond of spiritualism, and studied homeopathy. “For whatever Dal took, he managed to learn everything,” wrote his friend, the great surgeon Pirogov.

Shortly before his death, Dahl converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy. Dal died in Moscow on September 22 (October 4) 1872. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is a writer, doctor, lexicographer, the person who created the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. In 1832, a collection of works "Russian Fairy Tales" was published in the country, which Vladimir Dal wrote over 100 years ago under the name of Vladimir Lugansky. All the stories of the book are stylized as Russian folk tales, collected by enthusiasts throughout Russia. Nationality always manifests itself in non-military subjects, which are quite close to folklore, there are unusually many proverbs, there are also recurring moments, there is sometimes a generalized meaning of characters.

Vladimir Dal wrote his fairy tales for children, as well as for adults. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal created stories quite close to folklore (for example, "The Snow Maiden", "The Fox and the Bear" or "The War of the Mushrooms" and "The Crane and the Heron").

The writer here tries to use different subjects or their separate elements, makes his own exhibitions of drawings in order to try to make the logical perception of his works easier. Moralizing plays a huge role. The language that fills Dahl's fairy tales creates an extraordinary aura of childhood. The child happily perceives the rhythmic and simple speech of fairy tales.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl also wrote fairy tales for adults, which are more ironic in nature, folklore characters are used less and less. A typical motive for Dahl's fairy tale is the interaction of some evil spirits and an ordinary man. The social subtext is important - the confrontation between the lower and upper strata of our society. Folk speech is often mixed with literary vocabulary. Dahl tried to bring the fabulous manner that fills the stories closer to folk speech. It is worth noting that there are also descriptions of the common people and the customs of the old life. In this category, you can read all the fairy tales for free online, and a corresponding illustration is also attached to each fairy tale.

In the red summer, there are a lot of everything in the forest - and all kinds of mushrooms and berries: strawberries with blueberries, and raspberries with blackberries, and black currants. The girls walk through the forest, pick berries, sing songs, and the boletus mushroom sits under an oak tree, and puffs, sulks, rushes from the ground, gets angry at the berries: "See that they were ugly! Sometimes we were honored, held in high esteem, and now no one will even look at us ...

A fairy tale is composed of adventures, flaunts with sayings, echoes past fables, does not chase everyday life; and whoever is going to listen to my fairy tale, let him not be angry with Russian sayings, he should not be afraid of the home-grown language; I have a storyteller in sandals; he did not stagger on the parquet floors, the vaults are painted, the speeches are intricate only in fairy tales ...