"Crime and Punishment", whose history of creation lasted almost 7 years, is one of the most famous novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky both in Russia and abroad. In this creation, the classic of Russian literature, as never before, revealed his talent as a psychologist and connoisseur of human souls. What prompted Dostoevsky to write a work about a murderer, and after all, this topic is not characteristic of the literature of that time?
Fyodor Dostoevsky - master of the psychological novel
The writer was born on November 11, 1821 in the city of Moscow. His father, Mikhail Andreevich, was a nobleman, court counselor, and his mother, Maria Fedorovna, came from a merchant family.
There was everything in the life of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky: loud fame and poverty, dark days in the Peter and Paul Fortress and years of hard labor, addiction to gambling and conversion to the Christian faith. Even during the life of the writer, such an epithet as "genius" was applied to his work.
Dostoevsky died at the age of 59 from pulmonary emphysema. He left behind a huge legacy - novels, poems, diaries, letters, etc. In Russian literature, Fyodor Mikhailovich is given the place of the chief psychologist and expert on human souls. Some literary critics (for example, Maxim Gorky), especially of the Soviet period, called Dostoevsky an "evil genius" because they believed that the writer defended "incorrect" political views in his works - conservative and even monarchist at some point in his life. However, one can argue with this: Dostoevsky's novels are not political, but they are always deeply psychological, their goal is to show the human soul and life itself as it is. And the work "Crime and Punishment" is the most striking confirmation of this.
The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment"
Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1850 was sent to hard labor in Omsk. "Crime and Punishment", the story of which began there, was first published in 1866, and before that the writer had to go through not the best days in his life.
In 1854, the writer was freed. Dostoevsky wrote in a letter to his brother in 1859 that the idea of a certain confession novel came to him when he was lying on a dirty bunk back in the 50s and was experiencing the most difficult moments in his life. But he was in no hurry to start this work, because he was not even sure that he would survive.
And so, in 1865 Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich, in dire need of money, signs an agreement with one publisher, under which he undertakes to submit a new novel by November 1866. Having received the fee, the writer improved his affairs, but his addiction to roulette played a cruel joke on him: he lost all the remaining money in Wiesbaden, the hotel owners did not evict him, but they stopped feeding and even turned off the light in the room. It was in these conditions that Dostoevsky began Crime and Punishment.
The story of the creation of the novel was nearing completion: the deadlines were running out - the author worked in a hotel, on a steamer, on his way home to St. Petersburg. He practically finished the novel, and then ... he took and burned the manuscript.
Dostoevsky began his work anew, and while the first two parts of the work were being published and the whole of St. Petersburg was being read by them, he was rapidly creating the remaining three, including the epilogue.
"Crime and Punishment" - the theme of the novel is clearly visible in the very title of the work.
The protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to murder and rob an old usurer. On the one hand, the young man justifies his action by the fact that he and his family are in need. Rodion feels responsible for the fate of loved ones, but in order to help his sister and mother with at least something, he needs a large amount of money. On the other hand, murder remains an immoral and sinful act.
Rodion successfully commits the intended crime. But in the second part of the novel, he is faced with a problem more serious than poverty - his conscience begins to torment him. He becomes nervous, it seems to him that everyone around him knows about his act. As a result, Rodion begins to be seriously ill. After recovering, the young man seriously thinks about surrendering to the authorities. But his acquaintance with Sonya Marmeladova, as well as the arrival of his mother and sister in the city, for a while, forced him to abandon this venture.
Three suitors are claiming the hand of Rodion's sister, Dunya, at once: court councilor Pyotr Luzhin, landowner Svidrigailov and Rodion's friend Razumikhin. Rodion and Razumikhin manage to upset the planned wedding of Dunya and Luzhin, but the latter leaves angry and thinks about
Rodion Raskolnikov becomes more and more attached to Sonya Marmeladova - the daughter of his late friend. They talk with the girl about life, spend time together.
But a black cloud hangs over Rodion - there were witnesses who confirmed at the police station that recently Raskolnikov often went to the murdered usurer. The young man is still being released from the police station, but he remains the main suspect.
The most important events of the novel "Crime and Punishment" in chapters fall on the 5th part of the work and the epilogue.
The offended Luzhin tries to frame Sonya Marmeladova, passing her off as a thief and thereby quarreling with Raskolnikov. However, his plan fails, but Rodion does not stand up and confesses to Sonya that he had committed murder.
An outsider takes the blame for Raskolnikov's crime, but the investigator is sure that it was Rodion who committed the crime, so he visits the young man and tries to convince him to confess again.
At this time, Svidrigailov tries to get Dunya's favor by force, a frightened girl shoots him with a revolver. When the weapon misfires, and Dunya convinces the landowner that she does not love him, Svidrigailov lets the girl go. Having donated 15 thousand to Sonya Marmeladova and 3 thousand to the Raskolnikov family, the landowner commits suicide.
Rodion confesses to the murder of the usurer and receives 8 years of hard labor in Siberia. Sonya goes into exile after him. The former life for a former student is over, but thanks to the girl's love, he feels like a new stage in his destiny begins.
The image of Rodion Raskolnikov
In the novel "Crime and Punishment", the characterization of Rodion Raskolnikov and the assessment of his actions by the author himself is ambiguous.
The young man is handsome, smart enough, one might say, ambitious. But the life situation in which he found himself, or rather the social situation, does not allow him not only to realize his talents, but even to finish his studies at the university, to find a decent job. His sister is about to "sell herself" to an unloved person (to marry Luzhin for the sake of his fortune). Raskolnikov's mother is in poverty, and her beloved girl is forced to engage in prostitution. And Rodion does not see any way to help them and himself, except to get a large amount of money. But the idea of instant enrichment can only be realized with the help of robbery (in this case, it also entailed murder).
According to morality, Raskolnikov had no right to take the life of another person, and the reasoning that the old woman did not have long to live anyway, or that she had no right to "Jew" on the grief of other people is not an excuse and not a reason for murder. But Raskolnikov, although he is tormented by his act, considers himself innocent to the last: he explains his actions by the fact that at that moment he thought only about how to help loved ones.
Sonya Marmeladova
In the novel "Crime and Punishment", the description of the image of Sonya is as contradictory as that of Raskolnikov: the reader immediately recognizes in them
Sonya is kind and, in a sense, selfless, this is evident from her actions in relation to other people. The girl reads the Gospel, but at the same time is a prostitute. A devout prostitute - what could be more paradoxical?
However, Sonya is engaged in this trade not because she has a craving for debauchery - this is the only way for an uneducated attractive girl to earn a living, and not only for herself, but also for her large family: her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna and her three stepbrothers and sisters. As a result, Sonya is the only one who went to Siberia after Rodion to support him in difficult times.
Such paradoxical images are the basis of Dostoevsky's realism, because in the real world things cannot be only black or only white, like people. Therefore, a girl with a pure soul in certain life circumstances can engage in such a dirty trade, and a young man of noble spirit can decide to kill.
Arkady Svidrigailov
Arkady Svidrigailov is another character in the novel (a 50-year-old landowner) who literally duplicates Raskolnikov in many aspects. This is not an accident, but a technique chosen by the author. What is its essence?
"Crime and Punishment" is filled with dual images, perhaps to show that many people have equally positive and negative traits, can walk the same paths in life, but they always choose the outcome of their lives.
Arkady Svidrigailov is a widower. Even with his wife alive, he harassed Raskolnikov's sister, who was in their service. When his wife, Marfa Petrovna, died, the landowner came to ask for the hand of Avdotya Raskolnikova.
Svidrigailov has many sins behind his shoulders: he is suspected of murder, violence and debauchery. But this does not prevent a man from becoming the only person who took care of the family of the late Marmeladov, not only in a financial sense, but even placed the children in an orphanage after the death of their mother. Svidrigailov in a barbaric way tries to win over Dunya, but at the same time he is deeply wounded by the girl's dislike and he commits suicide, leaving Raskolnikov's sister an impressive amount of inheritance. Nobility and cruelty in this man are combined in their bizarre patterns, as in Raskolnikov.
P.P. Luzhin in the system of images of the novel
Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin ("Crime and Punishment") is another "double" of Raskolnikov. Raskolnikov, before committing a crime, compares himself to Napoleon, and so Luzhin is the Napoleon of his time in its purest form: unprincipled, caring only about himself, striving to amass capital at any cost. Perhaps that is why Raskolnikov hates a successful fellow: after all, Rodion himself believed that for the sake of his own prosperity he had the right to kill a man whose fate seemed to him less important.
Luzhin (Crime and Punishment) is very straightforward, like a character, caricatured and devoid of the inconsistency inherent in Dostoevsky's heroes. It can be assumed that the writer deliberately made Peter just like that, so that he became a clear embodiment of the bourgeois permissiveness that played such a cruel joke with Raskolnikov himself.
Publications of the novel abroad
"Crime and Punishment", the history of which took more than 6 years, was highly appreciated by foreign publications. In 1866, several chapters from the novel were translated into French and published in the Courrier russe.
In Germany, the work was published under the name "Raskolnikov" and by 1895 its published circulation was 2 times more than any other work of Dostoevsky.
At the beginning of the XX century. the novel Crime and Punishment has been translated into Polish, Czech, Italian, Serbian, Catalan, Lithuanian, etc.
Adaptation of the novel
The heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment" are so colorful and interesting that they have taken on the adaptation of the novel more than once both in Russia and abroad. The first film - "Crime and Punishment" - appeared in Russia in 1909 (directed by Vasily Goncharov). This was followed by film adaptations in 1911, 1913, 1915.
In 1917 the world saw a picture of the American director Lawrence McGill, in 1923 the film "Raskolnikov" was released by the German director Robert Wienet.
After that, about 14 more adaptations were filmed in different countries. The most recent Russian work was the 2007 multi-part film Crime and Punishment (directed by Dmitry Svetozarov).
Romance in popular culture
In films, Dostoevsky's novel often flickers in the hands of the heroes serving imprisonment: in the film The Incredible Adventures of Wallace and Gromit: A Zero Haircut, the TV series Wolf, Desperate Housewives, etc.
In the computer game "Sherlock Holmes: Crimes & Punishments" in one of the episodes, the book with the title of Dostoevsky's novel is clearly visible in Sherlock Holmes's hands, and in the game GTA IV "Crime and Punishment" is the name of one of the missions.
Raskolnikov House in St. Petersburg
There is an assumption that Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich settled his hero in a house that actually exists in St. Petersburg. The researchers made such conclusions, since Dostoevsky mentions in the novel: he is in the "S-m" lane, next to the "K-m" bridge. At Stolyarny Pereulok-5, there really is a house that could well serve as a prototype for the novel. Today this building is one of the most visited tourist spots in St. Petersburg.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is one of the most significant creators not only of Russian literature, but also of world, universal literature. The novels of the great writer to this day are being translated and published into more and more new languages. imbued with compassion and boundless love for ordinary people. The unique talent to show the deepest qualities of the human soul, which everyone so diligently hides from the whole world - this is what attracts people in the works of the great writer.
Fyodor Dostoevsky: "Crime and Punishment" - year of writing and readers' reviews
Perhaps Dostoevsky's most controversial novel is Crime and Punishment. Written in 1866, it made a lasting impression on the venerable public of readers. As always, opinions were divided. Some, superficially flipping through the first pages, were indignant: "A hackneyed topic!" Those who began to read anything, just to emphasize their status and boast of the very fact of reading, and not understanding the author's thoughts, sincerely pitied the honest killer. Still others threw the novel, exclaiming: "What a torment - this book!"
These were the most common responses. so valuable in the literary world, it did not immediately find the proper recognition. However, it radically changed the entire way of social life in the nineteenth century. Now at social receptions and fashionable evenings there was a topic for conversation on duty. The awkward silence could be filled by discussing Raskolnikov. Those who had the misfortune of not immediately reading the work, quickly
Misconceptions about Crime and Punishment
Few were able to understand what Dostoevsky's novel was supposed to convey to the reader. Most saw only the tip of the iceberg: the student killed, the student went mad. The version of insanity was supported by many critics. In the situation described, they saw only absurd ideas about the life and death of the protagonist. However, this is not entirely true: you need to look deep into the soul, be able to catch subtle hints of the true state of affairs.
Problems raised by F.M.Dostoevsky
It is difficult to single out the main problem raised by the author from all the others - Crime and Punishment turned out to be too multifaceted. The book contains the problems of morality, or rather, its absence; social problems that give rise to inequality between people who at first glance seem identical. Not the least role is played by the topic of misplaced priorities: the writer shows what happens to a society obsessed with money.
Contrary to popular belief, the protagonist of Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment does not represent that time. Many critics took this character with hostility, deciding that the author expressed contempt for Raskolnikov, a trend popular at the end of the nineteenth century - nihilism. However, this theory is fundamentally wrong: in a poor student, Dostoevsky showed only a victim of circumstances, a man who broke down under the onslaught of social vices.
Summary of the novel "Crime and Punishment"
The events described take place in the 60s. 19th century, in gloomy Petersburg. Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor young man, a former student, is forced to huddle in the attic of an apartment building. Tired of poverty, he goes to the old woman-pawnbroker to lay the last value. Acquaintance with the drunkard-Marmeladov and a letter from the mother, who describes their difficult life with their daughter, push Rodion to a terrible thought - about the murder of the old woman. He believes that the money that he can take from the pawnbroker can make life easier, if not for him, then at least for his family.
The idea of violence is disgusting to the student, but he decides to commit a crime. To understand your own will help quotes from "Crime and Punishment" Dostoevsky: "In one life - thousands of lives saved from decay and decay. One death and a hundred lives in return - but after all there is arithmetic!" "Not only great," the student thinks, "but a little out of tune people by their nature should be criminals, - more or less, of course." Such thoughts encourage Rodion to check himself by implementing his plan. He kills the old woman with an ax, takes something valuable and hides from the scene of the crime.
On the basis of a strong shock, Raskolnikov is overcome by illness. For the rest of the story, he is distrustful and alienated from people, which arouses suspicion. The acquaintance of Rodion with - a prostitute who is forced to work for the benefit of a poor family - leads to recognition. But, contrary to the killer's expectations, the deeply believing Sonya pity him and convinces him that the torment will end when he surrenders and is punished.
As a result, Raskolnikov, although convinced of his righteousness, confesses to what he had done. Sonia rushes after him to hard labor. The first years Rodion is cold to her - he is also alienated, taciturn, suspicious. But over time, sincere repentance comes to him, and a new feeling begins to arise in his soul - love for a devoted girl.
The main characters of the novel
It is impossible to form an unambiguous opinion about this or that character - everyone here is as real as the reader himself is. Even from a small fragment of the text it is easy to understand that this is Fyodor Dostoevsky - "Crime and Punishment." The main characters are completely unique, the characters require a long and thoughtful analysis - and these are signs of real psychological realism.
Rodion Raskolnikov
Raskolnikov himself is still haunted by controversial reviews. "Crime and Punishment" is a very multifaceted, voluminous creation, and it is difficult to immediately understand even such routine as the character of a character. At the beginning of the first part, Rodion's appearance is described: a tall, slender young man with dark blond hair and dark expressive eyes. The hero is definitely handsome - all the more sharply he contrasts with the violence and poverty that the world of gray Petersburg is full of.
Rodion's character is very ambiguous. As events unfold, the reader learns more and more new aspects of the hero's life. Much later than the murder, it turns out that Raskolnikov, like no one else, is capable of compassion: when he found the already familiar drunkard Marmeladov, crushed by a carriage, he gave the last money to his family for the funeral. Such a contrast between morality and murder raises doubts in the reader: is this person as terrible as it seemed at first?
Assessing the actions of Rodion from a Christian point of view, the author claims: Raskolnikov is sinful. However, his main offense is not suicide, not that he broke the law. The worst thing about Rodion is what his theory is: the division of people into those who "have the right" and those whom he considers "a trembling creature." "All are equal," asserts Dostoevsky, "and all have the same right to life."
Sonechka Marmeladova
No less close attention deserves this is how Dostoevsky describes her: short, thin, but pretty blonde eighteen years old with beautiful blue eyes. The complete opposite of Raskolnikov: not very beautiful, inconspicuous, meek and modest, Sonechka, as the author called her, also violated the law. But here, too, there was no resemblance to Rodion: she was not sinful.
This paradox can be easily explained: Sonya did not divide people into good and bad; she truly loved everyone. Working on the panel made it possible for her family to survive in terrible conditions of poverty, and the girl herself, forgetting about her own well-being, devoted her life to serving her family. Sacrifice atoned for the fact of the crime - and Sonechka remained innocent.
Critical Reviews: "Crime and Punishment"
As mentioned above, not everyone was able to appreciate Dostoevsky's brainchild. People who are far from the art of speech, in forming their own opinion, relied more on the reviews of influential critics; those, in turn, saw something different in the work. Unfortunately, many, understanding the meaning of the novel, were mistaken - and their mistakes led to deliberately false opinions.
Thus, for example, A. Suvorin is a rather influential person who, with his analysis of Crime and Punishment, appeared in the well-known printed edition of the Russian Bulletin, declared: the whole essence of the work is interpreted by Fyodor Dostoevsky's “painful direction of all literary activity”. Rodion, according to the critic, is not at all the embodiment of some direction or mentality, assimilated by the multitude, but is only a completely sick person. He even called Raskolnikov a nervous, crazy nature.
Such categoricalness found its supporters: P. Strakhov, a man close to Dostoevsky, declared: the primary strength of a writer is not in certain categories of people, but "in depicting situations, in the ability to deeply grasp individual movements and shocks of the human soul." Like Suvorin, P. Strakhov did not pay attention to the tragic fate of the heroes, but considered the work as a profound distortion of the understanding of morality.
Is Dostoevsky a realist?
DI Pisarev could most accurately see Dostoevsky as a realist writer, having written valuable reviews about it. "Crime and Punishment" was thoroughly examined in the article "Struggle for Life": in it the critic raised the question of the moral development of the society that surrounded the criminal. A very important idea about the novel was formulated precisely by this author: that share of freedom that was at the disposal of Raskolnikov was absolutely insignificant. The true reasons for the crime Pisarev sees poverty, the contradictions of Russian life, the moral fall of the people around Raskolnikov.
The true value of love
"Crime and Punishment" is a book of real Russian life. A characteristic feature of the art of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is his ability to love infinitely not only "positively beautiful" people, but also fallen, broken, sinful people. It is the motives of philanthropy that are reflected in the famous novel "Crime and Punishment". The content by chapters, paragraphs, lines, includes the author's bitter tears shed over the fate of the Russian people, over the fate of Russia itself. He desperately urges the reader to compassion, because without him in this dirty, cruel world, life - as well as death - no, there has not been, and never will be.
Raskolnikov on Sennaya Square. Illustration by Dementiy Shmarinov. From the funds of the F.M.Dostoevsky Museum-Apartment Photo chronicle TASSThe novel begins with the following phrase:
"In early July, in an extremely hot time, towards evening ..."
Dostoevsky began work on the novel in 1865. In September, he gave the details of the plan to Mikhail Katkov, editor of the Russkiy Vestnik, where it was planned to publish the text. Among other things, he mentioned that in the novel "the action is contemporary, this year." 1865 was remembered by the inhabitants of St. Petersburg for the abnormal heat. According to the city measuring stations, on July 9, the temperature reached a maximum - 24.8 degrees on the Reaumur scale (31 degrees Celsius); it hadn't rained in the city for over a week.
In the first part of the novel, talking about his life to Raskolnikov, Marmeladov says that he brought home his salary six days ago. Officials received pay as usual on the first day of each month. Consequently, the conversation of the heroes falls on July 7th. The murder takes place the day after that - July 9, that is, on the hottest day of that summer. It is not difficult to relate the subsequent events of the novel and the real chronology:
- On July 10, Raskolnikov comes on a call to the police office. In the evening, he begins delirium, in which the hero spends four days, about which, upon awakening, the friends and relatives gathered in the apartment inform him, that is, from 11 to 14 July.
- On July 15, Raskolnikov comes to Sonya and asks to read him the Gospel about the resurrection of Lazarus.
- On July 16, Katerina Ivanovna dies, after which Raskolnikov loses track of time for two or three days: "... as if a fog suddenly fell in front of him and imprisoned him in hopeless and difficult solitude."
- On July 19, the hero comes out of this state: on this day, the funeral of Katerina Ivanovna takes place (according to the laws in force at that time, it was possible to bury the deceased only three days after death). Then the last conversation of the hero with Porfiry Petrovich takes place.
- On the night of July 20, Svidrigailov is shot, and in the evening of the same day Ras-kolnikov comes to Sennaya Square, where he kisses the ground, and then goes to the police office and confesses to the murder.
For the first time on July 20, we see Raskolnikov at the house where his mother and sister stayed. The hero came to say goodbye:
“His costume was terrible: everything was dirty, which had been in the rain all night, torn, frayed. His face was almost disfigured from fatigue, bad weather, physical fatigue and an almost daily struggle with himself. "
Apparently, Raskolnikov got caught in the rain, and for good reason: July 20, according to the old style, is Ilyin's day. It is believed that on this day Elijah the Prophet rides through the sky in a chariot, thunder rumbles, lightning flashes: this is how the saint strikes demons and people who have transgressed the law of God. Rain on this day cleanses from evil.
It turns out that the exact dating of the events of "Crime and Punishment" helps to reveal the deep meaning of at least one detail - the rain on the day when Raskolnikov surrendered to the police.
2. The mystery of the "first time" Sonya Marmeladova
Sonya Marmeladova. Illustration by Dementiy Shmarinov. 1935-1936 years De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images
Talking about the life of his family, Marmeladov pays special attention to the evening when Sonya first appears on the panel:
“… Sonechka got up, put on a handkerchief, put on a burnusik and left the apartment, and at nine o'clock she came back. She came straight to Katerina Ivanovna and silently laid thirty rubles on the table in front of her. "
A ruble is one silver ruble, and 30 rubles by the standards of 1865 is a colossal amount. Raskolnikov's mother received a pension on the death of her husband 120 rubles a year. For 9 rubles 50 kopecks, Razumikhin bought used clothes: a cap, trousers, boots, shirts and underwear. And the employees of Malin-Nika, the most famous brothel in St. Petersburg at that time, received 30-50 kopecks per night. Could a young girl have been paid that much the first time?
Probably not. Most likely, the fact is that Biblical symbolism was important to Dostoevsky here: 30 silver rubles is 30 pieces of silver, for which Sonya sells and betrays herself. The number 30 appears several more times in the novel in "treacherous" contexts. The last 30 kopecks are taken from So-not-chka by Marmeladov for a hangover. For "30 thousand pieces of silver" Svidri-gailova was bought out of the debt prison by his future wife, Marfa Petrovna, and then more than once reproached him with this amount. Svidrigailov offers the same amount to Duna Raskolnikova to run with him.
3. The secret of the dandy with a cigarette
While wandering around Petersburg on the eve of the murder, Raskolnikov notices a drunk girl and a middle-aged man who is following her on the boulevard. Raskolnikov believes that the "dandy" wants to use her, runs up to the policeman and calls on him to somehow intervene in the situation:
“There he has now moved away a little, stands as if rolling a cigarette ... How could we not give him? How would we send her home - just think! "
The policeman responded to Raskolnikov's agreement. Why? Did he feel sympathy for the girl, or was he embarrassed by something in the dandy's behavior? Let us recall what happened in St. Petersburg at the time described. Due to the abnormal heat and the increasing frequency of fires, the Senate issued a decree banning smoking on the streets of the city. On July 3, a document was published, which, however, contained fairly general phrases. But the police began to look closely at every smoker, and residents of the city did not dare to smoke in public places.
In order for the Senate's decision to come into real force and to approve the penalties, the corresponding order had to be issued by the head of the hundred-personal police - the chief police chief. This happened on July 30th. In the new document, there were clarifications that smoking is prohibited near warehouses with flammable substances, near the Winter Palace and near all city churches, and in other places it is allowed. On the days described (July 7-20, 1865), the heroes do not yet know about these indulgences, but they are already looking closely at potential violators.
4. The secret of the ditch
Griboyedov Canal. 1969 year RIA News" After the murder of the old woman-pawnbroker, Raskolnikov ponders how to get rid of the stolen things:
“Where should I go? It was already decided long ago: "Throw everything in a ditch, and ends in water, and that's the end."
All the same ditch meets Raskolnikov on the way to the house of Alena Ivanovna, and then on the way to the police unit, where he goes to confess to the crime. It turns out that the ditch is one of the main locations of the novel, along with the streets and squares. This word is mentioned over 20 times in the novel - and always in an important context. The house of the pawnbroker goes out onto the ditch; she is also visible from the house of Sonya Marmeladova. The maddened Katerina Ivanovna is running along the embankment of the ditch, in her, in front of Raskolnikov's eyes, the bourgeois woman Afrosinyushka drowns.
What is this ditch? Everyone who has ever been on a sightseeing tour of Peterburg knows that there are several small canals in the city, which are called grooves, but there was only one ditch in the city. This is how the Peter-Burzhites called the Catherine Canal (now the Griboyedov Canal). In the first decades of the 18th century, a low-water river Krivusha, or Glukhaya river, flowed in its place. It was decided to refine it and include it in the system of city canals - work began on expanding and deepening. But even after the ennobling procedures, the canal continued to be used for some time to drain wastewater, actually performing the function of a ditch. On the one hand, using in most cases this very name of the Yekaterininsky Canal, Dostoevsky conveys the attitude of local residents towards it. On the other hand, the word "ditch" is the best fit to describe the special atmosphere of the Petersburg slums.
5. The mystery of the geography of St. Petersburg
“Plan of the capital city of St. Petersburg, again taken in 1858 and engraved at the Military Topographic Depot in 1860. Corrected for 1865 "(fragment). 1865 The plan shows the boundaries of police units, stations and neighborhoods. etomesto.ru The day after the murder of the old woman-pawnbroker, Raskolnikov goes to the police office, where he was summoned after a complaint from the landlady, to whom he owes for the apartment. There he meets the lieutenant Ilya Petrovich Porokh and the clerk Zametov. These police officers will still appear in the pages of the novel. Zametov Raskolnikov will see in the tavern: the clerk will still say "in our unit the old woman was killed." At the end of the novel, the hero will meet gunpowder again in the police office when he confesses:
“Raskolnikov withdrew the water with his hand and quietly, with dispositions, but distinctly said: 'It was I who killed the old woman official and her sister Lizaveta with an ax, and robbed”. Ilya Petrovich opened his mouth. They fled from all sides. Raskolnikov repeated his testimony. "
It seems that there is nothing strange in Raskolnikov's meetings with the servants of the law. However, in real life, they could not have happened, and here's why. As we remember, Raskolnikov lives and does not pay for an apartment in the Kazan police station, but kills Alena Ivanovna in Spasskaya. So, he had to be in different offices and communicate with different police officers In total, there were 12 police units in St. Petersburg, each of which was divided into several districts with its own police offices. They were investigating various kinds of violations and crimes in their subordinate territory..
How do we know about this? At the beginning of the novel, Raskolnikov twice goes along the route from his house to the place where the old woman-pawnbroker lives. Dostoevsky describes his route in detail, mentioning that the hero crosses the ditch (as we found out above, the Catherine Canal), which separated the two police units.
Why did Dostoevsky ignore the administrative division of the city? On the one hand, for artistic purposes: in order to concentrate the tension, he needed to reduce the number of characters. Raskolnikov had to feel cornered: to be afraid of being summoned to the police office immediately after the crime, and then also to fend off Zametov's suspicions. On the other hand, it was important for Dostoevsky to settle his heroes on different sides of the ditch and create a route along which Raskolnikov crossed the symbolic water border.
In addition, such a disposition of the geography of the novel has another meaning. In the mid-1860s, Dostoevsky himself lived not far from the alleged Raskolnikov house in Stolyarny Lane in the Kazan part. At the beginning of 1865, he met the publisher Fyodor Stellovsky, with whom he later entered into an enslaving contract for himself to publish collected works The writer had to provide him with a new, previously unpublished novel. This work was to become the hallmark of the new collected works and attract buyers. Without the new novel, the contract would not have been considered fulfilled, and Dostoevsky would have lost the right to publish his works for nine years. This possibility would have passed entirely to Stellovsky.... The publisher lived opposite the Yusupov Garden - not far from the supposed house of the old woman-pawnbroker on Srednaya Podyachnaya Street. Through these places, Raskolnikov returns to himself after the murder. In the summer of 1865, the writer went the same way from the publisher and could deliberately enter it into the novel under the influence of his own negative experience.
6. The secret of Alena Ivanovna and interest
Raskolnikov and Alena Ivanovna. Illustration for the novel RIA News" Percentage Alena Ivanovna explains to Raskolnikov her financial policy:
"Here, sir: if one hryvnia a month from a ruble, then fifteen kopecks will be deducted from you for a ruble and a half, a month in advance."
Is it a lot or a little? The hryvnia, or dime, was called 10 kopecks. That is, the old woman's fat gain from each payment is 10%. If Dostoevsky had described not the summer of 1865, but a little earlier, the hero could have complained about the pawnbroker to the police. Usury was practiced in tsarist Russia for many years. The authorities periodically issued official documents that regulated and limited the activities of those who lent at interest. In particular, the size of these percentages was an important issue. In the 1830s, a restriction was introduced for individuals - no more than 6% per month. Oral warnings were issued for violations of these rules. A further complaint was followed by a fine or arrest. In 1864, a new legislative act was issued, allowing to take from mortgages up to 10% per month. This was required by the development of the economy, the growth of the needs of the population and the reduction of their income. Therefore, Alena Ivanovna, in a sense, is a sign of the times. The old woman becomes the spokesman for the new economic reality and this arouses indignation in her clients.
7. The mystery of delirium tremens and hypochondria
Almost the first thing we learn about the hero is his bad state:
"... for some time he was in an irritable and tense state, similar to hypochondria."
Medicine in the 19th century, as now, understood hypochondria as excessive attention to one's health and constant fears for one's life. Even from this short quote, it is clear that this classical definition is hardly applicable to Raskolnikov. And here is how Dostoevsky describes his own hypochondria in a letter to his friend Totleben: "... was too irritating ... with the ability to distort the most ordinary facts and give them a different look and size." It turns out that Raskolnikov suffers not from medical, but from "Dostoevsky" hypochondria.
This, however, is not the only mysterious illness of the hero. After the murder of Ras-kolnikov, he has nightmares, and the landlady's servant Nastasya suspects that there is “blood screaming” in him: “This is when she has no way out and she starts to bake with liver, then it will begin to appear ...” In the 19th century, diseases with such mysterious symptoms were treated bloodletting - literally piercing the veins and draining the "excess" blood. However, it is important for Dostoevsky not so much that the blood has begun to bake, but that it “screams”. This is a reference to the Bible, for example, to God's address to Cain: "The voice of your brother's blood cries out to Me." A cry or a cry about a crime, ascending to heaven, is a fairly popular Old Testament image. It is used in relation to terrible evil deeds, which subsequently will certainly be punished.
According to several characters, Raskolnikov suffers from delirium tremens. Here is what his mother says, referring to the master's servant Nastasya:
"She tells us all of a sudden that you are lying in a delirium tremens and just ran away quietly from the doctor, delirious, into the street and that they ran to look for you."
In the 19th century, the concept of "delirium tremens" was quite broad, including the so-called sudden and short-term insanity, not necessarily caused by drunkenness. This is reflected both in the encyclopedic dictionaries of that time and in Dahl's dictionary. They also understood the meaning of delirium tremens and the reviewers of "Crime and Punishment". Critics of the Russian Invalid and Glasny Court editions were offended by the fact that the writer portrayed a representative of the young generation as if he had “all the signs of delirium tremens; everything only seems to him; he acts quite by accident, delirious. " But Dostoevsky was never reproached for making Raskolnikov a drunkard.
Sources of
- Belov S.V. F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment": Commentary. Book for the teacher.
- Dostoevsky F.M. Collected Works. T. 7.
- Tikhomirov B.N."Lazarus! Come out. " FM Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" in a modern reading. Commentary book.
A novel in six parts with an epilogue
Part one
I
In early July, in an extremely hot time, towards evening, a young man went out of his little room, which he had hired from tenants in S-m lane, into the street and slowly, as if in indecision, went to the K-well bridge. He safely avoided meeting his mistress on the stairs. His closet was located under the very roof of a high five-story building and looked more like a closet than an apartment. His apartment owner, from whom he rented this little room with dinner and a servant, was placed one staircase below, in a separate apartment, and every time he went out into the street, he certainly had to pass the mistress’s kitchen, which was almost always wide open onto the stairs. And each time the young man, passing by, felt some painful and cowardly sensation, of which he was ashamed and from which he winced. He had to be around the hostess and was afraid to meet her. Not that he was so cowardly and downtrodden, quite the opposite; but for some time he was in an irritable and tense state, similar to hypochondria. He became so deep in himself and retired from everyone that he was afraid even of any meeting, not just a meeting with the hostess. He was crushed by poverty; but even the constrained situation has recently ceased to weigh on him. He completely stopped his daily affairs and did not want to do it. In fact, he was not afraid of any mistress, no matter what she planned against him. But to stop on the stairs, to listen to all the nonsense about all this ordinary rubbish, to which he has nothing to do, all this harassment about payment, threats, complaints, and at the same time dodge, apologize, lie, - no, it’s better to slip through somehow. cat up the stairs and sneak away so no one can see. However, this time the fear of meeting his creditor even struck him on going out into the street. “What business do I want to encroach on and at the same time I am afraid of what trifles! - he thought with a strange smile. - Hm ... yes ... everything is in the hands of a man, and he carries everything past his nose, solely from cowardice ... this is an axiom ... I wonder what people are most afraid of? They are most afraid of a new step, a new word of their own ... But by the way, I talk too much. That’s why I don’t do anything because I talk. Perhaps, however, and so: because I chatter, that I do nothing. It was me in this last month that I learned to chat, lying for days in a corner and thinking ... about Tsar Pea. Why am I going now? Am I capable of it? Is it it Seriously? Not serious at all. So, for the sake of imagination, I amuse myself; toys! Yes, perhaps as toys! " There was a terrible heat outside, besides stuffiness, crush, lime, forests, bricks, dust everywhere, and that special summer stench, so familiar to every Petersburger who does not have the opportunity to rent a dacha - all this at once unpleasantly shook the already frustrated nerves young men. The unbearable stench from the taverns, of which there is a special multitude in this part of the city, and the drunks who came across every minute, despite the weekday, completed the disgusting and sad coloring of the picture. A feeling of deepest disgust flashed for a moment in the thin lines of the young man. By the way, he was remarkably handsome, with beautiful dark eyes, dark Russian, above average height, thin and slender. But soon he fell into a sort of deep thoughtfulness, even, or rather, as it were, into some kind of oblivion, and went, no longer noticing his surroundings, and even unwilling to notice him. From time to time he only muttered something to himself, from his habit of monologues, which he had now confessed to himself. At that very moment he himself was aware that his thoughts sometimes got in the way and that he was very weak: the second day he had eaten almost nothing at all. He was so badly dressed that another, even a familiar person, would have been ashamed to go out into the street in such rags during the day. However, the quarter was such that it was difficult to surprise anyone with a costume. The proximity of Sennaya, the abundance of well-known institutions and, for the most part, the guild and artisan population, crowded in these middle Petersburg streets and lanes, sometimes dazzled the general panorama with such subjects that it would be strange to be surprised when meeting a different figure. But so much evil contempt had already accumulated in the soul of a young man that, despite all his sometimes very young delicacy, he was least ashamed of his rags on the street. It is a different matter when meeting with other acquaintances or with former comrades with whom he generally did not like to meet ... But meanwhile, when one drunk, who is not known why and where he was transported along the street at that time in a huge cart harnessed by a huge draft horse, suddenly shouted to him as he drove by: "Hey you, German hatter!" - and yelled at the top of his lungs, pointing at him with his hand, - the young man suddenly stopped and convulsively grabbed his hat. This hat was high, round, Zimmermann's, but all already worn out, completely red, all full of holes and spots, without brims and with the most hideous corner twisted to one side. But not shame, but a completely different feeling, even similar to fright, seized him. "I knew it! - he muttered in embarrassment, - I thought so! This is the worst of all! Here is some kind of stupidity, some vulgar trifle, the whole idea can spoil! Yes, the hat is too conspicuous ... Funny, and therefore conspicuous ... My rags certainly need a cap, at least some old pancake, and not this freak. Nobody wears such, they will notice it a mile away, remember ... the main thing, then they will remember, an and a piece of evidence. Here you need to be as inconspicuous as possible ... Little things, little things are the main thing! .. These little things always ruin everything ... " He had little to go; he even knew how many steps from the gate of his house: exactly seven hundred and thirty. Once he counted them, when he was already very much dreaming. At that time, he himself did not yet believe these dreams of his own and only irritated himself with their ugly, but seductive insolence. Now, a month later, he was already beginning to look differently and, despite all the teasing monologues about his own impotence and indecision, the "ugly" dream somehow even involuntarily got used to consider it an enterprise, although he still did not believe himself. He even went to do now sample his enterprise, and with each step his excitement grew stronger and stronger. With a sinking heart and a nervous tremor, he approached the enormous house, one wall facing the ditch, and the other into the street. This house was all in small apartments and was inhabited by all sorts of industrialists - tailors, locksmiths, cooks, various Germans, girls living on their own, petty officials, and so on. Those who entered and went out darted under both gates and in both courtyards of the house. There were three or four janitors working here. The young man was very pleased not to meet any of them, and imperceptibly slipped out of the gate to the right onto the stairs. The staircase was dark and narrow, "black", but he already knew and studied all this, and he liked the whole situation: in such darkness, even a curious look was harmless. “If I am so afraid for now, what would have happened if it had really somehow happened to the very Affairs to get there? .. "- he thought involuntarily, passing to the fourth floor. Here, retired porters, who were carrying furniture out of one apartment, blocked his way. He already knew before that one family German, an official, lived in this apartment: “So this German is now leaving, and therefore, on the fourth floor, along this staircase and on this site, there remains, for some time, only one old woman's apartment is busy. This is good ... just in case ... "- he thought again and called the old woman's apartment. The bell rang out weakly, as if it were made of tin rather than copper. In such small apartments of such houses, almost all of these calls. He had already forgotten the ringing of this bell, and now this special ringing as if suddenly reminded him of something and clearly imagined ... He just shuddered, his nerves had already weakened too much this time. A little later, the door opened a little to a tiny crack: the dweller looked out of the crack at the visitor with visible distrust, and only her eyes were visible, sparkling from the darkness. But when she saw a lot of people on the landing, she cheered up and opened completely. The young man stepped over the threshold into a dark hallway, partitioned off by a partition, behind which was a tiny kitchen. The old woman stood before him in silence and looked at him questioningly. She was a tiny, dry old woman, about sixty years old, with keen and evil eyes, with a small, pointed nose and simple hair. Her blond, slightly gray hair was greased with oil. On her thin and long neck, like a chicken leg, there was some kind of flannel rag fastened, and on her shoulders, despite the heat, dangled all the frayed and yellowed fur katsaveika. The old woman was constantly coughing and groaning. The young man must have looked at her with some special look, because in her eyes the same mistrust suddenly flashed again. “Raskolnikov, a student, was with you a month ago,” the young man hastened to mutter with a half-bow, remembering that he had to be nicer. “I remember, father, I remember very well that you were,” the old woman said clearly, still not taking her questioning eyes off his face. - So, sir ... and again, for the same business ... - continued Raskolnikov, a little embarrassed and surprised at the distrustfulness of the old woman. “Perhaps, however, she is always like that, but I didn’t notice that time,” he thought with an unpleasant feeling. The old woman was silent, as if in thought, then stepped aside and, pointing to the door to the room, said, letting the guest ahead: - Go through, father. The small room into which the young man entered, with yellow wallpaper, geraniums and muslin curtains on the windows, was at that moment brightly lit by the setting sun. "AND then, therefore, the sun will shine in the same way! .. "- as if by chance flashed in Raskolnikov's mind, and with a quick glance he looked around everything in the room in order to study and remember the location as much as possible. But there was nothing special about the room. The furniture, all very old and made of yellow wood, consisted of a sofa with a huge curved wooden back, a round oval table in front of the sofa, a toilet with a mirror in the pillar, chairs on the walls, and two or three penny pictures in yellow frames depicting German young ladies with birds in the hands - that's all the furniture. An icon lamp was burning in the corner in front of a small image. Everything was very clean: both the furniture and the floors were polished; everything shone. "Lizavet's job," thought the young man. Not a speck of dust could be found in the entire apartment. “It’s that evil and old widows have such cleanliness,” Raskolnikov continued to himself, and with curiosity looked sideways at the chintz curtain in front of the door to the second, tiny room, where the old women had a bed and a chest of drawers and where he had never looked. The whole apartment consisted of these two rooms. - Anything? - Sternly said the old woman, entering the room and still standing right in front of him to look him straight in the face. - He brought the mortgage, that's it! And he took out of his pocket an old flat silver watch. On the back plate was a globe. The chain was steel. “Why, I’ll lay the deadline for the old one.” On the third day, the month had passed. - I will pay you interest for another month; be patient. - And that's my good will, father, to endure or sell your thing now. - How many for hours, Alena Ivanovna? - And you go around with trifles, father, nothing, read it, is not worth it. Last time I brought you two tickets for the ring, and you can buy it a new one from a jeweler for one and a half rubles. - Give me four rubles, I will redeem, fathers. I will receive the money soon. - A ruble and a half, sir and a percentage in advance, if you want, sir. - One and a half rubles! - cried the young man. - Your will. - And the old woman handed him back the watch. The young man took them and was so angry that he was about to leave; but he immediately changed his mind, remembering that there was nowhere else to go and that he had also come for another. - Come on! He said roughly. The old woman reached into her pocket for the keys and went into another room behind the curtains. The young man, left alone in the middle of the room, listened curiously and thought. She could hear her unlocking the dresser. It must be the top drawer, he thought. - So she carries the keys in her right pocket ... Everything is on one bunch, in a steel ring ... And there is one key more than all, three times, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers ... So, there is still some kind of box, or packing ... Now that's curious. The stowage has all such keys ... But how despicable it all is ... " The old woman returned. - Here, sir: if a hryvnia a month from a ruble, then for one and a half ruble fifteen kopecks will be deducted from you, a month in advance. Yes, for the two previous rubles, you still owe twenty kopecks in advance on this account. And in total, therefore, thirty-five. You now have to receive only fifteen kopecks for your watch. Here you will get it, sir. - How! so now the ruble is fifteen kopecks!- Exactly so, sir. The young man did not argue and took the money. He looked at the old woman and was in no hurry to leave, as if he still wanted to say or do something, but as if he himself did not know what exactly ... “I’ll bring you, Alena Ivanovna, maybe one of these days, I’ll bring one more thing ... a silver ... good ... one cigarette box ... just like I’m turning from a friend ...” He was embarrassed and paused. - Well then, let's talk, father. - Goodbye, sir ... And you are all sitting at home alone, there are no sisters? He asked as casually as possible, going out into the hall. - And what do you care about her, father? - Nothing special. That's what I asked. You now ... Farewell, Alena Ivanovna! Raskolnikov left in decisive confusion. This confusion increased more and more. Going down the stairs, he even stopped several times, as if suddenly struck by something. And finally, already on the street, he exclaimed: "Oh my God! how disgusting it is! And really, really, I ... no, this is nonsense, this is absurdity! He added decisively. - And could such a horror have occurred to me? What filth, however, my heart is capable of! The main thing: dirty, filthy, disgusting, disgusting! .. And I, for a whole month ... " But he could not express either words or exclamations of his excitement. The feeling of endless disgust, which had begun to crush and trouble his heart even while he was just walking to the old woman, had now reached such a size and it became so vividly clear that he did not know where to go from his melancholy. He walked along the sidewalk like a drunk, not noticing passers-by and colliding with them, and came to his senses in the next street. Looking around, he noticed that he was standing next to the tavern, to which the entrance was from the sidewalk down the stairs to the basement floor. At that very moment, two drunkards came out of the door and, supporting and scolding each other, climbed into the street. Without thinking for a long time, Raskolnikov immediately went downstairs. He had never entered the taverns before, but now his head was spinning, and besides, a burning thirst tormented him. He wanted to drink a cold beer, especially since he attributed his sudden weakness to the fact that he was hungry. He sat down in a dark and dirty corner, at a sticky table, asked for a beer and eagerly drank the first glass. Immediately everything was relieved, and his thoughts cleared up. “All this is nonsense,” he said hopefully, “and there was nothing to be embarrassed about! Just a physical disorder! One glass of beer, a piece of biscuit - and in an instant, the mind grows stronger, the thought becomes clear, the intentions harden! Ugh, how insignificant all this is! .. ”But, despite this contemptuous spit, he looked already merrily, as if suddenly freed from some terrible burden, and looked around the audience in a friendly manner. But even at that moment he had a distant presentiment that all this susceptibility to the best was also painful.Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment became the main literary event in the second half of the 60s. XIX century. At first glance, an ordinary detective story about the murder of an old woman borrower with the aim of an easy and quick profit turned into a very deep philosophical reflection about the boundaries of human freedom and living conditions in the contemporary author of the capital Petersburg.
Concept and idea of the novel
Dostoevsky was thinking about the novel during his stay in Siberian penal servitude. For participation in the Petrashevsky riot, the writer was sentenced to death, but at the last moment, by order of the emperor, the execution was replaced by exile and hard labor. Unable to write, Dostoevsky had enough time to form an idea and outline an approximate plan for the development of the plot.
"Crime and Punishment" is a description of the history of the moral transformation of a strong personality, indifferent to social conventions and devoid of self-reflection. Characteristic is the frequent mention of the great people of the past, especially Napoleon, with whom Raskolnikov openly compares himself. "Crime and Punishment", in addition, raises another topic: this strong person commits a crime not only to prove your self-sufficiency, but also for the sake of the possibility of instant enrichment. These two aspects formed the basis of Dostoevsky's idea.
Sources when writing
When writing the novel, the author used both his previous experience in the genre of the novel and real events. The following components can be noted that made up the work:
- The unfinished novel "The Drunken Ones". It was his characters and storylines that served as the basis for describing the life of the Marmeladov family.
- The crime of the Old Believer, in other words, the schismatic Gerasim Chistov, a resident of Moscow. With the aim of robbery, Chistov entered the apartment of two elderly women and, faced with them, hacked them both with an ax.
The structure of the work and its content
The novel consists of six chapters and an epilogue. The multitude of storylines and the wide range of issues raised discourage attempts to summarize the content of the work. Analysis of psychology and behavior characters in a given situation became Dostoevsky's calling card, as can be seen from the first novel from his Pentateuch - "Crime and Punishment".
Part 1: the plot and characteristics of the heroes
Since the first parts are the plot of the plot and the exposition of the main characters of the novel, it is advisable to cite their content by chapters:
Part 2: development of events
The events described in the second part have especially important to understand the essence of the novel:
Part 3: detective component
The further content of the work "Crime and Punishment" is entirely devoted to the detective component.
Raskolnikov demands that his sister cancel the wedding, but she refuses. After a tense conversation, mother and Dunya return to the hotel, where Razumikhin visits them the next morning. They discuss the current situation, in particular, Pulcheria Alexandrovna asks for advice on what to do with Luzhin's request to visit them in the absence of Raskolnikov. Dunya believes that his brother must attend the meeting.
Sonya comes to Raskolnikov's apartment to invite him to the funeral. The mother and sister already know that the young man gave all his money for Marmeladov's funeral, and they are aware of Sonya's position in society. Despite this, Raskolnikov officially introduces them to each other, and Dunya even bows to Sonya.
After that, Raskolnikov goes to the police to find out how he can get the pledged things. During the conversation, it becomes clear that he is also a suspect. Investigator Porfiry Petrovich recalls that earlier Raskolnikov published an article on the division of people into ordinary and extraordinary, including those who have the right to murder.
Upon his return, Raskolnikov confronts a man at his home who calls him a murderer. The young man's nerves are at their limit, he has a third nightmare in which he beats the old woman with an ax, but she does not die, but laughs incessantly. Raskolnikov tries to escape, but the crowd surrounding him prevents this. Waking up, he finds Svidrigailov in his room.
Part 4: the resurrection of Lazarus
Svidrigailov's goal is to meet with Dunya, and Raskolnikov must help him. Rodion refuses and a little later, together with Razumikhin, goes to his mother, where Luzhin is already. He is annoyed at the violation of his wishes, arranges a scandal, after which Dunya chases the groom away.
After that, Raskolnikov visits Sonya. Finding the Gospel opened on a page that tells about the resurrection of Lazarus, he asks the girl to read this story to him. When Sonya fulfills her request, Raskolnikov bows to her and promises to tell the next day who killed the pawnbroker and her sister. But before the story, he again comes to the police for things, and is faced with attempts by the investigator to trick him into admitting guilt. In the hearts of Raskolnikov, he already demands to openly call him guilty, but Porfiry Petrovich does not. An earlier arrested dyer is accidentally brought into the office, who confesses to the murder.
Part 5: Luzhin's revenge and Raskolnikov's confession
Luzhin wants to take revenge on Raskolnikov for the disrupted wedding and throws 100 rubles into Sonya's pocket. The Marmeladovs arrange a funeral that no one attended. Gradually, a quarrel boils over between Katerina Ivanovna and the landlady over the invitees, and Luzhin appears in the midst of it. He accuses Sonya of stealing, and the money, of course, is found in the girl's pocket. Lebezyatnikov, a neighbor of Luzhin, says that he personally saw how he threw money into his pocket, but the landlady does not care kicks out the whole family.
Raskolnikov stays with Sonya and lets her know that he is the killer. The girl understands this and promises to go to hard labor with him if he confesses. The conversation is interrupted by the news that Katerina Ivanovna has gone mad and is begging along the streets with the children. Sonya and Raskolnikov try to stop the woman, but she is overtaken by a fatal attack of consumption. Svidrigailov agreed to pay for the funeral, arguing that he had heard all the conversations between Sonya and Raskolnikov.
Part 6: denouement
The investigator comes to Raskolnikov's apartment and directly states that he considers him a murderer. Porfiry Petrovich offers to confess in two days. During this time, Rodion meets with Svidrigailov, from whom he learns that he is deeply in love with his sister, but there can be nothing between them.
After the conversation, Svidrigailov comes to Duna and says that her brother is a killer... He offers to organize an escape and help financially if she agrees to be his mistress. Dunya tries to leave, but the door is locked. Then the girl shoots at Svidrigailov, but does not hit. After that, he releases Dunya. Shocked by what happened, Svidrigailov gives Sonya the money that she and Raskolnikov will need in hard labor, rents a hotel room and shoots to death with Dunya's revolver.
Raskolnikov says goodbye to his mother, sister and Sonya, kisses the ground at the intersection and confesses to the murder. After that, he goes to the police, where he repeats his confession.
Epilogue
Raskolnikov is serving a sentence in a Siberian penal servitude. Sonya, as promised, followed him. Dunya and Razumikhin got married, and Pulcheria Alexandrovna soon died of longing for her son. Raskolnikov keeps aloof from the rest of the prisoners, spending all his free time thinking about how ineptly he disposed of his life.
