Who lives well in Russia? This question still worries many people, and this fact is explained by increased attention to the legendary poem of Nekrasov. The author managed to raise the topic that became eternal in Russia - the topic of mobility, voluntary self-denial in the name of salvation is fraud. It is the service of a high goal that makes the Russian man happy, as proved the writer on the example of Grisha Dobroblon.
"Who lives well in Russia" is one of the latest works of Nekrasov. When he wrote him, he was already seriously sick: he was struck by cancer. That is why it is not completed. His friends gathered close friends of the poet and set out fragments in an arbitrary order, barely catching the confused logic of the Creator, broken deadly diseases and endless pain. He died in torment and was still able to answer the question in the very beginning: who lives well in Russia? The lucky woman in a broad sense was he himself, because she was devoted and selflessly served the interests of the people. This ministry supported it in the fight against the fatal disease. Thus, the history of the poem began in the first half of the 1960s of the 19th century, in about 1863 (the serfdom was canceled in 1861), and the first part was ready in 1865.
The book was published fragmentary. The prologue has been published already in the January issue of the "contemporary" in 1866. Later there were other chapters. All this time, the work faced the attention of censors and mercilessly criticized. In the 70s, the author wrote the main parts of the poem: "Feat", "peasant", "Pier on the whole world." He planned to write much more, but because of the rapid development of the disease, he could not and stopped at Pira ..., where he expressed his main idea about the future of Russia. He believed that such holy people, like Dobrons, will be able to help his homeland, mired in poverty and injustice. Despite the fierce attacks of the reviewers, he found the strength to stand for the right thing to the end.
Genre, Rod, Direction
ON THE. Nekrasov called his creation "epic of modern peasant life" and was accurate in its wording: the genre of the work "Who lives well in Russia?" - epic poem. That is, at the base of the book, there is not one genus of literature, but as many as two: Lyrics and Epos:
- Epic component. In the history of the development of the Russian Society in the 1860s there was a turning point when people were taught to live in new conditions after the abolition of serfdom and other indigenous transformations of the usual lifefriend. This heavy historical period also described the writer, reflecting the realities of the time without embellishment and false. In addition, in the poem there is a clear linear story and many original heroes, which indicates the scale of the work, comparable, unless with the novel (epic genome). Also, the book absorbed the folk elements of heroic songs telling about the tallers of heroes on enemy camp. All this is the generic signs of the epic.
- The lyric component. The work is written in verses - this is the main property of lyrics, like a kind. The book also has a place for authoring deviations and typical poetic symbols, artistic expressiveness, features of the confession of heroes.
The direction in which the poem "Who in Russia live is well" is a realism. However, the author significantly expanded its borders by adding fantastic and folk elements (prologue, zinch, symbolism of numbers, fragments and heroes from folk legends). The poet elected a journey shape for his plan as a metaphor for the search for truth and happiness, which exercises each of us. Scene structure Many researchers of Creativity Nekrasov are compared with the structure of the folk epic.
Composition
The laws of the genre identified the composition and plot of the poems. Nekrasov finished the book in terrible torment, but still did not have time to finish it. This explains the sink composition and many branches from the plot, because the works were formed and restored by his friends on the drafts. He himself in recent months of life was not able to clearly adhere to the initial concept of creation. Thus, the composition "Who lives well in Russia?", Consipient except with the folk epic, is unique. It was developed as a result of creative development of world literature, and not a direct borrowing of some famous sample.
- Exposure (Prolog). Meeting of the seven men - the heroes of the poem: "Seven men agreed on a pillaby panel."
- The tie is an oath of heroes not to return home until they find answers to their question.
- The main part is made up of a plurality of autonomous parts: the reader meets the soldier, happy that he was not scored, the holopa, proud of his privilege to eat from the Lord's bowls, a grandmother, who had a repa on her joy in the garden ... While the search for happiness stand still, The slow, but confident growth of the popular self-consciousness, which the author wanted to show even more than declared happiness in Russia. From random episodes, the overall picture of Russia is evaporated: the bench, drunk, but the most disaster, striving for the best share. In addition, there are several large and independent plug-in episodes in the poem, some of which are even put in autonomous chapters ("Fat", "peasant").
- Culmination. A happy man in Russia a writer comes Grisha Dobrosaklon, a fighter for folk happiness.
- Junction. A severe disease prevented the author to finish his great intent. Even those chapters that he managed to write were sorted and denoted by his trusted persons after his death. It should be understood that the poem is not over, it was written by a very sick person, so this work is the most complex and confused of Nekrasov's literary heritage.
- The final chapter is called "Pier on the whole world." All night they sing peasants about the old and new time. Good and complete hopes of the song sings Grisha Dobrons.
- Seven Strangers There are former fortress peasants "from adjacent villages - SPAKATOV, Dryryavina, Razhovova, Znobishhina, Gorleov, Neelova, a fault of the identity." All of them put forward their versions to whom to live well in Russia: landowner, official, ass, merchant, noble boyar, minister of sovereign or king. Perseverance is expressed in their character: they all demonstrate the reluctance to accept someone else's side. Strength, courage and the desire for the truth - this is what they are united. They are ardent, easily leaving anger, but the movement compensates for these disadvantages. A kindness and responsiveness make them pleasant interlocutors, even despite some meticulousness. They are tempering them and cool, but life did not indulge their luxury: the former serfs were russed all the time, working for a barrina, and in after reform, no one took care of attaching them like a fit. So they wandered in Russia in search of truth and justice. The search itself characterizes them as people of serious, thoughtful and solid. The symbolic number "7" means a hint of luck, which expected them at the end of the way.
- The main character - Grisha Dobrosaklon, Seminarist, Son of Dycachka. By nature, he is a dreamer, romantic, loves to lay down and delight the people. In them, he argues about the fate of Russia, about her misfortunes, and at the same time about her mighty strength, which will once come out and crush injustice. Although he is an idealist, his character is firm, as well as his convictions to devote her life to serving truth. The character feels the vocation to be a popular leader and singer Rus. He is happy to sacrifice himself a high idea and help his debris. However, the author hints that it is just waiting for a difficult share: the oster, references, cavities. The government does not want to hear the voice of the people, she will try to shut it, and then Grisha will be doomed to torment. But Nekrasov makes it all forces to understand that happiness is the state of spiritual euphoria, and it is possible to know it only, being inspired by a high idea.
- Matrena Timofeevna Korchagin "The main heroine, a peasant, which neighbors are called happy for the fact that she broke off the spouse of the commander of his spouse (his only family breadwinner, had to pick up in recruits for 25 years). However, the history of life of a woman reveals without luck or good luck, and grief and humiliation. She knew the loss of the sole child, the wrath of the mother-in-law, everyday, exhausting work. Detailed and its fate is described in the essay on our website, be sure to see.
- Savely Korchagin - Grandfather Mature's husband, real Russian hero. At one time he killed the German manager who mercilessly mocked his trusted peasants. For this, a strong and proud man paid for decades of cavities. Upon return, he was already not suitable for anything, the years of the conclusion was trampled by his body, but did not break his will, because, as before, he stood the mountain for justice. The hero always said about the Russian peasant: "And there is a snack, but do not break." However, without knowing, the grandfather turns out to be the executioner of his own great-grandfather. He did not deploy the child, and that ate pig.
- Yermil Girin - Man of exceptional honesty, Burmist in Votchina Prince Yurlova. When he needed to buy a mill, he got up on the square and asked people to throw him to help. After the hero got on his feet, he returned all the people lended to the people. For this he deserved respect and honor. But he is unhappy, because freedom paid for the authority: after the peasant rebellion, a suspicion of his organization fell on him, and he was enclosed in Ostrog.
- Landowners in the poem "Who lives well in Russia" are presented in abundance. The author depicts them objectively and even gives some images a positive character. For example, the Governor of Elena Aleksandrovna, who helped Matrene appears by the people's benefactor. Also with a note of compassion, the writer depicts Gaburil Obolt-Owdorev, who also treated the peasants, even sat for them, and with the abolition of serfdom lost the soil under his feet: he was too used to the old order. As opposed to these characters, the image of Father-Utatin and his treacherous, calculating family was created. The relatives of the old hard-ferrous destroyer decided to deceive him and sat down the former slaves to participate in the play in return for favorable territories. However, when the old man died, the rich heirs brazenly deceived a simple person and drove it with anything. The apogee of the noble insignificance is the landowner of polivans, who beats his faithful servant and gives his son to recruits for trying to marry his beloved girl. Thus, the writer is far from universally disassembling to know, he is trying to show both sides of the medal.
- Khop Yakov - An indicative figure of a serf peasant, an antagonist of the hero of Savelia. Yakov absorbed the entire slave essence of the oppressed class scored by the weather and ignorance. When Barin hits him and even sends his son to the right death, the servant is submorted and suffering a disadvantage. His revenge was under the one of this humility: he hanged himself in the forest right in front of Barin, which was crippled and could not reach the house without his help.
- Ion Lyapushkin - God's wanderer who told men several stories about the life of people in Russia. He tells about the insight of Ataman Kudyar, who decided to sue the sins of the murder for the benefit, and about the tricks of Gleb-Old Town, who broke the will of the late Barin and did not let the serf on his order.
- Pop - A representative of the spiritual estate that complains about the difficult life of the priest. A constant collision with grief and poverty pecks the heart, not to mention folk sharpness addressed to his Sana.
What is the poem?
Seven men agreed on the road and needed to live well in Russia? The essence of the poema is that they were looking for an answer to this question on the way, talking to representatives of different estates. The revelation of each of them is a separate plot. So, the heroes went to take a walk in order to solve the dispute, but only crumbled, drowning the fight. In the night forest at the time of a fight in a bird from the nest fell a chick, and one of the men picked him up. The interlocutors sat down by the fire and began to dream to get the wings too and all necessary for traveling in search of truth. The bird of the foam turns out to be magical and as a redemption for his chick tells people how to find a self-bale tablecloth, which will provide food and clothing. They find it and dangle, and during the feather, they swear to find an answer to their question together, but until then, with anyone from their relatives, do not come back home.
On the road, they meet the pops, a peasant, a female parsley, a nasty, who had a worker and broken by paralysis of the former yard, honest man Yermil Girin, the landowner Gavril Obolt-Ooladueva, who survived the soul and his family and his family, Jacob's Holopa, Lyapushkin, , But none of them was a happy man. With each of them, a complete genuine tragedy is the history of suffering and misadventures. The goal of the trip is achieved only when the wanderers stumbled upon the Seminarist Grisz Dobrosaklon, who is happy with his selfless service of the Motherland. With good songs, he instills in the people hope, this ends with the poem "Who in Russia live well". Nekrasov wanted to continue the story, but did not have time, but she gave his heroes a chance to find faith in the future of Russia.
Main characters and their characteristics
About the heroes "Who in Russia live well" can be said with confidence that they are a complete system of images that streamlines and structures the text. For example, the unity of seven wanderers is emphasized in the work. They do not show individuality, character, they are expressed in them common for all features of popular self-consciousness. These actors are a single whole, their dialogues, in fact, a collective speech that originates from oral folk creativity. This feature relates to the poem of Nekrasov with a Russian folk tradition.
Characters in the poem "Who in Russia live well" is diverse and allow you to make a picture of the morals and the life of that time.
Subject
- The main topic of the work - freedom - Rests in the problem of the fact that the Russian peasant did not know what to do with it, and how to adapt to new realities. The national character is also "problem": people-thinkers, people-seekers truth still drink, live in oblivion and empty conversations. They are not able to squeeze slaves from themselves, until their poverty acquire at least a modest dignity of poverty, until they stop living with drunk illusions, until they realize their strength and pride, the ease of the humiliating state of things that were sold, lost and bought.
- Theme of happiness. The poet believes that the highest satisfaction from life a person can get only helping other people. The real value of being is to feel the necessary society, bring to the world of good, love and justice. Disinterested and self-challenging service fills every moment an exalted meaning, the idea, without which time loses color, becomes dim from inaction or egoism. Happy Grisha Dobrons is not wealth and not the position in the light, but by what leads Russia and their people to a bright future.
- Theme of the Motherland. Rus though appears in the eyes of readers poor and tortured, but still an excellent country with great future and heroic past. Nekrasov regrets a depreciation, devoting himself to its correction and improvement. Motherland for him is the people, the people are his muse. All these concepts closely intertwined in the poem "Who lives well in Russia." The patriotism of the author is particularly pronounced in the finals of the book, when the wanderers find the lucky people who live in the interests of society. In a strong and patient Russian woman, in the justice and honor of the henichr-peasant, in the sincere kind of popular singer, the Creator sees the true appearance of his power, performed advantage and spirituality.
- Labor theme. Useful activities elevates the heroes of Nekrasov over the bustle and vanity of nobility. It is the idler of the Russian Barin that turns it into a self-satisfied and arrogant insignificance. But the simpleness has really important skills and genuine virtue for society, without him there will be no Russia, but without any noble self-rigging, the country and greedy seekers of wealth will cost. So the writer comes to the conclusion that the value of each citizen is determined only by its contribution to the general case - the prosperity of the Motherland.
- Mystical motif. Fantastic elements appear already in the Prologue and immerse the reader in the fabulous atmosphere of the epic, where it is necessary to follow the development of the idea, and not for the realism of the circumstances. Seven Filins on seven trees - magic number 7, which promises good luck. A praying feature of the Raven is another definition of the devil, because Raven symbolizes death, gravestone and infernal forces. He is opposed to a good strength in the image of a bird-foam, which is equipped with men on the road. Tablecloth-self-banner is a poetic symbol of happiness and contentment. "Wide Road" - a symbol of the open finals of the poem and the basis of the plot, because both sides of the road travelers offer a multifaceted and genuine panorama of Russian life. Symbolized image of an unknown fish in unknown seas, which absorbed the "keys to female happiness." The crying wolf with bloody nipples also clearly demonstrates the difficult fate of the Russian peasant. One of the most vivid images of reform is the "chain of the Great", which, breaking down, "jumped by one end of Barina, the second on the man!" The seven of the wanderers is the symbol of the entire people of Russia, restless, waiting for change and seeking happiness.
Problems
- In the epic poem of Nekrasov, a large number of sharp and topical issues of that time touched. The main problem in "Who lives well in Russia?" - The problem of happiness, both in social and philosophical terms. It is associated with the social theme of the abolition of serfdom, which has greatly changed (and not for the better) the traditional way of life of all segments of the population. It would seem, here is she, freedom, what else should people? Is it not happiness? However, in fact it turned out that the people who, because of long slavery, do not know how to live independently, turned out to be thrown into the mercy of fate. Pop, landowner, peasant, Grisha Dobrons and seven men are real Russian characters and fate. The author described them, leaning on a rich experience of communicating with immigrants. The problems of the work are also taken from life: unpleasuracy and confusion after reform on the cancellation of serfdom really touched all classes. Nobody organized yesterday's holops of jobs or at least land plots, no one provided a landowner with competent instructions and laws regulating his new relations with employees.
- The problem of alcoholism. Wanderers come to an united conclusion: life in Russia is so heavy that a peasant without drunkenness will be hurt. Forgets and fog needed to him in order to somehow pull the stray of hopeless existence and hard labor.
- The problem of social inequality. The landlords of the years shouldrticate the peasants with impunity, and Savelia for the murder of such a oppressor has freed all his life. For the deception, nothing will be and the relatives of the follower, and their servants will again remain with anything.
- The philosophical problem of finding the truth with which each of us is found is allegorically expressed in the campaign of seven wanderers who understand that without this discovery their life is depreciated.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe work
The road junction of men is not a household quarrel, but an eternal, great dispute, in which all the layers of the Russian society of the time appear in one degree or another. All its main representatives (pop, landowner, merchant, official, king) are designed for the Men's court. For the first time, peasants can and have the right to judge. For all the years of slavery and poverty, they are not looking for retaliation, but a response: how to live? This is the meaning of the poem Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia?" - Growth of popular self-consciousness on the ruins of the old system. The point of view of the author expresses Grisha Dobrozlon in its songs: "And your faile facilitated the fate, Savior's sophisticated day! You still have a slave in the family, but the mother is already a free son! .. ". Despite the negative consequences of the reform of 1861, the Creator believes that it is worth a happy future for fragile. At the beginning, changes are always hard, but this work will be rewarded by a hundredfold.
The most important condition for further prosperity is to overcome the internal slavery:
Pretty! Ended with the past calculation
Completed the calculation with Mr!
Located with the forces of the Russian people
And learns to be a citizen
Despite the fact that the poem is not completed, the main thought of Nekrasov is voiced. Already the first of the songs "Pear in the whole world" gives an answer to the question that delivered in the title: "The share of the people, happiness is, light and freedom, first of all!"
the end
In the final, the author expresses his point of view of the changes in Russia in connection with the abolition of serfdom and finally summarizes the results of the search: a happy man is recognized by Grisha Dobrons. It is he who is the carrier of Nekrasov's opinion, and in his songs a true attitude of Nikolai Alekseevich is hidden to what he described. The poem "Who is in Russia to live well" ends with a pear for the whole world in the literal sense of the word: the same name is the last chapter, where the characters celebrate and rejoice in the happy completion of the search.
Output
In Russia, the hero of Nekrasov Grisha Dobrozlovoy, as it serves people, and, it means, lives with meaning. Grisha - a fighter for the truth, a modist of revolutionar. The conclusion that can be made on the basis of the work is simple: the lucky man is found, Rus stands on the path of reforms, the people through the thorns stretches to the rank of citizen. In this bright omen and is the great meaning of the poem. She is no longer the first century teaches people altruism, the ability to service with high ideals, and not vulgar and undergoing cults. From the point of view of literary skill, the book is also of great importance: it is in truth by the people's epic, reflecting the controversial, complex, and at the same time the most important historical era.
Of course, the poem would not be so valuable if I only gave the lessons of history and literature. It gives life lessons, and this is the most important property. The moral of the works of "Who in Russia to live well" is that it is necessary to work for the benefit of your homeland, not to scold it, but to help her, because the word is lighter than the lighter, but it can actually change something. Here it is, happiness - to be in my place, to be needed not only to yourself, but also the people. Only together can be achieved a significant result, only together you can overcome the problems and this overcoming. Grisha Dobrons with his songs tried to merge, rally people, so that they should have been changed shoulder to shoulder. In this, his holy destination, and it is in everyone, it is important not to be lazy to go on the road and look for him, as seven wanderers did.
Criticism
Reviewers carefully reacted to the work of Nekrasov, because he himself was an important person in literary circles and had a huge authority. His phenomenal civil lyrics dedicated entire monographs with a detailed analysis of the creative methodology and the ideological and thematic originality of his poetry. For example, here, as his stylist, the writer S.A. responded Andreevsky:
He learned from oblivion abandoned Anapest in Olympest and for many years made this heavy, but a downtime meter in the same walk, which since Pushkin to Nekrasov remained only the air and singers. This poeta rhythm, resembling the rotational movement of the scarmers, allowed to stay at the boundaries of poetry and prose, balalaging with a crowd, to speak folding and vulgar, insert a cheerful and evil joke, express bitter truths and unnoticed, slowing down tact, more solemn words, move into the wist.
On careful preparation of Nikolai Alekseevich to work inspired by the roots of Chukovsky, leading this example of writing work as a reference:
Nekrasov himself constantly "visited Russian skeins", thanks to which the soldiers', and the peasant speech became thoroughly known to him since childhood: not only on books, but in practice he studied a common language and the Smole region became a big connoisseur of populatory images, folk forms Thinking, folk aesthetics.
The death of the poet was surprising and kicking for many of his friends and colleagues. As you know, at his funeral was f.m. Dostoevsky with a heartfelt speech, inspired by the impressions of the poem recently read. In particular, among other things he said:
He really was extremely peculiar and, indeed, came with a "new word."
"New word", first of all, became his poem "Who in Russia live well." No one before him was so deeply aware of the peasant, simple, burnish burning. His colleague in his speech noted that he was dear to Nekrasov, which bowed to the People's truth with his whole being, what he witnessed in his best creatures. " However, its radical views on the reorganization of Russia Fedor Mikhailovich did not support, however, as many thinkers of that time. Therefore, the criticism responded to the publication of violently, and in some cases aggressively. In this situation, the honor of a friend defended the famous reviewer, master of the word Vissarion Belinsky:
N. Nekrasov in the last work remained faithful to his idea: to initiate the sympathy of the highest classes of society to common people, his needs and needs.
Pretty Kolko, remembering, apparently, professional disagreements, I. S. Turgenev expressed about the work:
Nekrasova poem, assembled in one focus, is burnt.
The writer of a liberal sense was not a supporter of his former editor and openly expressed his doubt in the giving of him as an artist:
In white threads of those who are stitched, with all sorts of absurdity of seasoned, painfully arrested fabrications of the sorrowful music of the city of Nekrasov - her, poetry, no and on the penny "
Interesting? Save on your wall!He really was a man of a very high nobility of the soul and a man of the great mind. And as a poet, he, of course, above all poets.
The poem "Who in Russia live is good" - the top of creativity N. A. Nekrasov. He himself called her "his favorite brain." With his poem, Nekrasov gave long years of tireless labor, invested in it all information about the Russian people, accumulated, as the poet said, "on the word" for twenty years. None of the works of Russian literature were not manifested with such force and
Ravda characteristics, habits, views, hopes of Russian people, as in this poem.
The plot of the poems is very close to the People's Skaz about the search for happiness and truth. The poem opens the "Prologue" - the most saturated folk elements chapter. It is in it that the main problem of the poem is constant: "Who lives fun, freely in Russia." The heroes of the poem are seven (one of the traditional significant numbers) of men go "the spanging of the province, a unproved parish, excessive villages." Seven men who set up in the Prologue are endowed with the best qualities of a folk nature: they have pain for their people, unconscious, burning interest in the main issues of life. They are interested in the main question that is the truth and that there is happiness.
A description of what the faiths have seen during travels in Russia, stories about themselves imagined "happy", to which the peasants appealed, and is the main content of the poem.
The composition of the work is based on the laws of the classical epic: it consists of individual parts and chapters. Externally, these parts are associated with the theme of the road: Seven men's men are in Russia, trying to resolve the question that does not give them peace: to whom to live well in Russia? And here he sounds one of the most important motives of Russian folklore - the motive of the strangeness. Heroes of Russian fairy tales went to look for a general happiness, learn whether it is in general - the happiness of Menitsky. The character itself is also combined with a Russian fairy tale. The travel of Nekrasovsky peasants is, in essence, spiritual way.
The first head "Pop" opens a way "wide road". This is one of the important poetic symbols of Russian literature, which embodies the idea of \u200b\u200bmovement, aspiration forward. This is an image of not only a vital, but also a spiritual path of man.
Meeting with Pop in the first chapter of the first part of the poem shows that his peasant understanding of happiness has no guys. The men still do not understand that the question is, who is happier - pop, a landowner, a merchant or king, - discovers the limitations of their ideas about happiness. These ideas are reduced only to material interest. It is not by chance that the formula of happiness proclaims pop, and the peasants passively agree. "Peace, wealth, honor" - here is the formula of happiness ass. But his story makes men to think about many. The life of Russia in its past and present, in its various estates opens for the life of Pop. Like the laity, the priests have only the highest clergy lives well. But the clergy cannot be happy when unfortunate people, his breadwinners. All this testifies to the deep crisis that covers the whole country.
In the next chapter, the "rural fair", the main acting person is a crowd, wide and long-sided. Nekrasov creates paintings in which the people spoke himself, spoke about himself, discontinuing the best and most unsightly features of their lives.
creates paintings in which the people spoke himself, spoke about himself, discontinuing the best and most unsightly features of their lives. But in everything: both in beauty, and in disgrace - the people are not pity and is not small, but is large, significant, generous and
In the next chapter, the "drunken night", a festive feast before-jigs the climax. From the depths of the people's world, a strong peasant character appears, like naked. He appears as a symbol of labor peasant life: "At the eye, the mouth from-rauum, like cracks on dried earth." Nekrasov for the first time in Russian literature creates a realistic portrait of a peasant-worker. Defending the difficulty of peasant pride, she sees public injustice towards the people.
Work alone,
And the hard work is over,
Look, there are three distributors:
God, King and Mr!
In the image of Yakim, the author shows the appearance of spiritual requests from the peasants. "Bread spiritual - above the bread of the earth."
In the chapter "Happy", all the Men's kingdom is involved in the dialogue, in a dispute about happiness. In their pathetic life, even tiny luck already seems happiness. But in the final of the chapter sounds a story with a friendly man. This story about Yermil Girin promotes the effect of epic ahead, marks a higher level of people's idea of \u200b\u200bhappiness. Like Yakim, Ermil is endowed with a sharp sense of Christian conscientiousness and honor. It would be given, he has "everything that is needed for happiness: both calm and money, and honor." But at the critical moment of life, Yermil sacrifices with these happiness for the truth of the people and enters Ostrog.
In the fifth chapter of the first part of the "landowner" the wanderers treats the gentlemen with an obvious irony. They already understand that the noble "honor" is worth a little. Wanderers spoke with Barine as dazzko and relaxed, like a screwed naked. A landowner Obolta-Owradiev Most of all leads to amazement that the former serfs took the burden of the historical issue "Who lives well in Russia?" As in Sducha with Pop, the narration of the landowner and the landowner is not just a guide. It is also about the overall catastrophic, exciting all crisis. Therefore, in the subsequent parts of the poem of Nekrasov, leaves the stated story scheme and artistically explores the life and poetry of the people.
In the head of the "peasant woman" appears before the wanderers of Matrena Timofeevna, which embodies the best qualities of Russian female character. The harsh conditions were honed a special female character - an independent, accustomed everywhere and to rely on their own strength.
The theme of spiritual slavery is the central in the chapter "Feat". The terrible "comedie" play the characters of this chapter. For the sake of half-sized prince Utyatin, they agreed to pretend that the serfdom was not canceled. This proves that no reform does yesterday's slaves free, spiritually full-fledged people.
The chapter "Pier on the whole world" is a continuation of the "follower." Here is a fundamentally different state of the world. This has already woken up and once spoken up People's Rus. New heroes are involved in the festive feast of spiritual awakening. The whole people sings the Liberation Songs, the trial of the past, it applies to the present, begins to think about the future.
liberation, the trial of the past, appreciates the present, begins to think about the future. Sometimes these songs are contrasting towards each other. For example, the story "About the holp of the approximate - Yakov faithful" and the legend "On two great sinners". Jacob Mustrate Barina for all the bullying of Hoping, committing suicide in his eyes. The robber Cudwar has his sins, murders and violence does not take apart by humility, but the murder of the villain is Pan Glukhovsky. So popular morality justifies the righteous anger against oppressors and even violence against them.
At the initial plan, the peasants had to make sure that it was impossible to find a happy person in Russia. But he appeared in his life - "New Hero of the New Epoch", Domocrat Diameter. The author introduces a new person to the poem - the folk intercessor Grisch Dobrosaklonov, who seeks his happiness in serving the people. Despite the fact that the personal fate of Grisha was difficult ("His fate prepared the path of nice, the name is a loud folk intercessor, Cahotku and Siberia"), he believes in the bright future of the people as a result of the struggle. And as if, in response to the growth of popular consciousness, the songs of Grisha, which knows that the happiness of the people can be achieved only as a result of the nationwide struggle for the "spike province, a unproved volost, an excess village."
The poem, conceived about the people and for the people, becomes an accusatory act against landowners.
Name Nekrasov forever fixed in the consciousness of the Russian man as the name of the Great Poet, who came into literature with his new word, managed in unique images and sounds to express high patriotic ideals of his time.
Speaking about the poem of Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia," you need to say that the poem is not over. The poet began work on the grandiose idea of \u200b\u200bthe "People's Book" in 1863, and finished deadly patients in 1877. As he said: "One, about which I regret deeply, that this did not finish the poem" Who lives well in Russia. " However, Belinsky believed that the incompleteness is a sign of true. The question of "incompleteness" of the poem is very controversial. After all, "who in Russia live well" was conceived as an epic, that is, an artistic work depicting with the maximum degree of completeness a whole era in the life of the people. Since the folk life is limitless and inexhaustible in countless manifestations, for epics in any varieties is characterized by incompleteness. Epopea can continue to infinity, but you can put a point in almost any segment of its path. That is, individual parts of the poem are connected by some common phenomenon. For example, in "who in Russia live well", all parts are combined only by the wandering peasants (excluding parts of the "conversation" and "PIR - for the whole world"). This allows you to freely rearrange parts. That is, there is an unfinished order of parts. If the order was fixed, part of the "conveyance" would not be at the first part, and for the second, and the "peasant" would be after the third part of the "feast - for the whole world." The composition of the work is based on the laws of the classical epic: it consists of individual, relatively autonomous parts and chapters. Externally, these topics are associated with the theme of the road: the seven men's men are waged in Russia, trying to resolve the question that does not give them someone: to whom to live well in Russia? And therefore the permutation of parts does not eliminate the meaning and charm of the poem.
The genre peculiarity of the poem is the mixing of fabulous motives and real facts of history. For example, the seven digit in folklore is magical. Seven wanderers - an image of a large epic composition. The fabulous flavor of the prologue raises the story over everyday weekdays, over the peasant life and gives the action of epic universality. At the same time, the events are attributed to the clad era. Specific sign of men - "temporary" - indicates the actual position of the peasants at the time. But not only the magic number of wanderers creates a fabulous atmosphere. The prologue about the meeting of seven men is narrated as a large epic event:
In which year - count,
In which land is guessing,
On a pillars
Seven men agreed ...
So there were epic and fabulous heroes on the battle or on the honather feast. But here, together with fabulous motifs, grasped the overall sign of the flag debris, expressed in the names of the villages: Patch, Raewoveno, Zlobishino, Nordime. County Terepiorev, the emptying parish, tightened by the province - all this also tells us about the plight of the provinces, counties, volosts after the reforms of 1861.
And yet the men live and act like in a fairy tale: "Look there, I do not know where, I do not know what." The poem arises a comic comparison of the dispute of men with the fight of bulls in the peasant flock. According to the laws of the epic, it is deployed as in Gogol's "dead souls", but it also acquires independent meaning. The cow with a bell, who fought off her herd came to the fire, stared at the men's men,
Crazy speeches obedience
And start, cardiac,
Mock, wash, wash!
Nature, animals also participate in the Men's dispute:
And raven, smart bird,
Fit, sits on a tree
At the fire itself,
Sits yes the hell prays
To defend to death
Which!
The perpell is growing, rummed, covers the whole forest:
Woke up echo
Went for a walk-walker
Shout shout-shout
As if to come up
Stubborn men.
With irony refers poet to the very essence of the dispute. The men still do not understand that the question is who happier - pop, a landowner, a merchant, an official or king, - discovers the limitations of their ideas about happiness, which are reduced to material security. But for the peasants of that time, the issue of provision was the most important. And not only in Russia, this question was worried about people, so the poem "Who is in Russia to live well" and belongs to a prominent place not only in Russian, but also in world poetry.
The genre peculiarity of the poem N. A.-Nekrasov is the amazing ability of the author to combine the fabulous atmosphere with the political problems of the 60s of the XIX century. And also in writing a wonderful epic poem, accessible to all people at any age.
"My favorite brainchild," so wrote Nekrasov in his manuscript about the poem "Who in Russia live well." In the future, in one of the letters to the journalist P. Disober, the poet himself determined the genre of the poem "Who in Russia live well": "It will be the epic of modern peasant life."
And here the modern reader will immediately have many questions, because with the word of the epic, we remember large-scale works, for example, the epic of the Homer or thickness of Tolstoy. But doesn't you even have the right to be called epic?
First we will understand what to understand under the concept of "epic". The problems of the epic genre involves consideration of the life of not a single hero, but the whole people. For the image, any significant events in the history of this people are selected. Most often, this time serves war. However, during the creation of a Nekrasov, the poems in Russia does not go any war, and in the most poem about hostilities is not mentioned. And yet in 1861, another, no less significant event occurs in Russia: the cancellation of serfdom. It causes a wave of controversy in higher circles, as well as confusion and a complete reorganization of life among the peasants. This is the turning point and devotes Nekrasov's epic poem.
The genre of the work of "Who in Russia to live well" demanded that the author compliance with certain criteria, first of all - scale. The task to show the life of the whole people is quite difficult, and it is she who influenced the choice of a non-scam plot with a journey as the main plot-forming element. Travel - common motive in Russian literature. Gogol was also treated in the "dead souls", and Radishchev ("Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow"), even in the Middle Ages, there was a popular genre of "walking" - "walking in three seas". This technique allows you to portray a full-fledged picture of the people's life, with all its customs, joys and sorrows. The main plot at the same time goes into the background, and the narrative disintegrates into a plurality of individual kaleidoscopic parts, of which at the same time, the volumetric picture of life is exhausted. The stories of the peasants about their destinies are replaced by long lyrical songs, the reader meets the rural fair, sees a people's walk, the elections will find out about the attitude towards a woman, sad together with the beggar and having fun with drunk.
It is characteristic that the parts sometimes go away from each other along the plot, which can be changed in places without harm for the composition of the work. This at one time caused a long dispute over the correct location of the chapters of the poem (Nekrasov did not leave clear instructions on this expense).
At the same time, such "patchiness" of the work is compensated by the internal contradictory development of the plot - one of the mandatory conditions for the epic genre. The folk soul, sometimes quite controversial, sometimes desperate under the blown of the troubles and still not broken to the end, moreover - incessantly dreaming about happiness - that's what the poet reader shows.
Among the features of the genre "Who in Russia live is good" can also be called a huge reservoir of folk elements included in the text, from directly introduced songs, proverbs, attacks and to implicit references to one or another epics, the use of revolutions like "Savely, Bogatyr Russian". Love Nekrasov is clearly visible to the simple people, his sincere interest in the topic is not in vain, so many years (more than 10) lasted the collection of material for the poem! Note that the inclusion in the text of the folklore elements is also considered a sign of the epic - it allows you to fully portray the features of a folk nature and lifestyle.
The genre peculiarity of the poem is also a bizarre combination of historical facts with fabulous motifs. In Zēhin, written in all the laws of fairy tales, seven (magic number) of the peasants go to the road. The beginning of their travel is accompanied by miracles - they say to them the foam, in the forest they find a touch-tone tablecloth. But their further path will not take place by a fairy tale.
The skillful combination of a fabulous, high-explore plot with serious political problems of the Poremor Rus favorably distinguished the work of Nekrasov immediately after the publication of the poem's parts: it wondered on the background of one-grade pamphlets and at the same time made it thinks. The same allowed the epic poem "Who in Russia live is good" does not lose his interest for the reader today.
Test on the work
Genre peculiarity of the poem
This task is to comprehensively explore the life and being of the Russian people, to penetrate his soul in many respects determines the genre peculiarity of the poem. It should agree with L.A. Evstigneeva, which determines genre "Who lives well in Russia" - as " epopea Review, Installation of various types of events subordinate to the development of the author's central thought" "The sequential implementation of the story scheme scheduled in the Prologue - the researcher writes, - Nekrasov replaces the sequence of analytical judgments about the people, its present position, the fate of Russia and the future of the revolutionary movement. An innovative plot is born, called the centrifugal subsequently, which brings Nekrasov with the literary process of the end of the XIX - early XX century. ".
Accurate definitions of the poem - "Encyclopedia of National Life" or "The epic of folk life" - not only the ability of the writer to draw a generalized portrait of all estates of Russian society, but also to give a kind of "philosophy of life" of the people, to recreate a national character in the poem. This task chosen by the author subject is subject to the orientation of the author on a polyphony. In the poem "Who in Russia live well" a significant place occupy the dialogues of often unnamed, not described characters, polylogs, each of which can be deployed in a separate story. But the limit brevity of dialogues and pollogs does not prevent the nature of the interlocutors or even their fate. The desire to recreate the life and the existence of the people is determined by the multicropy of the narrative: each hero is among the story with his fate and with his sincere history.
A special role is carried out in the narration of folklore genres - riddles, proverbs, sayings and - the main song. It is known how Nekrasov perceives songs: "People's poetry for Nekrasov was not only a keeper of the poetic representations of the peasantry, but also the result of the life of the masses in general, the focus of national artistic thinking, the best expressant of the Russian national nature."
The people in the Nekrasovskaya poem pays their pain, complains and saddened, opens his soul to the reader and he himself is trying to figure out the secrets of his soul and his heart.
Composition of the poem
This question also refers to the discussion. First of all, because researchers have no consensus in solving the issue: what principle to adhere to the formation of the poem "who in Russia live is good" is to build the time of creating parts or the chronology of the travel of peasants. Given the spelling time, they must go in such a sequence: Prolog; First part; "Fat"; "Peasant woman"; "Pier on the whole world." But such a composition is contrary to the author's will: According to the litters of Nekrasov, the "consens" and "feast on the whole world" are plotically connected: the poet taken both of these chapters to the second part, and the "peasant" to the third part. Thus, the composition must be different: Prologue, the first part, "consens", "Pier to the whole world", "peasant".
There is another substantiation of such a composition - the time of action of parts. The travels of the men should have covered several months, and time in chapters, as V.V. Hippius, "calculated by the calendar." The action of the prolobe refers to the beginning of spring. "In the head of Pop," the researcher noted, - the wanderers say: "And the time is not early, the month of May". In the chapter "Rural Yarmont" there is a mention: "Only on Nikola, the weather was entitled"; Apparently, on the day of Nikola (May 9) there is the most fair. "Feat" also begins the exact date: "Petrokes. Roast time. In the midst of the Senokos. " This means that the time of chapter is June 29 (according to the old style). In "Pira for the whole world", the Senokos is already ends: the peasants are going with hay to the bazaar. Finally, in the "peasant" - harvest and, as KI showed Chukovsky, in the draft variants there is even a name of the month - August.
Nevertheless, not all researchers agree with such a composition. The main objection: this location of the parts distorts Paphos of the poem. As wrote in the comments to the poem K.I. Chukovsky, "Require that we finish the poem" Peasant ", V.V. Hippius earlier ignores the fact that in the "peasant" (in her last chapter) sprouted, on the whole content of the poem, "Notes of Liberal Affairs"<...>. The head of this calling "Governor". After all the curses, the hated rust caused so much suffering to the enslaved peasant, in this chapter there is a noble aristocrat, the governor's wife, who saves the peasant from all her flour.<...> The hymns of the benevolent lady will be completed the whole poem "Who in Russia live is good"<...>. And then to Nekrasovsky question: "Where are you, the secret of the satisfaction of the people?" - There will be the only answer: in the Basic caress, in Barskoy Philanthropy. " K.i Chukovsky proposed another version of the composition: Prolog and first part; "Peasant woman"; "Feat" and "Pier on the whole world." This composition and adopted in most publications, although the author's will is violated, and the temporary calendar, which underlies parts.
Objezing Chukovsky, the researchers point out that the "peasant" ends not by the governor's anthem, but the bitter "Babia Proverbs" is a kind of outcome in thought about the inevitability of the tragedy in the fate of a woman. In addition, ideological arguments, of course, should not determine the composition. Guided, first of all, the time to create parts, the author's will and the logic of the development of copyright, some researchers offer to print the head of the "peasant" after the "follower", but completing the poem "Peer for the whole world", indicating that "PIR" Related to the chapter "Feat" and is its continuation. "
