Presentation on the world around the world through the eyes of an astronomer.

In this article, we look at the world through the eyes of an astronomer. We learn what the universe is and what place our planet Earth occupies in it. We will consider what other celestial bodies are in the Cosmos, and how they can affect us. In this material you will find answers to questions about the world around you for grade 4.

What is Astronomy?

The sky has interested people at all times. The first scientists who formed knowledge about the stars were called astrologers. Later they began to be called astronomers, and the science of celestial bodies - astronomy.

Scientists study how the universe works with the help of telescopes. The first device similar to the modern one was invented by Isaac Newton, using mirrors instead of lenses. The world's largest telescope in Russia is located in the Caucasus. The diameter of its mirrors reaches 6 meters.

Rice. 1. The BTA telescope is the largest not only in Russia, but also in Eurasia

Universe - what is it?

All that our imagination can conceive is the universe. This is a vast space that has no end and no edge beyond our Earth. The universe has no boundaries. It consists of many galaxies, planets, stars, black holes. It is impossible to measure and hard to demonstrate, but this is the world we live in.

Rice. 2. The Milky Way Galaxy

The universe is made up of galaxies. A galaxy is a collection of star systems, much like our solar system. There are other planets around the stars, but humanity does not yet know if there is intelligent life there, like ours. We are in a galaxy called the Milky Way.

In clear weather, a narrow bright path can be observed in the sky, consisting of many small stars. This is the outline of our galaxy, although in the universe it looks like a spiral.

Types of stars

Scientists distinguish these types of stars:

Planets of the solar system

It is believed that the Sun, along with the planets surrounding it, formed from a large cold cloud of gas and dust. Eight planets revolve around it, each of which has its own orbit and speed of movement.

Rice. 3 Solar system

The four planets closest to the star are called the inner planets. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These are the only bodies in our system that have a solid surface.

The other four planets are called outer. These include the giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. They have a low density due to the accumulation of gases.

The smallest planet in the solar system is Mercury. It is closest to the star. The largest is Jupiter. The planet with the most moons is Saturn. There are 18 of them. Saturn is surrounded by rings of ice and rocks.

What have we learned?

The world around us through the eyes of astronomers is the universe that is around us. We are part of an immense cosmos in which billions of mysteries remain unsolved. All that scientists manage to study is the Milky Way galaxy and the solar system that is part of it.

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Astronomy is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form, and the universe as a whole. The word astronomy comes from two Greek words: astron, star, and nomos, law.

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Astronomers are people who study the stars.

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Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. It is known that even cavemen observed the starry sky, because its drawings were found on the walls of caves.

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The Babylonians were skilled observers, as were the Egyptians, who built pyramids according to the positions of the stars in certain constellations.

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People have watched the stars throughout their history. Records of astronomical observations indicate that this is approximately 5,000 years ago.
Chinese astronomer, 1675

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Much later, instruments come to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.

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Modern telescopes are very huge and complex devices that allow you to look into the depths of the universe for millions of light years. However, there are devices that allow you to look, or rather hear, even further - these are radio telescopes, where giant antennas simply “listen” to the Universe.

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From the point of view of astronomers, the world is the Universe or Cosmos. These are other planets and stars, our planet Earth, its plants and animals, you and me - this is the whole Universe.

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Scientists believe that our Universe arose as a result of the so-called Big Bang, which occurred about 15 billion years ago. At the same time, a dense hot ball was formed, which began to rapidly expand, turning into the Universe. Many astronomers believe that the expansion continues today.

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Our life is possible only thanks to the Sun. People understood this even in ancient times and revered the Sun as a deity. They called it differently: in Ancient Greece - Helios, in Egypt - Ra, and our Slavic ancestors - Yarilo. Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun.
Yarilo
Helios

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Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun. Here is one of the hymns of the ancient Greek poet Homer: The sun in eternal motion makes the luminaries turn pale, the sun fills the limits with the purple radiance of the earth. The sun is a friend of the farmer, favorably to all sailors. The sun is the deity of days and nights, the crown and the beginning. Only his one of the gods reigning in the world, We are given to see ...

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To observe the vast expanses of space, special modern instruments and observatories are needed, so scientists use entire complexes of powerful telescopes, which are located in places where the air is especially transparent.
Observatory

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The oldest observatories were built over seven thousand years ago. At first, these were circles of huge stones - megaliths, which formed astronomical instruments. Around 2800 BC In Britain, the construction of the Stonehenge complex began, which may have served as an observatory.

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Among the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon, Greece, and later China, India, and before the discovery of America by Columbus, astronomy was held in high esteem. Accurate observations of the starry sky were carried out there, and for this, grandiose structures were erected, which have survived to this day.
Temple of the Sun in Mexico

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In the Middle Ages, the life of astronomers turned out to be very difficult, since their knowledge of the Universe was in many respects contrary to religion, and for the idea that the Earth was spinning, it was completely possible to get on the fire, which happened to the philosopher Giordano Bruno.
ancient indian observatory

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How did the solar system come into being?
The solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago. Some parts of the cloud turned out to be denser. Particles of gas and dust in these areas began to approach each other under the influence of forces of mutual attraction. Over time, they formed a ball. The ball condensed, decreased in volume and warmed up.

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Gradually, it began to glow, turning into the embryo of the Sun, which took about 100 thousand years. The “embryo” rotated faster and faster, scattering part of the substance in space. At the same time, he continued to shrink and warm up. Finally, the "embryo" warmed up for the occurrence of a nuclear reaction; a huge amount of energy began to be released, and a new star shone. The ring of previously discharged matter began to gather into clots.

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These clumps gradually became larger and larger, located at different distances from the Sun. Large clumps became the planets we observe today. The smaller ones turned into satellites of the planets, and the very small ones became asteroids.

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The Sun is the closest to the Earth…… It is a huge…… cosmic body. The sun has the shape of …… The diameter of the Sun is …… times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ...... times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ...... kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ...... degrees, and in its center - ...... degrees.
Enter the missing data in the text using the textbook.

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The sun is the closest to the Earth ... (star). This is a huge ... (hot) cosmic body. The sun has the shape of ... (ball). The diameter of the Sun is ... (109) times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ... (330 thousand) times the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is … (150 million) kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ... (6.000) degrees, and in its center - ... (15 - 20 million) degrees.

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The sun forms the center of our system. 9 planets revolve around it. 4 small planets located closest to the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - are called internal. They have a hard surface. The remaining 5 planets are called outer. These are 4 gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, as well as a small solid planet made of stone and ice - Pluto.

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Mark each statement with a code sign, agreeing with me or disagreeing: 1. The Earth is one of the planets of the solar system. 2. The sun is the closest star to us, a hot ball of gas. 3. The mass of the Earth is 330 thousand times the mass of the Sun. 4. Specialists who study astronomy are called astronauts. 5. The earth moves around the sun. 6. You can observe the Sun by looking through binoculars or a telescope. pipe.
- Yes
- No
- I do not know

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An online lesson on this topic can be viewed: http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/okruj-mir/4-klass/tema/mir-glazami-astronoma
Website of Elena Beryukhova "School ABV" Design: Elena Beryukhova http://shkola-abv.ru

1. Are you interested in learning about stars and planets? If yes, why? Write.

I'm interested in learning about planets because life like ours or animals we don't have can be found there. And the stars shine so beautifully and are so far away that I can learn as much as possible about them.

2. Using the textbook, write down the definitions.

Astronomy - it is the science of celestial and cosmic bodies.
Universe - this is the space in which the planets, stars and other celestial bodies are located.
Solar system - it is the Sun and the celestial bodies moving around it.

3. Using the textbook diagram, sign the planets of the solar system.

4. The wise turtle offers you a task to train your memory and attention. Number the planets in order of their distance from the Sun (in blue squares); in the order of their approach to the Sun (in red squares). Check yourself according to the diagram in the textbook.

5. Using the textbook, enter digital data instead of gaps. Use this data when talking about the Sun.

Sun Diameter 109 times larger than the Earth's diameter. The mass of the Sun is approximately at 330,000 (330 thousand) times more the masses of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers . The temperature on the surface of the sun reaches 6000 degrees, and in the center of the Sun presumably 15 - 20 million degrees.

6. Here you can make notes for your message on the task of the textbook (p. 8).

Find in additional literature, the Internet, new scientific information about the Sun or information about interesting celestial bodies of the solar system - comets, asteroids. Prepare a message.

Message subject:

Message plan:

Discovery of Pluto
On the surface of Pluto
Dimensions of Pluto
Why is Pluto not a planet but an asteroid?
New riddles

Important information to report:

Pluto is an asteroid that was considered a planet for decades

On February 18, 1930, 23-year-old astronomer from the United States Clyde Tombaugh discovered a new celestial body, which the world scientific community has identified as the ninth planet of the solar system. The new planet was named Pluto - in honor of the ancient Roman god of the underworld. The name came up with an 11-year-old schoolgirl from Oxford, Venice Burney, who was keenly interested not only in astronomy, but also in ancient mythology.

And indeed, the name of the god of the underworld perfectly suited the new planet. Pluto turned out to be a very cold and gloomy world. Its bowels consist of stone and ice, and the temperature on the surface is -230ºС. There is an atmosphere on the surface of the planet, but it is very rarefied and filled with nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide - gases unsuitable for human breathing.

For more than 70 years, Pluto was officially considered a planet, because at first, according to the calculations of scientists, its dimensions seemed comparable to the Earth, and then to Mars. But after the discovery of Pluto's moon Charon, astronomers were able to calculate the dimensions more accurately. It turned out that the diameter of Pluto is one third smaller than the diameter of the Moon, the Earth's satellite.

Disputes of scientists lasted almost 30 years. Someone considered Pluto a planet, someone an asteroid, and someone a dwarf planet. As a result, on August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union presented a new precise definition of the concept of "planet". It turned out that Pluto did not fit this new definition at all and it was immediately reclassified into a minor planet or, as they are also called, an asteroid.

Surprisingly, even this event did not stop the debate of astronomers over Pluto. Now some scientists are trying to prove that Pluto and Charon make up a double planet. So perhaps Pluto will bring many more surprises and new discoveries to earthlings.

Source(s) of information: Internet, books and encyclopedias.

Sections: Primary School

Lesson Objectives:

to introduce students to the science that studies the Universe - astronomy;
form an idea about the Sun and the planets of the solar system;
develop cognitive interest and the ability to observe, analyze, draw conclusions;
develop an interest in the environment.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

The lesson starts
He will go to the guys for the future,
Try to understand everything
Learn to unlock secrets
Give complete answers
To get a job
Only a rating of "five"!

II. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

III. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Introductory speech of the teacher.

Today I invite you to look at the world through the eyes of astronomers. But first we must find out who astronomers are and what astronomy is. I'm willing to listen to your suggestions...

So, the word astronomy comes from two Greek words:

ASTRONOMY: "astron" - a star and "nomos" - a law.

But the interpretation of this word in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov:

ASTRONOMY is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form, and the Universe as a whole.

Who are astronomers?

Astronomers are people who study the stars.

2. Acquaintance of students with history.

We are with you found out what astronomy is and who is called astronomers.

Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. People have watched the stars throughout their history. Records of astronomical observations indicate that this is approximately 5,000 years ago. The Babylonians were skilled observers, as were the Egyptians, who built pyramids according to the positions of the stars in certain constellations. Around 2800 BC In Britain, the construction of the Stonehenge complex began, which may have served as an observatory.

Later, instruments come to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.

3. Universe or Cosmos

From an astronomer's point of view peace - this is the Universe - this is the whole endless world around us.

These are other planets and stars, our planet Earth, its plants and animals, you and me - this is the whole Universe.

The next page of our lesson will help us get to know the star we have long been accustomed to.

blue handkerchief,
scarlet tangle
Riding on a scarf
Smiling at people.
/Sun and sky/

What can you say about the Sun?

How did the solar system come into being?

The solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago. Some parts of the cloud turned out to be denser. Particles of gas and dust in these areas began to approach each other under the influence of forces of mutual attraction. Over time, they formed a ball. The ball condensed, decreased in volume and warmed up. Gradually, it began to glow, turning into the embryo of the Sun, which took about 100 thousand years. The “embryo” rotated faster and faster, scattering part of the substance in space. At the same time, he continued to shrink and warm up. Finally, the "embryo" warmed up for the occurrence of a nuclear reaction; a huge amount of energy began to be released, and a new star shone. The ring of previously discharged matter began to gather into clots. These clumps gradually became larger and larger, located at different distances from the Sun. Large clumps became the planets we observe today. The smaller ones turned into satellites of the planets, and the very small ones became asteroids.

To continue talking about the Sun from a scientific point of view, the textbook article on page 6 will help us. You have to work in pairs.

In order to consolidate knowledge about the Sun, we will enter the missing data in the text.

The texts are distributed to the desks:

The sun is closest to the earth …… It's huge …… space body. The sun is shaped …… Sun diameter in …… times the diameter of the earth. The mass of the sun in …… times the mass of our planet. Distance from the Earth to the Sun - …… kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the sun is …… degrees, and in its center - …… degrees.

Checking texts. The proposals are read in turn.

5. Planets of the solar system.

Consider the planets of the solar system.

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. The planet got its name in honor of the Roman god of trade. This is the fastest planet. It revolves around the Sun in 88 days. Since Mercury is close to the Sun, it heats up very much, up to + 480 ° C. The atmosphere is so rarefied that it is practically non-existent. The smallest planet. The diameter is only 4878 km.

Venus - the second planet from the Sun Venus bears the name of the goddess of beauty, a bright star, it is also called the "evening" \ "morning" \ star. It can shine with a silvery light, very similar to the Earth, almost the same size. Venus is surrounded by a thick layer of clouds, but its atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. The heat here is unbearable: up to +480°С.

Earth - our planet looks blue from space. This color is given by the surrounding atmosphere and the oceans, covering more than two-thirds of the earth's surface. Water and oxygen provide life on Earth, where there are at least one and a half million species of plants and animals. As a result of the movement of rocks under the earth's crust, the bottom of the oceans moves apart, and the continents move around the planet. The earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago and has a natural satellite.

Who already guessed what it's called?

The moon is the closest neighbor in outer space. It can be viewed in detail with a telescope. This small cosmic body \ 4 times smaller in diameter than the Earth \ does not have an atmosphere, weather conditions do not change on it and there is no life. A man has already been on the moon.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, named after the Roman god of war for its red color, reminiscent of the color of blood. Mars is smaller than the Earth, but it has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos in honor of the sons of the god of war, which means Fear and Horror in translation. The temperature drops to -110°C.

Jupiter is the next planet from the Sun. The largest in the solar system. It is named after the most important Roman god, Jupiter. Holds over 1,300 Earth-sized bodies. False hurricanes constantly rage in the atmosphere of Jupiter. The temperature on the planet is 150°C.

Saturn is the second largest planet. Named after the Roman god of agriculture. Surrounded by many bright rings, consisting of fragments of ice and stones. Temperature - 170°C. The planet has 18 moons.

Uranus is 4 times larger than Earth in diameter. Consists of a small stone core and frozen gases: hydrogen, helium and methane.

Neptune is named after the Roman god of the seas. The planet flickers bluish light \ this is the color of methane \, reminiscent of the shine of water. Sometimes dark spots appear in the atmosphere of Neptune - these are the strongest whirlwinds raging in it. Surface temperature -200°C.

Pluto is so far from the Sun that an incredible cold reigns on its surface, down to minus 230°C. It is the smallest planet in the solar system. It is named after the Roman god of the realm of the dead.

So we got acquainted with the planets of the solar system.

IV. Consolidation of the studied material.

Test "Planets of the Solar System"

1. The planets of the solar system are studied:

a) geographers;
b) chemists;
c) astronomers;
d) physics.

2. Planets revolve around the Sun. Them:

a) 7;
b) 9;
at 11.

3. Pluto is:

a) the largest planet
b) the smallest planet;
c) a planet equal in size to the planet Earth.

4. Does the Earth have natural satellites?

a) yes, one;
b) no;
c) yes, two.

5. Which planet is named after the goddess of beauty?

a) Earth;
b) Venus;
c) Saturn.

6. The star around which the Earth revolves:

a) the moon
b) the sun;
c) Venus.

7. In what sequence are the planets relative to the Sun?

a) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter;
b) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus;
c) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

V. Summary of the lesson.